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Zhou Y, Li S, Hu Y, Xu X, Cui J, Li S, Li Z, Ji J, Xing R. Multi-regional sequencing reveals the genetic and immune heterogeneity of non-cancerous tissues in gastric cancer. J Pathol 2024; 263:454-465. [PMID: 38845115 DOI: 10.1002/path.6297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most heterogeneous tumors. However, research on normal tissue adjacent to the tumor (NAT) is very limited. We performed multi-regional omics sequencing on 150 samples to assess the genetic basis and immune microenvironment in NAT and matched primary tumor or lymph node metastases. NATs demonstrated different mutated genes compared with GC, and NAT genomes underwent independent evolution with low variant allele frequency. Mutation profiles were predominated by aging and smoking-associated signatures in NAT instead of signatures associated with genetic instability. Although the immune microenvironment within NATs shows substantial intra-patient heterogeneity, the proportion of shared TCR clones among NATs is five times higher than that of tumor regions. These findings support the notion that subclonal expansion is not pronounced in NATs. We also demonstrated remarkable intra-patient heterogeneity of GCs and revealed heterogeneity of focal amplification of CD274 (encoding PD-L1) that leads to differential expression. Finally, we identified that monoclonal seeding is predominant in GC, which is followed by metastasis-to-metastasis dissemination in individual lymph nodes. These results provide novel insights into GC carcinogenesis. © 2024 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, PR China
- City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yingqi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiantao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuaicheng Li
- City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Ziyu Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, PR China
| | - Rui Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, PR China
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2
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Gao T, Kastriti ME, Ljungström V, Heinzel A, Tischler AS, Oberbauer R, Loh PR, Adameyko I, Park PJ, Kharchenko PV. A pan-tissue survey of mosaic chromosomal alterations in 948 individuals. Nat Genet 2023; 55:1901-1911. [PMID: 37904053 PMCID: PMC10838621 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01537-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetic mutations accumulate in an organism's body throughout its lifetime. While somatic single-nucleotide variants have been well characterized in the human body, the patterns and consequences of large chromosomal alterations in normal tissues remain largely unknown. Here, we present a pan-tissue survey of mosaic chromosomal alterations (mCAs) in 948 healthy individuals from the Genotype-Tissue Expression project, augmenting RNA-based allelic imbalance estimation with haplotype phasing. We found that approximately a quarter of the individuals carry a clonally-expanded mCA in at least one tissue, with incidence strongly correlated with age. The prevalence and genome-wide patterns of mCAs vary considerably across tissue types, suggesting tissue-specific mutagenic exposure and selection pressures. The mCA landscapes in normal adrenal and pituitary glands resemble those in tumors arising from these tissues, whereas the same is not true for the esophagus and skin. Together, our findings show a widespread age-dependent emergence of mCAs across normal human tissues with intricate connections to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Gao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Eleni Kastriti
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Viktor Ljungström
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Heinzel
- Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arthur S Tischler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rainer Oberbauer
- Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Po-Ru Loh
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Peter J Park
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Peter V Kharchenko
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- San Diego Institute of Science, Altos Labs, San Diego, CA, USA.
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3
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Hernández A, Miranda DA, Pertuz S. An in silico study on the detectability of field cancerization through parenchymal analysis of digital mammograms. Med Phys 2023; 50:6379-6389. [PMID: 36994613 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenchymal analysis has shown promising performance for the assessment of breast cancer risk through the characterization of the texture features of mammography images. However, the working principles behind this practice are yet not well understood. Field cancerization is a phenomenon associated with genetic and epigenetic alterations in large volumes of cells, putting them on a path of malignancy before the appearance of recognizable cancer signs. Evidence suggests that it can induce changes in the biochemical and optical properties of the tissue. PURPOSE The aim of this work was to study whether the extended genetic mutations and epigenetic changes due to field cancerization, and the impact they have on the biochemistry of breast tissues are detectable in the radiological patterns of mammography images. METHODS An in silico experiment was designed, which implied the development of a field cancerization model to modify the optical tissue properties of a cohort of 60 voxelized virtual breast phantoms. Mammography images from these phantoms were generated and compared with images obtained from their non-modified counterparts, that is, without field cancerization. We extracted 33 texture features from the breast area to quantitatively assess the impact of the field cancerization model. We analyzed the similarity and statistical equivalence of texture features with and without field cancerization using the t-test, Wilcoxon sign rank test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and performed a discrimination test using multinomial logistic regression analysis with lasso regularization. RESULTS With modifications of the optical tissue properties on 3.9% of the breast volume, some texture features started to fail to show equivalence (p < 0.05). At 7.9% volume modification, a high percent of texture features showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) and non-equivalence. At this level, multinomial logistic regression analysis of texture features showed a statistically significant performance in the discrimination of mammograms from breasts with and without field cancerization (AUC = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.75-1.00). CONCLUSIONS These results support the idea that field cancerization is a feasible underlying working principle behind the distinctive performance of parenchymal analysis in breast cancer risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie Hernández
- Connectivity and Signal Processing group - CPS, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - David A Miranda
- Biological and Semiconductor Materials Science - CIMBIOS, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Said Pertuz
- Connectivity and Signal Processing group - CPS, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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4
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Zhao Y, Guo M, Zhao F, Liu Q, Wang X. Colonic stem cells from normal tissues adjacent to tumor drive inflammation and fibrosis in colorectal cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:186. [PMID: 37528407 PMCID: PMC10391886 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In colorectal cancer (CRC), the normal tissue adjacent to tumor (NAT) communicates actively with the tumor. Adult stem cells from the colon play a crucial role in the development of the colonic epithelium. In the tumor microenvironment, however, it is unclear what changes have occurred in colonic stem cells derived from NAT. METHODS Using an intestinal stem cell culture system, we cultured colonic cells from NAT and paired CRC tissue, as well as cells from healthy tissue (HLT). Clonogenicity and differentiation ability were used to compare the function of clones from NAT, HLT and CRC tissues. RNA high-throughput sequencing of these clones was used to identify the molecular characteristics of NAT-derived clones. Coculture of clones from HLT and CRC was used to assess molecular changes. RESULTS We found that the morphological characteristics, clonogenic ability, and differentiation ability of NAT-derived clones were consistent with those of HLT-derived clones. However, NAT-derived clones changed at the molecular level. A number of genes were specifically activated in NAT. NAT-derived clones enriched pathways related to inflammation and fibrosis, including epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway and TGF-beta signaling pathway. Our results also confirmed that NAT-derived clones could recruit fibroblasts in mice. In addition, HLT-derived clones showed high expression of FOSB when cocultured with tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that colonic stem cells from NAT in the tumor microenvironment undergo changes at the molecular level, and these molecular characteristics can be maintained in vitro, which can induce fibrosis and an inflammatory response. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fuqiang Zhao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xia Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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5
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Lips EH, Kumar T, Megalios A, Visser LL, Sheinman M, Fortunato A, Shah V, Hoogstraat M, Sei E, Mallo D, Roman-Escorza M, Ahmed AA, Xu M, van den Belt-Dusebout AW, Brugman W, Casasent AK, Clements K, Davies HR, Fu L, Grigoriadis A, Hardman TM, King LM, Krete M, Kristel P, de Maaker M, Maley CC, Marks JR, Menegaz BA, Mulder L, Nieboer F, Nowinski S, Pinder S, Quist J, Salinas-Souza C, Schaapveld M, Schmidt MK, Shaaban AM, Shami R, Sridharan M, Zhang J, Stobart H, Collyar D, Nik-Zainal S, Wessels LFA, Hwang ES, Navin NE, Futreal PA, Thompson AM, Wesseling J, Sawyer EJ. Genomic analysis defines clonal relationships of ductal carcinoma in situ and recurrent invasive breast cancer. Nat Genet 2022; 54:850-860. [PMID: 35681052 PMCID: PMC9197769 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the most common form of preinvasive breast cancer and, despite treatment, a small fraction (5-10%) of DCIS patients develop subsequent invasive disease. A fundamental biologic question is whether the invasive disease arises from tumor cells in the initial DCIS or represents new unrelated disease. To address this question, we performed genomic analyses on the initial DCIS lesion and paired invasive recurrent tumors in 95 patients together with single-cell DNA sequencing in a subset of cases. Our data show that in 75% of cases the invasive recurrence was clonally related to the initial DCIS, suggesting that tumor cells were not eliminated during the initial treatment. Surprisingly, however, 18% were clonally unrelated to the DCIS, representing new independent lineages and 7% of cases were ambiguous. This knowledge is essential for accurate risk evaluation of DCIS, treatment de-escalation strategies and the identification of predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther H Lips
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tapsi Kumar
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anargyros Megalios
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lindy L Visser
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Sheinman
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute and The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angelo Fortunato
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Vandna Shah
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marlous Hoogstraat
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute and The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emi Sei
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Diego Mallo
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Maria Roman-Escorza
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ahmed A Ahmed
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mingchu Xu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Wim Brugman
- Genomics Core Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna K Casasent
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karen Clements
- Screening Quality Assurance Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Helen R Davies
- Early Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre and Academic Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Liping Fu
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Grigoriadis
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy M Hardman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lorraine M King
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marielle Krete
- Genomics Core Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Kristel
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel de Maaker
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo C Maley
- Biodesign Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Marks
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brian A Menegaz
- Department of Surgery, Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lennart Mulder
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Nieboer
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Salpie Nowinski
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Pinder
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jelmar Quist
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carolina Salinas-Souza
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Schaapveld
- Division of Psychosocial research and Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abeer M Shaaban
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rana Shami
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mathini Sridharan
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John Zhang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Serena Nik-Zainal
- Early Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre and Academic Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Biomedical Research Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lodewyk F A Wessels
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute and The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - E Shelley Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicholas E Navin
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - P Andrew Futreal
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alastair M Thompson
- Department of Surgery, Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jelle Wesseling
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Divisions of Diagnostic Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elinor J Sawyer
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
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Comparative characterization of 3D chromatin organization in triple-negative breast cancers. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:585-600. [PMID: 35513575 PMCID: PMC9166756 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a malignant cancer subtype with a high risk of recurrence and an aggressive phenotype compared to other breast cancer subtypes. Although many breast cancer studies conducted to date have investigated genetic variations and differential target gene expression, how 3D chromatin architectures are reorganized in TNBC has been poorly elucidated. Here, using in situ Hi-C technology, we characterized the 3D chromatin organization in cells representing five distinct subtypes of breast cancer (including TNBC) compared to that in normal cells. We found that the global and local 3D architectures were severely disrupted in breast cancer. TNBC cell lines (especially BT549 cells) showed the most dramatic changes relative to normal cells. Importantly, we detected CTCF-dependent TNBC-susceptible losses/gains of 3D chromatin organization and found that these changes were strongly associated with perturbed chromatin accessibility and transcriptional dysregulation. In TNBC tissue, 3D chromatin disorganization was also observed relative to the 3D chromatin organization in normal tissues. We observed that the perturbed local 3D architectures found in TNBC cells were partially conserved in TNBC tissues. Finally, we discovered distinct tissue-specific chromatin loops by comparing normal and TNBC tissues. In this study, we elucidated the characteristics of the 3D chromatin organization in breast cancer relative to normal cells/tissues at multiple scales and identified associations between disrupted structures and various epigenetic features and transcriptomes. Collectively, our findings reveal important 3D chromatin structural features for future diagnostic and therapeutic studies of TNBC. The 3D architecture of the genome is dramatically altered in an aggressive form of breast cancer, leading to changes in the regulation of gene expression that can fuel tumor growth. A team from South Korea, led by Hyeong-Gon Moon of Seoul National University College of Medicine and Daeyoup Lee of the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, detailed how chromosomes are positioned and folded within the nucleus of cell liness from five different subtypes of breast cancer. They found that triple-negative breast cancers displayed the most extreme reorganization of their genomes, a pattern also observed in biopsy tissues taken from patients with this subtype of cancer. Knowledge of these conformational changes could inform future efforts to develop therapies and diagnostics for patients with triple-negative breast tumors.
