1
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De Rosa L, Di Stasi R, Fusco V, D'Andrea LD. AXL receptor as an emerging molecular target in colorectal cancer. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104005. [PMID: 38685399 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
AXL receptor tyrosine kinase (AXL) is a receptor tyrosine kinase whose aberrant expression has recently been associated with colorectal cancer (CRC), contributing to tumor growth, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), increased invasiveness, metastatic spreading, and the development of drug resistance. In this review we summarize preclinical data, the majority of which are limited to recent years, convincingly linking the AXL receptor to CRC. These findings support the value of targeting AXL with molecules in drug discovery, offering novel and advanced therapeutic or diagnostic tools for CRC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia De Rosa
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, via P. Castellino, 111 - 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Rossella Di Stasi
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, via P. Castellino, 111 - 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Virginia Fusco
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, via P. Castellino, 111 - 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luca D D'Andrea
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche 'G. Natta', CNR, via M. Bianco, 9 - 20131 Milan, Italy.
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2
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Vo TTT, Tran Q, Hong Y, Lee H, Cho H, Kim M, Park S, Kim C, Bayarmunkh C, Boldbaatar D, Kwon SH, Park J, Kim SH, Park J. AXL is required for hypoxia-mediated hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha function in glioblastoma. Toxicol Res 2023; 39:669-679. [PMID: 37779588 PMCID: PMC10541364 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive type of central nervous system tumor. Molecular targeting may be important when developing efficient GBM treatment strategies. Sequencing of GBMs revealed that the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)/RAS/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway was altered in 88% of samples. Interestingly, AXL, a member of RTK, was proposed as a promising target in glioma therapy. However, the molecular mechanism of AXL modulation of GBM genesis and proliferation is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the expression and localization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) by AXL in GBM. Both AXL mRNA and protein are overexpressed in GBM. Short-interfering RNA knockdown of AXL in U251-MG cells reduced viability and migration. However, serum withdrawal reduced AXL expression, abolishing the effect on viability. AXL is also involved in hypoxia regulation. In hypoxic conditions, the reduction of AXL decreased the level and nuclear localization of HIF-1α. The co-expression of HIF-1α and AXL was found in human GBM samples but not normal tissue. This finding suggests a mechanism for GBM proliferation and indicates that targeting AXL may be a potential GBM therapeutic. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43188-023-00195-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy-Trang T. Vo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
| | - Quangdon Tran
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngeun Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjeong Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
| | - Minhee Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjin Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeyeong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
| | - Choinyam Bayarmunkh
- Department of Graduate Education, Graduate School, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, 14210 Mongolia
- Department of Physiology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, 14210 Mongolia
| | - Damdindorj Boldbaatar
- Department of Graduate Education, Graduate School, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, 14210 Mongolia
- Department of Physiology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, 14210 Mongolia
| | - So Hee Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983 Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science, Hyehwa Liberal Arts College, LINC Plus Project Group, Daejeon University, Daejeon, 34520 Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Hwan Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
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3
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Narganes-Carlón D, Crowther DJ, Pearson ER. A publication-wide association study (PWAS), historical language models to prioritise novel therapeutic drug targets. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8366. [PMID: 37225853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Most biomedical knowledge is published as text, making it challenging to analyse using traditional statistical methods. In contrast, machine-interpretable data primarily comes from structured property databases, which represent only a fraction of the knowledge present in the biomedical literature. Crucial insights and inferences can be drawn from these publications by the scientific community. We trained language models on literature from different time periods to evaluate their ranking of prospective gene-disease associations and protein-protein interactions. Using 28 distinct historical text corpora of abstracts published between 1995 and 2022, we trained independent Word2Vec models to prioritise associations that were likely to be reported in future years. This study demonstrates that biomedical knowledge can be encoded as word embeddings without the need for human labelling or supervision. Language models effectively capture drug discovery concepts such as clinical tractability, disease associations, and biochemical pathways. Additionally, these models can prioritise hypotheses years before their initial reporting. Our findings underscore the potential for extracting yet-to-be-discovered relationships through data-driven approaches, leading to generalised biomedical literature mining for potential therapeutic drug targets. The Publication-Wide Association Study (PWAS) enables the prioritisation of under-explored targets and provides a scalable system for accelerating early-stage target ranking, irrespective of the specific disease of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Narganes-Carlón
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
- Exscientia Ltd, Dundee One, River Court, 5 West Victoria Dock Road, Dundee, DD1 3JT, UK.
| | - Daniel J Crowther
- Exscientia Ltd, Dundee One, River Court, 5 West Victoria Dock Road, Dundee, DD1 3JT, UK
| | - Ewan R Pearson
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
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4
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Liao Y, Chuang Y, Lin H, Lin N, Hsu T, Hsieh S, Chen S, Hung J, Yang H, Liang J, Huang M, Huang J. GALNT2 promotes invasiveness of colorectal cancer cells partly through AXL. Mol Oncol 2022; 17:119-133. [PMID: 36409270 PMCID: PMC9812829 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
GalNAc-type O-glycosylation and its initiating GalNAc transferases (GALNTs) play crucial roles in a wide range of cellular behaviors. Among 20 GALNT members, GALNT2 is consistently associated with poor survival of patients with colorectal cancer in public databases. However, its clinicopathological significance in colorectal cancer remains unclear. In this study, immunohistochemistry showed that GALNT2 was overexpressed in colorectal tumors compared with the adjacent nontumor tissues. GALNT2 overexpression was associated with poor survival of colorectal cancer patients. Forced expression of GALNT2 promoted migration and invasion as well as peritoneal metastasis of colorectal cancer cells. In contrast, GALNT2 knockdown with siRNAs or knockout with CRISPR/Cas9 system suppressed these malignant properties. Interestingly, we found that GALNT2 modified O-glycans on AXL and determined AXL levels via the proteasome-dependent pathway. In addition, the GALNT2-promoted invasiveness was significantly reversed by AXL siRNAs. These findings suggest that GALNT2 promotes colorectal cancer invasion at least partly through AXL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Yu Liao
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Ya‐Ting Chuang
- Department of Medical ResearchNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Hsuan‐Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Neng‐Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Tzu‐Wen Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Szu‐Chia Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Syue‐Ting Chen
- Department of Anatomy, College of MedicineChang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan
| | - Ji‐Shiang Hung
- Department of SurgeryNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | - Jin‐Tung Liang
- Department of SurgeryNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Min‐Chuan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - John Huang
- Department of SurgeryNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
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5
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Moench R, Gasser M, Nawalaniec K, Grimmig T, Ajay AK, de Souza LCR, Cao M, Luo Y, Hoegger P, Ribas CM, Ribas-Filho JM, Malafaia O, Lissner R, Hsiao LL, Waaga-Gasser AM. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) cross-signaling via non-corresponding receptors indicates bypassed signaling in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2022; 13:1140-1152. [PMID: 36264073 PMCID: PMC9584432 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling, besides other growth factor-mediated signaling pathways like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF), seems to play a crucial role in tumor development and progression. We have recently provided evidence for upregulation of PDGF expression in UICC stage I-IV primary colorectal cancer (CRC) and demonstrated PDGF-mediated induction of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in CRC cell lines. The present study sought to follow up on our previous findings and explore the alternative receptor cross-binding potential of PDGF in CRC. Our analysis of primary human colon tumor samples demonstrated upregulation of the PDGFRβ, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2 genes in UICC stage I-III tumors. Immunohistological analysis revealed co-expression of PDGF and its putative cross-binding partners, VEGFR2 and EGFR. We then analyzed several CRC cell lines for PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2 protein expression and found these receptors to be variably expressed amongst the investigated cell lines. Interestingly, whereas Caco-2 and SW480 cells showed expression of all analyzed receptors, HT29 cells expressed only VEGFR1 and VEGFR2. However, stimulation of HT29 cells with PDGF resulted in upregulation of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 expression despite the absence of PDGFR expression and mimicked the effect of VEGF stimulation. Moreover, PDGF recovered HT29 cell proliferation under simultaneous treatment with a VEGFR or EGFR inhibitor. Our results provide some of the first evidence for PDGF cross-signaling through alternative receptors in colorectal cancer and support anti-PDGF therapy as a combination strategy alongside VEGF and EGF targeting even in tumors lacking PDGFR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Moench
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery I, Molecular Oncology and Immunology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97080, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Martin Gasser
- Department of Surgery I, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97080, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Karol Nawalaniec
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tanja Grimmig
- Department of Surgery I, Molecular Oncology and Immunology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97080, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Amrendra K Ajay
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Minghua Cao
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yueming Luo
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen 518033, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Petra Hoegger
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97074, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Carmen M Ribas
- Mackenzie Evangelical Faculty of Paraná, Curitiba 80730-000, Parana, Brazil
| | | | - Osvaldo Malafaia
- Mackenzie Evangelical Faculty of Paraná, Curitiba 80730-000, Parana, Brazil
| | - Reinhard Lissner
- Department of Surgery I, Molecular Oncology and Immunology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97080, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Li-Li Hsiao
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Co-senior investigators
| | - Ana Maria Waaga-Gasser
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery I, Molecular Oncology and Immunology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97080, Bavaria, Germany.,Co-senior investigators
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6
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Singh A, Mishra A. Molecular modelling study to discover novel JAK2 signaling pathway inhibitor. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-12. [PMID: 35838147 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2097314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The JAK2/STAT signaling cascades facilitates receptor signals which is responsible for cell growth, survival and homeostasis. Ligand binding to JAKs causes phosphorylation other proteins known as STATs, which translocate to the nucleus and regulate transcription of several important proteins. Growth hormone, prolactin and γ-interferon known agonists of JAK STAT receptors, signal to the nucleus by a more direct manner than the receptor tyrosine kinases. Mutations in JAKs may be responsible for immunodeficiency and myeloproliferative disorders because of its important role in cytokine signaling and making the pathway a therapeutic target for various disease. The present study screened Zinc database to find novel JAK2 inhibitors using virtual high throughput screening techniques. Selection of compound for further study was on the basis of docking score, free energy and binding pattern of the compound. Molecular simulation and MM/GBSA free energy was evaluated for the binding interactions and the stability of docked conformations. Several parameters which determine protein ligand interaction like RMSD, RMSF, Rg and binding pattern were observed. Hydrogen bonds (Glu 930, 932 and Asp 994) after 150 ns simulation were observed between identified compound INC000096136346 and it was similar to known inhibitor ruxolitinib. MM/GBSA free energy was comparable to known inhibitor ruxolitinib. ZINC000096136346 qualify Lipinski's rule of five, rule of three, WDI like rule and there is one violation in lead like rule.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Abha Mishra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
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7
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Yan D, Earp HS, DeRyckere D, Graham DK. Targeting MERTK and AXL in EGFR Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5639. [PMID: 34830794 PMCID: PMC8616094 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MERTK and AXL are members of the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases and are abnormally expressed in 69% and 93% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs), respectively. Expression of MERTK and/or AXL provides a survival advantage for NSCLC cells and correlates with lymph node metastasis, drug resistance, and disease progression in patients with NSCLC. The TAM receptors on host tumor infiltrating cells also play important roles in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Thus, MERTK and AXL are attractive biologic targets for NSCLC treatment. Here, we will review physiologic and oncologic roles for MERTK and AXL with an emphasis on the potential to target these kinases in NSCLCs with activating EGFR mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yan
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (D.Y.); (D.D.)
