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Kriukova Y, Jakubiak-Augustyn A, Ilyinska N, Krotkiewski H, Gontova T, Evtifeyeva O, Özcelik T, Matkowski A. Chain length distribution of inulin from dahlia tubers as influenced by the extraction method. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2017.1357043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yana Kriukova
- Department of Botany, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - Anna Jakubiak-Augustyn
- Department of Immunochemistry, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Nonna Ilyinska
- Department of Botany, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - Hubert Krotkiewski
- Department of Immunochemistry, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tetiana Gontova
- Department of Botany, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - Olga Evtifeyeva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - Tuğba Özcelik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Botany, Medical University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adam Matkowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Botany, Medical University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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Cooper PD, Barclay TG, Ginic-Markovic M, Petrovsky N. The polysaccharide inulin is characterized by an extensive series of periodic isoforms with varying biological actions. Glycobiology 2013; 23:1164-74. [PMID: 23853206 PMCID: PMC3766280 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In studying the molecular basis for the potent immune activity of previously described gamma and delta inulin particles and to assist in production of inulin adjuvants under Good Manufacturing Practice, we identified five new inulin isoforms, bringing the total to seven plus the amorphous form. These isoforms comprise the step-wise inulin developmental series amorphous → alpha-1 (AI-1) → alpha-2 (AI-2) → gamma (GI) → delta (DI) → zeta (ZI) → epsilon (EI) → omega (OI) in which each higher isoform can be made either by precipitating dissolved inulin or by direct conversion from its precursor, both cases using regularly increasing temperatures. At higher temperatures, the shorter inulin polymer chains are released from the particle and so the key difference between isoforms is that each higher isoform comprises longer polymer chains than its precursor. An increasing trend of degree of polymerization is confirmed by end-group analysis using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Inulin isoforms were characterized by the critical temperatures of abrupt phase-shifts (solubilizations or precipitations) in water suspensions. Such (aqueous) "melting" or "freezing" points are diagnostic and occur in strikingly periodic steps reflecting quantal increases in noncovalent bonding strength and increments in average polymer lengths. The (dry) melting points as measured by modulated differential scanning calorimetry similarly increase in regular steps. We conclude that the isoforms differ in repeated increments of a precisely repeating structural element. Each isoform has a different spectrum of biological activities and we show the higher inulin isoforms to be more potent alternative complement pathway activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Cooper
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Australian National University Medical School, The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT 2605, Australia
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Thomas G Barclay
- The Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Milena Ginic-Markovic
- The Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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Bertram JH, Snyder HW, Gill PS, Shulman I, Henry DH, Jenkins D, Kiprov DD. Protein A immunoadsorption therapy in HIV-related immune thrombocytopenia: a preliminary report. Artif Organs 1988; 12:484-90. [PMID: 3063241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.1988.tb02809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nine homosexual patients with immune thrombocytopenia were treated with autologous plasma that had been perfused over silica-immobilized Staphylococcus aureus protein A (SpA). Pretreatment platelet counts ranged from 10,000 to 98,000 cells/mm3 (mean: 54,000 cells/mm3). Six patients responded to therapy. Platelets increased by a mean of 95,000 cells/mm3 (p less than 0.007) and reached normal levels (greater than 150,000 cells/mm3) in four patients. Increased platelet counts are presently sustained in these four individuals after 5 months of follow-up. Increases in platelet counts significantly correlated with decreases in platelet-associated IgG (PAIgG), platelet-directed IgG (PDIgG), and immune complexes (CIC). PAIgG and PDIgG declined by a mean of 67% (p less than 0.003) and 58% (p less than 0.007), respectively. CIC decreased by a mean of 37% (p = 0.02). Complement was concomitantly activated in all four examined patients. C3a and C5a increased 23-fold and 2.6-fold, respectively, while total hemolytic complement decreased by 50%. Activated complement components and removal of CIC and IgG thus may contribute to the platelet-enhancing activity of SpA immunoadsorption therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Bertram