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7
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Gadaleta E, Thorn GJ, Ross-Adams H, Jones LJ, Chelala C. Field cancerization in breast cancer. J Pathol 2022; 257:561-574. [PMID: 35362092 PMCID: PMC9322418 DOI: 10.1002/path.5902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer affects one in seven women worldwide during their lifetime. Widespread mammographic screening programs and education campaigns allow for early detection of the disease, often during its asymptomatic phase. Current practice in treatment and recurrence monitoring is based primarily on pathological evaluations but can also encompass genomic evaluations, both of which focus on the primary tumor. Although breast cancer is one of the most studied cancers, patients still recur at a rate of up to 15% within the first 10 years post‐surgery. Local recurrence was originally attributed to tumor cells contaminating histologically normal (HN) tissues beyond the surgical margin, but advances in technology have allowed for the identification of distinct aberrations that exist in the peri‐tumoral tissues themselves. One leading theory to explain this phenomenon is the field cancerization theory. Under this hypothesis, tumors arise from a field of molecularly altered cells that create a permissive environment for malignant evolution, which can occur with or without morphological changes. The traditional histopathology paradigm dictates that molecular alterations are reflected in the tissue phenotype. However, the spectrum of inter‐patient variability of normal breast tissue may obfuscate recognition of a cancerized field during routine diagnostics. In this review, we explore the concept of field cancerization focusing on HN peri‐tumoral tissues: we present the pathological and molecular features of field cancerization within these tissues and discuss how the use of peri‐tumoral tissues can affect research. Our observations suggest that pathological and molecular evaluations could be used synergistically to assess risk and guide the therapeutic management of patients. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Gadaleta
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Graeme J Thorn
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Helen Ross-Adams
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Louise J Jones
- Centre for Tumour Biology Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Claude Chelala
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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8
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Wang F, Tan R, Feng K, Hu J, Zhuang Z, Wang C, Hou J, Liu X. Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Radiomics Features Associated with Depth of Invasion Predicted Lymph Node Metastasis and Prognosis in Tongue Cancer. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 56:196-209. [PMID: 34888985 PMCID: PMC9299921 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adequate safe margin in tongue cancer radical surgery is one of the most important prognostic factors. However, the role of peritumoral tissues in predicting lymph node metastasis (LNM) and prognosis using radiomics analysis remains unclear. Purpose To investigate whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based radiomics analysis with peritumoral extensions contributes toward the prediction of LNM and prognosis in tongue cancer. Study type Retrospective. Population Two hundred and thirty‐six patients (38.56% female) with tongue cancer (training set, N = 157; testing set, N = 79; 37.58% and 40.51% female for each). Field Strength/Sequence 1.5 T; T2‐weighted turbo spin‐echo images. Assessment Radiomics models (Rprim, Rprim+3, Rprim+5, Rprim+10, Rprim+15) were developed with features extracted from the primary tumor without or with peritumoral extensions (3, 5, 10, and 15 mm, respectively). Clinicopathological characteristics selected from univariate analysis, including MRI‐reported LN status, radiological extrinsic lingual muscle invasion, and pathological depth of invasion (DOI) were further incorporated into radiomics models to develop combined radiomics models (CRprim, CRprim+3, CRprim+5, CRprim+10, CRprim+15). Finally, the model performance was validated in the testing set. DOI was measured from the adjacent normal mucosa to the deepest point of tumor invasion. Statistical Tests Chi‐square test, regression analysis, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, decision analysis, spearman correlation analysis. The Delong test was used to compare area under the ROC (AUC). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Of all the models, the CRprim+10 reached the highest AUC of 0.995 in the training set and 0.872 in the testing set. Radiomics features were significantly correlated with pathological DOI (correlation coefficients, −0.157 to −0.336). The CRprim+10 was an independent indicator for poor disease‐free survival (hazard ratio, 5.250) and overall survival (hazard ratio, 17.464) in the testing set. Data Conclusion Radiomics analysis with a 10‐mm peritumoral extension had excellent power to predict LNM and prognosis in tongue cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rukeng Tan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Feng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zehang Zhuang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinsong Hou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiqiang Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Cai C, Yang L, Zhuang X, He Y, Zhou K. A five-lncRNA model predicting overall survival in gastric cancer compared with normal tissues. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:24349-24359. [PMID: 34751670 PMCID: PMC8610123 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aims: In cancer research, normal tissues adjacent to the tumor are usually defined as controls to compare with tumor samples, in order to screen out cancer-related genes. Although there is no obvious difference in pathology between normal tissues adjacent to the tumor and healthy tissues, there are significant changes at the molecular level. We aim to explore more potential tumor biomarkers using healthy tissues as controls rather than normal tissues adjacent to the tumor. Methods: Here we combine the Genotype-Tissue Expression project and The Cancer Genome Atlas for differential gene analysis. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were applied in order to predict the biological effects of related lncRNAs. Results: We established a 5-lncRNA prognosis model with an AUC value of 0.815. Pathway analysis indicated that 5-lncRNA mainly affected tissue carcinogenesis through PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, Focal adhesion, MAPK signaling pathway. Conclusion: The 5-lncRNA prognostic model we set up is more conducive to assess the overall survival time of gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congbo Cai
- Emergency Department of Yinzhou No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Emergency Department of Yinzhou No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xieyan Zhuang
- Gynecology Department of Mingzhou Hospital, Ningbo 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi He
- Gastroenterology Department of Ningbo No. 9 Hospital, Ningbo 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kena Zhou
- Gastroenterology Department of Ningbo No. 9 Hospital, Ningbo 315000, Zhejiang, China
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10
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Specific Smad2/3 Linker Phosphorylation Indicates Esophageal Non-neoplastic and Neoplastic Stem-Like Cells and Neoplastic Development. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:1862-1874. [PMID: 32705438 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little known about stem cells in human non-neoplastic and neoplastic esophageal epithelia. We have demonstrated expression of linker threonine-phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2/3L-Thr), suggesting presence of stem-like cells in mouse esophageal epithelium, and identified presence of pSmad2/3L-Thr-positive cells that might function as cancer stem cells in mouse model of colorectal carcinoma. AIMS We explore whether pSmad2/3L-Thr can be used as a biomarker for stem cells of human esophageal epithelia and/or neoplasms. METHODS We have used esophageal tissues from inpatients undergoing endoscopic submucosal dissection and performed double immunofluorescent staining of pSmad2/3L-Thr and Ki67, CDK4, p63, Sox2, CK14, p53, ALDH1, CD44 or D2-40 after which the sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. RESULTS pSmad2/3L-Thr-positive cells showed immunohistochemical co-localization with CDK4, p63, CD44 and Sox2 in the basal and parabasal layers of non-neoplastic esophageal epithelia. In esophageal neoplasms, they showed immunohistochemical co-localization with p53, CDK4, ALDH1 and CD44. There was a significant increase in the percentage of pSmad2/3L-Thr-positive cells in the p53-positive neoplastic cell population with development of esophageal neoplasia. pSmad2/3L-Thr-positive cells localized to the lower section of low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and were observed up to the upper section in carcinoma in situ. In invasive squamous cell carcinoma, they were scattered throughout the tumor with disappearance of polarity and were found in intraepithelial primary lesions and sites of submucosal and vessel invasion. CONCLUSIONS We determined significant expression of pSmad2/3L-Thr in human esophageal non-neoplastic and neoplastic epithelia, indicating that these are epithelial stem-like cells and cancer stem cells, respectively, that correlate with developing esophageal neoplasms.
