1
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Choi S, Bae HG, Jo DG, Kim WY. The Role of IRF9 Upregulation in Modulating Sensitivity to Olaparib and Platinum-Based Chemotherapies in Breast Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:959. [PMID: 39062738 PMCID: PMC11276373 DOI: 10.3390/genes15070959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are targeted therapies that accumulate DNA damage by interfering with DNA repair mechanisms and are approved for treating several cancers with BRCA1/2 mutations. In this study, we utilized CRISPR-dCas9 interference screening to identify genes regulating sensitivity to PARP inhibitors in breast cancer cell lines. Our findings indicated that the interferon (IFN) signaling gene IRF9 was critically involved in modulating sensitivity to these inhibitors. We revealed that the loss of IRF9 leads to increased resistance to the PARP inhibitor in MDA-MB-468 cells, and a similar desensitization was observed in another breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. Further analysis indicated that while the basal expression of IRF9 did not correlate with the response to the PARP inhibitor olaparib, its transcriptional induction was significantly associated with increased sensitivity to the DNA-damaging agent cisplatin in the NCI-60 cell line panel. This finding suggests a mechanistic link between IRF9 induction and cellular responses to DNA damage. Additionally, data from the METABRIC patient tissue study revealed a complex network of IFN-responsive gene expressions postchemotherapy, with seven upregulated genes, including IRF9, and three downregulated genes. These findings underscore the intricate role of IFN signaling in the cellular response to chemotherapy. Collectively, our CRISPR screening data and subsequent bioinformatic analyses suggest that IRF9 is a novel biomarker for sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents, such as olaparib and platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents. Our findings for IRF9 not only enhance our understanding of the genetic basis of drug sensitivity, but also elucidate the role of IRF9 as a critical effector within IFN signaling pathways, potentially influencing the association between the host immune system and chemotherapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeokGyeong Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea;
| | - Han-Gyu Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; (H.-G.B.); (D.-G.J.)
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; (H.-G.B.); (D.-G.J.)
| | - Woo-Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea;
- Muscle Physiome Research Center, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
- Drug Information Research Institute, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
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2
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Chiriac MT, Hracsko Z, Becker C, Neurath MF. STAT2 Controls Colorectal Tumorigenesis and Resistance to Anti-Cancer Drugs. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5423. [PMID: 38001683 PMCID: PMC10670206 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant socioeconomic burden in modern society and is accountable for millions of premature deaths each year. The role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2)-dependent signaling in this context is not yet fully understood, and no therapies targeting this pathway are currently being pursued. We investigated the role of STAT2 in CRC using experimental mouse models coupled with RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) data and functional assays with anti-cancer agents in three-dimensional tumoroids. Stat2-/- mice showed greater resistance to the development of CRC in both inflammation-driven and inflammation-independent experimental CRC models. In ex vivo studies, tumoroids derived from Stat2-/- mice with the multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mutant allele of the adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) locus exhibited delayed growth, were overall smaller and more differentiated as compared with tumoroids from ApcMin/+ wildtype (WT) mice. Notably, tumoroids from ApcMin/+ Stat2-/- mice were more susceptible to anti-cancer agents inducing cell death by different mechanisms. Our findings clearly indicated that STAT2 promotes CRC and suggested that interventions targeting STAT2-dependent signals might become an attractive therapeutic option for patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mircea T. Chiriac
- Department of Medicine 1, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Pneumology, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Hracsko
- Department of Medicine 1, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Pneumology, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Pneumology, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F. Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Pneumology, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Ludwig Demling Endoscopy Center of Excellence, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Drury S, Claussen G, Zetterman A, Moriyama H, Moriyama EN, Zhang L. Evolution and emergence of primate-specific interferon regulatory factor 9. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28521. [PMID: 36691924 PMCID: PMC10107944 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The binding of interferon (IFN) to its receptors leads to formation of IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) complex that activates the transcription of cellular IFN-regulated genes. IFN regulatory factor 9 (IRF9, also called ISGF3γ or p48) is a key component of ISGF3. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the molecular evolution of IRF9 among vertebrates. In this study, we have identified the existence of the IRF9 gene in cartilaginous fish (sharks). Among primates, several isoforms unique to old world moneys and great apes are identified. These IRF9 isoforms are named as primate-specific IRF9 (PS-IRF9) to distinguish from canonical IRF9. PS-IRF9 originates from a unique exon usage and differential splicing in the IRF9 gene. Although the N-terminus are identical for all IRF9s, the C-terminal regions of the PS-IRF9 are completely different from canonical IRF9. In humans, two PS-IRF9s are identified and their RNA transcripts were detected in human primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In addition, human PS-IRF9 proteins were detected in human cell lines. Sharing the N-terminal exons with the canonical IRF9 proteins, PS-IRF9 is predicted to bind to the same DNA sequences as the canonical IRF9 proteins. As the C-terminal regions of IRFs are the determinants of IRF functions, PS-IRF9 may offer unique biological functions and represent a novel signaling molecule involved in the regulation of the IFN pathway in a primate-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Drury
