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Li C. Deer antler renewal gives insights into mammalian epimorphic regeneration. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 12:26. [PMID: 37490254 PMCID: PMC10368610 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-023-00169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Deer antlers are the only known mammalian organ that, once lost, can fully grow back naturally. Hence, the antler offers a unique opportunity to learn how nature has solved the problem of mammalian epimorphic regeneration (EpR). Comprehensive comparisons amongst different types of EpR reveal that antler renewal is fundamentally different from that in lower vertebrates such as regeneration of the newt limb. Surprisingly, antler renewal is comparable to wound healing over a stump of regeneration-incompetent digit/limb, bone fracture repair, and to a lesser extent to digit tip regeneration in mammals. Common to all these mammalian cases of reaction to the amputation/mechanical trauma is the response of the periosteal cells at the distal end/injury site with formation of a circumferential cartilaginous callus (CCC). Interestingly, whether the CCC can proceed to the next stage to transform to a blastema fully depends on the presence of an interactive partner. The actual form of the partner can vary in different cases with the nail organ in digit tip EpR, the opposing callus in bone fracture repair, and the closely associated enveloping skin in antler regeneration. Due to absence of such an interactive partner, the CCC of a mouse/rat digit/limb stump becomes involuted gradually. Based on these discoveries, we created an interactive partner for the rat digit/limb stump through surgically removal of the interposing layers of loose connective tissue and muscle between the resultant CCC and the enveloping skin after amputation and by forcefully bonding two tissue types tightly together. In so doing partial regeneration of the limb stump occurred. In summary, if EpR in humans is to be realized, then I envisage that it would be more likely in a manner akin to antler regeneration rather to that of lower vertebrates such as newt limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyi Li
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, 130600, China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Deer Antler Biology, Changchun, 130600, China.
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130000, China.
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2
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Ketcham PD, Imholt F, Yan M, Smith HM, Asrar S, Yu L, Dolan CP, Qureshi O, Lin YL, Xia I, Hall PC, Falck AR, Sherman KM, Gaddy D, Suva LJ, Muneoka K, Brunauer R, Dawson LA. Microcomputed tomography staging of bone histolysis in the regenerating mouse digit. Wound Repair Regen 2023; 31:17-27. [PMID: 36177656 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Humans and mice have the ability to regenerate the distal digit tip, the terminal phalanx (P3) in response to amputation. What distinguishes P3 regeneration from regenerative failure is formation of the blastema, a proliferative structure that undergoes morphogenesis to regenerate the amputated tissues. P3 regeneration is characterised by the phases of inflammation, tissue histolysis and expansive bone degradation with simultaneous blastema formation, wound closure and finally blastemal differentiation to restore the amputated structures. While each regenerating digit faithfully progresses through all phases of regeneration, phase progression has traditionally been delineated by time, that is, days postamputation (DPA), yet there is widespread variability in the timing of the individual phases. To diminish variability between digits during tissue histolysis and blastema formation, we have established an in-vivo method using microcomputed tomography (micro CT) scanning to identify five distinct stages of the early regeneration response based on anatomical changes of the digit stump. We report that categorising the initial phases of digit regeneration by stage rather than time greatly diminishes the variability between digits with respect to changes in bone volume and length. Also, stages correlate with the levels of cell proliferation, osteoclast recruitment and osteoprogenitor cell recruitment. Importantly, micro CT staging provides a means to estimate open versus closed digit wounds. We demonstrate two spatially distinct and stage specific bone repair/regeneration responses that occur during P3 regeneration. Collectively, these studies showcase the utility of micro CT imaging to infer the composition of radiolucent soft tissues during P3 blastema formation. Specifically, the staging system identifies the onset of cell proliferation, osteoclastogenesis, osteoprogenitor recruitment, the spatial initiation of de novo bone formation and epidermal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina D Ketcham
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Felisha Imholt
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Mingquan Yan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Hannah M Smith
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Shabistan Asrar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Connor P Dolan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.,DoD-VA Extremity Trauma and Amputation Centre of Excellence, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and Walter Reed National Military Medical Centre, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Osama Qureshi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Yu-Lieh Lin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ian Xia
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Patrick C Hall
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Alyssa R Falck
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Kirby M Sherman
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Dana Gaddy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Larry J Suva
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Regina Brunauer