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11
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Sullivan KV, Moore RET, Capper MS, Schilling K, Goddard K, Ion C, Layton-Matthews D, Leybourne MI, Coles B, Kreissig K, Antsygina O, Coombes RC, Larner F, Rehkämper M. Zinc stable isotope analysis reveals Zn dyshomeostasis in benign tumours, breast cancer, and adjacent histologically normal tissue. Metallomics 2021; 13:6273136. [PMID: 33970272 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The disruption of Zn homeostasis has been linked with breast cancer development and progression. To enhance our understanding of changes in Zn homeostasis both inside and around the tumour microenvironment, Zn concentrations and isotopic compositions (δ66Zn) were determined in benign (BT) and malignant (MT) tumours, healthy tissue from reduction mammoplasty (HT), and histologically normal tissue adjacent to benign (NAT(BT)) and malignant tumours (NAT(MT)). Mean Zn concentrations in NAT(BT) are 5.5 µg g-1 greater than in NAT(MT) (p = 0.00056) and 5.1 µg g-1 greater than in HT (p = 0.0026). Zinc concentrations in MT are 12.9 µg g-1 greater than in HT (p = 0.00012) and 13.3 µg g-1 greater than in NAT(MT) (p < 0.0001), whereas δ66Zn is 0.17‰ lower in MT than HT (p = 0.017). Benign tumour Zn concentrations are also elevated compared to HT (p = 0.00013), but are not significantly elevated compared to NAT(BT) (p = 0.32). The δ66Zn of BT is 0.15‰ lower than in NAT(BT) (p = 0.045). The similar light δ66Zn of BT and MT compared to HT and NAT may be related to the isotopic compensation of increased metallothionein (64Zn-rich) expression by activated matrix metalloproteinase (66Zn-rich) in MT, and indicates a resultant 66Zn-rich reservoir may exist in patients with breast tumours. Zinc isotopic compositions thus show promise as a potential diagnostic tool for the detection of breast tumours. The revealed differences of Zn accumulation in healthy and tumour-adjacent tissues require additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj V Sullivan
- Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, 36 Union Street, Kingston, K7L 2N8, Canada.,Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rebekah E T Moore
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Miles S Capper
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kathrin Schilling
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Kate Goddard
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, ICTEM, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Rd, London W12 ONS, UK
| | - Charlotte Ion
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, ICTEM, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Rd, London W12 ONS, UK
| | - Daniel Layton-Matthews
- Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, 36 Union Street, Kingston, K7L 2N8, Canada
| | - Matthew I Leybourne
- Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, 36 Union Street, Kingston, K7L 2N8, Canada.,Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Department of Physics, Engineering Physics & Astronomy, Queen's University, 64 Bader Lane, Kingston, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Barry Coles
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Katharina Kreissig
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Olga Antsygina
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.,Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - R Charles Coombes
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, ICTEM, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Rd, London W12 ONS, UK
| | - Fiona Larner
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK.,St Catherine's College, Manor Road, Oxford OX1 3UJ, UK.,Science & Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Mark Rehkämper
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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12
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Kutasovic JR, McCart Reed AE, Sokolova A, Lakhani SR, Simpson PT. Morphologic and Genomic Heterogeneity in the Evolution and Progression of Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E848. [PMID: 32244556 PMCID: PMC7226487 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
: Breast cancer is a remarkably complex and diverse disease. Subtyping based on morphology, genomics, biomarkers and/or clinical parameters seeks to stratify optimal approaches for management, but it is clear that every breast cancer is fundamentally unique. Intra-tumour heterogeneity adds further complexity and impacts a patient's response to neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy. Here, we review some established and more recent evidence related to the complex nature of breast cancer evolution. We describe morphologic and genomic diversity as it arises spontaneously during the early stages of tumour evolution, and also in the context of treatment where the changing subclonal architecture of a tumour is driven by the inherent adaptability of tumour cells to evolve and resist the selective pressures of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R. Kutasovic
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane 4029, Australia; (J.R.K.); (A.E.M.R.); (A.S.); (S.R.L.)
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston 4006, Australia
| | - Amy E. McCart Reed
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane 4029, Australia; (J.R.K.); (A.E.M.R.); (A.S.); (S.R.L.)
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston 4006, Australia
| | - Anna Sokolova
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane 4029, Australia; (J.R.K.); (A.E.M.R.); (A.S.); (S.R.L.)
- Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Sunil R. Lakhani
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane 4029, Australia; (J.R.K.); (A.E.M.R.); (A.S.); (S.R.L.)
- Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Peter T. Simpson
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane 4029, Australia; (J.R.K.); (A.E.M.R.); (A.S.); (S.R.L.)
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13
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Gastric Normal Adjacent Mucosa Versus Healthy and Cancer Tissues: Distinctive Transcriptomic Profiles and Biological Features. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091248. [PMID: 31454993 PMCID: PMC6769942 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Molecular heterogeneity is a major determinant for the clinical outcomes and an exhaustive tumor classification is currently missing. Histologically normal tissue adjacent to the tumor (NAT) is commonly used as a control in cancer studies, nevertheless a recently published paper described the unique characteristics of the NAT in several tumor types. Little is known about the global gene expression profile of gastric NAT (gNAT) which could be an effective tool for a more realistic definition of GC molecular signature. Here, we integrated data of 512 samples from the Genotype-Tissue Expression project (GETx) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to analyze the transcriptome of healthy gastric tissues, gNAT, and GC samples. We validated TCGA-GETx data mining through inHouse gNAT and GC expression dataset. Differential gene expression together with pathway enrichment analyses, indeed, led to different results when using the gNAT or the healthy tissue as control. Based on our analyses, gNAT showed a peculiar gene signature and biological features, like the estrogen receptor pathways activation, suggesting a molecular behavior partially different from both healthy and GC tissues. Therefore, using gNAT as healthy control tissue in the characterization of tumor associated biological processes and pathways could lead to suboptimal results.
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14
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Terkelsen T, Haakensen VD, Saldova R, Gromov P, Hansen MK, Stöckmann H, Lingjaerde OC, Børresen-Dale AL, Papaleo E, Helland Å, Rudd PM, Gromova I. N-glycan signatures identified in tumor interstitial fluid and serum of breast cancer patients: association with tumor biology and clinical outcome. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:972-990. [PMID: 29698574 PMCID: PMC5983225 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Particular N‐glycan structures are known to be associated with breast malignancies by coordinating various regulatory events within the tumor and corresponding microenvironment, thus implying that N‐glycan patterns may be used for cancer stratification and as predictive or prognostic biomarkers. However, the association between N‐glycans secreted by breast tumor and corresponding clinical relevance remain to be elucidated. We profiled N‐glycans by HILIC UPLC across a discovery dataset composed of tumor interstitial fluids (TIF, n = 85), paired normal interstitial fluids (NIF, n = 54) and serum samples (n = 28) followed by independent evaluation, with the ultimate goal of identifying tumor‐related N‐glycan patterns in blood of patients with breast cancer. The segregation of N‐linked oligosaccharides revealed 33 compositions, which exhibited differential abundances between TIF and NIF. TIFs were depleted of bisecting N‐glycans, which are known to play essential roles in tumor suppression. An increased level of simple high mannose N‐glycans in TIF strongly correlated with the presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes within tumor. At the same time, a low level of highly complex N‐glycans in TIF inversely correlated with the presence of infiltrating lymphocytes within tumor. Survival analysis showed that patients exhibiting increased TIF abundance of GP24 had better outcomes, whereas low levels of GP10, GP23, GP38, and coreF were associated with poor prognosis. Levels of GP1, GP8, GP9, GP14, GP23, GP28, GP37, GP38, and coreF were significantly correlated between TIF and paired serum samples. Cross‐validation analysis using an independent serum dataset supported the observed correlation between TIF and serum, for five of nine N‐glycan groups: GP8, GP9, GP14, GP23, and coreF. Collectively, our results imply that profiling of N‐glycans from proximal breast tumor fluids is a promising strategy for determining tumor‐derived glyco‐signature(s) in the blood. N‐glycans structures validated in our study may serve as novel biomarkers to improve the diagnostic and prognostic stratification of patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilde Terkelsen
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vilde D Haakensen
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Radka Saldova
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Pavel Gromov
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Genome Integrity Unit, Breast Cancer Biology Group, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Kjaer Hansen
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Stöckmann
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ole Christian Lingjaerde
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Elena Papaleo
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Åslaug Helland
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Irina Gromova
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Genome Integrity Unit, Breast Cancer Biology Group, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Wilkins A, Chauhan R, Rust A, Pearson A, Daley F, Manodoro F, Fenwick K, Bliss J, Yarnold J, Somaiah N. FFPE breast tumour blocks provide reliable sources of both germline and malignant DNA for investigation of genetic determinants of individual tumour responses to treatment. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 170:573-581. [PMID: 29700676 PMCID: PMC6022520 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4798-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Bio-banked formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues provide an excellent opportunity for translational genomic research. Historically matched blood has not always been collected as a source of germline DNA. This project aimed to establish if normal FFPE breast tissue could be used as an alternative to blood. Methods Exome sequencing was carried out on matched tumour tissue, normal breast tissue and blood on five patients in the START trial. Retrieved samples had been archived at different centres for at least 13 years. Following tissue macro-dissection and DNA extraction, targeted exome capture was performed using SureSelect Human All Exome v5 reagents (Agilent). Illumina paired-end libraries were prepared from the captured target regions and sequenced on a HiSeq2500 (Illumina) acquiring 2 × 75 bp reads. Somatic variants were called using the MuTect software analysis tool and copy number abnormalities (CNA) were identified using CNVkit. Targeted sequencing and droplet digital PCR were used to validate somatic variants and CNA, respectively. Results Overlap of somatic variants and CNA called on tumour versus blood and tumour versus normal breast tissue was good. Agreement in somatic variant calling ranged from 76.9 to 93.6%. Variants with an allele frequency lower than 10% were more difficult to validate irrespective of the type of germline DNA used. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for paired comparisons of CNA using blood or normal tissue as reference ranged from 0.70 to 0.94. Conclusions There is good correlation between the somatic mutations and CNA called using archived blood or normal breast tissue as germline reference material. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10549-018-4798-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wilkins
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,The Institute of Cancer Research Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, London, UK.,The Royal Marsden Hospital, Downs Road, Sutton, SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Ritika Chauhan
- Tumour Profiling Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Alistair Rust
- Tumour Profiling Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Alex Pearson
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Frances Daley
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Kerry Fenwick
- Tumour Profiling Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Judith Bliss
- The Institute of Cancer Research Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, London, UK
| | - John Yarnold
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,The Royal Marsden Hospital, Downs Road, Sutton, SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Navita Somaiah
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK. .,The Royal Marsden Hospital, Downs Road, Sutton, SM2 5PT, UK.