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Grace Claussen
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Allison Zetterman
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Hideaki Moriyama
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Etsuko N. Moriyama
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
- Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Luwen Zhang
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
- Nebraska Center for VirologyUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
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4
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Canar J, Darling K, Dadey R, Gamero AM. The duality of STAT2 mediated type I interferon signaling in the tumor microenvironment and chemoresistance. Cytokine 2023; 161:156081. [PMID: 36327541 PMCID: PMC9720715 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment consists of tumor cells, extracellular matrix, blood vessels, and non-tumor cells such as fibroblasts and immune cells. Crosstalk among components of this cellular ecosystem can transform non-malignant cells and promote tumor invasion and metastasis. Evidence is accumulating that the transcription factor STAT2, a downstream effector of type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling, can either inhibit or promote tumorigenesis depending on the unique environment presented by each type of cancer. STAT2 has long been associated with the canonical JAK/STAT pathway involved in various biological processes including reshaping of the tumor microenvironment and in antitumor immunity. This dichotomous tendency of STAT2 to both inhibit and worsen tumor formation makes the protein a curious, and yet relatively ill-defined player in many cancer pathways involving IFN-I. In this review, we discuss the role of STAT2 in contributing to either a tumorigenic or anti-tumorigenic microenvironment as well as chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Canar
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kennedy Darling
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ryan Dadey
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ana M Gamero
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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5
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Langbein LE, El Hajjar R, Kim WY, Yang H. The convergence of tumor suppressors on the type I interferon pathway in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and its therapeutic implications. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1417-C1429. [PMID: 36154696 PMCID: PMC9662805 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00255.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene/hypoxia inducible factor (VHL/HIF) axis lays the groundwork for tumorigenesis and is the target of many therapeutic agents. HIF activation alone, however, is largely insufficient for kidney tumor development, and secondary mutations in PBRM1, BAP1, SETD2, KDM5C, or other tumor suppressor genes are strong enablers of tumorigenesis. Interestingly, it has been discovered that VHL loss and subsequent HIF activation results in upregulation of a negative feedback loop mediated by ISGF3, a transcription factor activated by type I interferon (IFN). Secondary mutations in the aforementioned tumor suppressor genes all partially disable this negative feedback loop to facilitate tumor growth. The convergence of several cancer genes on this pathway suggests that it plays an important role in ccRCC development and maintenance. Tumors with secondary mutations that dampen the negative feedback loop may be exquisitely sensitive to its reactivation, and pharmacological activation of ISGF3 either alone or in combination with other therapies could be an effective method to treat patients with ccRCC. In this review, we examine the relevance of the type I IFN pathway to ccRCC, synthesize our current knowledge of the ccRCC tumor suppressors in its regulation, and explore how this may impact the future treatment of patients with ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Langbein
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Rayan El Hajjar
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - William Y Kim
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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6
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Gómez-Herranz M, Faktor J, Yébenes Mayordomo M, Pilch M, Nekulova M, Hernychova L, Ball KL, Vojtesek B, Hupp TR, Kote S. Emergent Role of IFITM1/3 towards Splicing Factor (SRSF1) and Antigen-Presenting Molecule (HLA-B) in Cervical Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1090. [PMID: 36008984 PMCID: PMC9405601 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The IFITM restriction factors play a role in cancer cell progression through undefined mechanisms. We investigate new protein-protein interactions for IFITM1/3 in the context of cancer that would shed some light on how IFITM1/3 attenuate the expression of targeted proteins such as HLA-B. SBP-tagged IFITM1 protein was used to identify an association of IFITM1 protein with the SRSF1 splicing factor and transporter of mRNA to the ribosome. Using in situ proximity ligation assays, we confirmed a predominant cytosolic protein-protein association for SRSF1 and IFITM1/3. Accordingly, IFITM1/3 interacted with HLA-B mRNA in response to IFNγ stimulation using RNA-protein proximity ligation assays. In addition, RT-qPCR assays in