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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3
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Hoffseth KF, Busse E, Lacey M, Sammarco MC. Evaluating differences in Young's Modulus of regenerated and uninjured mouse digit bone through microCT density-based calculation and nanoindentation testing. J Biomech 2022; 143:111271. [PMID: 36095912 PMCID: PMC9947921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The mouse digit tip amputation model is an excellent model of bone regeneration, but its size and shape present an obstacle for biomechanical testing. As a result, assessing the structural quality of the regenerated bone in this model has focused on mineral density and bone architecture analysis. Here we describe an image-processing based method for assessment of mechanical properties in the regenerated digit by using micro-computed tomography mineral density data to calculate spatially discrete Young's modulus values throughout the entire distal third phalange. Further, we validate this method through comparison to nanoindentation-measured values for Young's modulus. Application to a set of regenerated and unamputated digits shows that regenerated bone has a lower Young's modulus compared to the uninjured digit, with a similar trend for experimental hardness values. Importantly, this method heightens the utility of the digit regeneration model, allows for more impactful treatment evaluation using the model, and introduces an analysis platform that can be used for other bones that do not conform to a standard long-bone model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin F. Hoffseth
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, 149 E.B. Doran Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA,Corresponding authors. (K.F. Hoffseth), (M.C. Sammarco)
| | - Emily Busse
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Michelle Lacey
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Mimi C. Sammarco
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA,Corresponding authors. (K.F. Hoffseth), (M.C. Sammarco)
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4
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Zhang W, Rau S, Kotzagiorgis K, Rothweiler R, Nahles S, Gottwald E, Rolauffs B, Steinberg T, Nelson K, Altmann B. A matter of origin - identification of SEMA3A, BGLAP, SPP1 and PHEX as distinctive molecular features between bone site-specific human osteoblasts on transcription level. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:918866. [PMID: 36246375 PMCID: PMC9554416 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.918866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In oral and maxillofacial bone reconstruction, autografts from the iliac crest represent the gold standard due to their superior clinical performance, compared to autografts derived from other extraoral regions. Thus, the aim of our study was to identify putative differences between osteoblasts derived from alveolar (hOB-A) and iliac crest (hOB-IC) bone of the same donor (nine donors) by means of their molecular properties in 2D and 3D culture. We thereby focused on the gene expression of biomarkers involved in osteogenic differentiation, matrix formation and osteoclast modulation. Furthermore, we examined the transcriptional response to Vit.D3 in hOB-A and hOB-IC. Our results revealed different modulation modes of the biomarker expression in osteoblasts, namely cell origin/bone entity-dependent, and culture configuration- and/or time-dependent modulations. SEMA3A, SPP1, BGLAP and PHEX demonstrated the strongest dependence on cell origin. With respect to Vit.D3-effects, BGLAP, SPP1 and ALPL displayed the highest Vit.D3-responsiveness. In this context we demonstrated that the transcriptional Vit.D3-response concerning SPP1 and ALPL in human osteoblasts depended on the cell origin. The results indicate a higher bone remodeling activity of iliac crest than alveolar osteoblasts and support the growing evidence that a high osteoclast activity at the host-/donor bone interface may support graft integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Zhang
- G.E.R.N Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Oral- and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sibylle Rau
- Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Kotzagiorgis
- G.E.R.N Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - René Rothweiler
- Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Nahles
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric Gottwald
- Group 3D Cell Culture Systems, Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- G.E.R.N Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Steinberg
- Department of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katja Nelson
- Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Altmann
- G.E.R.N Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Brigitte Altmann,
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5
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Tower RJ, Busse E, Jaramillo J, Lacey M, Hoffseth K, Guntur AR, Simkin J, Sammarco MC. Spatial transcriptomics reveals metabolic changes underly age-dependent declines in digit regeneration. eLife 2022; 11:71542. [PMID: 35616636 PMCID: PMC9135401 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo limb regeneration after amputation is restricted in mammals to the distal digit tip. Central to this regenerative process is the blastema, a heterogeneous population of lineage-restricted, dedifferentiated cells that ultimately orchestrates regeneration of the amputated bone and surrounding soft tissue. To investigate skeletal regeneration, we made use of spatial transcriptomics to characterize the transcriptional profile specifically within the blastema. Using this technique, we generated a gene signature with high specificity for the blastema in both our spatial data, as well as other previously published single-cell RNA-sequencing transcriptomic studies. To elucidate potential mechanisms distinguishing regenerative from non-regenerative healing, we applied spatial transcriptomics to an aging model. Consistent with other forms of repair, our digit amputation mouse model showed a significant impairment in regeneration in aged mice. Contrasting young and aged mice, spatial analysis revealed a metabolic shift in aged blastema associated with an increased bioenergetic requirement. This enhanced metabolic turnover was associated with increased hypoxia and angiogenic signaling, leading to excessive vascularization and altered regenerated bone architecture in aged mice. Administration of the metabolite oxaloacetate decreased the oxygen consumption rate of the aged blastema and increased WNT signaling, leading to enhanced in vivo bone regeneration. Thus, targeting cell metabolism may be a promising strategy to mitigate aging-induced declines in tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Tower