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16
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Croes L, de Beeck KO, Pauwels P, Vanden Berghe W, Peeters M, Fransen E, Van Camp G. DFNA5 promoter methylation a marker for breast tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:31948-31958. [PMID: 28404884 PMCID: PMC5458261 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identification of methylation markers that are sensitive and specific for breast cancer may improve early detection. We hypothesize that DFNA5 promoter methylation can be a valuable epigenetic biomarker, based upon strong indications for its role as tumor suppressor gene and its function in regulated cell death. Results Statistically different levels of methylation were seen, with always very low levels in healthy breast reduction samples, very high levels in part of the adenocarcinoma samples and slightly increased levels in part of the normal tissue samples adjacent the tumor. One of the CpGs (CpG4) showed the best differentiation. A ROC curve for DFNA5 CpG4 methylation showed a sensitivity of 61.8% for the detection of breast cancer with a specificity of 100%. Materials and Methods We performed methylation analysis on four CpGs in the DFNA5 promoter region by bisulfite pyrosequencing on 123 primary breast adenocarcinomas and 24 healthy breast reductions. For 16 primary tumors, corresponding histological normal tissue adjacent to the tumor was available. Conclusions We conclude that DFNA5 methylation shows strong potential as a biomarker for detection of breast cancer. Slightly increased methylation in histologically normal breast tissue surrounding the tumor suggests that it may be a good early detection marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselot Croes
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem B-2650, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem B-2650, Belgium
| | - Ken Op de Beeck
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem B-2650, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem B-2650, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem B-2650, Belgium
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Antwerp B-2610, Belgium
| | - Marc Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem B-2650, Belgium
| | - Erik Fransen
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem B-2650, Belgium.,StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2000, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Camp
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem B-2650, Belgium
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17
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Mapping genomic and transcriptomic alterations spatially in epithelial cells adjacent to human breast carcinoma. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1245. [PMID: 29093438 PMCID: PMC5665998 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01357-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all genomic studies of breast cancer have focused on well-established tumours because it is technically challenging to study the earliest mutational events occurring in human breast epithelial cells. To address this we created a unique dataset of epithelial samples ductoscopically obtained from ducts leading to breast carcinomas and matched samples from ducts on the opposite side of the nipple. Here, we demonstrate that perturbations in mRNA abundance, with increasing proximity to tumour, cannot be explained by copy number aberrations. Rather, we find a possibility of field cancerization surrounding the primary tumour by constructing a classifier that evaluates where epithelial samples were obtained relative to a tumour (cross-validated micro-averaged AUC = 0.74). We implement a spectral co-clustering algorithm to define biclusters. Relating to over-represented bicluster pathways, we further validate two genes with tissue microarrays and in vitro experiments. We highlight evidence suggesting that bicluster perturbation occurs early in tumour development. Studying the spatial mutational and gene expression alterations in breast cancer could impact our understanding of breast cancer development. Here, the authors analyse a unique dataset of epithelial samples that highlight potential field cancerisation surrounding the primary tumour.
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18
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Comprehensive analysis of normal adjacent to tumor transcriptomes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1077. [PMID: 29057876 PMCID: PMC5651823 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histologically normal tissue adjacent to the tumor (NAT) is commonly used as a control in cancer studies. However, little is known about the transcriptomic profile of NAT, how it is influenced by the tumor, and how the profile compares with non-tumor-bearing tissues. Here, we integrate data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression project and The Cancer Genome Atlas to comprehensively analyze the transcriptomes of healthy, NAT, and tumor tissues in 6506 samples across eight tissues and corresponding tumor types. Our analysis shows that NAT presents a unique intermediate state between healthy and tumor. Differential gene expression and protein–protein interaction analyses reveal altered pathways shared among NATs across tissue types. We characterize a set of 18 genes that are specifically activated in NATs. By applying pathway and tissue composition analyses, we suggest a pan-cancer mechanism of pro-inflammatory signals from the tumor stimulates an inflammatory response in the adjacent endothelium. Normal tissue adjacent to the tumour (NAT) is often used as a control in cancer studies. Here, the authors analyse across cancer types the transcriptomes of healthy, NAT, and tumour tissues, and find that NAT presents a unique state, potentially due to inflammatory response of the NAT to the tumour tissue.
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19
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Leyba K, Swaminathan R, Jones A, Russell J, Joste N, Bisoffi M, Trujillo K. Combining the sick lobe theory with markers of field cancerization for refinement of a personalized surgical margin. J Surg Oncol 2017; 116:956-957. [PMID: 28695575 DOI: 10.1002/jso.24724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Leyba
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Radha Swaminathan
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Anna Jones
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - John Russell
- Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Nancy Joste
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Marco Bisoffi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California
| | - Kristina Trujillo
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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20
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Bartova M, Hlavaty J, Tan Y, Singer C, Pohlodek K, Luha J, Walter I. Expression of ezrin and moesin in primary breast carcinoma and matched lymph node metastases. Clin Exp Metastasis 2017. [PMID: 28624994 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-017-9853-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ezrin, radixin, moesin (ERM) are important membrane-cytoskeletal crosslinkers and are suggested to play important role in cancer progression and metastasis. Even though ERM proteins were generally considered to be functionally redundant and the most studied was ezrin, recent studies highlight their distinct roles in metastatic process. Little information is available regarding the role of individual ERM proteins and their phosphorylated forms in human breast cancer. Our study is the first to examine expression of ezrin, moesin and their phosphorylated forms in primary breast tumors and matched lymph node metastases (LNMs) and their correlation with clinicopathological variables. A total of 88 primary breast cancer, 91 LNMs, 54 intraductal carcinoma and 26 normal adjacent breast tissue samples from tissue microarrays were studied. Expression was determined by immunohistochemistry, the intensity and number of positive cells was scored. Statistical analysis of protein expression and patients' age, tumor grade and hormonal status was performed. No statistical significant difference was found in ezrin, moesin, p-ezrinTyr353 and pan-p-ezrinThr567/radixinThr564/moesinThr558 expression between primary tumors and LNMs. Even though it was not significant, moesin expression varied between primary tumors, intraductal carcinoma, normal breast adjacent tissue and LNMs. A significant positive correlation between moesin and tumor grade has been proven. Even though primary tumors and matched LNMs did not show different expression patterns, moesin correlated significantly with higher tumor grade. Its positivity in intraductal carcinoma and normal breast tissue adjacent to cancer might indicate its role in tumor intiation/progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bartova
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Bratislava, Ružinovská 6, Bratislava, 826 06, Slovakia.
| | - J Hlavaty
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Y Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - C Singer
- Division of General Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - K Pohlodek
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Bratislava, Ružinovská 6, Bratislava, 826 06, Slovakia
| | - J Luha
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Comenius University Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, Bratislava, 811 08, Slovakia
| | - I Walter
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Lebya K, Garcia‐Smith R, Swaminathan R, Jones A, Russell J, Joste N, Bisoffi M, Trujillo K. Towards a personalized surgical margin for breast conserving surgery—Implications of field cancerization in local recurrence. J Surg Oncol 2017; 115:109-115. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.24469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Lebya
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - Randi Garcia‐Smith
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | | | - Anna Jones
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of New Mexico Health Science CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - John Russell
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of New Mexico Health Science CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - Nancy Joste
- Department of PathologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Science CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - Marco Bisoffi
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchmid College of Science and Technology Chapman UniversityOrangeCalifornia
| | - Kristina Trujillo
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
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22
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Pitfalls of improperly procured adjacent non-neoplastic tissue for somatic mutation analysis using next-generation sequencing. BMC Med Genomics 2016; 9:64. [PMID: 27756300 PMCID: PMC5070097 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-016-0226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rapid adoption of next-generation sequencing provides an efficient system for detecting somatic alterations in neoplasms. The detection of such alterations requires a matched non-neoplastic sample for adequate filtering of non-somatic events such as germline polymorphisms. Non-neoplastic tissue adjacent to the excised neoplasm is often used for this purpose as it is simultaneously collected and generally contains the same tissue type as the neoplasm. Following NGS analysis, we and others have frequently observed low-level somatic mutations in these non-neoplastic tissues, which may impose additional challenges to somatic mutation detection as it complicates germline variant filtering. Methods We hypothesized that the low-level somatic mutation observed in non-neoplastic tissues may be entirely or partially caused by inadvertent contamination by neoplastic cells during the surgical pathology gross assessment or tissue procurement process. To test this hypothesis, we applied a systematic protocol designed to collect multiple grossly non-neoplastic tissues using different methods surrounding each single neoplasm. The procedure was applied in two breast cancer lumpectomy specimens. In each case, all samples were first sequenced by whole-exome sequencing to identify somatic mutations in the neoplasm and determine their presence in the adjacent non-neoplastic tissues. We then generated ultra-deep coverage using targeted sequencing to assess the levels of contamination in non-neoplastic tissue samples collected under different conditions. Results Contamination levels in non-neoplastic tissues ranged up to 3.5 and 20.9 % respectively in the two cases tested, with consistent pattern correlated with the manner of grossing and procurement. By carefully controlling the conditions of various steps during this process, we were able to eliminate any detectable contamination in both patients. Conclusion The results demonstrated that the process of tissue procurement contributes to the level of contamination in non-neoplastic tissue, and contamination can be reduced to below detectable levels by using a carefully designed collection method. A standard protocol dedicated for acquiring adjacent non-neoplastic tissue that minimizes neoplasm contamination should be implemented for all somatic mutation detection studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12920-016-0226-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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23
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Danforth DN. Genomic Changes in Normal Breast Tissue in Women at Normal Risk or at High Risk for Breast Cancer. BREAST CANCER-BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2016; 10:109-46. [PMID: 27559297 PMCID: PMC4990153 DOI: 10.4137/bcbcr.s39384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic breast cancer develops through the accumulation of molecular abnormalities in normal breast tissue, resulting from exposure to estrogens and other carcinogens beginning at adolescence and continuing throughout life. These molecular changes may take a variety of forms, including numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities, epigenetic changes, and gene expression alterations. To characterize these abnormalities, a review of the literature has been conducted to define the molecular changes in each of the above major genomic categories in normal breast tissue considered to be either at normal risk or at high risk for sporadic breast cancer. This review indicates that normal risk breast tissues (such as reduction mammoplasty) contain evidence of early breast carcinogenesis including loss of heterozygosity, DNA methylation of tumor suppressor and other genes, and telomere shortening. In normal tissues at high risk for breast cancer (such as normal breast tissue adjacent to breast cancer or the contralateral breast), these changes persist, and are increased and accompanied by aneuploidy, increased genomic instability, a wide range of gene expression differences, development of large cancerized fields, and increased proliferation. These changes are consistent with early and long-standing exposure to carcinogens, especially estrogens. A model for the breast carcinogenic pathway in normal risk and high-risk breast tissues is proposed. These findings should clarify our understanding of breast carcinogenesis in normal breast tissue and promote development of improved methods for risk assessment and breast cancer prevention in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Danforth
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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24
