1
|
Khot M, Sood A, Tryphena KP, Khan S, Srivastava S, Singh SB, Khatri DK. NLRP3 inflammasomes: A potential target to improve mitochondrial biogenesis in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 934:175300. [PMID: 36167151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative condition for which no approved treatment exists to prevent collective neuronal death. There is ample evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and associated caspase activity underlie the pathology observed. Neurons rely on mitochondrial activity since they have such high energy consumption. Therefore, it is not surprising that mitochondrial alterations favour neuronal degeneration. In particular, mitochondrial dysregulation contributes to PD, based on the observation that mitochondrial toxins can cause parkinsonism in humans and animal models. Also, it is known that inflammatory cytokine-mediated neuroinflammation is the key pathogenic mechanism in neuronal loss. In recent years, the research has focussed on mitochondria being the platform for nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. Mitochondrial dysfunction and NLRP3 activation are emerging as critical players in inducing and sustaining neuroinflammation. Moreover, mitochondrial-derived ROS and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) could serve as the priming signal for forming inflammasome complexes responsible for the activation, maturation, and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1(IL-1) and interleukin-18 (IL-18). The current review takes a more comprehensive approach to elucidating the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and aberrant NLRP3 activation in PD. In addition, we focus on some inhibitors of NLRP3 inflammatory pathways to alleviate the progression of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Khot
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Anika Sood
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Kamatham Pushpa Tryphena
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Sabiya Khan
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Does the Expression and Epigenetics of Genes Involved in Monogenic Forms of Parkinson’s Disease Influence Sporadic Forms? Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030479. [PMID: 35328033 PMCID: PMC8951612 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a disorder characterized by a triad of motor symptoms (akinesia, rigidity, resting tremor) related to loss of dopaminergic neurons mainly in the Substantia nigra pars compacta. Diagnosis is often made after a substantial loss of neurons has already occurred, and while dopamine replacement therapies improve symptoms, they do not modify the course of the disease. Although some biological mechanisms involved in the disease have been identified, such as oxidative stress and accumulation of misfolded proteins, they do not explain entirely PD pathophysiology, and a need for a better understanding remains. Neurodegenerative diseases, including PD, appear to be the result of complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The latter can alter gene expression by causing epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, post-translational modification of histones and non-coding RNAs. Regulation of genes responsible for monogenic forms of PD may be involved in sporadic PD. This review will focus on the epigenetic mechanisms regulating their expression, since these are the genes for which we currently have the most information available. Despite technical challenges, epigenetic epidemiology offers new insights on revealing altered biological pathways and identifying predictive biomarkers for the onset and progression of PD.
Collapse
|
3
|
Liepelt-Scarfone I, Ophey A, Kalbe E. Cognition in prodromal Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 269:93-111. [PMID: 35248208 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
One characteristic of Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prodromal phase, lasting many years during which both pre-clinical motor and non-motor symptoms occur. Around one-fifth of patients with PD manifest mild cognitive impairment at time of clinical diagnosis. Thus, important challenges are to define the time of onset of cognitive dysfunction in the prodromal phase of PD, and to define its co-occurrence with other specific characteristics. Evidence for cognitive change in prodromal PD comes from various study designs, including both longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches with different target groups. These studies support the concept that changes in global cognitive function and alterations in executive functions occur, and that these changes may be present up to 6 years before clinical PD diagnosis. Notably, this evidence led to including global cognitive impairment as an independent prodromal marker in the recently updated research criteria of the Movement Disorder Society for prodromal PD. Knowledge in this field, however, is still at its beginning, and evidence is sparse about many aspects of this topic. Further longitudinal studies including standardized assessments of global and domain-specific cognitive functions are needed to gain further knowledge about the first appearance, the course, and the interaction of cognitive deficits with other non-motor symptoms in prodromal stage PD. Treatment approaches, including non-pharmacological interventions, in individuals with prodromal PD might help to prevent or delay cognitive dysfunction in early PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inga Liepelt-Scarfone
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; IB-Hochschule, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Anja Ophey
- Medical Psychology, Neuropsychology and Gender Studies, Center for Neuropsychological Diagnostics and Intervention (CeNDI), University Hospital Cologne and Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elke Kalbe
- Medical Psychology, Neuropsychology and Gender Studies, Center for Neuropsychological Diagnostics and Intervention (CeNDI), University Hospital Cologne and Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cole TA, Zhao H, Collier TJ, Sandoval I, Sortwell CE, Steece-Collier K, Daley BF, Booms A, Lipton J, Welch M, Berman M, Jandreski L, Graham D, Weihofen A, Celano S, Schulz E, Cole-Strauss A, Luna E, Quach D, Mohan A, Bennett CF, Swayze EE, Kordasiewicz HB, Luk KC, Paumier KL. α-Synuclein antisense oligonucleotides as a disease-modifying therapy for Parkinson's disease. JCI Insight 2021; 6:135633. [PMID: 33682798 PMCID: PMC8021121 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease with no approved disease-modifying therapies. Multiplications, mutations, and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the SNCA gene, encoding α-synuclein (aSyn) protein, either cause or increase risk for PD. Intracellular accumulations of aSyn are pathological hallmarks of PD. Taken together, reduction of aSyn production may provide a disease-modifying therapy for PD. We show that antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) reduce production of aSyn in rodent preformed fibril (PFF) models of PD. Reduced aSyn production leads to prevention and removal of established aSyn pathology and prevents dopaminergic cell dysfunction. In addition, we address the translational potential of the approach through characterization of human SNCA-targeting ASOs that efficiently suppress the human SNCA transcript in vivo. We demonstrate broad activity and distribution of the human SNCA ASOs throughout the nonhuman primate brain and a corresponding decrease in aSyn cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) levels. Taken together, these data suggest that, by inhibiting production of aSyn, it may be possible to reverse established pathology; thus, these data support the development of SNCA ASOs as a potential disease-modifying therapy for PD and related synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy A. Cole
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Hien Zhao
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alix Booms
- Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Jack Lipton
- Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emily Schulz
- Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Esteban Luna
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Duc Quach
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Apoorva Mohan
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kelvin C. Luk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
The Emerging Role of the Lysosome in Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112399. [PMID: 33147750 PMCID: PMC7692401 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal function has a central role in maintaining neuronal homeostasis, and, accordingly, lysosomal dysfunction has been linked to neurodegeneration and particularly to Parkinson’s disease (PD). Lysosomes are the converging step where the substrates delivered by autophagy and endocytosis are degraded in order to recycle their primary components to rebuild new macromolecules. Genetic studies have revealed the important link between the lysosomal function and PD; several of the autosomal dominant and recessive genes associated with PD as well as several genetic risk factors encode for lysosomal, autophagic, and endosomal proteins. Mutations in these PD-associated genes can cause lysosomal dysfunction, and since α-synuclein degradation is mostly lysosomal-dependent, among other consequences, lysosomal impairment can affect α-synuclein turnover, contributing to increase its intracellular levels and therefore promoting its accumulation and aggregation. Recent studies have also highlighted the bidirectional link between Parkinson’s disease and lysosomal storage diseases (LSD); evidence includes the presence of α-synuclein inclusions in the brain regions of patients with LSD and the identification of several lysosomal genes involved in LSD as genetic risk factors to develop PD.