- Department of Orthopaedics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Emily Busse
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Josue Jaramillo
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Michelle Lacey
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States
| | - Kevin Hoffseth
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, United States
| | - Anyonya R Guntur
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, United States
| | - Jennifer Simkin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, United States
| | - Mimi C Sammarco
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
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6
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Dolan CP, Imholt F, Yan M, Yang TJ, Gregory J, Qureshi O, Zimmel K, Sherman KM, Smith HM, Falck A, Leininger E, Yu L, Brunauer R, Suva LJ, Gaddy D, Dawson LA, Muneoka K. Digit specific denervation does not inhibit mouse digit tip regeneration. Dev Biol 2022; 486:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Dolan CP, Imholt F, Yang TJ, Bokhari R, Gregory J, Yan M, Qureshi O, Zimmel K, Sherman KM, Falck A, Yu L, Leininger E, Brunauer R, Suva LJ, Gaddy D, Dawson LA, Muneoka K. Mouse Digit Tip Regeneration Is Mechanical Load Dependent. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:312-322. [PMID: 34783092 PMCID: PMC9400037 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Amputation of the mouse digit tip results in blastema-mediated regeneration. In this model, new bone regenerates de novo to lengthen the amputated stump bone, resulting in a functional replacement of the terminal phalangeal element along with associated non-skeletal tissues. Physiological examples of bone repair, such as distraction osteogenesis and fracture repair, are well known to require mechanical loading. However, the role of mechanical loading during mammalian digit tip regeneration is unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that reducing mechanical loading inhibits blastema formation by attenuating bone resorption and wound closure, resulting in the complete inhibition of digit regeneration. Mechanical unloading effects on wound healing and regeneration are completely reversible when mechanical loading is restored. Mechanical unloading after blastema formation results in a reduced rate of de novo bone formation, demonstrating mechanical load dependence of the bone regenerative response. Moreover, enhancing the wound-healing response of mechanically unloaded digits with the cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive Dermabond improves wound closure and partially rescues digit tip regeneration. Taken together, these results demonstrate that mammalian digit tip regeneration is mechanical load-dependent. Given that human fingertip regeneration shares many characteristics with the mouse digit tip, these results identify mechanical load as a previously unappreciated requirement for de novo bone regeneration in humans. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor P Dolan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,DoD-VA Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Felisha Imholt
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Tae-Jung Yang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Rihana Bokhari
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joshua Gregory
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mingquan Yan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Osama Qureshi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Katherine Zimmel
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kirby M Sherman
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Alyssa Falck
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Eric Leininger
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Regina Brunauer
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Larry J Suva
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Dana Gaddy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Johnson GL, Lehoczky JA. Mammalian Digit Tip Regeneration: Moving from Phenomenon to Molecular Mechanism. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a040857. [PMID: 34312249 PMCID: PMC8725625 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we present the current state of knowledge surrounding mammalian digit tip regeneration. We discuss the origin and formation of the blastema, a structure integral to digit tip regeneration, as well as recent insights driven by single-cell RNA sequencing into the molecular markers and cellular composition of the blastema. The digit tip is a composite of many different tissue types and we address what is known about the role of these separate tissues in regeneration of the whole digit tip. Specifically, we discuss the most extensively studied tissues in the digit tip: bone, nail epithelium, and peripheral nerves. We also address how known molecular pathways in limb development can inform research into digit tip regeneration. Overall, the mouse digit tip is an excellent model of complex mammalian regeneration that can provide insight into inducing regeneration in human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma L Johnson