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Davies AE, Kortright K, Kaplan KB. Adenomatous polyposis coli mutants dominantly activate Hsf1-dependent cell stress pathways through inhibition of microtubule dynamics. Oncotarget 2016; 6:25202-16. [PMID: 26320184 PMCID: PMC4694825 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells up-regulate cell stress pathways, including the protein chaperone Hsp90. Increases in Hsp90 are believed “buffer” mutant protein activities necessary for cancer phenotypes. Activation of the cell stress pathway also alters the transcriptional landscape of cells in ways that are critical for cancer progression. However, it is unclear when and how the cell stress pathway is de-regulated during cancer progression. Here we report that mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) found in colorectal cancer activate cell stress pathways in mouse intestinal crypt cells, prior to loss of heterozygosity at APC or to the appearance of canonical intestinal cancer markers. Hsp90 levels are elevated in normal APC heterozygote crypt cells and further elevated in non-cancer cells adjacent to dysplasias, suggesting that the Hsp90 stress pathway marks the “cancer-field” effect. Expression of mutant APC in normal human epithelial cells is sufficient to activate a cell stress pathway via perturbations in microtubule dynamics. Inhibition of microtubule dynamics is sufficient to activate an Hsf1-dependent increase in gene transcription and protein levels. We suggest that the early activation of this Hsf1 dependent cell stress pathway by mono-allelic mutations in APC can affect cell programming in a way that contributes to cancer onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Davies
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Kortright
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth B Kaplan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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25
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Park VY, Kim EK, Kim MJ, Yoon JH, Moon HJ. Breast parenchymal signal enhancement ratio at preoperative magnetic resonance imaging: association with early recurrence in triple-negative breast cancer patients. Acta Radiol 2016; 57:802-8. [PMID: 26516288 DOI: 10.1177/0284185115609803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The signal enhancement ratio (SER) of surrounding non-tumor parenchyma at breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be helpful in breast cancer patients, but has not been investigated in patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). PURPOSE To investigate the association between background parenchymal SER around the tumor on preoperative dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI with recurrence-free survival in patients with TNBC. MATERIAL AND METHODS Between April 2012 and May 2013, 71 TNBC patients who underwent preoperative MRI were included. SER values were calculated from regions of interest placed in the breast parenchyma around the tumor. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine associations between MRI variables, clinical-pathologic variables, and recurrence-free survival. RESULTS Recurrence occurred in 8.5% (6/71) of patients. At univariate analysis, a higher SER around the tumor, larger tumor size, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, receipt of total mastectomy, and not receiving adjuvant chemotherapy were associated with worse recurrence-free survival. At multivariate analysis of preoperative variables, a higher SER around the tumor was independently associated with worse recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 7.072, P = 0.003 for SER1; HR = 6.268, P = 0.006 for SER2; HR = 3.004, P = 0.039 for SER3). CONCLUSION Higher SER around the tumor at preoperative dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI is an independent predictor for recurrence in TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Youngjean Park
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Yoon
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jung Moon
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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26
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Chatterton RT, Heinz RE, Fought AJ, Ivancic D, Shappell C, Allu S, Gapstur S, Scholtens DM, Gann PH, Khan SA. Nipple Aspirate Fluid Hormone Concentrations and Breast Cancer Risk. Discov Oncol 2016; 7:127-36. [PMID: 26902826 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-016-0252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior reports identify higher serum concentrations of estrogens and androgens as risk factors for breast cancer, but steroids in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) may be more related to risk. Incident breast cancer cases and mammography controls were recruited. Sex steroids were measured in NAF from the unaffected breasts of cases and one breast of controls. Menopausal status and menstrual cycle phase were determined. NAF steroids were purified by HPLC and quantified by immunoassays. Conditional logistic regression models were used to examine associations between NAF hormones and case-control status. NAF samples from 160 cases and 157 controls were evaluable for hormones. Except for progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), the NAF and serum concentrations were not significantly correlated. NAF estradiol and estrone were not different between cases and controls. Higher NAF (but not serum) DHEA concentrations were associated with cases, particularly among estrogen receptor (ER)-positive cases (NAF odds ratio (OR) = 1.18, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.02, 1.36). NAF DHEA was highly correlated with NAF estradiol and estrone but not with androstenedione or testosterone. Higher progesterone concentrations in both NAF and serum were associated with a lower risk of ER-negative cancer (NAF OR = 0.69, 95 % CI 0.51, 0.92). However, this finding may be explained by case-control imbalance in the number of luteal phase subjects (2 cases and 19 controls). The significantly higher concentration of DHEA in NAF of cases and its correlation with NAF estradiol indicates a potentially important role of this steroid in breast cancer risk; however, the negative association of progesterone with risk is tentative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Chatterton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Olson Pavilion 8272, 710 N Fairbanks Court, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Richard E Heinz
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Angela J Fought
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - David Ivancic
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Claire Shappell
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Subhashini Allu
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Bhrat Biotech International, Ltd., Genome Valley, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Susan Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Denise M Scholtens
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Peter H Gann
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Seema A Khan
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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27
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Bodelon C, Heaphy CM, Meeker AK, Geller B, Vacek PM, Weaver DL, Chicoine RE, Shepherd JA, Mahmoudzadeh AP, Patel DA, Brinton LA, Sherman ME, Gierach GL. Leukocyte telomere length and its association with mammographic density and proliferative diagnosis among women undergoing diagnostic image-guided breast biopsy. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:823. [PMID: 26519084 PMCID: PMC4628256 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1860-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated mammographic density (MD) is a strong breast cancer risk factor but the mechanisms underlying the association are poorly understood. High MD and breast cancer risk may reflect cumulative exposures to factors that promote epithelial cell division. One marker of cellular replicative history is telomere length, but its association with MD is unknown. We investigated the relation of telomere length, a marker of cellular replicative history, with MD and biopsy diagnosis. METHODS One hundred and ninety-five women, ages 40-65, were clinically referred for image-guided breast biopsies at an academic facility in Vermont. Relative peripheral blood leukocyte telomere length (LTL) was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. MD volume was quantified in cranio-caudal views of the breast contralateral to the primary diagnosis in digital mammograms using a breast density phantom, while MD area (cm(2)) was measured using thresholding software. Associations between log-transformed LTL and continuous MD measurements (volume and area) were evaluated using linear regression models adjusted for age and body mass index. Analyses were stratified by biopsy diagnosis: proliferative (hyperplasia, in-situ or invasive carcinoma) or non-proliferative (benign or other non-proliferative benign diagnoses). RESULTS Mean relative LTL in women with proliferative disease (n = 141) was 1.6 (SD = 0.9) vs. 1.2 (SD = 0.6) in those with non-proliferative diagnoses (n = 54) (P = 0.002). Mean percent MD volume did not differ by diagnosis (P = 0.69). LTL was not associated with MD in women with proliferative (P = 0.89) or non-proliferative (P = 0.48) diagnoses. However, LTL was associated with a significant increased risk of proliferative diagnosis (adjusted OR = 2.46, 95% CI: 1.47, 4.42). CONCLUSIONS Our analysis of LTL did not find an association with MD. However, our findings suggest that LTL may be a marker of risk for proliferative pathology among women referred for biopsy based on breast imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bodelon
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rm 7-E236, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Christopher M Heaphy
- Department of Pathology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Alan K Meeker
- Departments of Pathology, Oncology and Urology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Berta Geller
- Department of Health Promotion Research, University of Vermont College of Medicine and Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Pamela M Vacek
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Vermont College of Medicine and Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Donald L Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine and Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Rachael E Chicoine
- Office of Health Promotion Research, University of Vermont College of Medicine and Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - John A Shepherd
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Amir Pasha Mahmoudzadeh
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Deesha A Patel
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Louise A Brinton
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Mark E Sherman
- Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Gretchen L Gierach
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
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28
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Hair BY, Xu Z, Kirk EL, Harlid S, Sandhu R, Robinson WR, Wu MC, Olshan AF, Conway K, Taylor JA, Troester MA. Body mass index associated with genome-wide methylation in breast tissue. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 151:453-63. [PMID: 25953686 PMCID: PMC4474159 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3401-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression studies indicate that body mass index (BMI) is associated with molecular pathways involved in inflammation, insulin-like growth factor activation, and other carcinogenic processes in breast tissue. The goal of this study was to determine whether BMI is associated with gene methylation in breast tissue and to identify pathways that are commonly methylated in association with high BMI. Epigenome-wide methylation profiles were determined using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array in the non-diseased breast tissue of 81 women undergoing breast surgery between 2009 and 2013 at the University of North Carolina Hospitals. Multivariable, robust linear regression was performed to identify methylation sites associated with BMI at a false discovery rate q value <0.05. Gene expression microarray data was used to identify which of the BMI-associated methylation sites also showed correlation with gene expression. Gene set enrichment analysis was conducted to assess which pathways were enriched among the BMI-associated methylation sites. Of the 431,568 methylation sites analyzed, 2573 were associated with BMI (q value <0.05), 57 % of which showed an inverse correlation with BMI. Pathways enriched among the 2573 probe sites included those involved in inflammation, insulin receptor signaling, and leptin signaling. We were able to map 1251 of the BMI-associated methylation sites to gene expression data, and, of these, 226 (18 %) showed substantial correlations with gene expression. Our results suggest that BMI is associated with genome-wide methylation in non-diseased breast tissue and may influence epigenetic pathways involved in inflammatory and other carcinogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brionna Y Hair
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7435, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA,
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29
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Guenther S, Muirhead LJ, Speller AVM, Golf O, Strittmatter N, Ramakrishnan R, Goldin RD, Jones E, Veselkov K, Nicholson J, Darzi A, Takats Z. Spatially resolved metabolic phenotyping of breast cancer by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1828-37. [PMID: 25691458 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease characterized by varying responses to therapeutic agents and significant differences in long-term survival. Thus, there remains an unmet need for early diagnostic and prognostic tools and improved histologic characterization for more accurate disease stratification and personalized therapeutic intervention. This study evaluated a comprehensive metabolic phenotyping method in breast cancer tissue that uses desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI MSI), both as a novel diagnostic tool and as a method to further characterize metabolic changes in breast cancer tissue and the tumor microenvironment. In this prospective single-center study, 126 intraoperative tissue biopsies from tumor and tumor bed from 50 patients undergoing surgical resections were subject to DESI MSI. Global DESI MSI models were able to distinguish adipose, stromal, and glandular tissue based on their metabolomic fingerprint. Tumor tissue and tumor-associated stroma showed evident changes in their fatty acid and phospholipid composition compared with normal glandular and stromal tissue. Diagnosis of breast cancer was achieved with an accuracy of 98.2% based on DESI MSI data (PPV 0.96, NVP 1, specificity 0.96, sensitivity 1). In the tumor group, correlation between metabolomic profile and tumor grade/hormone receptor status was found. Overall classification accuracy was 87.7% (PPV 0.92, NPV 0.9, specificity 0.9, sensitivity 0.92). These results demonstrate that DESI MSI may be a valuable tool in the improved diagnosis of breast cancer in the future. The identified tumor-associated metabolic changes support theories of de novo lipogenesis in tumor tissue and the role of stroma tissue in tumor growth and development and overall disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Guenther
- Section of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J Muirhead
- Section of Biosurgery and Surgical Technology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail V M Speller
- Section of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ottmar Golf
- Section of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Strittmatter
- Section of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rathi Ramakrishnan
- Centre for Pathology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D Goldin
- Centre for Pathology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emrys Jones
- Section of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirill Veselkov
- Section of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Nicholson
- Section of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ara Darzi
- Section of Biosurgery and Surgical Technology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zoltan Takats
- Section of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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30