| | - H. Shelton Earp
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Deborah DeRyckere
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (D.Y.); (D.D.)
| | - Douglas K. Graham
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (D.Y.); (D.D.)
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8
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Accelerating AXL targeting for TNBC therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 139:106057. [PMID: 34403827 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase receptor AXL of the TAM (TYRO3, AXL and MERTK) family is considered as a promising therapeutic target for different hematological cancers and solid tumors. AXL is involved in multiple pro-tumorigenic processes including cell migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and stemness, and recent studies demonstrated its impact on cancer metastasis and drug resistance. Extensive studies on AXL have highlighted its unique characteristics and physiological functions and suggest that targeting of AXL could be beneficial in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. In this mini review, we discuss possible outcomes of AXL targeting either alone or together with other therapeutic agents and emphasize its impact on triple negative breast cancer (TNBC).
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9
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Llopiz D, Ruiz M, Silva L, Repáraz D, Aparicio B, Egea J, Lasarte JJ, Redin E, Calvo A, Angel M, Berzofsky JA, Stroncek D, Sarobe P. Inhibition of adjuvant-induced TAM receptors potentiates cancer vaccine immunogenicity and therapeutic efficacy. Cancer Lett 2020; 499:279-289. [PMID: 33232788 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Analyzing immunomodulatory elements operating during antitumor vaccination in prostate cancer patients and murine models we identified IL-10-producing DC as a subset with poorer immunogenicity and clinical efficacy. Inhibitory TAM receptors MER and AXL were upregulated on murine IL-10+ DC. Thus, we analyzed conditions inducing these molecules and the potential benefit of their blockade during vaccination. MER and AXL upregulation was more efficiently induced by a vaccine containing Imiquimod than by a poly(I:C)-containing vaccine. Interestingly, MER expression was found on monocyte-derived DC, and was dependent on IL-10. TAM blockade improved Imiquimod-induced DC activation in vitro and in vivo, resulting in increased vaccine-induced T-cell responses, which were further reinforced by concomitant IL-10 inhibition. In different tumor models, a triple therapy (including vaccination, TAM inhibition and IL-10 blockade) provided the strongest therapeutic effect, associated with enhanced T-cell immunity and enhanced CD8+ T cell tumor infiltration. Finally, MER levels in DC used for vaccination in cancer patients correlated with IL-10 expression, showing an inverse association with vaccine-induced clinical response. These results suggest that TAM receptors upregulated during vaccination may constitute an additional target in combinatorial therapeutic vaccination strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Humans
- Imiquimod/administration & dosage
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine/drug effects
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Male
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Poly I-C/administration & dosage
- Prostatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Pyrimidines
- Quinolines
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/immunology
- c-Mer Tyrosine Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors
- c-Mer Tyrosine Kinase/genetics
- Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Llopiz
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leyre Silva
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Repáraz
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Belén Aparicio
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Josune Egea
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan J Lasarte
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Esther Redin
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Calvo
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Matthew Angel
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Cancer Research Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., FNLCR, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Stroncek
- Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pablo Sarobe
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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10
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Wang KH, Ding DC. Dual targeting of TAM receptors Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK: Role in tumors and the tumor immune microenvironment. Tzu Chi Med J 2020; 33:250-256. [PMID: 34386362 PMCID: PMC8323642 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_129_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In both normal and tumor tissues, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) may be pleiotropically expressed. The RTKs not only regulate ordinary cellular processes, including proliferation, survival, adhesion, and migration, but also have a critical role in the development of many types of cancer. The Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK (TAM) family of RTKs (Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK) plays a pleiotropic role in phagocytosis, inflammation, and normal cellular processes. In this article, we highlight the cellular activities of TAM receptors and discuss their roles in cancer and immune cells. We also discuss cancer therapies that target TAM receptors. Further research is needed to elucidate the function of TAM receptors in immune cells toward the development of new targeted immunotherapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hung Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Dah-Ching Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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11
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von Itzstein MS, Burke MC, Brekken RA, Aguilera TA, Zeh HJ, Beg MS. Targeting TAM to Tame Pancreatic Cancer. Target Oncol 2020; 15:579-588. [PMID: 32996059 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-020-00751-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is expected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related death within the next few years. Current therapeutic strategies have limited effectiveness and therefore there is an urgency to develop novel effective therapies. The receptor tyrosine kinase subfamily TAM (Tyro3, Axl, MerTK) is directly implicated in the pathogenesis of the metastatic, chemoresistant, and immunosuppressive phenotype in pancreatic cancer. TAM inhibitors are promising investigational therapies for pancreatic cancer due to their potential to target multiple aspects of pancreatic cancer biology. Specifically, recent mechanistic investigations and therapeutic combinations in the preclinical setting suggest that TAM inhibition with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy should be evaluated clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell S von Itzstein
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-8852, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael C Burke
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-8852, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Todd A Aguilera
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Muhammad Shaalan Beg
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-8852, USA.
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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12
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Nagamalla L, Kumar JVS. In silico screening of FDA approved drugs on AXL kinase and validation for breast cancer cell line. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:2056-2070. [PMID: 32178589 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1742791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AXL kinase has been over expressed in many tumors and its involvement in cell proliferation, migration, survival, and resistance makes the kinase as attractive therapeutic target for many cancers. In this study, we performed a virtual screening of the food and drug administration (FDA) approved drug molecule database against AXL kinase for repurposing studies of breast cancer. We have identified three non-cancer drugs with good binding energies were subjected to in vitro breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines. Three drug molecules showing the activity with good IC50 values toward the cancer cell line. We also carried out a 2 dimensional (2 D) quantitative structure activity relation (QSAR) studies on N-[4-(Quinolin-4-yloxy)phenyl]benzenesulfonamides derivatives to design potent inhibitors for AXL kinase. The final QSAR equation was robust with good predictivity and the statistical validation having R2 and Q2 values are 0.91 and 0.86, respectively. QSAR equation descriptors informs about the chemical properties of AXL inhibitors and helpful for designing novel inhibitors. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Nagamalla
- Department of Chemistry, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, India
| | - J V Shanmukha Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, India
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13
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Sarukhanyan E, Shityakov S, Dandekar T. Rational Drug Design of Axl Tyrosine Kinase Type I Inhibitors as Promising Candidates Against Cancer. Front Chem 2020; 7:920. [PMID: 32117858 PMCID: PMC7010640 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The high level of Axl tyrosine kinase expression in various cancer cell lines makes it an attractive target for the development of anti-cancer drugs. In this study, we carried out several sets of in silico screening for the ATP-competitive Axl kinase inhibitors based on different molecular docking protocols. The best drug-like candidates were identified, after parental structure modifications, by their highest affinity to the target protein. We found that our newly designed compound R5, a derivative of the R428 patented analog, is the most promising inhibitor of the Axl kinase according to the three molecular docking algorithms applied in the study. The molecular docking results are in agreement with the molecular dynamics simulations using the MM-PBSA/GBSA implicit solvation models, which confirm the high affinity of R5 toward the protein receptor. Additionally, the selectivity test against other kinases also reveals a high affinity of R5 toward ABL1 and Tyro3 kinases, emphasizing its promising potential for the treatment of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edita Sarukhanyan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sergey Shityakov
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Song X, Akasaka H, Wang H, Abbasgholizadeh R, Shin JH, Zang F, Chen J, Logsdon CD, Maitra A, Bean AJ, Wang H. Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 down-regulates the oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase AXL in pancreatic cancer. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2348-2358. [PMID: 31959629 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase AXL is overexpressed in cancer and plays an important role in carcinomas of multiple organs. However, the mechanisms of AXL overexpression in cancer remain unclear. In this study, using HEK293T, Panc-1, and Panc-28 cells and samples of human pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), along with several biochemical approaches and immunofluorescence microscopy analyses, we sought to investigate the mechanisms that regulate AXL over-expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We found that AXL interacts with hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) and demonstrate that HPK1 down-regulates AXL and decreases its half-life. The HPK1-mediated AXL degradation was inhibited by the endocytic pathway inhibitors leupeptin, bafilomycin A1, and monensin. HPK1 accelerated the movement of AXL from the plasma membrane to endosomes in pancreatic cancer cells treated with the AXL ligand growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6). Moreover, HPK1 increased the binding of AXL to the Cbl proto-oncogene (c-Cbl); promoted AXL ubiquitination; decreased AXL-mediated signaling, including phospho-AKT and phospho-ERK signaling; and decreased the invasion capability of PDAC cells. Importantly, we show that AXL expression inversely correlates with HPK1 expression in human PanINs and that patients whose tumors have low HPK1 and high AXL expression levels have shorter survival than those with low AXL or high HPK1 expression (p < 0.001). Our results suggest that HPK1 is a tumor suppressor that targets AXL for degradation via the endocytic pathway. HPK1 loss of function may contribute to AXL overexpression and thereby enhance AXL-dependent downstream signaling and tumor invasion in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhou Song
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Hironari Akasaka
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Reza Abbasgholizadeh
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Ji-Hyun Shin
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Fenglin Zang
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Craig D Logsdon
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Andrew J Bean
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030.