Collapse
|
6
|
Seo SH, Bacolla A, Yoo D, Koo YJ, Cho SI, Kim MJ, Seong MW, Kim HJ, Kim JM, Tainer JA, Park SS, Kim JY, Jeon B. Replication-Based Rearrangements Are a Common Mechanism for SNCA Duplication in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2020; 35:868-876. [PMID: 32039503 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SNCA multiplication is a genomic cause of familial PD, showing dosage-dependent toxicity. Until now, nonallelic homologous recombination was suggested as the mechanism of SNCA duplication, based on various types of repetitive elements found in the spanning region of the breakpoints. However, the sequence at the breakpoint was analyzed only for 1 case. OBJECTIVES We have analyzed the breakpoint sequences of 6 patients with PD who had duplicated SNCA using whole-genome sequencing data to elucidate the mechanism of SNCA duplication. METHODS Six patient samples with SNCA duplication underwent whole-genome sequencing. The duplicated regions were defined with nucleotide-resolution breakpoints, which were confirmed by junction polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing. The search for potential non-B DNA-forming sequences and stem-loop structure predictions was conducted. RESULTS Duplicated regions ranged from the smallest region of 718.3 kb to the largest one of 4,162 kb. Repetitive elements were found at 8 of the 12 breakpoint sequences on each side of the junction, but none of the pairs shared overt homologies. Five of these six junctions had microhomologies (2-4 bp) at the breakpoint, and a short stretch of sequences was inserted in 3 cases. All except one junction were located within or next to stem-loop structures. CONCLUSION Our study has determined that homologous recombination mechanisms involving repetitive elements are not the main cause of the duplication of SNCA. The presence of microhomology at the junctions and their position within stem-loop structures suggest that replication-based rearrangements may be a common mechanism for SNCA amplification. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyun Seo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Albino Bacolla
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dallah Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Koo
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Im Cho
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Man Jin Kim
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon-Woo Seong
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Joon Kim
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - John A Tainer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sung Sup Park
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beomseok Jeon
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lassot I, Mora S, Lesage S, Zieba BA, Coque E, Condroyer C, Bossowski JP, Mojsa B, Marelli C, Soulet C, Tesson C, Carballo-Carbajal I, Laguna A, Mangone G, Vila M, Brice A, Desagher S. The E3 Ubiquitin Ligases TRIM17 and TRIM41 Modulate α-Synuclein Expression by Regulating ZSCAN21. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2484-2496.e9. [PMID: 30485814 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although accumulating data indicate that increased α-synuclein expression is crucial for Parkinson disease (PD), mechanisms regulating the transcription of its gene, SNCA, are largely unknown. Here, we describe a pathway regulating α-synuclein expression. Our data show that ZSCAN21 stimulates SNCA transcription in neuronal cells and that TRIM41 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for ZSCAN21. In contrast, TRIM17 decreases the TRIM41-mediated degradation of ZSCAN21. Silencing of ZSCAN21 and TRIM17 consistently reduces SNCA expression, whereas TRIM41 knockdown increases it. The mRNA levels of TRIM17, ZSCAN21, and SNCA are simultaneously increased in the midbrains of mice following MPTP treatment. In addition, rare genetic variants in ZSCAN21, TRIM17, and TRIM41 genes occur in patients with familial forms of PD. Expression of variants in ZSCAN21 and TRIM41 genes results in the stabilization of the ZSCAN21 protein. Our data thus suggest that deregulation of the TRIM17/TRIM41/ZSCAN21 pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iréna Lassot
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
| | - Stéphan Mora
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France; INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Barbara A Zieba
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuelle Coque
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Christel Condroyer
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France; INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jozef Piotr Bossowski
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Barbara Mojsa
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Cecilia Marelli
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Soulet
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Christelle Tesson
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France; INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Iria Carballo-Carbajal
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Laguna
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Graziella Mangone
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France; INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Miquel Vila
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France; INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Solange Desagher
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bellomo G, Paciotti S, Gatticchi L, Parnetti L. The Vicious Cycle Between
α
‐Synuclein Aggregation and Autophagic‐Lysosomal Dysfunction. Mov Disord 2019; 35:34-44. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bellomo
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) University of Florence Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Silvia Paciotti
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Section of Neurology University of Perugia Perugia (PG) Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine University of Perugia Perugia (PG) Italy
| | - Leonardo Gatticchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine University of Perugia Perugia (PG) Italy
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Section of Neurology University of Perugia Perugia (PG) Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zucchelli S, Fedele S, Vatta P, Calligaris R, Heutink P, Rizzu P, Itoh M, Persichetti F, Santoro C, Kawaji H, Lassmann T, Hayashizaki Y, Carninci P, Forrest ARR, Gustincich S. Antisense Transcription in Loci Associated to Hereditary Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5392-5415. [PMID: 30610612 PMCID: PMC6614138 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1465-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural antisense transcripts are common features of mammalian genes providing additional regulatory layers of gene expression. A comprehensive description of antisense transcription in loci associated to familial neurodegenerative diseases may identify key players in gene regulation and provide tools for manipulating gene expression. We take advantage of the FANTOM5 sequencing datasets that represent the largest collection to date of genome-wide promoter usage in almost 2000 human samples. Transcription start sites (TSSs) are mapped at high resolution by the use of a modified protocol of cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE) for high-throughput single molecule next-generation sequencing with Helicos (hCAGE). Here we present the analysis of antisense transcription at 17 loci associated