IFITM1/IFITM3 null cells and wt-SiHa cells indicated that HLA-B gene expression at the mRNA level does not account for lowered HLA-B protein synthesis in response to IFNγ. Complementary, shotgun RNA sequencing did not show major transcript differences between IFITM1/IFITM3 null cells and wt-SiHa cells. Furthermore, ribosome profiling using sucrose gradient sedimentation identified a reduction in 80S ribosomal fraction an IFITM1/IFITM3 null cells compared to wild type. It was partially reverted by IFITM1/3 complementation. Our data link IFITM1/3 proteins to HLA-B mRNA and SRSF1 and, all together, our results begin to elucidate how IFITM1/3 catalyze the synthesis of target proteins. IFITMs are widely studied for their role in inhibiting viruses, and multiple studies have associated IFITMs with cancer progression. Our study has identified new proteins associated with IFITMs which support their role in mediating protein expression; a pivotal function that is highly relevant for viral infection and cancer progression. Our results suggest that IFITM1/3 affect the expression of targeted proteins; among them, we identified HLA-B. Changes in HLA-B expression could impact the presentation and recognition of oncogenic antigens on the cell surface by cytotoxic T cells and, ultimately, limit tumor cell eradication. In addition, the role of IFITMs in mediating protein abundance is relevant, as it has the potential for regulating the expression of viral and oncogenic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gómez-Herranz
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jakub Faktor
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marcos Yébenes Mayordomo
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Pilch
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marta Nekulova
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hernychova
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kathryn L. Ball
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ted R. Hupp
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sachin Kote
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
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7
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Detilleux D, Raynaud P, Pradet-Balade B, Helmlinger D. The TRRAP transcription cofactor represses interferon-stimulated genes in colorectal cancer cells. eLife 2022; 11:69705. [PMID: 35244540 PMCID: PMC8926402 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription is essential for cells to respond to signaling cues and involves factors with multiple distinct activities. One such factor, TRRAP, functions as part of two large complexes, SAGA and TIP60, which have crucial roles during transcription activation. Structurally, TRRAP belongs to the phosphoinositide 3 kinase-related kinases (PIKK) family but is the only member classified as a pseudokinase. Recent studies established that a dedicated HSP90 co-chaperone, the triple T (TTT) complex, is essential for PIKK stabilization and activity. Here, using endogenous auxin-inducible degron alleles, we show that the TTT subunit TELO2 promotes TRRAP assembly into SAGA and TIP60 in human colorectal cancer cells (CRCs). Transcriptomic analysis revealed that TELO2 contributes to TRRAP regulatory roles in CRC cells, most notably of MYC target genes. Surprisingly, TELO2 and TRRAP depletion also induced the expression of type I interferon genes. Using a combination of nascent RNA, antibody-targeted chromatin profiling (CUT&RUN), ChIP, and kinetic analyses, we propose a model by which TRRAP directly represses the transcription of IRF9, which encodes a master regulator of interferon-stimulated genes. We have therefore uncovered an unexpected transcriptional repressor role for TRRAP, which we propose contributes to its tumorigenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peggy Raynaud
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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8
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Wang D, Fu Z, Gao L, Zeng J, Xiang Y, Zhou L, Tong X, Wang XQ, Lu J. Increased IRF9-STAT2 signaling leads to adaptive resistance toward targeted therapy in melanoma by restraining GSDME-dependent pyroptosis. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2476-2487.e9. [PMID: 35148998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the leading cause of cutaneous malignancy death. BRAF inhibitors (BRAFis) have been developed as target therapies because nearly half of melanoma patients have activating mutations in the BRAF oncogene. However, the fast-developed resistance of BRAFis limits its treatment efficacy. Understanding the molecular mechanism of resistance is vital to increase the success of clinical treatment. We searched three datasets (GSE42872, GSE52882, and GSE106321) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), which analyzed the mRNA expression profile in melanoma cells under BRAFis treatment, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Among all the DEGs, increased expression of IRF9 and STAT2 was distinguished and verified to be upregulated in BRAFis-treated melanoma cells. Furthermore, IRF9 or STAT2 overexpression led to less sensitivity, while IRF9 or STAT2 knockdown increased sensitivity to BRAFis treatment. In a subcutaneous xenograft tumor model, we demonstrated that IRF9 or STAT2 overexpression slowed BRAFis-induced tumor shrank, but IRF9 or STAT2 knockdown led to BRAFis-induced tumor shrank more quickly. More interestingly, we discovered that IRF9-STAT2 signaling controlled GSDME-dependent pyroptosis by restoring GSDME transcription. These results suggest that targeting IRF9/STAT2 may lead to more promising effective treatments to prevent melanoma resistance to BRAFis by inducing pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China
| | - Zhibing Fu
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China
| | - Lihua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China
| | - Jinrong Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China
| | - Yaping Xiang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoliang Tong
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jianyun Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China.