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15
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Sanachai K, Mahalapbutr P, Choowongkomon K, Poo-arporn RP, Wolschann P, Rungrotmongkol T. Insights into the Binding Recognition and Susceptibility of Tofacitinib toward Janus Kinases. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:369-377. [PMID: 31956784 PMCID: PMC6964278 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Janus kinases (JAKs) are enzymes involved in signaling pathways that affect hematopoiesis and immune cell functions. JAK1, JAK2, and JAK3 play different roles in numerous diseases of the immune system and have also been considered as potential targets for cancer therapy. In the present study, the susceptibility of the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib against these three JAKs was elucidated using the 500-ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and free energy calculations based on MM-PB(GB)SA, QM/MM-GBSA (PM3 and SCC-DFTB), and SIE methods. The obtained results revealed that tofacitinib could interact with all JAKs at the ATP-binding site via electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bond formation, and in particular van der Waals interaction. The conserved glutamate and leucine residues (E957 and L959 of JAK1, E930 and L932 of JAK2, and E903 and L905 of JAK3) located in the hinge region stabilized tofacitinib binding through strongly formed hydrogen bonds. Complexation with the incoming tofacitinib led to a closed conformation of the ATP-binding site and a decreased protein fluctuation at the glycine loop of the JAK protein. The binding affinities of tofacitinib/JAKs were ranked in the order of JAK3 > JAK2 ∼ JAK1, which are in line with the reported experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonpan Sanachai
- Structural
and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of
Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Program in Bioinformatics and Computational
Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Panupong Mahalapbutr
- Structural
and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of
Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Program in Bioinformatics and Computational
Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart
University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Rungtiva P. Poo-arporn
- Biological
Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Peter Wolschann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Faculty of Life Sciences and Institute of Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Structural
and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of
Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Program in Bioinformatics and Computational
Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- E-mail: , . Tel: +66 2 2185426. Fax: +66 22185418
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16
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Nam RK, Benatar T, Wallis CJD, Kobylecky E, Amemiya Y, Sherman C, Seth A. MicroRNA-139 is a predictor of prostate cancer recurrence and inhibits growth and migration of prostate cancer cells through cell cycle arrest and targeting IGF1R and AXL. Prostate 2019; 79:1422-1438. [PMID: 31269290 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously identified a panel of five microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with biochemical recurrence and metastasis following prostatectomy from prostate cancer patients using next-generation sequencing-based whole miRNome sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based validation analysis. In this study, we examined the mechanism of action of miR-139-5p, one of the downregulated miRNAs identified in the panel. METHODS Using a cohort of 585 patients treated with radical prostatectomy, we examined the prognostic significance of miR-139 (dichotomized around the median) using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard models. We validated these results using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data. We created cell lines that overexpressed miR-139 to confirm its targets as well as examine pathways through which miR-139 may function using cell-based assays. RESULTS Low miR-139 expression was significantly associated with a variety of prognostic factors in prostate cancer, including Gleason score, pathologic stage, margin positivity, and lymph node status. MiR-139 expression was associated with prognosis: the cumulative incidence of biochemical recurrence and metastasis were significantly lower among patients with high miR-139 expression (P = .0004 and .038, respectively). Validation in the TCGA data set showed a significant association between dichotomized miR-139 expression and biochemical recurrence (odds ratio, 0.52; 95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.82). Overexpression of miR-139 in prostate cancer cells led to a significant reduction in cell proliferation and migration compared with control cells, with cells arrested in G2 of cell cycle. IGF1R and AXL were identified as potential targets of miR-139 based on multiple miRNA-binding sites in 3'-untranslated regions of both the genes and their association with prostate cancer growth pathways. Luciferase assays verified AXL and IGF1R as direct targets of miR-139. Furthermore, immunoblotting of prostate cancer cells demonstrated IGF1R and AXL protein expression were inhibited by miR-139 treatment, which was reversed by the addition of miR-139 antagomir. Examination of the molecular mechanism of growth inhibition by miR-139 revealed the downregulation of activated AKT and cyclin D1, with upregulation of the CDK inhibitor p21. CONCLUSIONS miR-139 is associated with improved prognosis in patients with localized prostate cancer, which may be mediated through downregulation of IGF1R and/or AXL and associated signaling pathway components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Nam
- Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tania Benatar
- Platform Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher J D Wallis
- Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Kobylecky
- Platform Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yutaka Amemiya
- Genomics Core Facility, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Sherman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arun Seth
- Platform Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Genomics Core Facility, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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18
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Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Cancer is among the leading causes of death worldwide. In 2016, 8.9 million people are estimated to have died from various forms of cancer. The current treatments, including surgery with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy, are not effective enough to provide full protection from cancer, which highlights the need for developing novel therapy strategies. In this review, we summarize the molecular biology of a unique member of a subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinase, TYRO3 and discuss the new insights in TYRO3-targeted treatment for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ling Hsu
- 1 Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jonathan Jou
- 2 College of Medicine, University of Illinois, IL 60612, USA
| | - Shaw-Jenq Tsai
- 1 Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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19
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Wang Y, Xing L, Ji Y, Ye J, Dai Y, Gu W, Ai J, Song Z. Discovery of a potent tyrosine kinase AXL inhibitor bearing the 3-((2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[d]azepin-7-yl)amino)pyrazine core. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:836-838. [PMID: 30685094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Starting from the recently launched FLT3/AXL multi-targeted inhibitor Gilteritinib (5), we conducted a side-chain ring closure medicinal chemistry approach leading to the identification of compound 15c as a highly potent AXL inhibitor in the biochemical and cellular anti-proliferative assays, with IC50 values of 1.2 and 0.3 nM, respectively. Compared with the reference compound 5, our new discovered AXL inhibitor 15c is more potent in both assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueliang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and the State Key Laboratory for Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yinchun Ji
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiqing Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and the State Key Laboratory for Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yang Dai
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wangting Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and the State Key Laboratory for Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Ai
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zilan Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and the State Key Laboratory for Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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20
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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells from ibrutinib treated patients are sensitive to Axl receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 9:37173-37184. [PMID: 30647852 PMCID: PMC6324680 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier we have shown the expression of a constitutively active receptor tyrosine kinase Axl in CLL B-cells from previously untreated CLL patients, and that Axl inhibitor TP-0903 induces robust leukemic B-cell death. To explore whether Axl is an effective target in relapsed/refractory CLL patients, we analyzed CLL B-cells obtained from CLL patients on ibrutinib therapy. Ibrutinib-exposed CLL B-cells were treated with increasing doses (0.01- 0.50μM) of a new formulation of high-affinity Axl inhibitor, TP-0903 (tartrate salt), for 24 hours and LD50 doses were determined. Sensitivity of CLL B-cells was compared with known prognostic factors and effect of TP-0903 was also evaluated on Axl signaling pathway in CLL B-cells from this cohort. We detected sustained overexpression of Axl in CLL B-cells from CLL patients on ibrutinib treatment, suggests targeting Axl could be a promising strategy to overcome drug resistance and killing of CLL B-cells in these patients. We found that CLL B-cells from sixty-nine percent of relapsed CLL patients actively on ibrutinib therapy were found to be highly sensitive to TP-0903 with induction of apoptosis at nanomolar doses (≤0.50 μM). TP-0903 treatment effectively inhibited Axl phosphorylation and reduced expression levels of anti-apoptotic proteins (Mcl-1, XIAP) in ibrutinib exposed CLL B-cells. In total, our in vitro preclinical studies showing that TP-0903 is very effective at inducing apoptosis in CLL B-cells obtained from ibrutinib-exposed patients supports further testing of this drug in relapsed/refractory CLL.