to hereditary Alzheimer’s disease, Frontotemporal Dementia, Parkinson’s disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Huntington’s disease. We focused our analysis on libraries derived from brain tissues and primary cells. We also screened libraries from total blood and blood cell populations in the quest for peripheral biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases. We identified 63 robust promoters in antisense orientation to genes associated to familial neurodegeneration. When applying a less stringent cutoff, this number increases to over 400. A subset of these promoters represents alternative TSSs for 24 FANTOM5 annotated long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) genes, in antisense orientation to 13 of the loci analyzed here, while the remaining contribute to the expression of additional transcript variants. Intersection with GWAS studies, sample ontology, and dynamic expression reveals association to specific genetic traits as well as cell and tissue types, not limited to neurodegenerative diseases. Antisense transcription was validated for a subset of genes, including those encoding for Microtubule-Associated Protein Tau, α-synuclein, Parkinsonism-associated deglycase DJ-1, and Leucin-Rich Repeat Kinase 2. This work provides evidence for the existence of additional regulatory mechanisms of the expression of neurodegenerative disease-causing genes by previously not-annotated and/or not-validated antisense long noncoding RNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Zucchelli
- Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Vatta
- Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Raffaella Calligaris
- Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Clinical Neurology Unit, Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste, Italy
| | - Peter Heutink
- Section Medical Genomics, Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Genome Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Deutsches Zentrum fur Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Standort, Tübingen, Germany
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Patrizia Rizzu
- Section Medical Genomics, Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Applied Genomics for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Deutsches Zentrum fur Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Standort, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Masayoshi Itoh
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama, Japan
- RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, Wakō, Japan
| | - Francesca Persichetti
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Claudio Santoro
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Hideya Kawaji
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama, Japan
- RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, Wakō, Japan
- Preventive Medicine and Applied Genomics Unit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Timo Lassmann
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama, Japan
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, WA 6008 Australia
- Laboratory for Applied Computational Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Hayashizaki
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama, Japan
- RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, Wakō, Japan
| | - Piero Carninci
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama, Japan
- Laboratory for Transcriptome Technology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Alistair R. R. Forrest
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama, Japan
- Laboratory for Genome Information Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Stefano Gustincich
- Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ramaswamy P, Christopher R, Pal PK, Yadav R. MicroRNAs to differentiate Parkinsonian disorders: Advances in biomarkers and therapeutics. J Neurol Sci 2018; 394:26-37. [PMID: 30196132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkinsonian disorders are a set of progressive neurodegenerative movement disorders characterized by rigidity, tremor, bradykinesia, postural instability and their distinction has significant implications in terms of management and prognosis. Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common among them. Its clinical diagnosis is challenging and, it can be misdiagnosed in the early stages. Multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy are the close mimickers in early stages, due to overlapping clinical features. MicroRNAs are a class of stable non-coding small RNA molecules implicated in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Current studies propose that miRNAs play an essential role in the pathobiology of multiple neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinsonism, and they seem to be one of the reasonably available methods to aid in the differential diagnosis between PD and related disorders. MicroRNA-based diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutics are a powerful tool to understand and explore the function of the pathogenic gene/s, their mechanism in the disease pathobiology, and to validate drug targets. In this review, we emphasize on the recent developments in the usage of miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers to identify PD and to differentiate it from atypical parkinsonian conditions, their role in disease pathogenesis, and their possible utility in the therapy of these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palaniswamy Ramaswamy
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Rita Christopher
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560029, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Karimi-Moghadam A, Charsouei S, Bell B, Jabalameli MR. Parkinson Disease from Mendelian Forms to Genetic Susceptibility: New Molecular Insights into the Neurodegeneration Process. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1153-1178. [PMID: 29700661 PMCID: PMC6061130 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is known as a common progressive neurodegenerative disease which is clinically diagnosed by the manifestation of numerous motor and nonmotor symptoms. PD is a genetically heterogeneous disorder with both familial and sporadic forms. To date, researches in the field of Parkinsonism have identified 23 genes or loci linked to rare monogenic familial forms of PD with Mendelian inheritance. Biochemical studies revealed that the products of these genes usually play key roles in the proper protein and mitochondrial quality control processes, as well as synaptic transmission and vesicular recycling pathways within neurons. Despite this, large number of patients affected with PD typically tends to show sporadic forms of disease with lack of a clear family history. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) meta-analyses on the large sporadic PD case-control samples from European populations have identified over 12 genetic risk factors. However, the genetic etiology that underlies pathogenesis of PD is also discussed, since it remains unidentified in 40% of all PD-affected cases. Nowadays, with the emergence of new genetic techniques, international PD genomics consortiums and public online resources such as PDGene, there are many hopes that future large-scale genetics projects provide further insights into the genetic etiology of PD and improve diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic clinical trial designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Karimi-Moghadam
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saeid Charsouei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Benjamin Bell