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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Abstract
Gamma-inulin (g-IN) is a polymorph identified as the active component of inulin preparations that specifically activates the alternative pathway of complement (APC). The APC is central to many leucocyte functions, including B cell activation. We show here that g-IN, when formulated as a pure, endotoxin-free, fine suspension insoluble at 37 degrees C and given at 50-100 micrograms per mouse, is a potent adjuvant for both humoral and cell-mediated responses to a variety of antigens. g-IN increased secondary IgG responses five- to 28-fold (P less than 0.001), using as antigen phosphorylcholine coupled to keyhole limpet haemocyanin; subclasses IgG 2a, 2b, and 3 were boosted several hundred-fold, IgG 1 10-fold. IgM and IgA were increased four- to six-fold. Delayed hypersensitivity, by footpad swelling after secondary challenge with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), was increased more than two-fold (P less than 0.001) if g-IN was included with the primary SRBC, equivalent to increasing primary doses 10-fold. g-IN was equally active if given 5 days before the primary SRBC. Thus it is an immune stimulant rather than a depot or vehicle for antigen. Mice primed subcutaneously with 30-300 HA units of H2N2 influenza virus (strain A/JAP) and challenged intranasally with a lethal dose of H1N1 virus (strain A/WSN) all died, but if g-IN was given with the primary antigen 50% of the mice survived (P less than 0.001), a deduced but not proven boost to cytotoxic T cell-mediated immunity. Unpublished work has shown that g-IN has no adverse effects at adjuvant-active doses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Cooper
- Division of Virology and Cellular Pathology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT
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Terman DS. Preparation of protein A immobilized on collodion-coated charcoal and plasma perfusion system for treatment of cancer. Methods Enzymol 1988; 137:496-515. [PMID: 3374356 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(88)37047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Cooper PD, Carter M. Anti-complementary action of polymorphic "solubility forms" of particulate inulin. Mol Immunol 1986; 23:895-901. [PMID: 3796631 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(86)90075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Inulin crystallizes in a series of polymorphic forms with different solubility rates, ranging from one instantly soluble at 23 degrees C (beta 0(23) inulin) through a form soluble at 37 degrees C with a half-time of 8 min (alpha 8(37) inulin) to a form virtually insoluble at 37 degrees C (gamma inulin). All forms are interconvertible, the more soluble and unstable progressing on standing to less soluble and more stable forms, only reversible by complete solution followed by recrystallization. The end product is the stable gamma inulin, only formed by polymers greater than 8000 mol. wt. A method is given for preparing pure "gamma inulin for injection", comprising insoluble ovoids of less than 1 micron diameter free of soluble inulin and endotoxin. An assay developed for complement action by the alternative pathway showed that gamma inulin was the most potent activator polymorph, more active than killed S. aureus and zymosan. Dissolved inulin and the more soluble polymorphs were inactive and in a mixture hindered alternative pathway activation by the gamma form.
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Abstract
Finely divided, insoluble inulin (gamma polymorph), given intraperitoneally (i.p.) to C57BL mice 1-3 days after i.p. B16 melanoma cells, very significantly increased their mean survival time (MST) in low doses (less than or equal to 40 and less than or equal to 100 micrograms/mouse in 50 and 80% of tests, respectively). The gamma inulin was pure and free of endotoxin and soluble inulin, and was developed as a potent reagent specific for activating the alternative pathway of complement (APC). Its antitumour action paralleled its in vitro APC activation, namely, both activities were sharply dose-dependent up to a threshold dose above which they were dose-independent; dissolved inulin was inactive in vitro and in vivo, decreased the MST of the mice and in a mixture antagonized the in vitro and in vivo activities of gamma inulin; the more soluble (alpha) polymorphs were active in proportion to their gamma content but the effects were blocked at higher doses presumably by dissolved inulin. In addition, depletion of host APC with cobra venom factor or inulin before giving B16 cells increased their malignancy and abrogated the subsequent antitumour action of gamma inulin. The minimum i.p. dose of gamma inulin found to activate serum APC in vivo was 50 micrograms (2.5 mg/kg), i.e. close to the minimum antitumour dose. These close correlations and the specificity of the reagent indicate that activation in vivo of the APC (cellular or humoral) is an important first contact in stimulating host antitumour defences in this mouse model.