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21
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Tu Y, Zuo R, Ni N, Eilers G, Wu D, Pei Y, Nie Z, Wu Y, Wu Y, Ou WB. Activated tyrosine kinases in gastrointestinal stromal tumor with loss of KIT oncoprotein expression. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:2577-2592. [PMID: 30488756 PMCID: PMC6300111 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1553335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic KIT or PDGFRA receptor tyrosine kinase (TK) mutations are compelling therapeutic targets in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), and the KIT/PDGFRA kinase inhibitor, imatinib, is the standard of care for patients with metastatic GIST. However, approximately 10% of KIT-positive GIST metastases lose KIT expression at the time of clinical progression during imatinib therapy. In the present report, we performed TK-activation screens, using phosphotyrosine-TK double immunoaffinity purification and mass spectrometry, in GIST in vitro models lacking KIT expression. These studies demonstrated tyrosine-phosphorylated EGFR, AXL, and EPHA2 in four of six KIT-negative GIST lines (GIST62, GIST522, GIST54, GIST226, GIST48B, and GIST430B), and tyrosine-phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in each of the six KIT-negative lines. AXL expression was strong in KIT-negative or -weak clinical GIST samples that were obtained from progressing metastases during imatinib therapy. AXL knockdown inhibited viability in three KIT-negative GIST cell lines (GIST62, GIST54, and GIST522), but not in an AXL-negative, KIT-positive GIST control cell line (GIST430). AXL inhibition by R428, a specific AXL kinase inhibitor, reduced viability in AXL-activated GIST54. AXL knockdown in GIST62, GIST522, and GIST54 was accompanied by an increase in p21, p27, and p53 expression. By contrast, gefitinib-mediated EGFR inhibition, PF562271-mediated FAK inactivation, and shRNA-mediated knockdowns of EPHA2 and FAK had no effect on viability or colony formation of the KIT-negative GISTs. These findings highlight the potential relevance of AXL/p53 signaling as a therapeutic target in a subset of GISTs that have lost KIT oncoprotein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Tu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zuo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Ni
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Grant Eilers
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Duolin Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Pei
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zuoming Nie
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yeqing Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China,Yuehong Wu
| | - Wen-Bin Ou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China,CONTACT Wen-Bin Ou
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22
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Kumaradevan S, Lee SY, Richards S, Lyle C, Zhao Q, Tapan U, Jiangliu Y, Ghumman S, Walker J, Belghasem M, Arinze N, Kuhnen A, Weinberg J, Francis J, Hartshorn K, Kolachalama VB, Cifuentes D, Rahimi N, Chitalia VC. c-Cbl Expression Correlates with Human Colorectal Cancer Survival and Its Wnt/β-Catenin Suppressor Function Is Regulated by Tyr371 Phosphorylation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:1921-1933. [PMID: 30029779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The proto-oncogene β-catenin drives colorectal cancer (CRC) tumorigenesis. Casitas B-lineage lymphoma (c-Cbl) inhibits CRC tumor growth through targeting nuclear β-catenin by a poorly understood mechanism. In addition, the role of c-Cbl in human CRC remains largely underexplored. Using a novel quantitative histopathologic technique, we demonstrate that patients with high c-Cbl-expressing tumors had significantly better median survival (3.7 years) compared with low c-Cbl-expressing tumors (1.8 years; P = 0.0026) and were more than twice as likely to be alive at 3 years compared with low c-Cbl tumors (P = 0.0171). Our data further demonstrate that c-Cbl regulation of nuclear β-catenin requires phosphorylation of c-Cbl Tyr371 because its mutation compromises its ability to target β-catenin. The tyrosine 371 (Y371H) mutant interacted with but failed to ubiquitinate nuclear β-catenin. The nuclear localization of the c-Cbl-Y371H mutant contributed to its dominant negative effect on nuclear β-catenin. The biological importance of c-Cbl-Y371H was demonstrated in various systems, including a transgenic Wnt-8 zebrafish model. c-Cbl-Y371H mutant showed augmented Wnt/β-catenin signaling, increased Wnt target genes, angiogenesis, and CRC tumor growth. This study demonstrates a strong link between c-Cbl and overall survival of patients with CRC and provides new insights into a possible role of Tyr371 phosphorylation in Wnt/β-catenin regulation, which has important implications in tumor growth and angiogenesis in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmiya Kumaradevan
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shin Yin Lee
- Hematology and Oncology Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sean Richards
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chimera Lyle
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Umit Tapan
- Hematology and Oncology Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yilan Jiangliu
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shmyle Ghumman
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joshua Walker
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mostafa Belghasem
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nkiruka Arinze
- Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Angela Kuhnen
- Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Janice Weinberg
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jean Francis
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kevan Hartshorn
- Hematology and Oncology Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vijaya B Kolachalama
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Cifuentes
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nader Rahimi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vipul C Chitalia
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
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23
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Moench R, Grimmig T, Kannen V, Tripathi S, Faber M, Moll EM, Chandraker A, Lissner R, Germer CT, Waaga-Gasser AM, Gasser M. Exclusive inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling is not sufficient to prevent PDGF-mediated effects on glycolysis and proliferation in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:68749-68767. [PMID: 27626684 PMCID: PMC5356587 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and signaling via its receptors plays a crucial role in tumor cell proliferation and thus may represent an attractive target besides VEGF/EGFR-based antibody therapies. In this study we analyzed the influence of PDGF in colorectal cancer. PDGF was expressed intensively in early and even more intensively in late stage primary CRCs. Like VEGF, PDGF enhanced human colon cancer proliferation, and increased oxidative glycolytic activity, and activated HIF1α and c-Myc in vitro. PDGF activated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway while leaving MAPK signaling untouched. Further dissection showed that inhibition of Akt strongly impeded cancer cell growth while inhibition of PI3K did not. MAPK analysis suggested an inhibitory crosstalk between both pathways, thus explaining the different effects of the Akt and PI3K inhibitors on cancer cell proliferation. PDGF stimulates colon cancer cell proliferation, and prevents inhibitor induced apoptosis, resulting in tumor growth. Therefore inhibition of PDGF signaling seems to be a promising target in colorectal cancer therapy. However, due to the multifaceted nature of the intracellular PDGF signaling, careful intervention strategies are needed when looking into specific signaling pathways like PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Moench
- Department of Surgery I, Molecular Oncology and Immunology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Grimmig
- Department of Surgery I, Molecular Oncology and Immunology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Vinicius Kannen
- Ribeirao Preto Pharmaceutical Sciences School, Department of Toxicology, Bromatology, and Clinical Analysis, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sudipta Tripathi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Transplant Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc Faber
- Department of Surgery I, Molecular Oncology and Immunology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Moll
- Department of Surgery I, Molecular Oncology and Immunology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anil Chandraker
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Transplant Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reinhard Lissner
- Department of Surgery I, Molecular Oncology and Immunology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Ana Maria Waaga-Gasser
- Department of Surgery I, Molecular Oncology and Immunology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Transplant Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin Gasser
- Department of Surgery I, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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24
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The AXL receptor tyrosine kinase is associated with adverse prognosis and distant metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:36956-36970. [PMID: 27172793 PMCID: PMC5095051 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a frequently recurrent deadly cancer for which no efficient targeted drug exists. AXL is an adverse prognostic factor in some cancers. Strong clinical evidence to support the prognostic role of AXL in ESCC is lacking. A total of 116 patients diagnosed with operable primary ESCC were enrolled. Both AXL and HER2 expression were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in esophageal tissue and were correlated with the clinical outcome of patients. The efficacy of the AXL targeted drug foretinib was also evaluated in ESCC cells. Expression of AXL was found in about 80 % of ESCC tissue, and was significantly correlated with progression of tumor (P<0.001), increased risk of death (Hazard ratio HR [95 % CI=2.09[1.09-4.04], P=0.028], and distant metastasis (odds ratio OR [95 %CI]=3.96 (1.16-13.60), P=0.029). The adverse clinical impact of AXL was more evident when cumulatively expressed with HER2. In cell model, ESCC cells were more sensitive to AXL inhibitor foretinib than to the HER2 inhibitor lapatinib. Meanwhile, the AXL inhibitor foretinib showed a synergistic effect with HER2 inhibitors and the potential to overcome drug resistance to lapatinib. We thus concluded that AXL is a strong adverse prognostic factor for ESCC. Therapeutic agents targeting AXL have great potential to improve prognosis of ESCC patients.
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25
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Lee EH, Kim EM, Ji KY, Park AR, Choi HR, Lee HY, Kim SM, Chung BY, Park CH, Choi HJ, Ko YH, Bai HW, Kang HS. Axl acts as a tumor suppressor by regulating LIGHT expression in T lymphoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20645-20655. [PMID: 28423548 PMCID: PMC5400533 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Axl is an oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase that plays a role in many cancers. LIGHT (Lymphotoxin-related inducible ligand that competes for glycoprotein D binding to herpesvirus entry mediator on T cells) is a ligand that induces robust anti-tumor immunity by enhancing the recruitment and activation of effector immune cells at tumor sites. We observed that mouse EL4 and human Jurkat T lymphoma cells that stably overexpressed Axl also showed high expression of LIGHT. When Jurkat-Axl cells were treated with Gas6, a ligand for Axl, LIGHT expression was upregulated through activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and transcriptional induction by Sp1. The lytic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells was enhanced by EL4-Axl cells. In addition, tumor volume and growth were markedly reduced due to enhanced apoptotic cell death in EL4-Axl tumor-bearing mice as compared to control mice. We also observed upregulated expression of CCL5 and its receptor, CCR5, and enhanced intratumoral infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells in EL4-Axl-bearing mice as compared to mock controls. These data strongly suggested that Axl exerts novel tumor suppressor effects by inducing upregulation of LIGHT in the tumor microenvironment of T lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hee Lee
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (ARTI), Korea Atomic Energy Insitute (KAERI), Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Kon-Young Ji
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Reum Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Rim Choi
- Department of Nursing, Nambu University, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju 506-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Youn Lee
- Medical Device Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-310, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Man Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Yeoup Chung
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (ARTI), Korea Atomic Energy Insitute (KAERI), Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Hong Park
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (ARTI), Korea Atomic Energy Insitute (KAERI), Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Choi
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (ARTI), Korea Atomic Energy Insitute (KAERI), Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hyeh Ko
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Woo Bai
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (ARTI), Korea Atomic Energy Insitute (KAERI), Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Kang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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26
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Uribe DJ, Mandell EK, Watson A, Martinez JD, Leighton JA, Ghosh S, Rothlin CV. The receptor tyrosine kinase AXL promotes migration and invasion in colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179979. [PMID: 28727830 PMCID: PMC5519024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) TYRO3, AXL and MERTK (TAM) have well-described oncogenic functions in a number of cancers. Notwithstanding, TAM RTKs are also potent and indispensable inhibitors of inflammation. The combined deletion of Axl and Mertk in mice enhances chronic inflammation and autoimmunity, including increased inflammation in the gut and colitis-associated cancer. On the other hand, deletion of Tyro3 increases the risk of allergic responses. Therefore, the indiscriminate inhibition of these TAM RTKs could result in undesirable immunological diseases. Here we show that AXL, but not MERTK or TYRO3 expression is enhanced in late stage colorectal cancer (CRC) and AXL expression associates with a cell migration gene signature. Silencing AXL or the inhibition of AXL kinase activity significantly inhibits tumor cell migration and invasion. These results indicate that the selective inhibition of AXL alone might confer sufficient therapeutic benefit in CRC, while preserving at least some of the beneficial, anti-inflammatory effects of MERTK and TYRO3 RTKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana J. Uribe
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Edward K. Mandell
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Adam Watson
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jesse D. Martinez
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A. Leighton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, Pharmacology and Yale Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SG); (CVR)
| | - Carla V. Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, Pharmacology and Yale Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SG); (CVR)
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27
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Blockade of Axl signaling ameliorates HPV16E6-mediated tumorigenecity of cervical cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5759. [PMID: 28720772 PMCID: PMC5516033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05977-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Axl receptor tyrosine kinase is involved in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of many cancers. Axl expression was markedly higher in human papilloma virus type 16E6 (HPV16E6)-overexpressing HeLa (HE6F) cells and lower in HPV16E6-suppressing CaSki (CE6R) cells than in the controls. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of E6 expression led to increased phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) phosphorylation at Ser380 and attenuated AKT phosphorylation. Expression of membrane-associated guanylate kinase inverted-2 (MAGI-2), an E6-induced degradation target, was induced in E6-siRNA-transfected cells. Moreover, myeloid zinc finger protein 1 (MZF1) binds directly to the Axl promoter in HE6F cells. Axl expression was regulated by HPV16E6-mediated PTEN/AKT signalling pathway, and Axl promoter activity was regulated through MZF1 activation in cervical cancer, which promoted malignancy. Axl silencing suppressed the metastasis of Caski cells and enhanced the susceptibility to NK cell-mediated killing of HE6F cells. In addition, the expression of Axl and MZF1 was highly correlated with clinical stage of cervical cancer and HPV16/18 infection. Taken together, Axl expression was induced by HPV16E6 in cervical cancer cells, suggesting that blockade of Axl signalling might be an effective way to reduce the progression of cervical cancer.