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9
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Interferon Regulatory Factor 9 Promotes Lung Cancer Progression via Regulation of Versican. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020208. [PMID: 33430083 PMCID: PMC7827113 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, accounting for more than 1.6 million deaths per year. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has been shown to play a crucial role in tumor progression and metastasis, and transcription factors link TME signaling to oncogenesis. Type I interferons (IFNs) are strong immune modulators that possess antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties. In this study, we investigated the role of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) in the IFN pathway in lung cancer. We performed in vitro and in vivo experiments to reveal the oncogenic properties of IRF9, which was highly upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma. For the first time, we showed that IRF9 binds to the promoter of the known oncogene versican, regulates its expression, and thereby promotes oncogenic activity. Abstract Transcription factors can serve as links between tumor microenvironment signaling and oncogenesis. Interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) is recruited and expressed upon interferon stimulation and is dependent on cofactors that exert in tumor-suppressing or oncogenic functions via the JAK-STAT pathway. IRF9 is frequently overexpressed in human lung cancer and is associated with decreased patient survival; however, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Here, we used stably transduced lung adenocarcinoma cell lines (A549 and A427) to overexpress or knockdown IRF9. Overexpression led to increased oncogenic behavior in vitro, including enhanced proliferation and migration, whereas knockdown reduced these effects. These findings were confirmed in vivo using lung tumor xenografts in nude mice, and effects on both tumor growth and tumor mass were observed. Using RNA sequencing, we identified versican (VCAN) as a novel downstream target of IRF9. Indeed, IRF9 and VCAN expression levels were found to be correlated. We showed for the first time that IRF9 binds at a newly identified response element in the promoter region of VCAN to regulate its transcription. Using an siRNA approach, VCAN was found to enable the oncogenic properties (proliferation and migration) of IRF9 transduced cells, perhaps with CDKN1A involvement. The targeted inhibition of IRF9 in lung cancer could therefore be used as a new treatment option without multimodal interference in microenvironment JAK-STAT signaling.
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Xue BH, Liu Y, Chen H, Sun Y, Yu WL. A novel function of IRF9 in acute pancreatitis by modulating cell apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and suppressing SIRT1-p53. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 472:125-134. [PMID: 32577948 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03791-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease caused by the abnormal activation of pancreatic enzymes in the pancreas, with a considerably high morbidity and mortality. However, the etiological factor and pathogenesis of AP are still unclear. This study was aimed to explore the role and mechanism of interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) in the occurrence of AP and to provide experimental and theoretical foundation for AP diagnosis and treatment. AP model in vitro was established by caerulein-induced group. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was designed and constructed to silence IRF9 gene. After siRNA transfected and caerulein treated successfully, the expression levels of IRF9, SIRT1, and acetylated p53 (Ac-p53) were determined by qRT-PCR and Western blot. The apoptosis, proliferation, and migration of AR42J cells were checked by flow cytometry, MTT, and transwell assay. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was implemented to validate the regulatory effect of IRF9 on SIRT1. Here, our study showed that the expression of IRF9 and Ac-p53 was increased, SIRT1 was decreased, and cell apoptosis, proliferation, and migration of AR42J cells were increased after caerulein induced. IRF9 gene silencing upregulated SIRT1, downregulated Ac-p53, and inhibited cell apoptosis, proliferation, and migration. Dual-Luciferase reporter assay showed that IRF9 could negatively regulate SIRT1. The potential mechanism was that IRF9 could modulate cell apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and bind the promoter of SIRT1 to repress SIRT1-p53. It hinted that IRF9 showed a novel function in AP by modulating cell apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and suppressing SIRT1-p53. IRF9 might be a good potential treatment target for AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Hua Xue
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Hu Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Wei-Li Yu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
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11
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Gandalovičová A, Šůchová AM, Čermák V, Merta L, Rösel D, Brábek J. Sustained Inflammatory Signalling through Stat1/Stat2/IRF9 Is Associated with Amoeboid Phenotype of Melanoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092450. [PMID: 32872349 PMCID: PMC7564052 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Treatment of metastatic cancer is complicated by the ability of cancer cells to utilize various invasion modes when spreading through the body. Here, we studied the transition of melanoma cells between the round, amoeboid and elongated, mesenchymal invasion modes. Our results show that inflammatory signalling, which is commonly upregulated in the tumour microenvironment, is associated with the amoeboid phenotype of cancer cells. Treatment of melanoma cells with interferon beta promotes the amoeboid invasion modes and individual invasion. This suggests that inflammation associated signalling contributes to cancer cell invasion plasticity. Abstract The invasive behaviour of cancer cells underlies metastatic dissemination; however, due to the large plasticity of invasion modes, it is challenging to target. It is now widely accepted that various secreted cytokines modulate the tumour microenvironment and pro-inflammatory signalling can promote tumour progression. Here, we report that cells after mesenchymal–amoeboid transition show the increased expression of genes associated with the type I interferon response. Moreover, the sustained activation of type I interferon signalling in response to IFNβ mediated by the Stat1/Stat2/IRF9 complex enhances the round amoeboid phenotype in melanoma cells, whereas its downregulation by various approaches promotes the mesenchymal invasive phenotype. Overall, we demonstrate that interferon signalling is associated with the amoeboid phenotype of cancer cells and suggest a novel role of IFNβ in promoting cancer invasion plasticity, aside from its known role as a tumour suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Gandalovičová
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.G.); (A.-M.Š.); (V.Č.); (L.M.); (D.R.)
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), 25242 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Anna-Marie Šůchová
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.G.); (A.-M.Š.); (V.Č.); (L.M.); (D.R.)
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), 25242 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Čermák
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.G.); (A.-M.Š.); (V.Č.); (L.M.); (D.R.)