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Terman DS, Bertram JH. Antitumor effects of immobilized protein A and staphylococcal products: linkage between toxicity and efficacy, and identification of potential tumoricidal reagents. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER & CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 1985; 21:1115-22. [PMID: 3908115 DOI: 10.1016/0277-5379(85)90001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Langone JJ, Das C, Mainwaring R, Shearer WT. Complexes prepared from protein A and human serum, IgG, or Fc gamma fragments: characterization by immunochemical analysis of ultracentrifugation fractions and studies on their interconversion. Mol Cell Biochem 1985; 65:159-70. [PMID: 3157047 DOI: 10.1007/bf00221099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein A of Staphylococcus aureus is an Fc receptor for IgG that has been used as a therapeutic reagent to treat cancer in humans and experimental animals. We used ultracentrifugation combined with analysis of isolated fractions by radioimmunoprecipitation and competitive radioimmunoassay with chicken antibodies that bind free protein A or protein A in complexes but do bind free immunoglobulin reagents to localize and characterize the types of complexes formed with different molar ratios of 125I-protein A and human 131I-IgG alone or in serum, and 131I-Fc gamma fragments. This approach offers a distinct advantage over direct counting of radioactivity in the fractions because resolution of complexes and free reagents is much improved. With excess 131I-IgG or 131I-Fc, all the 125I-protein A is present only in complexes that contained 4 molecules of immunoglobulin reagent and 2 molecules of protein A (4:2 complexes), whereas with excess 125I-protein A the stoichiometry of the complexes was 1:1. We have also shown the preformed 4:2 and 1:1 complexes will interconvert in the presence of added excess protein A or IgG, respectively, and that fresh IgG will exchange with IgG or Fc gamma in preformed complexes. Because protein A has been found to elute from an immobilized reagent used in serotherapy of human cancer and is present in a large excess of IgG, the 4:2 complexes may play an active role in the tumoricidal or toxic reactions observed.
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Ray PK. Immunosuppressor control as a modality of cancer treatment: effect of plasma adsorption with Staphylococcus aureus protein A. CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN IMMUNOBIOLOGY 1985; 15:147-211. [PMID: 3161699 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4931-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In tumor-bearing hosts both cellular and humoral tumor-growth-enhancing factors are present. They cause immunosuppression and facilitate the growth of tumors. Very early during tumor growth these factors are either elicited by the tumor cells or induced by the host immunocytes. Among these immunosuppressive agents, circulating immune complexes appear to play a predominant role. They also activate suppressor cell activity. Plasma adsorption of CIC and IgG by protein A of Staphylococcus aureus has been reported to cause tumor regression. Plasma adsorption with protein A-collodion charcoal, protein A-silica, or protein A-Sepharose also induced tumorilytic reactions. Even direct infusion of protein A induced tumor regressions in rat mammary tumors. Recent studies showing tumor regressions following S. aureus Wood 46 plasma adsorption or infusion of normal plasma adsorbed over S. aureus indicate that specific blocking factor removal by plasma adsorption may not be the mechanism for causing tumor destruction. Results indicate that S. aureus plasma adsorption leaches a number of staphylococcal agents. Thus, it appears that staphylococcal agents, protein A, enterotoxin, and other factors are responsible for the induction of reactions leading to tumor destruction. A unified mechanism explaining the results obtained with plasma adsorption using protein A of S. aureus, or S. aureus Wood, or direct protein A infusion, was presented.