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28
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Wu X, Ma W, Zhou Q, Yan H, Lim ZF, Huang M, Deng C, Yu X, Su H, Komo S, Yang H, Zhang X, Wen S, Zhang Z, Ma PC. AXL-GAS6 expression can predict for adverse prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer with brain metastases. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:1947-1957. [PMID: 28551766 PMCID: PMC5599460 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) brain metastases (BM) have poor clinical outcomes. We sought to determine if AXL-GAS6 expression can be used as independent prognostic biomarkers for NSCLC BM. METHODS We retrospectively studied the medical records of 98 patients diagnosed with advanced metastatic NSCLC from December 2000 to June 2014. Out of a total of 98 patients with NSCLC metastases, 66 patients were identified to have brain metastases. The expressions of AXL and GAS6 were assessed by standard immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinicopathological factors and overall survival (OS) outcomes. RESULTS The expression of AXL was positively associated with GAS6 expression (P < 0.001), and tumor differentiation (P = 0.014) in advanced NSCLC with metastases. AXL expression displayed no association with gender, age, smoking history, pathology, T stage, N stage, CEA, and LDH. In univariate analysis, both AXL and GAS6 were found to predict worse OS outcomes (AXL: HR 1.77, 95% CI 1.13-2.79, P = 0.01; GAS6: HR 1.80, 95% CI 1.14-2.84, P = 0.01). In the brain metastasis subgroup, the expression of AXL was positively associated with GAS6 expression (P < 0.001). Both AXL and GAS6 were found to predict worse BM-OS outcomes in univariate analysis (AXL: HR 2.19, 95% CI 1.33-4.10, P = 0.005; GAS6: HR 2.04, 95% CI 1.01-3.71, P = 0.019). In multivariate analysis, high co-expression of AXL/GAS6 was found to be an independent unfavorable risk factor for the overall study population (HR 2.33, 95% CI 1.40-3.87, P = 0.0011) and also in BM (HR 2.76, 95% CI 1.45-5.25, P = 0.001), predicting worse survival outcome. CONCLUSIONS AXL-GAS6 co-expression represents a potential independent prognostic biomarker for survival outcome in NSCLC BM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
- WVU Cancer Institute, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Qianghua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Haijuan Yan
- Department of Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Zuan-Fu Lim
- WVU Cancer Institute, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mayan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Chuangzhong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xingsu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Huifang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Satoshi Komo
- WVU Cancer Institute, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Haixia Yang
- WVU Cancer Institute, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Xinke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Sijin Wen
- WVU Cancer Institute, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 250 Changgang Road, Guangzhou, 510260, China.
- Department of Medical Imaging, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Patrick C Ma
- WVU Cancer Institute, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- Sara Crile Allen and James Frederick Allen Comprehensive Lung Cancer Program, Eminent Scholar in Lung Cancer Research, WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, P.O. Box 9300, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9300, USA.
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29
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Jiang L, Hermeking H. miR-34a and miR-34b/c Suppress Intestinal Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2017; 77:2746-2758. [PMID: 28363996 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The p53-inducible miR-34a and miR-34b/c genes are frequently silenced in colorectal cancer. To address the in vivo relevance of miR-34a/b/c function for suppression of intestinal tumor formation, we generated ApcMin/+ mice with deletions of the miR-34a and/or miR-34b/c genes separately or in combination. Combined deletion of miR-34a/b/c increased the number of intestinal stem cells as well as Paneth and Goblet cells, resulting in enlarged intestinal crypts. miR-34a/b/c-deficient ApcMin/+ mice displayed an increased tumor burden and grade and decreased survival. miR-34a/b/c-deficient adenomas showed elevated proliferation and decreased apoptosis and displayed pronounced bacterial infiltration, which may be due to an observed decrease in infiltrating immune cells and downregulation of barrier proteins. mRNA induction in miR-34a/b/c-deficient tumors was enriched for miR-34a/b/c seed-matching sites and for mRNAs encoding proteins related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stemness, and Wnt signaling. Accordingly, cells explanted from miR-34a/b/c-deficient adenomas formed tumor organoids at an increased rate. Several upregulated miR-34 targets displayed elevated expression in primary human colorectal cancers that was associated with lymph-node metastases (INHBB, AXL, FGFR1, and PDFGRB) and upregulation of INHBB and AXL in primary colorectal cancer was associated with poor patient survival. In conclusion, our results show that miR-34a/b/c suppress tumor formation caused by loss of Apc and control intestinal stem cell and secretory cell homeostasis by downregulation of multiple target mRNAs. Cancer Res; 77(10); 2746-58. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longchang Jiang
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany
| | - Heiko Hermeking
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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30
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Wu G, Ma Z, Hu W, Wang D, Gong B, Fan C, Jiang S, Li T, Gao J, Yang Y. Molecular insights of Gas6/TAM in cancer development and therapy. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2700. [PMID: 28333143 PMCID: PMC5386520 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6) was discovered in 1988, numerous studies have highlighted the role of the Gas6 protein and its receptors Tyro3, Axl and Mer (collectively referred to as TAM), in proliferation, apoptosis, efferocytosis, leukocyte migration, sequestration and platelet aggregation. Gas6 has a critical role in the development of multiple types of cancers, including pancreatic, prostate, oral, ovarian and renal cancers. Acute myelocytic leukaemia (AML) is a Gas6-dependent cancer, and Gas6 expression predicts poor prognosis in AML. Interestingly, Gas6 also has a role in establishing tumour dormancy in the bone marrow microenvironment and in suppressing intestinal tumorigenesis. Numerous studies regarding cancer therapy have targeted Gas6 and TAM receptors with good results. However, some findings have suggested that Gas6 is associated with the development of resistance to cancer therapies. Concerning these significant effects of Gas6 in numerous cancers, we discuss the roles of Gas6 in cancer development in this review. First, we introduce basic knowledge on Gas6 and TAM receptors. Next, we describe and discuss the involvement of Gas6 and TAM receptors in cancers from different organ systems. Finally, we highlight the progress in therapies targeting Gas6 and TAM receptors. This review presents the significant roles of Gas6 in cancers from different systems and may contribute to the continued promotion of Gas6 as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiling Wu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Dongjin Wang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Bing Gong
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Chongxi Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jianyuan Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
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Choi YJ, Kim JH, Rho JK, Kim JS, Choi CM, Kim WS, Son J, Lee JC. AXL and MET receptor tyrosine kinases are essential for lung cancer metastasis. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2201-2208. [PMID: 28260071 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The AXL and MET receptors regulate key processes in tumor growth, metastasis, and drug resistance; thus, they have recently been implicated as promising therapeutic targets in various tumors. We investigated the metastatic potential and crosstalk between these receptors in non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We found that the treatment of NSCLC cells with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6), as ligands for MET and AXL, respectively, promoted their migration and invasion ability. However, treatment with inhibitors of each of these receptors significantly reduced the migratory and invasiveness of the cells, although their inhibitory rates varied according to the inhibition of each receptor. In addition, the suppression of each receptor by shRNA resulted in reduced migration and invasiveness. Notably, the suppression of AXL was more effective than the suppression of MET in the inhibition of migration and invasion. In accordance with in vitro results, when the cells were transferred via tail vein injection, AXL inhibition was more efficient in attenuating metastasis than MET inhibition. Clinically, AXL or MET expression is associated with a poor prognosis in primary tumors of NSCLC. In summary, AXL and MET can regulate tumor metastasis, but AXL was shown to be more potent than MET in lung metastasis. Thus, we conclude that AXL might be a suitable therapeutic target for the inhibition of lung metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jung Choi
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Rho
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Sun Kim
- Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (DIRAMS), Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Min Choi
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Sung Kim
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyoung Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Cheol Lee
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
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Cagman Z, Bingol Ozakpinar O, Cirakli Z, Gedikbasi A, Ay P, Colantonio D, Uras AR, Adeli K, Uras F. Reference intervals for growth arrest-specific 6 protein in adults. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2017; 77:109-114. [PMID: 28150505 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2016.1275768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to establish reference intervals for growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6), a vitamin K-dependent protein, in human adult plasma according to the Guideline of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) C28-A3. Blood samples were collected from 308 healthy volunteers aged 18-72 (157 female, 151 male). A non-parametric approach was used to calculate the reference interval. The plasma GAS6 reference interval was determined, with 90% confidence interval: the lower limit (2.5 percentile) was 2.5 (1.9-3.1) μg/L and the upper limit (97.5 percentile) = 18.8 (18.0-22.3) μg/L. Harris-Boyd's test did not suggest partitioning by age or gender: medians for males [7.8 (5.8-10.7) μg/L] and females [9.9 (7.1-13.5) μg/L]. Three age-subgroups were tested: 18-29 years (n = 168); 30-44 years (n = 73); 45-72 years (n = 67). The intra- and inter-assay variations were 12.6% (mean, 5.2 ± 0.7 μg/L) and 14.0% (mean, 9.2 ± 1.3 μg/L), respectively. The mean recovery was 104%. This study reports plasma GAS6 reference intervals established first according to the guideline of CLSI C28-A3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Cagman
- a Marmara University School of Pharmacy , Department of Biochemistry , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Ozlem Bingol Ozakpinar
- a Marmara University School of Pharmacy , Department of Biochemistry , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Zeynep Cirakli
- b Department of Biochemistry , Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Asuman Gedikbasi
- b Department of Biochemistry , Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Pinar Ay
- c Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - David Colantonio
- d Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine , The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Ahmet Riza Uras
- e Department of Biochemistry , Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- d Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine , The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Fikriye Uras
- a Marmara University School of Pharmacy , Department of Biochemistry , Istanbul , Turkey
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Lee YJ, Lim T, Han MS, Lee SH, Baek SH, Nan HY, Lee C. Anticancer effect of luteolin is mediated by downregulation of TAM receptor tyrosine kinases, but not interleukin-8, in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:1219-1226. [PMID: 28035396 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