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), 25242 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Merta
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.G.); (A.-M.Š.); (V.Č.); (L.M.); (D.R.)
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), 25242 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Rösel
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.G.); (A.-M.Š.); (V.Č.); (L.M.); (D.R.)
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), 25242 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.G.); (A.-M.Š.); (V.Č.); (L.M.); (D.R.)
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), 25242 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: or
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STAT3 is activated in multicellular spheroids of colon carcinoma cells and mediates expression of IRF9 and interferon stimulated genes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:536. [PMID: 30679726 PMCID: PMC6345781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell cultures, such as multicellular spheroids (MCS), reflect the in vivo architecture of solid tumours and multicellular drug resistance. We previously identified interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) to be responsible for the up-regulation of a subset of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) in MCS of colon carcinoma cells. This set of ISGs closely resembled a previously identified IFN-related DNA-damage resistance signature (IRDS) that was correlated to resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. In this study we found that transcription factor STAT3 is activated upstream of IRF9 and binds to the IRF9 promoter in MCS of HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cells. Transferring conditioned media (CM) from high cell density conditions to non-confluent cells resulted in STAT3 activation and increased expression of IRF9 and a panel of IRDS genes, also observed in MCS, suggesting the involvement of a soluble factor. Furthermore, we identified gp130/JAK signalling to be responsible for STAT3 activation, IRF9, and IRDS gene expression in MCS and by CM. Our data suggests a novel mechanism where STAT3 is activated in high cell density conditions resulting in increased expression of IRF9 and, in turn, IRDS genes, underlining a mechanism by which drug resistance is regulated.
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13
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Targeting autophagy by small molecule inhibitors of vacuolar protein sorting 34 (Vps34) improves the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to Sunitinib. Cancer Lett 2018; 435:32-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Pellegrini P, Serviss JT, Lundbäck T, Bancaro N, Mazurkiewicz M, Kolosenko I, Yu D, Haraldsson M, D'Arcy P, Linder S, De Milito A. A drug screening assay on cancer cells chronically adapted to acidosis. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:147. [PMID: 30263014 PMCID: PMC6156858 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0645-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drug screening for the identification of compounds with anticancer activity is commonly performed using cell lines cultured under normal oxygen pressure and physiological pH. However, solid tumors are characterized by a microenvironment with limited access to nutrients, reduced oxygen supply and acidosis. Tumor hypoxia and acidosis have been identified as important drivers of malignant progression and contribute to multicellular resistance to different forms of therapy. Tumor acidosis represents an important mechanism mediating drug resistance thus the identification of drugs active on acid-adapted cells may improve the efficacy of cancer therapy. Methods Here, we characterized human colon carcinoma cells (HCT116) chronically adapted to grow at pH 6.8 and used them to screen the Prestwick drug library for cytotoxic compounds. Analysis of gene expression profiles in parental and low pH-adapted cells showed several differences relating to cell cycle, metabolism and autophagy. Results The screen led to the identification of several compounds which were further selected for their preferential cytotoxicity towards acid-adapted cells. Amongst 11 confirmed hits, we primarily focused our investigation on the benzoporphyrin derivative Verteporfin (VP). VP significantly reduced viability in low pH-adapted HCT116 cells as compared to parental HCT116 cells and normal immortalized epithelial cells. The cytotoxic activity of VP was enhanced by light activation and acidic pH culture conditions, likely via increased acid-dependent drug uptake. VP displayed the unique property to cause light-dependent cross-linking of proteins and resulted in accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins without inducing inhibition of the proteasome. Conclusions Our study provides an example and a tool to identify anticancer drugs targeting acid-adapted cancer cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-018-0645-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pellegrini
- 1Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:00, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jason T Serviss
- 1Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:00, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- 2Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden.,4Present Address: Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nicolo Bancaro
- 1Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:00, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Mazurkiewicz
- 1Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:00, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iryna Kolosenko
- 1Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:00, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Di Yu
- 1Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:00, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Haraldsson
- 2Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Padraig D'Arcy
- 3Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Stig Linder
- 3Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Angelo De Milito
- 1Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:00, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Paul A, Tang TH, Ng SK. Interferon Regulatory Factor 9 Structure and Regulation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1831. [PMID: 30147694 PMCID: PMC6095977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) is an integral transcription factor in mediating the type I interferon antiviral response, as part of the interferon-stimulated gene factor 3. However, the role of IRF9 in many important non-communicable diseases has just begun to emerge. The duality of IRF9’s role in conferring protection but at the same time exacerbates diseases is certainly puzzling. The regulation of IRF9 during these conditions is not well understood. The high homology of IRF9 DNA-binding domain to other IRFs, as well as the recently resolved IRF9 IRF-associated domain structure can provide the necessary insights for progressive inroads on understanding the regulatory mechanism of IRF9. This review sought to outline the structural basis of IRF9 that guides its regulation and interaction in antiviral immunity and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Paul
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Thean Hock Tang
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siew Kit Ng
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Abstract
We describe unexpected cooperation between two cytokines that are important in regulating the growth of cancers, namely, type I interferons (IFNs) and interleukin 6 (IL6). It is well established that IL6 is vital for the ability of many tumor types to prosper, and the work in the current paper reveals that the signaling pathway driven by IFN, which is also evident in many cancers, increases the expression of IL6 through a direct effect on the IL6 gene. The findings may help to identify new antitumor targets for therapy. In response to IFNβ, the IL6 gene is activated, modestly at early times by ISGF3 (IRF9 plus tyrosine-phosphorylated STATs 1 and 2), and strongly at late times by U-ISGF3 (IRF9 plus U-STATs 1 and 2, lacking tyrosine phosphorylation). A classical IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) at −1,513 to −1,526 in the human IL6 promoter is required. Pretreating cells with IFNβ or increasing the expression of U-STAT2 and IRF9 exogenously greatly enhances IL6 expression in response to the classical NF-κB activators IL1, TNF, and LPS. U-STAT2 binds tightly to IRF9, the DNA binding subunit of ISGF3, and also to the p65 subunit of NF-κB. Therefore, as shown by ChIP analyses, U-STAT2 can bridge the ISRE and κB elements in the IL6 promoter. In some cancer cells, the protumorigenic activation of STAT3 will be enhanced by the increased synthesis of IL6 that is facilitated by high expression of U-STAT2 and IRF9.