- Human Genetics & Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mohammad Reza Jabalameli
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
- Human Genetics & Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shi L, Huang C, Luo Q, Xia Y, Liu H, Li L, Liu W, Ma W, Fang J, Tang L, Zeng W, Chen Z. Pilot study: molecular risk factors for diagnosing sporadic Parkinson's disease based on gene expression in blood in MPTP-induced rhesus monkeys. Oncotarget 2017; 8:105606-105614. [PMID: 29285276 PMCID: PMC5739663 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the classical features of tremor, bradykinesia and rigidity, which are present only when more than 70%-80% degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra. The lack of means for early diagnosis of PD has elicited interest in searching for its risk factors, which, by now, are almost obtained at a single time point in PD process, and little developing risk factors, obtained from completely normal situation to the onset or even advanced stage of PD in individual person which could monitor the progress of PD, are present. Here we have detected some potential factors in the blood of MPTP induced PD monkeys along with the progress of the disease. All the PD monkeys showed mild PD symptoms since the 9th week and gradually reached a classic and stable parkinsonism stage at the 18th week. Our results have found that the expression of Parkin, USP30, MUL1, PINK1, and LRRK2 significantly increased at 1st, 3th, 3th, 5th, and 8th week respectively and remained high till the end; The expression of UCHL1 and TRIM24 significantly increased at the 1st and 18th week, respectively, then gradually decreased and significantly lower than normal value; DJ-1 showed significantly decreased since the 12th week, while SNCA showed no significantly changed excepted at the 5th week. And, the terminal results of whole blood were highly consistent with those of in SN. These results support that these genes change may as biomarkers to monitor the progress of PD, and may facilitate the development of biomarkers for early diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangqin Shi
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Qihui Luo
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Like Li
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Wenjing Ma
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Li Tang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Sichuan Primed Biological Technology Co., Ltd, National Experimental Macaque Reproduce Laboratory, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Zhengli Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fengler S, Liepelt-Scarfone I, Brockmann K, Schäffer E, Berg D, Kalbe E. Cognitive changes in prodromal Parkinson's disease: A review. Mov Disord 2017; 32:1655-1666. [PMID: 28980730 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although other nonmotor phenomena representing possible prodromal symptoms of Parkinson's disease have been described in some detail, the occurrence and characteristics of cognitive decline in this early phase of the disease are less well understood. The aim of this review is to summarize the current state of research on cognitive changes in prodromal PD. Only a small number of longitudinal studies have been conducted that examined cognitive function in individuals with a subsequent PD diagnosis. However, when we consider data from at-risk groups, the evidence suggests that cognitive decline may occur in a substantial number of individuals who have the potential for developing PD. In terms of specific cognitive domains, executive function in particular and, less frequently, memory scores are reduced. Prospective longitudinal studies are thus needed to clarify whether cognitive, and specifically executive, decline might be added to the prodromal nonmotor symptom complex that may precede motor manifestations of PD by years and may help to update the risk scores used for early identification of PD. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Fengler
- Department of Medical Psychology ǀ Neuropsychology and Gender Studies & Center for Neuropsychological Diagnostics and Intervention (CeNDI), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Psychological Gerontology, Institute of Gerontology, University of Vechta, Vechta, Germany
| | - Inga Liepelt-Scarfone
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eva Schäffer
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elke Kalbe
- Department of Medical Psychology ǀ Neuropsychology and Gender Studies & Center for Neuropsychological Diagnostics and Intervention (CeNDI), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Psychological Gerontology, Institute of Gerontology, University of Vechta, Vechta, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lahut S, Gispert S, Ömür Ö, Depboylu C, Seidel K, Domínguez-Bautista JA, Brehm N, Tireli H, Hackmann K, Pirkevi C, Leube B, Ries V, Reim K, Brose N, den Dunnen WF, Johnson M, Wolf Z, Schindewolf M, Schrempf W, Reetz K, Young P, Vadasz D, Frangakis AS, Schröck E, Steinmetz H, Jendrach M, Rüb U, Başak AN, Oertel W, Auburger G. Blood RNA biomarkers in prodromal PARK4 and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder show role of complexin 1 loss for risk of Parkinson's disease. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:619-631. [PMID: 28108469 PMCID: PMC5451169 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.028035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a frequent neurodegenerative process in old age. Accumulation and aggregation of the lipid-binding SNARE complex component α-synuclein (SNCA) underlies this vulnerability and defines stages of disease progression. Determinants of SNCA levels and mechanisms of SNCA neurotoxicity have been intensely investigated. In view of the physiological roles of SNCA in blood to modulate vesicle release, we studied blood samples from a new large pedigree with SNCA gene duplication (PARK4 mutation) to identify effects of SNCA gain of function as potential disease biomarkers. Downregulation of complexin 1 (CPLX1) mRNA was correlated with genotype, but the expression of other Parkinson's disease genes was not. In global RNA-seq profiling of blood from presymptomatic PARK4 indviduals, bioinformatics detected significant upregulations for platelet activation, hemostasis, lipoproteins, endocytosis, lysosome, cytokine, Toll-like receptor signaling and extracellular pathways. In PARK4 platelets, stimulus-triggered degranulation was impaired. Strong SPP1, GZMH and PLTP mRNA upregulations were validated in PARK4. When analysing individuals with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, the most specific known prodromal stage of general PD, only blood CPLX1 levels were altered. Validation experiments confirmed an inverse mutual regulation of SNCA and CPLX1 mRNA levels. In the 3'-UTR of the CPLX1 gene we identified a single nucleotide polymorphism that is significantly associated with PD risk. In summary, our data define CPLX1 as a PD risk factor and provide functional insights into the role and regulation of blood SNCA levels. The new blood biomarkers of PARK4 in this Turkish family might become useful for PD prediction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suna Lahut
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
- NDAL, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Suzana Gispert
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
| | - Özgür Ömür
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
- NDAL, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Candan Depboylu