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Abstract
Tumoricidal responses and tumor regressions have been observed after plasma perfusion over Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC), or purified protein A immobilized on solid supports. This system was initially studied in a single human patient and then extended to dogs with spontaneous mammary carcinoma, an excellent model of human breast cancer. In the single patient and dogs with mammary tumors, perfusion of plasma over protein A bearing staphylococcus resulted in tumor necrosis and tumor regression. Tumor reduction or growth retardation with similar perfusion systems has been noted in various feline and rodent tumor models. Tumoricidal responses were also observed in canine tumors after perfusion over commercial protein A which was immobilized in a collodion charcoal matrix (PACC). These responses were amplified when a subtherapeutic and nontoxic dose of cytarabine was given after perfusion. Similar tumor reduction in murine and feline tumor models has been noted after perfusion of autologous serum over protein A immobilized on various other solid supports. The PACC perfusion system was extended to five consecutive patients with advanced breast adenocarcinoma. Four of five patients showed tumor regression after perfusion of small volumes of autologous or homologous plasma over PACC. Patients also experienced pyrexia, nausea, vomiting, and significant cardiopulmonary toxicity. Detailed hemodynamic studies of these effects showed that the major pathophysiology involved a decline in total peripheral resistance associated with an increase in cardiac output. With reduction of immobilized protein A quantity and diminution in plasma perfusion rate, the cardiopulmonary toxicity associated with treatments was diminished. Chemotherapy given as FAC to a single patient shortly after concluding perfusion therapy resulted in rapid regression of residual large tumor masses. Studies focusing on the mechanism of the tumoricidal responses have examined changes in sera after incubation or perfusion over immobilized SAC or PACC. Major findings include (1) the identification of protein A leaching from PACC and SAC after serum perfusion and appearing in the effluent as Clq binding oligomers composed predominantly of IgG and protein A but also containing IgA, IgM and C3 with a molecular weight range of 600,000 to 2,000,000; (2) the identification of C3a anaphylatoxins in serum perfused over PACC or SAC; (3) the recognition that several enterotoxins, in particular enterotoxin B are present in commercial protein A preparation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Cooper PD. Complement and cancer: activation of the alternative pathway as a theoretical base for immunotherapy. ADVANCES IN IMMUNITY AND CANCER THERAPY 1985; 1:125-66. [PMID: 3916662 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5068-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the APC is pointed out as the common factor in all sufficiently studied cancer treatments employing nonspecific, active immunotherapy. This chapter outlines the molecular biology of both APC and classical pathway of complement, summarizes the alternative pathway's biologic activities especially in relation to the C3/C5 convertase C3b,Bb, and its implications in the mechanism of host defense against malignancies, particularly relating to the activated macrophage. The many involvements of the APC in the various agents used for nonspecific active immunotherapy are reviewed, and possible clinical implications outlined. It is concluded that activation of the APC can be proposed as the specific theoretical basis so far lacking for this treatment modality and that it is accordingly feasible to attempt to monitor clinical application of this principle by fine-tuning of APC activation in cases of human cancer.
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Cooper PD, Sim RB. Substances that can trigger activation of the alternative pathway of complement have anti-melanoma activity in mice. Int J Cancer 1984; 33:683-7. [PMID: 6724743 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910330520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of substances that can ignite the alternative pathway of complement, namely isolated human C3b or C3(H2O), guinea-pig C3(H2O) or cobra venom factor, or conventionally prepared zymosan, will reproducibly and very significantly increase the mean survival time of C57BL mice previously inoculated i.p. with melanoma cells. The effect is greater at higher doses and earlier post-inoculation (p.i.) administration, but the substances are active at low doses (30-100 micrograms/mouse) if given early enough. It is likely that C3b or C3(H2O) was the previously unidentified anti-tumour factor activated in serum by S. aureus treatment or serum fractionation and described elsewhere. Activation of the alternative pathway of complement appears to have potential interest for cancer therapy.
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