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Pitroda SP, Stack ME, Liu GF, Song SS, Chen L, Liang H, Parekh AD, Huang X, Roach P, Posner MC, Weichselbaum RR, Khodarev NN. JAK2 Inhibitor SAR302503 Abrogates PD-L1 Expression and Targets Therapy-Resistant Non–small Cell Lung Cancers. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:732-739. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Kolosenko I, Yu Y, Busker S, Dyczynski M, Liu J, Haraldsson M, Palm Apergi C, Helleday T, Tamm KP, Page BDG, Grander D. Identification of novel small molecules that inhibit STAT3-dependent transcription and function. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28636670 PMCID: PMC5479526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) has been linked to several processes that are critical for oncogenic transformation, cancer progression, cancer cell proliferation, survival, drug resistance and metastasis. Inhibition of STAT3 signaling has shown a striking ability to inhibit cancer cell growth and therefore, STAT3 has become a promising target for anti-cancer drug development. The aim of this study was to identify novel inhibitors of STAT-dependent gene transcription. A cellular reporter-based system for monitoring STAT3 transcriptional activity was developed which was suitable for high-throughput screening (Z’ = 0,8). This system was used to screen a library of 28,000 compounds (the ENAMINE Drug-Like Diversity Set). Following counter-screenings and toxicity studies, we identified four hit compounds that were subjected to detailed biological characterization. Of the four hits, KI16 stood out as the most promising compound, inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation and transcriptional activity in response to IL6 stimulation. In silico docking studies showed that KI16 had favorable interactions with the STAT3 SH2 domain, however, no inhibitory activity could be observed in the STAT3 fluorescence polarization assay. KI16 inhibited cell viability preferentially in STAT3-dependent cell lines. Taken together, using a targeted, cell-based approach, novel inhibitors of STAT-driven transcriptional activity were discovered which are interesting leads to pursue further for the development of anti-cancer therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Kolosenko
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (IK); (DG)
| | - Yasmin Yu
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sander Busker
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matheus Dyczynski
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jianping Liu
- Karolinska High-Throughput Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Functional Genomics, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Haraldsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Palm Apergi
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katja Pokrovskaja Tamm
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brent D. G. Page
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dan Grander
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (IK); (DG)
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Kotredes KP, Thomas B, Gamero AM. The Protective Role of Type I Interferons in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Front Immunol 2017; 8:410. [PMID: 28428788 PMCID: PMC5382159 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract manages the significant task of recognizing and eliminating pathogens while maintaining tolerance of commensal bacteria. Dysregulation of this delicate balance can be detrimental, resulting in severe inflammation, intestinal injury, and cancer. Therefore, mechanisms to relay important signals regulating cell growth and immune reactivity must be in place to support GI homeostasis. Type I interferons (IFN-I) are a family of pleiotropic cytokines, which exert a wide range of biological effects including promotion of both pro- and anti-inflammatory activities. Using animal models of colitis, investigations into the regulation of intestinal epithelium inflammation highlight the role of IFN-I signaling during fine modulation of the immune system. The intestinal epithelium of the gut guides the immune system to differentiate between commensal and pathogenic microbiota, which relies on intimate links with the IFN-I signal-transduction pathway. The current paradigm depicts an IFN-I-induced antiproliferative state in the intestinal epithelium enabling cell differentiation, cell maturation, and proper intestinal barrier function, strongly supporting its role in maintaining baseline immune activity and clearance of damaged epithelia or pathogens. In this review, we will highlight the importance of IFN-I in intestinal homeostasis by discussing its function in inflammation, immunity, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Kotredes
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brianna Thomas
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ana M Gamero