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Barrow TM, Barault L, Ellsworth RE, Harris HR, Binder AM, Valente AL, Shriver CD, Michels KB. Aberrant methylation of imprinted genes is associated with negative hormone receptor status in invasive breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:537-47. [PMID: 25560175 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of imprinted genes enables monoallelic expression according to parental origin, and its disruption is implicated in many cancers and developmental disorders. The expression of hormone receptors is significant in breast cancer because they are indicators of cancer cell growth rate and determine response to endocrine therapies. We investigated the frequency of aberrant events and variation in DNA methylation at nine imprinted sites in invasive breast cancer and examined the association with estrogen and progesterone receptor status. Breast tissue and blood from patients with invasive breast cancer (n = 38) and benign breast disease (n = 30) were compared with those from healthy individuals (n = 36), matched with the cancer patients by age at diagnosis, ethnicity, body mass index, menopausal status and familial history of cancer. DNA methylation and allele-specific expression were analyzed by pyrosequencing. Tumor-specific methylation changes at IGF2 DMR2 were observed in 59% of cancer patients, IGF2 DMR0 in 38%, DIRAS3 DMR in 36%, GRB10 ICR in 23%, PEG3 DMR in 21%, MEST ICR in 19%, H19 ICR in 18%, KvDMR in 8% and SNRPN/SNURF ICR in 4%. Variation in methylation was significantly greater in breast tissue from cancer patients compared with that in healthy individuals and benign breast disease. Aberrant methylation of three or more sites was significantly associated with negative estrogen-alpha (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.02) and progesterone-A (p = 0.02) receptor status. Aberrant events and increased variation in imprinted gene DNA methylation, therefore, seem to be frequent in invasive breast cancer and are associated with negative estrogen and progesterone receptor status, without loss of monoallelic expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Barrow
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Institute for Prevention and Cancer Epidemiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ludovic Barault
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rachel E Ellsworth
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Windber, PA
| | - Holly R Harris
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alexandra M Binder
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Allyson L Valente
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Windber Research Institute, Windber, PA
| | - Craig D Shriver
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD
| | - Karin B Michels
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Institute for Prevention and Cancer Epidemiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Lochhead P, Chan AT, Nishihara R, Fuchs CS, Beck AH, Giovannucci E, Ogino S. Etiologic field effect: reappraisal of the field effect concept in cancer predisposition and progression. Mod Pathol 2015; 28:14-29. [PMID: 24925058 PMCID: PMC4265316 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2014.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The term 'field effect' (also known as field defect, field cancerization, or field carcinogenesis) has been used to describe a field of cellular and molecular alteration, which predisposes to the development of neoplasms within that territory. We explore an expanded, integrative concept, 'etiologic field effect', which asserts that various etiologic factors (the exposome including dietary, lifestyle, environmental, microbial, hormonal, and genetic factors) and their interactions (the interactome) contribute to a tissue microenvironmental milieu that constitutes a 'field of susceptibility' to neoplasia initiation, evolution, and progression. Importantly, etiological fields predate the acquisition of molecular aberrations commonly considered to indicate presence of filed effect. Inspired by molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) research, which examines the influence of etiologic factors on cellular and molecular alterations during disease course, an etiologically focused approach to field effect can: (1) broaden the horizons of our inquiry into cancer susceptibility and progression at molecular, cellular, and environmental levels, during all stages of tumor evolution; (2) embrace host-environment-tumor interactions (including gene-environment interactions) occurring in the tumor microenvironment; and, (3) help explain intriguing observations, such as shared molecular features between bilateral primary breast carcinomas, and between synchronous colorectal cancers, where similar molecular changes are absent from intervening normal colon. MPE research has identified a number of endogenous and environmental exposures which can influence not only molecular signatures in the genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome and interactome, but also host immunity and tumor behavior. We anticipate that future technological advances will allow the development of in vivo biosensors capable of detecting and quantifying 'etiologic field effect' as abnormal network pathology patterns of cellular and microenvironmental responses to endogenous and exogenous exposures. Through an 'etiologic field effect' paradigm, and holistic systems pathology (systems biology) approaches to cancer biology, we can improve personalized prevention and treatment strategies for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lochhead
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Andrew T Chan
- 1] Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA [2] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- 1] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [2] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- 1] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [2] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew H Beck
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- 1] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [2] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA [3] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- 1] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [2] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA [3] Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Mohan M, Jagannathan N. Oral field cancerization: an update on current concepts. Oncol Rev 2014; 8:244. [PMID: 25992232 PMCID: PMC4419611 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2014.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There always exists a field with genetically altered cells with a high risk of developing premalignant and malignant lesions. It may often happen that an individual stem cell is genetically altered and can cause the formation of a clone or a patch which is likely to turn into a tumor. This explains the higher recurrence rates following tumor resections. It is essential to identify and to treat this field in order to have greater chances to prevent cancer and achieve a better outcome. This article reports concepts, theories and markers for the assessment of field cancerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Mohan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University , Chennai, India
| | - Nithya Jagannathan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University , Chennai, India
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Dotto GP. Multifocal epithelial tumors and field cancerization: stroma as a primary determinant. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1446-53. [PMID: 24691479 DOI: 10.1172/jci72589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that cancer results from altered organ homeostasis rather than from deregulated control of single cells or groups of cells. This applies especially to epithelial cancer, the most common form of human solid tumors and a major cause of cancer lethality. In the vast majority of cases, in situ epithelial cancer lesions do not progress into malignancy, even if they harbor many of the genetic changes found in invasive and metastatic tumors. While changes in tumor stroma are frequently viewed as secondary to changes in the epithelium, recent evidence indicates that they can play a primary role in both cancer progression and initiation. These processes may explain the phenomenon of field cancerization, i.e., the occurrence of multifocal and recurrent epithelial tumors that are preceded by and associated with widespread changes of surrounding tissue or organ "fields."
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Holliday C, Rummel S, Hooke JA, Shriver CD, Ellsworth DL, Ellsworth RE. Genomic instability in the breast microenvironment? A critical evaluation of the evidence. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 9:667-78. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Telomeres in molecular epidemiology studies. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 125:113-31. [PMID: 24993700 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397898-1.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres are long nucleotide repeats and protein complexes at the ends of chromosomes that are essential for maintaining chromosomal stability. They shorten with each cell division, and therefore, telomere length is a marker for cellular aging and senescence. Epidemiological research of telomeres investigates the role that these genetic structures have in disease risk and mortality in human populations. This chapter provides an overview of the current telomere epidemiology research and discusses approaches taken in these investigations. We also highlight important methodological considerations that may affect data interpretation.
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Paired ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive breast cancer lesions in the D-loop of the mitochondrial genome indicate a cancerization field effect. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:379438. [PMID: 23509716 PMCID: PMC3591154 DOI: 10.1155/2013/379438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the mitochondrial genome have been chronicled in most solid tumors, including breast cancer. The intent of this paper is to compare and document somatic mitochondrial D-loop mutations in paired samples of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive breast cancer (IBC) indicating a potential breast ductal epithelial cancerization field effect. Paired samples of these histopathologies were laser-captured microdissected (LCM) from biopsy, lumpectomy, and mastectomy tissues. Blood samples were collected as germplasm control references. For each patient, hypervariable region 1 (HV1) in the D-loop portion of the mitochondrial genome (mtGenome) was sequenced for all 3 clinical samples. Specific parallel somatic heteroplasmic alterations between these histopathologies, particularly at sites 16189, 16223, 16224, 16270, and 16291, suggest the presence of an epithelial, mitochondrial cancerization field effect. These results indicate that further characterization of the mutational pathway of DCIS and IBC may help establish the invasive potential of DCIS. Moreover, this paper indicates that biofluids with low cellularity, such as nipple aspirate fluid and/or ductal lavage, warrant further investigation as early and minimally invasive detection mediums of a cancerization field effect within breast tissue.
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37
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Field cancerization in mammary carcinogenesis — Implications for prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 93:391-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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38
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Butler KS, Hines WC, Heaphy CM, Griffith JK. Coordinate regulation between expression levels of telomere-binding proteins and telomere length in breast carcinomas. Cancer Med 2012; 1:165-75. [PMID: 23342266 PMCID: PMC3544452 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomere dysregulation occurs in both the in situ and invasive stages of many carcinomas, including breast. Knockout experiments have identified several telomere-associated proteins required for proper telomere function and maintenance, including telomere repeat-binding factor 1 and 2 (TRF1 and TRF2), protection of telomeres (POT1), and TRF1-interacting nuclear factor 2 (TIN2). Using telomere content assays and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we examined the relationship between telomere length and the mRNA levels of telomere-associated proteins in breast tumors. The levels of TRF2, TRF1, TIN2, and POT1 mRNA, but not telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) RNA, are inversely correlated with telomere content in breast tumors. Significant associations were identified between the mRNA levels of TRF1, TIN2, and POT1; however, there were no significant associations with the mRNA levels of TRF2 or TERT. These associations suggest that a complex transcriptional program coordinately regulates the expression of these mRNAs. We examined the promoter regions of the telomere-associated proteins to identify transcription factors consistent with the observed patterns of presumed coordinate expression. We demonstrated in human breast cancer cell lines that expressions of TRF1, TIN2, and POT1 are upregulated by dexamethasone, suggesting activation of the glucocorticoid receptor, whereas TERT, TRF2, TRF1, TIN2, and POT1 are upregulated by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), suggesting activation of the nuclear factor kappa B transcription factor. These findings link telomere content in breast tumors to the coordinate expression of several telomere-associated proteins previously shown to be negative regulators of telomere length in cell lines. The results further suggest a possible link between the expressions of the telomere-associated proteins and mediators of stress and inflammation. Telomere content assays and quantitative RT-PCR demonstrate that the levels of TRF2, TRF1, TIN2, and POT1 mRNA, but not telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) RNA, are inversely correlated with telomere content in breast tumors. Within human breast cancer cell lines, expressions of TRF1, TIN2, and POT1 are upregulated by dexamethasone, suggesting activation of the glucocorticoid receptor, whereas TERT, TRF2, TRF1, TIN2, and POT1 are upregulated by TNF-α, suggesting activation of the NFκB transcription factor. These findings link telomere content in breast tumors to the expression of several telomere-associated proteins previously shown to be negative regulators of telomere length in cell lines and suggest a link between the expressions of the telomere-associated proteins and mediators of stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly S Butler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
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39
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Abstract
Background: The role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in the development of breast cancer is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the frequency and pattern of mutations in the D310 region, the most commonly mutated region in mtDNA, in a series of breast lesions. Methods: Using capillary electrophoresis, we genotyped the D310 sequence of neoplastic epithelial cells from 23 patients with synchronous ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), 26 patients with IDC only and 29 patients with DCIS only. Results: A majority of DCIS (68.4%) and IDC (71.4%) lesions harbour different D310 sequences compared with their matched normal control. Specific D310 sequences were more frequently identified in tumour samples (77.1% of DCIS and 75.5% of IDC) compared with normal tissues (35.3% of normal; P<0.0001). No difference was identified between DCIS lesions with synchronous IDC and those from pure DCIS cases. In five cases, histologically normal tissue adjacent to tumour was found to share D310 sequences with the tumour, while normal tissue taken further away did not. Conclusion: Although D310 alterations do not seem to be related to DCIS progression, they were found in histologically normal cells adjacent to tumour. This suggests a field of genetically altered cells, thus D310 mutations could represent a potential marker for the clonal expansion of premalignant breast cancer cells.