TAM receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), Tyro3, Axl and MerTK, transduce diverse signals responsible for cell survival, growth, proliferation and anti-apoptosis. In the present study, we demonstrated the effect of luteolin, a flavonoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities, on the expression and activation of TAM RTKs and the association with its cytotoxicity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. We observed the cytotoxic effect of luteolin in parental A549 and H460 cells as well as in cisplatin-resistant A549/CisR and H460/CisR cells. Exposure of these cells to luteolin also resulted in a dose‑dependent decrease in clonogenic ability. Next, luteolin was found to decrease the protein levels of all three TAM RTKs in the A549 and A549/CisR cells in a dose‑dependent manner. In a similar manner, in H460 and H460/CisR cells, the protein levels of Axl and Tyro3 were decreased following luteolin treatment. In addition, Axl promoter activity was decreased by luteolin, indicating that luteolin suppresses Axl expression at the transcriptional level. We next found that luteolin abrogated Axl phosphorylation in response to growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6), its ligand, implying the inhibitory effect of luteolin on Gas6-induced Axl activation. Ectopic expression of Axl was observed to attenuate the antiproliferative effect of luteolin, while knockdown of the Axl protein level using a gold nanoparticle-assisted gene delivery system increased its cytotoxicity. In contrast to the inhibitory effect of luteolin on the expression of TAM RTKs, interleukin-8 (IL-8) production was not decreased by luteolin in H460 and H460/CisR cells, while IL-8 production/cell was increased. Collectively, our data suggest that TAM RTKs, but not IL-8, are promising therapeutic targets of luteolin to abrogate cell proliferation and to overcome chemoresistance in NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Ju Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 47472, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Su Han
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hwa Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 40161, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Hwan Baek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Yan Nan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Chuhee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
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Jin G, Wang Z, Wang J, Zhang L, Chen Y, Yuan P, Liu D. Expression of Axl and its prognostic significance in human breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 13:621-628. [PMID: 28356938 PMCID: PMC5351252 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignant cancer and second leading cause of cancer-related death among women, and its prevalence continues to increase. Axl overexpression has been identified in the many types of human cancer, and it has been demonstrated to participate in signaling pathways related to carcinogenesis and cancer development. In the present study, Axl expression was examined by performing immunohistochemical staining in 60 breast cancer tumors and 40 benign breast lesions (25 mammary dysplasia and 15 breast fibroadenoma). In total, 34 (56.67%) cancer tissues and 13 (32.5%) benign breast lesions were classified as exhibiting high levels of Axl expression, indicating a significant association between malignancy and high Axl expression. High Axl expression was also associated with estrogen receptor (ER) positivity (P=0.028), progesterone receptor (PR) positivity (P=0.007), and poor tumor differentiation (P=0.033). No significant associations were observed between Axl expression and age, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, tumor node metastasis staging, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and Ki67 antigen. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazard model both demonstrated that there was no statistical difference between Axl expression and breast cancer prognosis. However, it remains unclear whether the expression of Axl is correlated with the prognosis of luminal type breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyuan Jin
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Jianguang Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Like Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Yanbin Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Yuan
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Dechun Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
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Davra V, Kimani SG, Calianese D, Birge RB. Ligand Activation of TAM Family Receptors-Implications for Tumor Biology and Therapeutic Response. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8120107. [PMID: 27916840 PMCID: PMC5187505 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8120107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The TAM family of receptors (i.e., Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk), and their ligands Growth arrest specific factor 6 (Gas6) and Protein S (Pros1) contribute to several oncogenic processes, such as cell survival, invasion, migration, chemo-resistance, and metastasis, whereby expression often correlates with poor clinical outcomes. In recent years, there has been great interest in the study of TAM receptors in cancer, stemming both from their roles as oncogenic signaling receptors, as well as their roles in tumor immunology. As a result, several classes of TAM inhibitors that include small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, decoy receptors, as well as novel strategies to target TAM ligands are being developed. This paper will review the biology of TAM receptors and their ligands with a focus on cancer, as well as evidence-based data for the continued pursuit of TAM/Gas6 inhibitors in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viralkumar Davra
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Stanley G Kimani
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - David Calianese
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Raymond B Birge
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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Abstract
AXL is a tyrosine kinase receptor activated by GAS6 and regulates cancer cell proliferation migration and angiogenesis. We studied AXL as new therapeutic target in colorectal cancer (CRC). Expression and activation of AXL and GAS6 were evaluated in a panel of human CRC cell lines. AXL gene silencing or pharmacologic inhibition with foretinib suppressed proliferation, migration and survival in CRC cells. In an orthotopic colon model of human HCT116 CRC cells overexpressing AXL, foretinib treatment caused significant inhibition of tumour growth and peritoneal metastatic spreading. AXL and GAS6 overexpression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) were found in 76,7% and 73.5%, respectively, of 223 human CRC specimens, correlating with less differentiated histological grading. GAS6 overexpression was associated with nodes involvement and tumour stage. AXL gene was found amplified by Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in 8/146 cases (5,4%) of CRC samples. Taken together, AXL inhibition could represent a novel therapeutic approach in CRC.
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Cho CY, Huang JS, Shiah SG, Chung SY, Lay JD, Yang YY, Lai GM, Cheng AL, Chen LT, Chuang SE. Negative feedback regulation of AXL by miR-34a modulates apoptosis in lung cancer cells. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 22:303-15. [PMID: 26667302 PMCID: PMC4712679 DOI: 10.1261/rna.052571.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The AXL receptor tyrosine kinase is frequently overexpressed in cancers and is important in cancer invasion/metastasis and chemoresistance. Here, we demonstrate a regulatory feedback loop between AXL and microRNA (miRNA) at the post-transcriptional level. Both the GAS6-binding domain and the kinase domain of AXL, particularly the Y779 tyrosine phosphorylation site, are shown to be crucial for this autoregulation. To clarify the role of miRNAs in this regulation loop, approaches using bioinformatics and molecular techniques were applied, revealing that miR-34a may target the 3' UTR of AXL mRNA to inhibit AXL expression. Interestingly and importantly, AXL overexpression may induce miR-34a expression by activating the transcription factor ELK1 via the JNK signaling pathway. In addition, ectopic overexpression of ELK1 promotes apoptosis through, in part, down-regulation of AXL. Therefore, we propose that AXL is autoregulated by miR-34a in a feedback loop; this may provide a novel opportunity for developing AXL-targeted anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Cho
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Jhy-Shrian Huang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan Health Examination Center, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
| | - Shine-Gwo Shiah
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ying Chung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Ding Lay
- Department of Nursing, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung 40401, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yu Yang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Gi-Ming Lai
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Lii Cheng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan Departments of Internal Medicine and Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tzong Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Shuang-En Chuang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
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Kim KC, Baek SH, Lee C. Curcumin-induced downregulation of Axl receptor tyrosine kinase inhibits cell proliferation and circumvents chemoresistance in non-small lung cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:2296-303. [PMID: 26498137 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is still in the first place in terms of both incidence and mortality. In the present study, we demonstrated the effect of curcumin, a phytochemical of the plant Curcuma longa, on expression and activation of Axl receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) which plays an important role in cell survival, proliferation and anti-apoptosis. Curcumin treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 and H460 cells, was found to decrease Axl protein as well as mRNA levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Axl promoter activity was also reduced by curcumin, indicating that curcumin downregulates Axl expression at the transcriptional level. Moreover, Axl phosphorylation in response to binding of its ligand, Gas6, was abrogated by curcumin, suggesting the inhibitory effect of curcumin on Gas6-induced Axl activation. We next found cytotoxic effect of cucumin on both the parental A549 and H460 cells, and their variants which are resistant to cisplatin (A549/CisR and H460/CisR) and paclitaxel (A549/TR and H460/TR). Exposure of these cells to curcumin resulted in dose-dependent decline of cell viability and clonogenic ability. It is further observed that the anti-proliferative effect of curcumin on A549 cells overexpressing Axl protein was reduced, while that on H460 cells transfected Axl specific siRNA was augmented, confirming that curcumin inhibits cell proliferation via downregulation of Axl expression. In addition, curcumin was found to cause the induction of p21, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, and reduction of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), an anti-apoptotic molecule, in parental H460 cells as well as chemoresistant cells, H460/CisR and H460/TR. Taken together, our data imply that Axl RTK is a novel target of curcumin through which it exerts anti-proliferative effect in both parental and chemoresistant NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 47472, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Hwan Baek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Chuhee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