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Andersen AP, Flinck M, Oernbo EK, Pedersen NB, Viuff BM, Pedersen SF. Roles of acid-extruding ion transporters in regulation of breast cancer cell growth in a 3-dimensional microenvironment. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:45. [PMID: 27266704 PMCID: PMC4896021 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The 3-dimensional (3D) microenvironment of breast carcinomas is characterized by profoundly altered pH homeostasis, reflecting increased metabolic acid production and a confined extracellular space characterized by poor diffusion, yet the relative contributions of specific pH-regulatory transporters to 3D growth are poorly understood. The aim of this work was to determine how 3D spheroid growth of breast cancer cells impacts the expression and spatial organization of major acid extruding proteins, and how these proteins in turn are required for spheroid growth. Methods MCF-7 (Luminal-A) and MDA-MB-231 (Triple-negative) human breast cancer cells were grown as ~700-950 μm diameter spheroids, which were subjected to Western blotting for relevant transporters (2- and 3D growth), quantitative immunohistochemical analysis, and spheroid growth assays. Individual transporter contributions were assessed (i) pharmacologically, (ii) by stable shRNA- and transient siRNA-mediated knockdown, and (iii) by CRISPR/Cas9 knockout. Results In MCF-7 spheroids, expression of the lactate-H+ cotransporter MCT1 (SLC16A1) increased from the spheroid periphery to its core, the Na+,HCO3− cotransporter NBCn1 (SLC4A7) was most highly expressed at the periphery, and the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE1 (SLC9A1) and MCT4 (SLC16A3) were evenly distributed. A similar pattern was seen in MDA-MB-231 spheroids, except that these cells do not express MCT1. The relative total expression of NBCn1 and NHE1 was decreased in 3D compared to 2D, while that of MCT1 and MCT4 was unaltered. Inhibition of MCT1 (AR-C155858) attenuated MCF-7 spheroid growth and this was exacerbated by addition of S0859, an inhibitor of Na+,HCO3− cotransporters and MCTs. The pharmacological data was recapitulated by stable knockdown of MCT1 or NBCn1, whereas knockdown of MCT4 had no effect. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of NHE1, but neither partial NHE1 knockdown nor the NHE1 inhibitor cariporide, inhibited MCF-7 spheroid growth. In contrast, growth of MDA-MB-231 spheroids was inhibited by stable or transient NHE1 knockdown and by NHE1 knockout, but not by knockdown of NBCn1 or MCT4. Conclusions This work demonstrates the distinct expression and localization patterns of four major acid-extruding transporters in 3D spheroids of human breast cancer cells and reveals that 3D growth is dependent on these transporters in a cell type-dependent manner, with potentially important implications for breast cancer therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-016-0528-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Poder Andersen
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Flinck
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Kjer Oernbo
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nis Borbye Pedersen
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Martine Viuff
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Molecular Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Falsig Pedersen
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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He J, Liang X, Luo F, Chen X, Xu X, Wang F, Zhang Z. P53 Is Involved in a Three-Dimensional Architecture-Mediated Decrease in Chemosensitivity in Colon Cancer. J Cancer 2016; 7:900-9. [PMID: 27313779 PMCID: PMC4910581 DOI: 10.7150/jca.14506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culture models represent a better approximation of solid tumor tissue architecture, especially cell adhesion, in vivo than two-dimensional (2D) cultures do. Here, we explored the role of architecture in chemosensitivity to platinum in colon cancer. Under the 3D culture condition, colon cancer cells formed multicellular spheroids, consisting of layers of cells. 3D cultures displayed significantly decreased sensitivity to platinum compared with 2D cultures. Platinum increased p53 in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. There was no detectable difference in basal p53 levels between 3D cultures and 2D cultures but cisplatin induced less p53 in both HCT116 3D cultures and LoVo 3D cultures. It was not due to cisplatin concentration because cisplatin induced similar γ-H2AX in 3D vs 2D. Knockdown of p53 significantly decreased sensitivity to platinum in 3D cultures. Knockdown of p53 decreased cleaved caspase 3 and apoptosis induced by cisplatin. These findings indicate that 3D architecture confers decreased chemosensitivity to platinum and p53 is involved in the mechanism. Knockdown of p53 decreased cisplatin's induction of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) activation, whereas inhibition of JNK1/2 activation increased chemosensitivity. Inhibition of p38 activation decreased cisplatin's induction of p53, but no difference in p38 activation by cisplatin was observed between 2D cultures and 3D cultures. Taken together, our results suggest that p53 is involved in a 3D architecture-mediated decrease in chemosensitivity to platinum in colon cancer. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (JNK1/2 and p38) do not play a dominant role in the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming He
- 1. Department Of Oncology And Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Xi Liang
- 1. Department Of Oncology And Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China;; 2. Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042 China
| | - Fen Luo
- 2. Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042 China
| | - Xuedan Chen
- 3. Department Of Medical Genetics, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Xueqing Xu
- 2. Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042 China
| | - Fengchao Wang
- 4. Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Zhenping Zhang
- 5. Department Of Oncology, First Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050011 China