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Kay Seidel
- Dr Senckenberg Chronomedical Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
| | | | - Nadine Brehm
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
| | - Hülya Tireli
- Department of Neurology, Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34668, Turkey
| | - Karl Hackmann
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Leube
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Vincent Ries
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Kerstin Reim
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Center for the Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Nils Brose
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Center for the Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Wilfred F den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Center, University, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Madrid Johnson
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Biophysics, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main 60438, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Wolf
- Haemophilia Centre, Medical Clinic III, Institute of Immunohaematology and Transfusion Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
| | - Marc Schindewolf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Hemostaseology, Goethe University, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Wiebke Schrempf
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Kathrin Reetz
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Peter Young
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - David Vadasz
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Achilleas S Frangakis
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Biophysics, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main 60438, Germany
| | - Evelin Schröck
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Helmuth Steinmetz
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
| | - Marina Jendrach
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
| | - Udo Rüb
- Dr Senckenberg Chronomedical Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Oertel
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Georg Auburger
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gambardella S, Ferese R, Biagioni F, Busceti CL, Campopiano R, Griguoli AMP, Limanaqi F, Novelli G, Storto M, Fornai F. The Monoamine Brainstem Reticular Formation as a Paradigm for Re-Defining Various Phenotypes of Parkinson's Disease Owing Genetic and Anatomical Specificity. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:102. [PMID: 28458632 PMCID: PMC5394114 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional anatomy of the reticular formation (RF) encompasses a constellation of brain regions which are reciprocally connected to sub-serve a variety of functions. Recent evidence indicates that neuronal degeneration within one of these regions spreads synaptically along brainstem circuitries. This is exemplified by the recruitment of various brainstem reticular nuclei in specific Parkinson’s disease (PD) phenotypes, and by retrospective analysis of lethargic post-encephalitic parkinsonism. In fact, the spreading to various monoamine reticular nuclei can be associated with occurrence of specific motor and non-motor symptoms (NMS). This led to re-consider PD as a brainstem monoamine disorder (BMD). This definition surpasses the anatomy of meso-striatal motor control to include a variety of non-motor domains. This concept clearly emerges from the quite specific clinical-anatomical correlation which can be drawn in specific paradigms of PD genotypes. Therefore, this review article focuses on the genetics and neuroanatomy of three PD genotypes/phenotypes which can be selected as prototype paradigms for a differential recruitment of the RF leading to differential occurrence of NMS: (i) Parkin-PD, where NMS are rarely reported; (ii) LRRK2-PD and slight SNC point mutations, where the prevalence of NMS resembles idiopathic PD; (iii) Severe SNCA point mutations and multiplications, where NMS are highly represented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- IRCCS NeuromedPozzilli, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor VergataRome, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Fornai
- IRCCS NeuromedPozzilli, Italy.,Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sivanesam K, Andersen NH. Modulating the Amyloidogenesis of α-Synuclein. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:226-37. [PMID: 26517049 PMCID: PMC4857621 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666151030103153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-Synuclein is found in the neuronal cells but its native function is not well known. While α -synuclein is an intrinsically disordered protein that adopts a helical conformation upon membrane binding, numerous studies have shown that oligomeric β-forms of this protein are cytotoxic. This response to misfolded species contributes to Parkinson's Disease etiology and symptoms. The resulting amyloid fibrils are an established diagnostic in Parkinson's Disease. In this review, we focus on strategies that have been used to inhibit the amyloidogenesis of α -synuclein either by stabilizing the native state, or by redirecting the pathway to less toxic aggregates. Small molecules such as polyphenols, peptides as well as large proteins have proven effective at protecting cells against the cytotoxicity of α-synuclein. These strategies may lead to the development of therapeutic agents that could prove useful in combating this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Niels H Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Copy number variability in Parkinson's disease: assembling the puzzle through a systems biology approach. Hum Genet 2016; 136:13-37. [PMID: 27896429 PMCID: PMC5214768 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder of aging, was long believed to be a non-genetic sporadic origin syndrome. The proof that several genetic loci are responsible for rare Mendelian forms has represented a revolutionary breakthrough, enabling to reveal molecular mechanisms underlying this debilitating still incurable condition. While single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and small indels constitute the most commonly investigated DNA variations accounting for only a limited number of PD cases, larger genomic molecular rearrangements have emerged as significant PD-causing mutations, including submicroscopic Copy Number Variations (CNVs). CNVs constitute a prevalent source of genomic variations and substantially participate in each individual’s genomic makeup and phenotypic outcome. However, the majority of genetic studies have focused their attention on single candidate-gene mutations or on common variants reaching a significant statistical level of acceptance. This gene-centric approach is insufficient to uncover the genetic background of polygenic multifactorial disorders like PD, and potentially masks rare individual CNVs that all together might contribute to disease development or progression. In this review, we will discuss literature and bioinformatic data describing the involvement of CNVs on PD pathobiology. We will analyze the most frequent copy number changes in familiar PD genes and provide a “systems biology” overview of rare individual rearrangements that could functionally act on commonly deregulated molecular pathways. Assessing the global genome-wide burden of CNVs in PD patients may reveal new disease-related molecular mechanisms, and open the window to a new possible genetic scenario in the unsolved PD puzzle.