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40
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Nuclear nano-morphology markers of histologically normal cells detect the "field effect" of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 135:115-24. [PMID: 22706633 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Accurate detection of breast malignancy from histologically normal cells ("field effect") has significant clinical implications in a broad base of breast cancer management, such as high-risk lesion management, personalized risk assessment, breast tumor recurrence, and tumor margin management. More accurate and clinically applicable tools to detect markers characteristic of breast cancer "field effect" that are able to guide the clinical management are urgently needed. We have recently developed a novel optical microscope, spatial-domain low-coherence quantitative phase microscopy, which extracts the nanoscale structural characteristics of cell nuclei (i.e., nuclear nano-morphology markers), using standard histology slides. In this proof-of-concept study, we present the use of these highly sensitive nuclear nano-morphology markers to identify breast malignancy from histologically normal cells. We investigated the nano-morphology markers from 154 patients with a broad spectrum of breast pathology entities, including normal breast tissue, non-proliferative benign lesions, proliferative lesions (without and with atypia), "malignant-adjacent" normal tissue, and invasive carcinoma. Our results show that the nuclear nano-morphology markers of "malignant-adjacent" normal tissue can detect the presence of invasive breast carcinoma with high accuracy and do not reflect normal aging. Further, we found that a progressive change in nuclear nano-morphology markers that parallel breast cancer risk, suggesting its potential use for risk stratification. These novel nano-morphology markers that detect breast cancerous changes from nanoscale structural characteristics of histologically normal cells could potentially benefit the diagnosis, risk assessment, prognosis, prevention, and treatment of breast cancer.
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41
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Basu A, Rojas H, Banerjee H, Cabrera IB, Perez KY, De León M, Casiano CA. Expression of the stress response oncoprotein LEDGF/p75 in human cancer: a study of 21 tumor types. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30132. [PMID: 22276150 PMCID: PMC3261859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress-modulated signaling pathways have been implicated in carcinogenesis and therapy resistance. The lens epithelium derived growth factor p75 (LEDGF/p75) is a transcription co-activator that promotes resistance to stress-induced cell death. This protein has been implicated in inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, HIV-AIDS, and cancer. Although LEDGF/p75 is emerging as a stress survival oncoprotein, there is scarce information on its expression in human tumors. The present study was performed to evaluate its expression in a comprehensive panel of human cancers. Transcript expression was examined in the Oncomine cancer gene microarray database and in a TissueScan Cancer Survey Panel quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) array. Protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in cancer tissue microarrays (TMAs) containing 1735 tissues representing single or replicate cores from 1220 individual cases (985 tumor and 235 normal tissues). A total of 21 major cancer types were analyzed. Analysis of LEDGF/p75 transcript expression in Oncomine datasets revealed significant upregulation (tumor vs. normal) in 15 out of 17 tumor types. The TissueScan Cancer Q-PCR array revealed significantly elevated LEDGF/p75 transcript expression in prostate, colon, thyroid, and breast cancers. IHC analysis of TMAs revealed significant increased levels of LEDGF/p75 protein in prostate, colon, thyroid, liver and uterine tumors, relative to corresponding normal tissues. Elevated transcript or protein expression of LEDGF/p75 was observed in several tumor types. These results further establish LEDGF/p75 as a cancer-related protein, and provide a rationale for ongoing studies aimed at understanding the clinical significance of its expression in specific human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Basu
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine and Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, United States of America.
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Zhou X, Meeker AK, Makambi KH, Kosti O, Kallakury BVS, Sidawy MK, Loffredo CA, Zheng YL. Telomere length variation in normal epithelial cells adjacent to tumor: potential biomarker for breast cancer local recurrence. Carcinogenesis 2011; 33:113-8. [PMID: 22072619 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the risk of local recurrence (LR) will facilitate therapeutic decision making in the management of early breast cancers. In the present study, we investigated whether telomere length in the normal breast epithelial cells surrounding the tumor is predictive of breast cancer LR; 152 women who were diagnosed with breast cancer at the Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center were included in this nested case-control study. Cases (patients had LR) and controls (patients had no LR) were matched on year of surgery, age at diagnosis and type of surgery. Telomere fluorescent in situ hybridization was used to determine the telomere length using formalin fixed paraffin-embedded breast tissues. Small telomere length variation (TLV), defined as the coefficient variation of telomere lengths among examined cells, in normal epithelial cells adjacent to the tumor was significantly associated with a 5-fold (95% confidence interval = 1.2-22.2) increased risk of breast cancer LR. When the subjects were categorized into quartiles, a significant inverse dose-response relationship was observed with lowest versus highest quartile odds ratio of 15.3 (P(trend) = 0.012). Patients who had large TLV had significantly better 10 year recurrence free survival rate compared with patients who had small TLV (80 versus 33%). The present study revealed that TLV in normal epithelial cells adjacent to tumor is a strong predictor of breast cancer LR. If confirmed by future studies, TLV in normal epithelial cells adjacent to tumor has the potential to become a promising biomarker for predicting breast cancer LR after breast conserving surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Carcinogenesis, Biomarkers and Epidemiology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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43
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Abstract
The role telomeres and telomerase play in the initiation and progression of human cancers has been extensively evaluated. Telomeres are nucleoprotein complexes comprising the hexanucleotide DNA repeat sequence, TTAGGG and numerous telomere-associated proteins, including the six member Shelterin complex. The main function of the telomere is to stabilize the ends of the chromosomes. However, through multiple mechanisms, telomeres can become dysfunctional, which may drive genomic instability leading to the development of cancer. The majority of human cancers maintain, or actively lengthen, telomeres through up-regulation of the reverse transcriptase telomerase. Because there are significant differences in telomere length and telomerase activity between malignant and non-malignant tissues, many investigations have assessed the potential to utilize these molecular markers for cancer diagnosis. Here, we critically evaluate whether measurements of telomere lengths and telomerase levels may be clinically utilized as diagnostic markers in solid tumours, with emphasis on breast and prostate cancer as representative examples. Future directions focusing on the direct detection of dysfunctional telomeres are explored. New markers for telomere dysfunction may eventually prove clinically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Heaphy
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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44
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Trujillo KA, Hines WC, Vargas KM, Jones AC, Joste NE, Bisoffi M, Griffith JK. Breast field cancerization: isolation and comparison of telomerase-expressing cells in tumor and tumor adjacent, histologically normal breast tissue. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:1209-21. [PMID: 21775421 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase stabilizes chromosomes by maintaining telomere length, immortalizes mammalian cells, and is expressed in more than 90% of human tumors. However, the expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is not restricted to tumor cells. We have previously shown that a subpopulation of human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) in tumor-adjacent, histologically normal (TAHN) breast tissues expresses hTERT mRNA at levels comparable with levels in breast tumors. In the current study, we first validated a reporter for measuring levels of hTERT promoter activity in early-passage HMECs and then used this reporter to compare hTERT promoter activity in HMECs derived from tumor and paired TAHN tissues 1, 3, and 5 cm from the tumor (TAHN-1, TAHN-3, and TAHN-5, respectively). Cell sorting, quantitative real-time PCR, and microarray analyses showed that the 10% of HMECs with the highest hTERT promoter activity in both tumor and TAHN-1 tissues contain more than 95% of hTERT mRNA and overexpress many genes involved in cell cycle and mitosis. The percentage of HMECs within this subpopulation showing high hTERT promoter activity was significantly reduced or absent in TAHN-3 and TAHN-5 tissues. We conclude that the field of "normal tissue" proximal to the breast tumors contains a population of HMECs similar in hTERT expression levels and in gene expression to the HMECs within the tumor mass and that this population is significantly reduced in tissues more distal to the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A Trujillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC08 4670 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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45
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Nasir A, Chen DT, Gruidl M, Henderson-Jackson EB, Venkataramu C, McCarthy SM, McBride HL, Harris E, Khakpour N, Yeatman TJ. Novel molecular markers of malignancy in histologically normal and benign breast. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:489064. [PMID: 21785684 PMCID: PMC3140260 DOI: 10.4061/2011/489064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To detect the molecular changes of malignancy in histologically normal breast (HNB) tissues, we recently developed a novel 117-gene-malignancy-signature. Here we report validation of our leading malignancy-risk-genes, topoisomerase-2-alpha (TOP2A), minichromosome-maintenance-protein-2 (MCM2) and “budding-uninhibited-by-benzimidazoles-1-homolog-beta” (BUB1B) at the protein level. Using our 117-gene malignancy-signature, we classified 18 fresh-frozen HNB tissues from 18 adult female breast cancer patients into HNB-tissues with low-grade (HNB-LGMA; N = 9) and high-grade molecular abnormality (HNB-HGMA; N = 9). Archival sections of additional HNB tissues from these patients, and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) tissues from six other patients were immunostained for these biomarkers. TOP2A/MCM2 expression was assessed as staining index (%) and BUB1B expression as H-scores (0–300). Increasing TOP2A, MCM2, and BUB1B protein expression from HNB-LGMA to HNB-HGMA tissues to IDCs validated our microarray-based molecular classification of HNB tissues by immunohistochemistry. We also demonstrated an increasing expression of TOP2A protein on an independent test set of HNB/benign/reductionmammoplasties, atypical-ductal-hyperplasia with and without synchronous breast cancer, DCIS and IDC tissues using a custom tissue microarray (TMA). In conclusion, TOP2A, MCM2, and BUB1B proteins are potential molecular biomarkers of malignancy in histologically normal and benign breast tissues. Larger-scale clinical validation studies are needed to further evaluate the clinical utility of these molecular biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aejaz Nasir
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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46