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May CD, Garnett J, Ma X, Landers SM, Ingram DR, Demicco EG, Al Sannaa GA, Vu T, Han L, Zhang Y, Kivlin CM, Bolshakov S, Kalam AA, Liu J, Zhou F, Broccoli D, Wang WL, Lazar AJ, Pollock RE, Lev D, Torres KE. AXL is a potential therapeutic target in dedifferentiated and pleomorphic liposarcomas. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:901. [PMID: 26573603 PMCID: PMC4647521 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1916-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AXL is a well-characterized, protumorigenic receptor tyrosine kinase that is highly expressed and activated in numerous human carcinomas and sarcomas, including aggressive subtypes of liposarcoma. However, the role of AXL in the pathogenesis of well-differentiated (WDLPS), dedifferentiated (DDLPS), and pleomorphic liposarcoma (PLS) has not yet been determined. METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis of AXL expression was conducted on two tissue microarrays containing patient WDLPS, DDLPS, and PLS samples. A panel of DDLPS and PLS cell lines were interrogated via western blot for AXL expression and activity and by ELISA for growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6) production. AXL knockdown was achieved by siRNA or shRNA. The effects of AXL knockdown on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were measured in vitro. In addition, AXL shRNA-containing DDLPS cells were assessed for their tumor-forming capacity in vivo. RESULTS In this study, we determined that AXL is expressed in a subset of WDLPS, DDLPS, and PLS patient tumor samples. In addition, AXL and its ligand GAS6 are expressed in a panel of DDLPS and PLS cell lines. We show that the in vitro activation of AXL via stimulation with exogenous GAS6 resulted in a significant increase in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in DDLPS and PLS cell lines. Transient knockdown of AXL resulted in attenuation of these protumorigenic phenotypes in vitro. Stable AXL knockdown not only decreased migratory and invasive characteristics of DDLPS and PLS cells in vitro but also significantly diminished tumorigenicity of two dedifferentiated liposarcoma xenograft models in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that AXL signaling contributes to the aggressiveness of DDLPS and PLS, and that AXL is therefore a potential therapeutic target for treatment of these rare, yet devastating tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin D. May
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA ,The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jeannine Garnett
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - XiaoYan Ma
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Sharon M. Landers
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Davis R. Ingram
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Elizabeth G. Demicco
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Ghadah A. Al Sannaa
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Tona Vu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Lixia Han
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA ,The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Christine M. Kivlin
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA ,The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX USA
| | - Svetlana Bolshakov
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Azad Abul Kalam
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Juehui Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Fuguo Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Dominique Broccoli
- Curtis and Elizabeth Anderson Cancer Institute, Memorial University Medical Center, Savannah, GA USA
| | - Wei-Lien Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Alexander J. Lazar
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX USA ,Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | | | - Dina Lev
- Department of Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Keila E. Torres
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA ,The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX USA
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KIM NAMYI, LEE HWAYOUNG, LEE CHUHEE. Metformin targets Axl and Tyro3 receptor tyrosine kinases to inhibit cell proliferation and overcome chemoresistance in ovarian cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:353-60. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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41
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Lee C. Overexpression of Tyro3 receptor tyrosine kinase leads to the acquisition of taxol resistance in ovarian cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1485-92. [PMID: 25815442 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of patients with ovarian cancer are diagnosed at the advanced stages (III/IV) and their 5-year-survival rate is relatively low. One of the major causes of the poor prognosis of ovarian cancer is the development of resistance to first-line chemotherapy, including platinum and taxol. Therefore, improvements in current understanding of chemoresistance is required for the successful treatment of ovarian cancer. In the present study, taxol-resistant ovarian cancer cells, SKOV3/TR, were established by exposing parental SKOV3 cells to increasing concentrations of taxol. . Briefly, cells were treated with 1.5 nM (for 4 weeks), 3 nM (for 4 weeks), 6 nM (for 5 weeks), 12 nM (for 5 weeks) and 24 nM taxol (for 8 weeks) over 6 months. The SKOV3/TR cells were found to be smaller in size and rounder in shape compared with their parental cells. Cell viability and colony formation assays demonstrated an increase in the population doubling time of the SKOV3/TR cells, indicating a reduction in the proliferative capacity of these cells. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis revealed that, among the TAM receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), the mRNA and protein expression levels of Tyro3 RTK were increased, while those of Axl and Mer RTK were decreased in the SKOV3/TR cells. In addition, restoration of the level of Tyro3 by transfecting Tyro3-specific small interfering RNA into the SKOV3/TR cells reduced the proliferative capacity of the cells, indicating that upregulation of the expression of Tyro3 in SKOV3/TR cells may promote survival in the presence of taxol, which eventually resulted in the acquisition of resistance upon taxol treatment. The present study subsequently found that, in the SKOV3/TR cells, the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was elevated, and antioxidant treatment with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) exerted more profound antiproliferative effects compared with the parental cells. The western blot analysis demonstrated that treatment of the SKOV3/TR cells with NAC reduced the protein expression of Tyro3, and the inhibitory effect of NAC on the phosphorylation of Akt was increased, which may have had a positive effect on the proliferation of the SKOV3/TR cells. The levels of phosphorylation and protein expression of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) were not affected by NAC treatment, indicating that the phosphorylation of Akt, but not expression or phosphorylation of STAT3, was associated with the increased intracellular ROS level in the SKOV3/TR cells. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrated that the acquired taxol resistance of ovarian cancer cells was associated with ROS-dependent upregulation in the expression of Tyro3 RTK and the subsequent activation of Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 705‑717, Republic of Korea
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42
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Li D, Liu S, Liu R, Park R, Yu H, Krasnoperov V, Gill PS, Li Z, Shan H, Conti PS. Axl-targeted cancer imaging with humanized antibody h173. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 16:511-8. [PMID: 24424460 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-013-0714-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The tyrosine kinase receptor Axl is overexpressed in various types of cancer and correlated with cancer malignancy. Selective Axl blockade reduces tumor growth and metastasis. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the humanized anti-Axl antibody humanized 173 (h173) labeled with near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) dye Cy5.5 could be applied as a molecular imaging probe for NIRF imaging of Axl expression in tumor models. PROCEDURES NIRF dye Cy5.5 was conjugated to h173 or human normal immunoglobulin G (hIgG) control through amino groups. The resulting probes were evaluated in both A549 (Axl positive) and NCI-H249 (Axl negative) lung cancer xenografts through in vivo NIRF imaging. Ex vivo imaging and probe distribution assay were also carried out to confirm the in vivo imaging results. RESULTS After conjugation, binding activity of h173-Cy5.5 was determined to be 97.75 % ± 2.09 % of the unmodified h173. In vitro fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and fluorescence microscopy analysis validated the specific binding of h173 toward Axl-positive A549 cells. h173-Cy5.5 was then applied to image Axl expression in vivo. In A549 (Axl positive) cancer xenografts, the tumor uptake of h173-Cy5.5 was significantly higher than that of the hIgG-Cy5.5 control (P < 0.05) at late time points (1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 days). On the contrary, in NCI-H249 (Axl negative) cancer xenografts, the tumor uptake of both hIgG-Cy5.5 and h173-Cy5.5 was low and showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) at all time points examined. Ex vivo imaging and immunofluorescence staining analysis further validated the in vivo imaging results. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, all in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo data suggested that h173-Cy5.5 could serve as a valid probe for Axl-targeted cancer imaging, which could therefore aid in tumor diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St. CSC103, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
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Suh YA, Jo SY, Lee HY, Lee C. Inhibition of IL-6/STAT3 axis and targeting Axl and Tyro3 receptor tyrosine kinases by apigenin circumvent taxol resistance in ovarian cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:1405-11. [PMID: 25544427 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the number one cause of death from gynaecological malignancy. Platinum-based and taxol-based chemotherapy has been used as a standard therapy, but intrinsic and acquired resistance to chemotherapy is a major obstacle to treat the disease. In the present study, we found that in the chemoresistant ovarian cancer SKOV3/TR cells, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-6 receptor and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) expression as well as STAT3 phosphorylation were upregulated compared to those in parental cells. Silencing of IL-6 using IL-6 siRNA was found to suppress IL-6 production, STAT3 and phosphoSTAT3 levels, which eventually reduced proliferation and clonogenicity of taxol-resistant SKOV3/TR cells. In addition, stattic, a STAT3 inhibitor, was found to result in decrease of cell viability and clonogenicity of these cells, indicating that the elevated IL-6 and STAT3, phosphoSTAT3 levels are associated with the development of taxol resistance. Next, we found anti-proliferative effect of apigenin on both SKOV3 and SKOV3/TR cells. RT-PCR and western blot results showed that apigenin significantly reduced the expression of Axl and Tyro3 receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) at mRNA and protein level, which account for its cytotoxic activity. We further found that apigenin decreased Akt phosphorylation and the level of B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xl or BCL2-like 1 isoform 1), an inhibitor of apoptosis. On the contrary to these results, apigenin had no effect on IL-6 production, STAT3 and phosphoSTAT3 protein levels, suggesting that apigenin exerts its anti-proliferative activity via downregulation of Axl and Tyro3 expression, Akt phosphorylation and Bcl-xl expression, but not modulation of IL-6/STAT3 axis. Taken together, our data suggest that inhibition of IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway and downregulation of Axl and Tyro3 RTKs expression might be a therapeutic strategy to overcome taxol resistance in ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ah Suh
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Young Jo
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 705-717, Republic of Korea
| | - Chuhee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 705-717, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The control of cellular growth and proliferation is key to the maintenance of homeostasis. Survival, proliferation, and arrest are regulated, in part, by Growth Arrest Specific 6 (Gas6) through binding to members of the TAM receptor tyrosine kinase family. Activation of the TAM receptors leads to downstream signaling through common kinases, but the exact mechanism within each cellular context varies and remains to be completely elucidated. Deregulation of the TAM family, due to its central role in mediating cellular proliferation, has been implicated in multiple diseases. Axl was cloned as the first TAM receptor in a search for genes involved in the progression of chronic to acute-phase leukemia, and has since been established as playing a critical role in the progression of cancer. The oncogenic nature of Axl is demonstrated through its activation of signaling pathways involved in proliferation, migration, inhibition of apoptosis, and therapeutic resistance. Despite its recent discovery, significant progress has been made in the development of effective clinical therapeutics targeting Axl. In order to accurately define the role of Axl in normal and diseased processes, it must be analyzed in a cell type-specific context.