Collapse
|
18
|
Labbé C, Lorenzo-Betancor O, Ross OA. Epigenetic regulation in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:515-30. [PMID: 27358065 PMCID: PMC5026906 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent efforts have shed new light on the epigenetic mechanisms driving gene expression alterations associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Changes in gene expression are a well-established cause of PD, and epigenetic mechanisms likely play a pivotal role in regulation. Studies in families with PD harboring duplications and triplications of the SNCA gene have demonstrated that gene dosage is associated with increased expression of both SNCA mRNA and protein, and correlates with a fulminant disease course. Furthermore, it is postulated that even subtle changes in SNCA expression caused by common variation is associated with disease risk. Of note, genome-wide association studies have identified over 30 loci associated with PD with most signals located in non-coding regions of the genome, thus likely influencing transcript expression levels. In health, epigenetic mechanisms tightly regulate gene expression, turning genes on and off to balance homeostasis and this, in part, explains why two cells with the same DNA sequence will have different RNA expression profiles. Understanding this phenomenon will be crucial to our interpretation of the selective vulnerability observed in neurodegeneration and specifically dopaminergic neurons in the PD brain. In this review, we discuss epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, involved in regulating the expression of genes relevant to PD, RNA-based mechanisms, as well as the effect of toxins and potential epigenetic-based treatments for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Labbé
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Oswaldo Lorenzo-Betancor
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Interactions Between α-Synuclein and Tau Protein: Implications to Neurodegenerative Disorders. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:298-304. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0829-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
20
|
Naughton C, O'Toole D, Kirik D, Dowd E. Interaction between subclinical doses of the Parkinson's disease associated gene, α-synuclein, and the pesticide, rotenone, precipitates motor dysfunction and nigrostriatal neurodegeneration in rats. Behav Brain Res 2016; 316:160-168. [PMID: 27585560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In most patients, Parkinson's disease is thought to emerge after a lifetime of exposure to, and interaction between, various genetic and environmental risk factors. One of the key genetic factors linked to this condition is α-synuclein, and the α-synuclein protein is pathologically associated with idiopathic cases. However, α-synuclein pathology is also present in presymptomatic, clinically "normal" individuals suggesting that environmental factors, such as Parkinson's disease-linked agricultural pesticides, may be required to precipitate Parkinson's disease in these individuals. In this context, the aim of this study was to assess the behavioural and neuropathological impact of exposing rats with a subclinical load of α-synuclein to subclinical doses of the organic pesticide, rotenone. Rats were randomly assigned to two groups for intra-nigral infusion of AAV2/5-GFP or AAV2/5-α-synuclein. Post viral motor function was assessed at 8, 10 and 12 weeks in the Corridor, Stepping and Whisker tests of lateralised motor function. At week 12, animals were performance-matched to receive a subsequent intra-striatal challenge of the organic pesticide rotenone (or its vehicle) to yield four final groups (Control, Rotenone, AAV2/5-α-synuclein and Combined). Behavioural testing resumed one week after rotenone surgery and continued for 5 weeks. We found that, when administered alone, neither intra-nigral AAV-α-synuclein nor intra-striatal rotenone caused sufficient nigrostriatal neurodegeneration to induce a significant motor impairment in their own right. However, when these were administered sequentially to the same rats, the interaction between the two Parkinsonian challenges significantly exacerbated nigrostriatal neurodegeneration which precipitated a pronounced impairment in motor function. These results indicate that exposing rats with a subclinical α-synuclein-induced pathology to the pesticide, rotenone, profoundly exacerbates their Parkinsonian neuropathology and dysfunction, and highlights the potential importance of this interaction in the etiology of, and in driving the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol Naughton
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Daniel O'Toole
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Deniz Kirik
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Eilís Dowd
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tambasco N, Nigro P, Romoli M, Prontera P, Simoni S, Calabresi P. A53T in a parkinsonian family: a clinical update of the SNCA phenotypes. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:1301-1307. [PMID: 27250986 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 15 % of PD patients with Parkinson Disease (PD) have the familial type and 5-10 % of these are known to have monogenic forms with either an autosomal dominant or a recessive inheritance pattern. Here, we report on a family carrying the A53T SNCA mutation and we review SNCA mutation phenotypes by comparing point mutations within each other as well as with duplication and triplication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Tambasco
- Clinica Neurologica, Azienda Ospedaliera e Universitaria di Perugia, S.Andrea delle Fratte, 06156, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Nigro
- Clinica Neurologica, Azienda Ospedaliera e Universitaria di Perugia, S.Andrea delle Fratte, 06156, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Romoli
- Clinica Neurologica, Azienda Ospedaliera e Universitaria di Perugia, S.Andrea delle Fratte, 06156, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Prontera
- Servizio di Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Simone Simoni
- Clinica Neurologica, Azienda Ospedaliera e Universitaria di Perugia, S.Andrea delle Fratte, 06156, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Clinica Neurologica, Azienda Ospedaliera e Universitaria di Perugia, S.Andrea delle Fratte, 06156, Perugia, Italy.,I.R.C.C.S. Fondazione S.Lucia, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Four Copies of SNCA Responsible for Autosomal Dominant Parkinson's Disease in Two Italian Siblings. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2015; 2015:546462. [PMID: 26635992 PMCID: PMC4655296 DOI: 10.1155/2015/546462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background. Parkinson's disease (PD) is mostly characterized by alpha-synuclein (SNCA) aggregation and loss of nigrostriatal dopamine-containing neurons. In this study a novel SNCA multiplication is described in two siblings affected by severe parkinsonism featuring early onset dyskinesia, psychiatric symptoms, and cognitive deterioration. Methods. SNCA dosage was performed using High-Density Comparative Genomic Hybridization Array (CGH-Array), Multiple Ligation Dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA), and Quantitative PCR (qPCR). Genetic analysis was associated with clinical evaluation. Results. Genetic analysis of siblings showed for the first time a 351 Kb triplication containing SNCA gene along with 6 exons of MMRN1 gene in 4q22.1 and a duplication of 1,29 Mb of a genomic region flanking the triplication. Conclusions. The identification of this family indicates a novel mechanism of SNCA gene multiplication, which confirms the genomic instability in this region and provides data on the genotype-phenotype correlation in PD patients.