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Wentzensen IM, Mirabello L, Pfeiffer RM, Savage SA. The association of telomere length and cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:1238-50. [PMID: 21467229 PMCID: PMC3111877 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomeres shorten with each cell division and are essential for chromosomal stability. Short telomeres in surrogate tissues (e.g., blood cells) are associated with increased cancer risk in several case-control studies, but findings are inconsistent in prospective studies. METHODS We systematically reviewed studies published prior to August 30, 2010, on the association between telomere length (TL) in surrogate tissues and cancer. There were 27 reports on 13 cancers and/or incident cancer investigating this association. The majority, 16, were retrospective case--control studies, 11 were prospective studies. Meta-analyses were conducted to determine ORs and 95% CIs for these studies. RESULTS Studies on bladder, esophageal, gastric, head and neck, ovarian, renal, and overall incident cancer found associations between short telomeres and these cancers. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, breast, lung, and colorectal cancer reports were inconsistent. Single studies on endometrial, prostate, and skin cancers were null. In a random-effects meta-analysis, short TL was significantly associated with cancer in retrospective studies (pooled OR for the shortest TL quartile compared with the longest: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.75-4.8, P < 0.0001). The pooled OR for prospective studies was 1.16 (95% CI: 0.87-1.54, P = 0.32). All studies combined yielded a pooled OR of 1.96 (95% CI: 1.37-2.81, P = 0.0001) for the association of short TL and cancer. CONCLUSION AND IMPACT There is suggestive evidence that short surrogate tissue TL is associated with cancer; the strongest evidence exists for bladder, esophageal, gastric, and renal cancers. Additional prospective studies with consistent methodology are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid M. Wentzensen
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Lisa Mirabello
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Ruth M. Pfeiffer
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Sharon A. Savage
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852
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Trujillo KA, Heaphy CM, Mai M, Vargas KM, Jones AC, Vo P, Butler KS, Joste NE, Bisoffi M, Griffith JK. Markers of fibrosis and epithelial to mesenchymal transition demonstrate field cancerization in histologically normal tissue adjacent to breast tumors. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:1310-21. [PMID: 21105047 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that a field of genetically altered but histologically normal tissue extends 1 cm or more from the margins of human breast tumors. The extent, composition and biological significance of this field are only partially understood, but the molecular alterations in affected cells could provide mechanisms for limitless replicative capacity, genomic instability and a microenvironment that supports tumor initiation and progression. We demonstrate by microarray, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry a signature of differential gene expression that discriminates between patient-matched, tumor-adjacent histologically normal breast tissues located 1 cm and 5 cm from the margins of breast adenocarcinomas (TAHN-1 and TAHN-5, respectively). The signature includes genes involved in extracellular matrix remodeling, wound healing, fibrosis and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Myofibroblasts, which are mediators of wound healing and fibrosis, and intra-lobular fibroblasts expressing MMP2, SPARC, TGF-β3, which are inducers of EMT, were both prevalent in TAHN-1 tissues, sparse in TAHN-5 tissues, and absent in normal tissues from reduction mammoplasty. Accordingly, EMT markers S100A4 and vimentin were elevated in both luminal and myoepithelial cells, and EMT markers α-smooth muscle actin and SNAIL were elevated in luminal epithelial cells of TAHN-1 tissues. These results identify cellular processes that are differentially activated between TAHN-1 and TAHN-5 breast tissues, implicate myofibroblasts as likely mediators of these processes, provide evidence that EMT is occurring in histologically normal tissues within the affected field and identify candidate biomarkers to investigate whether or how field cancerization contributes to the development of primary or recurrent breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A Trujillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MSC08 4670 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87173, USA
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Romain B, Neuville A, Meyer N, Brigand C, Rohr S, Schneider A, Gaub MP, Guenot D. Allelotyping identification of genomic alterations in rectal chromosomally unstable tumors without preoperative treatment. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:561. [PMID: 20955588 PMCID: PMC2973944 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous studies reported genomic alterations in colorectal human tumors but few focused on rectal tumors with the specification of preoperative-treated or untreated tumors. The goals of this study were to list chromosome allelic imbalances and correlate their frequency with tumor progression and to identify potential molecular markers of progression in rectal chromosomally unstable tumors without preoperative treatment. Methods Genomic alterations of 57 rectal tumors assessed by allelotyping targeting 33 chromosomal loci, were clusterised and compared to those of 151 left colon tumors. Results Clustering separated the rectal tumors without preoperative treatment into three subtypes according to the allelic imbalance frequency and genomic alteration associations. The tumors without preoperative treatment displayed a significantly higher allelic imbalance frequency (54%) than the tumors with preoperative treatment (33%), suggesting that treatment could target highly altered tumor clones. Interestingly, the survival analysis identified three potential prognostic molecular survival markers, D1S197, D5S430, and D14S65, for tumors without preoperative treatment. Conclusion Based on the genomic status of 33 chromosomal loci, we observed that rectal tumors without preoperative treatment segregate according to the global allelic imbalance frequency but without correlation to the tumor progression. Moreover, the detailed associations of alterations in rectal tumors are different from those described in colon tumors suggesting that rectal and left tumors should be considered as separate entities. Finally, potential prognostic genomic molecular markers for survival are proposed which status could specify the clinical course of the tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Romain
- Service de Chirurgie Générale et Digestive, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Avenue Molière, 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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Yakoub D, Keun HC, Goldin R, Hanna GB. Metabolic profiling detects field effects in nondysplastic tissue from esophageal cancer patients. Cancer Res 2010; 70:9129-36. [PMID: 20884633 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The variable rate of missed cancer in endoscopic biopsies and lack of other biomarkers reduce the effectiveness of surveillance programs in esophageal cancer. Based on the "field cancerization" hypothesis that tumors arise within a transformed field with an altered biochemical phenotype, we sought to test if metabolic profiling could differentiate between histologically normal tissue from individuals with and without esophageal cancer. Thirty-five patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma and 52 age-matched controls participated in the study. Using 1H magic angle spinning-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of intact tissue, we generated metabolic profiles of tumor tissue, proximal histologically normal mucosa from cancer patients (PHINOM), and proximal histologically normal mucosa from a control group. Using multivariate regression and receiver-operator characteristic analysis, we identified a panel of metabolites discriminating malignant and histologically normal tissues from cancer patients and from that of controls. Whereas 26% and 12% of the spectral profile regions were uniquely discriminating tumor or control tissue, respectively, 5% of the profile exhibited a significant progressive change in signal intensity from controls to PHINOM to tumor. Regions identified were assigned to phosphocholine (PC), glutamate (Glu), myo-inositol, adenosine-containing compounds, uridine-containing compounds, and inosine. In particular, the PC/Glu ratio in histologically normal tissue signified the presence of esophageal cancer (n=123; area under the curve, 0.84; P<0.001). In conclusion, our findings support the hypothesis of the presence of metabonomic field effects in esophageal cancer, even in non-Barrett's segments. This indicates that metabolic profiling of tissue can potentially play a role in the surveillance of cancer by reporting on the phenotypic consequences of field cancerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Yakoub
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Balliet RM, Rivadeneira DB, Chiavarina B, Pavlides S, Wang C, Whitaker-Menezes D, Daumer KM, Lin Z, Witkiewicz AK, Flomenberg N, Howell A, Pestell RG, Knudsen ES, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. Oxidative stress in cancer associated fibroblasts drives tumor-stroma co-evolution: A new paradigm for understanding tumor metabolism, the field effect and genomic instability in cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:3256-76. [PMID: 20814239 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.16.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of stromal fibroblast caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is a powerful single independent predictor of poor prognosis in human breast cancer patients, and is associated with early tumor recurrence, lymph node metastasis and tamoxifen-resistance. We developed a novel co-culture system to understand the mechanism(s) by which a loss of stromal fibroblast Cav-1 induces a "lethal tumor micro-environment." Here, we propose a new paradigm to explain the powerful prognostic value of stromal Cav-1. In this model, cancer cells induce oxidative stress in cancer-associated fibroblasts, which then acts as a "metabolic" and "mutagenic" motor to drive tumor-stroma co-evolution, DNA damage and aneuploidy in cancer cells. More specifically, we show that an acute loss of Cav-1 expression leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and aerobic glycolysis in cancer associated fibroblasts. Also, we propose that defective mitochondria are removed from cancer-associated fibroblasts by autophagy/mitophagy that is induced by oxidative stress. As a consequence, cancer associated fibroblasts provide nutrients (such as lactate) to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism in adjacent cancer cells (the "Reverse Warburg Effect"). We provide evidence that oxidative stress in cancer-associated fibroblasts is sufficient to induce genomic instability in adjacent cancer cells, via a bystander effect, potentially increasing their aggressive behavior. Finally, we directly demonstrate that nitric oxide (NO) over-production, secondary to Cav-1 loss, is the root cause for mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer associated fibroblasts. In support of this notion, treatment with anti-oxidants (such as N-acetyl-cysteine, metformin and quercetin) or NO inhibitors (L-NAME) was sufficient to reverse many of the cancer-associated fibroblast phenotypes that we describe. Thus, cancer cells use "oxidative stress" in adjacent fibroblasts (i) as an "engine" to fuel their own survival via the stromal production of nutrients and (ii) to drive their own mutagenic evolution towards a more aggressive phenotype, by promoting genomic instability. We also present evidence that the "field effect" in cancer biology could also be related to the stromal production of ROS and NO species. eNOS-expressing fibroblasts have the ability to downregulate Cav-1 and induce mitochondrial dysfunction in adjacent fibroblasts that do not express eNOS. As such, the effects of stromal oxidative stress can be laterally propagated, amplified and are effectively "contagious"--spread from cell-to-cell like a virus--creating an "oncogenic/mutagenic" field promoting widespread DNA damage.
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