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45
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Pénzes K, Baumann C, Szabadkai I, Őrfi L, Kéri G, Ullrich A, Torka R. Combined inhibition of AXL, Lyn and p130Cas kinases block migration of triple negative breast cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:1571-82. [PMID: 25482942 PMCID: PMC4623058 DOI: 10.4161/15384047.2014.956634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking the migration of metastatic cancer cells is a major goal in the therapy of cancer. The receptor tyrosine kinase AXL is one of the main triggers for cancer cell migration in neoplasia of breast, colon, skin, thyroid and prostate. In our study we analyzed the effect of AXL inhibition on cell motility and viability in triple negative breast cancer cell lines overexpressing AXL. Thereby we reveal that the compound BMS777607, exhibiting the lowest IC50 values for inhibition of AXL kinase activity in the studied cell lines, attenuates cell motility to a lower extent than the kinase inhibitors MPCD84111 and SKI606. By analyzing the target kinases of MPCD84111 and SKI606 with kinase profiling assays we identified Lyn, a Src family kinase, as a target of both compounds. Knockdown of Lyn and the migration-related CRK-associated substrate (p130Cas), had a significant inhibitory effect on cell migration. Taken together, our findings highlight the importance of combinatorial or multikinase inhibition of non-receptor tyrosine kinases and AXL receptor tyrosine kinase in the therapy of triple negative breast cancer.
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Key Words
- AKT, RAC-α serine/threonine-protein kinase
- AXL
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay
- FAK, focal adhesion kinase
- Gas6, growth arrest specific 6
- Lyn
- MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinases
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- Pyk2, proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- TNBC, triple negative breast cancer
- breast cancer
- migration
- migration related kinases
- p130Cas
- siRNA, short interfering RNA
- tyrosine kinase inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Pénzes
- Department of Molecular Biology; Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry; Martinsried, Germany,MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group; Department of Medical Chemistry; Semmelweis University; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christine Baumann
- Department of Molecular Biology; Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry; Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - László Őrfi
- Vichem Chemie Research Ltd.; Budapest, Hungary,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Semmelweis University; Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Kéri
- Vichem Chemie Research Ltd.; Budapest, Hungary,MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group; Department of Medical Chemistry; Semmelweis University; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Axel Ullrich
- Department of Molecular Biology; Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry; Martinsried, Germany
| | - Robert Torka
- Department of Molecular Biology; Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry; Martinsried, Germany,Correspondence to: Robert Torka;
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Donnard E, Asprino PF, Correa BR, Bettoni F, Koyama FC, Navarro FC, Perez RO, Mariadason J, Sieber OM, Strausberg RL, Simpson AJ, Jardim DL, Reis LFL, Parmigiani RB, Galante PA, Camargo AA. Mutational analysis of genes coding for cell surface proteins in colorectal cancer cell lines reveal novel altered pathways, druggable mutations and mutated epitopes for targeted therapy. Oncotarget 2014; 5:9199-213. [PMID: 25193853 PMCID: PMC4253428 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We carried out a mutational analysis of 3,594 genes coding for cell surface proteins (Surfaceome) in 23 colorectal cancer cell lines, searching for new altered pathways, druggable mutations and mutated epitopes for targeted therapy in colorectal cancer. A total of 3,944 somatic non-synonymous substitutions and 595 InDels, occurring in 2,061 (57%) Surfaceome genes were catalogued. We identified 48 genes not previously described as mutated in colorectal tumors in the TCGA database, including genes that are mutated and expressed in >10% of the cell lines (SEMA4C, FGFRL1, PKD1, FAM38A, WDR81, TMEM136, SLC36A1, SLC26A6, IGFLR1). Analysis of these genes uncovered important roles for FGF and SEMA4 signaling in colorectal cancer with possible therapeutic implications. We also found that cell lines express on average 11 druggable mutations, including frequent mutations (>20%) in the receptor tyrosine kinases AXL and EPHA2, which have not been previously considered as potential targets for colorectal cancer. Finally, we identified 82 cell surface mutated epitopes, however expression of only 30% of these epitopes was detected in our cell lines. Notwithstanding, 92% of these epitopes were expressed in cell lines with the mutator phenotype, opening new venues for the use of "general" immune checkpoint drugs in this subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Donnard
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação do Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula F. Asprino
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna R. Correa
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Bettoni
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C. Koyama
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio C.P. Navarro
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação do Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo O. Perez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Angelita & Joaquim Gama, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - John Mariadason
- Oncogenic Transcription Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Oliver M. Sieber
- Colorectal Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Systems Biology and Personalised Medicine Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | | | - Denis L.F. Jardim
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pedro A.F. Galante
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anamaria A. Camargo
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo, Brazil
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Messoussi A, Peyronnet L, Feneyrolles C, Chevé G, Bougrin K, Yasri A. Structural elucidation of the DFG-Asp in and DFG-Asp out states of TAM kinases and insight into the selectivity of their inhibitors. Molecules 2014; 19:16223-39. [PMID: 25310149 PMCID: PMC6271404 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191016223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural elucidation of the active (DFG-Asp in) and inactive (DFG-Asp out) states of the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases is required for future development of TAM inhibitors as drugs. Herein we report a computational study on each of the three TAM members Tyro-3, Axl and Mer. DFG-Asp in and DFG-Asp out homology models of each one were built based on the X-ray structure of c-Met kinase, an enzyme with a closely related sequence. Structural validation and in silico screening enabled identification of critical amino acids for ligand binding within the active site of each DFG-Asp in and DFG-Asp out model. The position and nature of amino acids that differ among Tyro-3, Axl and Mer, and the potential role of these residues in the design of selective TAM ligands, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Messoussi
- OriBase Pharma, Parc Euromedecine, Cap Gamma, 1682, rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier, France.
| | - Lucile Peyronnet
- OriBase Pharma, Parc Euromedecine, Cap Gamma, 1682, rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier, France.
| | - Clémence Feneyrolles
- OriBase Pharma, Parc Euromedecine, Cap Gamma, 1682, rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier, France.
| | - Gwénaël Chevé
- OriBase Pharma, Parc Euromedecine, Cap Gamma, 1682, rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier, France.
| | - Khalid Bougrin
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Université Mohammed V, Faculté des Sciences B.P., 1014 Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Aziz Yasri
- OriBase Pharma, Parc Euromedecine, Cap Gamma, 1682, rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier, France.
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48
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Oyewumi MO, Alazizi A, Liva S, Lin L, Geldenhuys WJ. Screening and identification of novel compounds with potential anti-proliferative effects on gallium-resistant lung cancer through an AXL kinase pathway. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4553-4556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Kim KC, Choi EH, Lee C. Axl receptor tyrosine kinase is a novel target of apigenin for the inhibition of cell proliferation. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:592-8. [PMID: 24926787 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Axl receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), along with Tyro 3 and Mer, belongs to the TAM subfamily that promotes survival, stimulates proliferation and/or inhibits apoptosis. In various types of human cancer, including breast, lung and prostate cancer, Axl expression is increased and correlates with an advanced clinical stage. In this study, we examined whether apigenin has an effect on Axl expression, which in turn can affect cell proliferation. The treatment of the non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, A549 and H460, with apigenin decreased Axl mRNA and protein expression in a dose‑dependent manner. Axl promoter activity was also inhibited by apigenin, indicating that apigenin suppressed Axl expression at the transcriptional level. Upon treatment with apigenin, the viability of both the A549 and H460 cells was gradually decreased and the anti-proliferative effects were further confirmed by the dose‑dependent decrease in the clonogenic ability of the apigenin‑treated cells. Subsequently, we found that the viability and clonogenic ability of the cells treated with apigenin was less or more affected by transfection of the cells with a Axl-expressing plasmid or Axl targeting siRNA, compared to transfection with the empty vector or control siRNA, respectively. In addition, apigenin increased the expression of p21, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, but reduced the expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). These cell cycle arrest and pro-apoptotic effects of apigenin were also attenuated or augmented by the up- or downregulation of Axl expression, respectively, which suggests that Axl is a novel target of apigenin through which it exerts its inhibitory effects on cell proliferation. Taken together, our data indicate that apigenin downregulates Axl expression, which subsequently results in the inhibition of NSCLC cell proliferation through the increase and decrease of p21 and XIAP expression, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 705-717, Republic of Korea
| | - Chuhee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 705-717, Republic of Korea
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50
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Abstract
Three receptor tyrosine kinases, Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAM) and their ligands Gas6 and Protein S, have emerged as potent negative regulators of innate immune responses. A number of studies using genetic ablation of TAM loci in mice have elucidated the mechanism of TAM engagement and function during the immune response and removal of apoptotic cells. Following phagocytosis of apoptotic cells or the induction of T-cell dependent adaptive immune responses, ligand-induced TAM signaling dampens proinflammatory cytokine production and thus prevents exaggerated or prolonged inflammation. It is believed that the TAM pathway may play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Suppression of inflammation and removal of apoptotic cells followed by tissue repair are essential processes for disease remission and the successful management of inflammatory bowel disease. In light of the key role of TAMs in controlling inflammatory responses, here, we review the recent advances on TAM research vis-à-vis the resolution of intestinal inflammation. Targeted activation of TAM receptor tyrosine kinases may represent a potent therapeutic opportunity in inflammatory bowel disease.
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