Collapse
|
23
|
Deng H, Yuan L. Genetic variants and animal models in SNCA and Parkinson disease. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 15:161-76. [PMID: 24768741 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD; MIM 168600) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a variety of motor and non-motor features. To date, at least 20 loci and 15 disease-causing genes for parkinsonism have been identified. Among them, the α-synuclein (SNCA) gene was associated with PARK1/PARK4. Point mutations, duplications and triplications in the SNCA gene cause a rare dominant form of PD in familial and sporadic PD cases. The α-synuclein protein, a member of the synuclein family, is abundantly expressed in the brain. The protein is the major component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in dopaminergic neurons in PD. Further understanding of its role in the pathogenesis of PD through various genetic techniques and animal models will likely provide new insights into our understanding, therapy and prevention of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 138, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China.
| | - Lamei Yuan
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 138, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Oczkowska A, Kozubski W, Lianeri M, Dorszewska J. Mutations in PRKN and SNCA Genes Important for the Progress of Parkinson's Disease. Curr Genomics 2014; 14:502-17. [PMID: 24532983 PMCID: PMC3924246 DOI: 10.2174/1389202914666131210205839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Parkinson’s disease (PD) was first described almost 200 years ago, it remains an incurable disease
with a cause that is not fully understood. Nowadays it is known that disturbances in the structure of pathological proteins
in PD can be caused by more than environmental and genetic factors. Despite numerous debates and controversies in the
literature about the role of mutations in the SNCA and PRKN genes in the pathogenesis of PD, it is evident that these
genes play a key role in maintaining dopamine (DA) neuronal homeostasis and that the dysfunction of this homeostasis is
relevant to both familial (FPD) and sporadic (SPD) PD with different onset. In recent years, the importance of alphasynuclein
(ASN) in the process of neurodegeneration and neuroprotective function of the Parkin is becoming better understood.
Moreover, there have been an increasing number of recent reports indicating the importance of the interaction between
these proteins and their encoding genes. Among others interactions, it is suggested that even heterozygous substitution
in the PRKN gene in the presence of the variants +2/+2 or +2/+3 of NACP-Rep1 in the SNCA promoter, may increase
the risk of PD manifestation, which is probably due to ineffective elimination of over-expressed ASN by the mutated
Parkin protein. Finally, it seems that genetic testing may be an important part of diagnostics in patients with PD and may
improve the prognostic process in the course of PD. However, only full knowledge of the mechanism of the interaction
between the genes associated with the pathogenesis of PD is likely to help explain the currently unknown pathways of selective
damage to dopaminergic neurons in the course of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Oczkowska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kozubski
- Chair and Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Margarita Lianeri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jolanta Dorszewska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lausted C, Lee I, Zhou Y, Qin S, Sung J, Price ND, Hood L, Wang K. Systems Approach to Neurodegenerative Disease Biomarker Discovery. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 54:457-81. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011613-135928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Inyoul Lee
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington 98109; , , , , , ,
| | - Yong Zhou
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington 98109; , , , , , ,
| | - Shizhen Qin
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington 98109; , , , , , ,
| | - Jaeyun Sung
- Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea;
| | - Nathan D. Price
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington 98109; , , , , , ,
| | - Leroy Hood
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington 98109; , , , , , ,
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington 98109; , , , , , ,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ma L, Wei L, Wu F, Hu Z, Liu Z, Yuan W. Advances with microRNAs in Parkinson's disease research. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2013; 7:1103-13. [PMID: 24109179 PMCID: PMC3792848 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s48500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most common age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder and is caused by severe degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Unfortunately, current treatment only targets symptoms and involves dopamine replacement therapy, which does not counteract progressive degeneration. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small RNA molecules implicated in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression during development. Recent studies show that miRNAs are playing an important role in the pathophysiology of PD. miRNA-based therapy is a powerful tool with which to study gene function, investigate the mechanism of the disease, and validate drug targets. In this review, we focus on the recent advances of the use of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Ma
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Proukakis C, Houlden H, Schapira AH. Somatic alpha-synuclein mutations in Parkinson's disease: hypothesis and preliminary data. Mov Disord 2013; 28:705-12. [PMID: 23674490 PMCID: PMC3739940 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (SNCA) is crucial in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), yet mutations in the SNCA gene are rare. Evidence for somatic genetic variation in normal humans, also involving the brain, is increasing, but its role in disease is unknown. Somatic SNCA mutations, arising in early development and leading to mosaicism, could contribute to PD pathogenesis and yet be absent or undetectable in DNA derived from peripheral lymphocytes. Such mutations could underlie the widespread pathology in PD, with the precise clinical outcome dependent on their type and the timing and location of their occurrence. We recently reported a novel SNCA mutation (c.150T>G, p.H50Q) in PD brain-derived DNA. To determine if there was mosaicism for this, a PCR and cloning strategy was used to take advantage of a nearby heterozygous intronic polymorphism. No evidence of mosaicism was found. High-resolution melting curve analysis of SNCA coding exons, which was shown to be sensitive enough to detect low proportions of 2 known mutations, did not reveal any further mutations in DNA from 28 PD brain-derived samples. We outline the grounds that make the somatic SNCA mutation hypothesis consistent with genetic, embryological, and pathological data. Further studies of brain-derived DNA are warranted and should include DNA from multiple regions and methods for detecting other types of genomic variation. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Proukakis
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder second only to Alzheimer's disease. Diagnosis remains clinical, based on phenotypic patterns. In the last decade many attempts to develop early differential pre-clinical markers have been reported. In this presentation, the molecular risk factors that may link between the etiopathogenesis leading to PD and peripheral markers will be discussed. Genetic variation known to be involved in familial forms of PD will be shown to be linked to sporadic cases, as for example leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) that was found to regulate microRNA-mediated translation regulation. In addition postmortem microarray findings of transcription alterations will be compared to the peripheral findings of mRNA profiles. Molecular processes involved in ubiquitination and proteasome, autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction and the nicotinic and adenosine A2 protection will be discussed. The question of what time-point should be used measuring the different markers and the course of the disease considered, and the future possibilities in exploring these techniques will be debated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edna Grünblatt
- Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ritz B, Rhodes SL, Bordelon Y, Bronstein J. α-Synuclein genetic variants predict faster motor symptom progression in idiopathic Parkinson disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36199. [PMID: 22615757 PMCID: PMC3352914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are no reported genetic predictors of motor symptom progression in Parkinson's disease (PD). In familial PD, disease severity is associated with higher α-synuclein (SNCA) expression levels, and in postmortem studies expression varies with SNCA genetic variants. Furthermore, SNCA is a well-known risk factor for PD occurrence. We recruited Parkinson's patients from the communities of three central California counties to investigate the influence of SNCA genetic variants on motor symptom progression in idiopathic PD. We repeatedly assessed this cohort of patients over an average of 5.1 years for motor symptom changes employing the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Of 363 population-based incident PD cases diagnosed less than 3 years from baseline assessment, 242 cases were successfully re-contacted and 233 were re-examined at least once. Of subjects lost to follow-up, 69% were due to death. Adjusting for covariates, risk of faster decline of motor function as measured by annual increase in motor UPDRS exam score was increased 4-fold in carriers of the REP1 263bp promoter variant (OR 4.03, 95%CI:1.57-10.4). Our data also suggest a contribution to increased risk by the G-allele for rs356165 (OR 1.66; 95%CI:0.96-2.88), and we observed a strong trend across categories when both genetic variants were considered (p for trend = 0.002). Our population-based study has demonstrated that SNCA variants are strong predictors of faster motor decline in idiopathic PD. SNCA may be a promising target for therapies and may help identify patients who will benefit most from early interventions. This is the first study to link SNCA to motor symptom decline in a longitudinal progression study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Quinn JG, Coulson DTR, Brockbank S, Beyer N, Ravid R, Hellemans J, Irvine GB, Johnston JA. α-Synuclein mRNA and soluble α-synuclein protein levels in post-mortem brain from patients with Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2012; 1459:71-80. [PMID: 22560502 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a neuronal protein implicated in the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Whilst increased α-synuclein expression due to gene duplication or triplication can cause familial PD, previous studies of α-synuclein levels in idiopathic disease have produced conflicting data. We quantified α-synuclein mRNA and soluble protein in five human post-mortem brain regions from four groups of individuals with PD, DLB, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and matched controls. α-Synuclein mRNA levels, measured using quantitative real-time PCR, did not differ significantly between groups in any brain regions examined. In contrast, levels of soluble α-synuclein protein, measured by ELISA, were significantly lower in 4 of the 5 regions for patients with DLB, and in 2 of the 5 regions for patients with PD, compared to controls. Soluble α-synuclein protein levels were not significantly different in the AD patients, compared to controls, in 4 of the 5 regions. This study indicates that although levels of soluble α-synuclein protein are lower in DLB and PD, there is no evidence for a corresponding decrease in α-synuclein mRNA levels. This might result from altered translation, or removal of α-synuclein protein from a soluble detectable state, either by turnover or conversion to an insoluble form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Quinn
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, N. Ireland, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Increased expression of α-synuclein by SNCA duplication is associated with resistance to toxic stimuli. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 47:249-55. [PMID: 22392151 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9732-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Duplication of alpha-synuclein gene (SNCA) is a recognized cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the penetrance in families with SNCA duplication is as low as 30%, indicating that factors other than the SNCA gene dosage have an important role in neuronal death. In this study, using lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from a parkinsonian kindred with SNCA duplication, we examined whether there is difference in (1) the level of SNCA mRNA and protein expression and cell viability and (2) the vulnerability to various insults relevant to PD between a patient, asymptomatic carrier, and unaffected control. Expression of SNCA mRNA and protein increased in the LCLs from subjects with SNCA gene duplication, irrespective of the disease status. In the absence of treatment, LCLs from the patient and carrier showed decreased viability compared with the LCL from the control. The LCL from the patient also showed decreased viability compared to the carrier. When susceptibility to various insults including lactacystin, dexamethasone, 3-methyladenine, H(2)O(2), and rotenone was examined, surprisingly, the LCL from the patient was more resistant than the LCL from the control to all agents except for lactacystin. This study shows that both intrinsic and extrinsic factors and their interaction have important roles in cell death and in the development of PD and further indicates that the relationship between cell death and the level of alpha-synuclein may be more complicated than previously thought.
Collapse
|
32
|
MicroRNAs in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:279-84. [PMID: 22245218 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides the classic mutations in coding regions of genes, the critical role of gene expression regulators in disease states is increasingly recognized. The network of small non-coding microRNAs is crucial for the normal development and survival of distinct neuronal populations that are vulnerable in various neurodegenerative disorders. In midbrain dopaminergic neurons, which degenerate in Parkinson's disease (PD) causing motor signs and symptoms, disruption of this network results in their progressive loss associated with impaired motor activity in Drosophila and mouse models. Studies of families with dominantly inherited PD linked to multiplication of the α-synuclein gene locus indicate that the amount of this key pathogenic protein in neurons is an important determinant of its tendency to aggregate pathologically and increase neuronal susceptibility. Recent reports demonstrate that the α-synuclein mRNA is under negative control by at least two microRNAs, miR-7 and miR-153. In addition to studying the regulation of candidate genes by specific microRNA species, different profiling approaches are uncovering variations in the abundance of certain microRNAs that may prove to be relevant to the disease. For example, miR-133b is deficient in the PD midbrain as well as in mouse models, and miR-34b/34c are decreased in several affected brain regions in PD and incidental Lewy body disease. Polymorphisms in the 3'-untranslated region of microRNA target mRNAs, including in the gene encoding α-synuclein found in Genome Wide Association studies, are another potential reason for variations in the rate of protein production and thus disease risk. And finally, the impact of a disease associated gene product, and in particular LRRK2, on the microRNA network compounds the complexity of the interplay between the microRNA system and pathogenic proteins. The wealth of knowledge accumulating from these studies in a few short years holds considerable promise to harness its potential and translate it into therapeutic strategies for PD.
Collapse
|