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The unique role of STAT2 in constitutive and IFN-induced transcription and antiviral responses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 29:71-81. [PMID: 27053489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the canonical pathway of IFN-I-mediated signaling, phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2 leads to heterodimerization and interaction with IRF9. This complex, also known as IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3), then translocates into the nucleus and binds the IFN-I-stimulated response element (ISRE) leading to the activation of transcription of over 300 interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). In addition, STAT1 homodimers [known as γ-activated factor (GAF)] are formed and translocate to the nucleus, where they target genes containing the γ-activated sequence (GAS). The primary function of ISGF3 is to mediate a rapid and robust IFN-I activated response by regulating transient transcription of antiviral ISGs. This requires the quick assembly of ISGF3 from its pre-existing components STAT1, STAT2 and IRF9 and transport to the nucleus to bind ISRE-containing ISGs. The exact events that take place in formation, nuclear translocation and DNA-binding of active ISGF3 are still not clear. Over the years many studies have provided evidence for the existence of a multitude of alternative STAT2-containing (ISRE or GAS-binding) complexes involved in IFN-I signaling, emphasizing the importance of STAT2 in the regulation of specific IFN-I-induced transcriptional programs, independent of its involvement in the classical ISGF3 complex. This review describes the unique role of STAT2 in differential complex formation of unphosphorylated and phosphorylated ISGF3 components that direct constitutive and IFN-I-stimulated transcriptional responses. In addition, we highlight the existence of a STAT1-independent IFN-I signaling pathway, where STAT2/IRF9 can potentially substitute for the role of ISGF3 and offer a back-up response against viral infection.
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Targeting Mitochondrial Function to Treat Quiescent Tumor Cells in Solid Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:27313-26. [PMID: 26580606 PMCID: PMC4661878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The disorganized nature of tumor vasculature results in the generation of microenvironments characterized by nutrient starvation, hypoxia and accumulation of acidic metabolites. Tumor cell populations in such areas are often slowly proliferating and thus refractory to chemotherapeutical drugs that are dependent on an active cell cycle. There is an urgent need for alternative therapeutic interventions that circumvent growth dependency. The screening of drug libraries using multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) or glucose-starved tumor cells has led to the identification of several compounds with promising therapeutic potential and that display activity on quiescent tumor cells. Interestingly, a common theme of these drug screens is the recurrent identification of agents that affect mitochondrial function. Such data suggest that, contrary to the classical Warburg view, tumor cells in nutritionally-compromised microenvironments are dependent on mitochondrial function for energy metabolism and survival. These findings suggest that mitochondria may represent an “Achilles heel” for the survival of slowly-proliferating tumor cells and suggest strategies for the development of therapy to target these cell populations.
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Liang X, Xu X, Wang F, Li N, He J. E-cadherin increasing multidrug resistance protein 1 via hypoxia-inducible factor-1α contributes to multicellular resistance in colorectal cancer. Tumour Biol 2015. [PMID: 26219897 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3811-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When cancer cells have been cultured as three-dimensional (3D) cultures or in vivo, they decrease sensitivity to anticancer drugs. This is called multicellular resistance, and the mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we report that E-cadherin increasing multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) via hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) contributes to multicellular resistance in colorectal cancer. The MDR1 protein level was higher in 3D cultures than in monolayer cells. When dispersed cells from 3D cultures were grown as monolayer cells again, the MDR1 protein level decreased to the similar level of cells maintained as monolayer all through. Knockdown of MDR1 significantly decreased multicellular resistance. Knockdown of E-cadherin decreased MDR1 in 3D cultures but did not detectably change MDR1 in monolayer cells. E-cadherin was expressed uniformly in 3D cultures while the MDR1 protein level was higher in the center of 3D cultures than in the peripheral part. Knockdown of E-cadherin decreased E-cadherin uniformly in 3D cultures but mainly decreased MDR1 at the center of 3D cultures. These suggest that knockdown of E-cadherin decreasing MDR1 may be by an indirect mechanism. HIF-1α was remarkably increased in 3D cultures. Knockdown of E-cadherin decreased intercellular junctions, increased intercellular space, and decreased HIF-1α in 3D cultures. Knockdown of HIF-1α decreased MDR1 in 3D cultures. Knockdown of E-cadherin increased β-catenin uniformly in 3D cultures, and knockdown of β-catenin decreased MDR1 what was opposite to knockdown of E-cadherin decreasing MDR1. Our data reveal that knockdown of E-cadherin decreasing MDR1 via HIF-1α is involved in the mechanism of multicellular resistance in colorectal cancer. Though β-catenin is also involved in the mechanism, it does not play a dominant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liang
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xueqing Xu
- Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Fengchao Wang
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ni Li
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jianming He
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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