- Department of Orthopedics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jessica A Lehoczky
- Department of Orthopedics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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9
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Hoffseth K, Busse E, Jaramillo J, Simkin J, Lacey M, Sammarco MC. Age-Dependent Changes in Bone Architecture, Patterning, and Biomechanics During Skeletal Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:749055. [PMID: 34722531 PMCID: PMC8548682 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.749055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse digit amputation provides a useful model of bone growth after injury, in that the injury promotes intramembranous bone formation in an adult animal. The digit tip is composed of skin, nerves, blood vessels, bones, and tendons, all of which regenerate after digit tip amputation, making it a powerful model for multi-tissue regeneration. Bone integrity relies upon a balanced remodeling between bone resorption and formation, which, when disrupted, results in changes to bone architecture and biomechanics, particularly during aging. In this study, we used recently developed techniques to evaluate bone patterning differences between young and aged regenerated bone. This analysis suggests that aged mice have altered trabecular spacing and patterning and increased mineral density of the regenerated bone. To further characterize the biomechanics of regenerated bone, we measured elasticity using a micro-computed tomography image-processing method combined with nanoindentation. This analysis suggests that the regenerated bone demonstrates decreased elasticity compared with the uninjured bone, but there is no significant difference in elasticity between aged and young regenerated bone. These data highlight distinct architectural and biomechanical differences in regenerated bone in both young and aged mice and provide a new analysis tool for the digit amputation model to aid in evaluating the outcomes for potential therapeutic treatments to promote regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Hoffseth
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Emily Busse
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Josue Jaramillo
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jennifer Simkin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Health Sciences Center, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Michelle Lacey
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Mimi C. Sammarco
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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10
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Brunauer R, Xia IG, Asrar SN, Dawson LA, Dolan CP, Muneoka K. Aging delays epimorphic regeneration in mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:1726-1733. [PMID: 33970250 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epimorphic regeneration is a multi-tissue regeneration process where amputation does not lead to scarring, but blastema formation and patterned morphogenesis for which cell plasticity and concerted cell-cell interactions are pivotal. Tissue regeneration declines with aging, yet if and how aging impairs epimorphic regeneration is unknown. Here we show for the first time that aging derails the spatiotemporal regulation of epimorphic regeneration in mammals, first, by exacerbating tissue histolysis and delaying wound closure, and second, by impairing blastema differentiation and skeletal regrowth. Surprisingly, aging did not limit stem cell availability in the blastema, but reduced osteoblast-dependent bone formation. Our data suggest that aging delays regeneration not by stem cell exhaustion, but functional defects of differentiated cells that may be driven by an aged wound environment and alterations in the spatiotemporal regulation of regeneration events. Our findings emphasize the importance of accurate timing of signaling events for regeneration, and highlight the need for carefully timed interventions in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Brunauer
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ian G Xia
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shabistan N Asrar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Connor P Dolan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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11
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Photosynthetic biomaterials: applications of photosynthesis in algae as oxygenerator in biomedical therapies. Biodes Manuf 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-021-00129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Hoffseth KF, Simkin J, Busse E, Stewart K, Watt J, Chapple A, Hargrove A, Sammarco MC. A new approach to analyzing regenerated bone quality in the mouse digit amputation model using semi-automatic processing of microCT data. Bone 2021; 144:115776. [PMID: 33276153 PMCID: PMC7906109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone regeneration is a critical area of research impacting treatment of diseases such as osteoporosis, age-related decline, and orthopaedic implants. A crucial question in bone regeneration is that of bone architectural quality, or how "good" is the regenerated bone tissue structurally? Current methods address typical long bone architecture, however there exists a need for improved ability to quantify structurally relevant parameters of bone in non-standard bone shapes. Here we present a new analysis approach based on open-source semi-automatic methods combining image processing, solid modeling, and numerical calculations to analyze bone tissue at a more granular level using μCT image data from a mouse digit model of bone regeneration. Examining interior architecture, growth patterning, spatial mineral content, and mineral density distribution, these methods are then applied to two types of 6-month old mouse digits - 1) those prior to amputation injury (unamputated) and 2) those 42 days after amputation when bone has regenerated. Results show regenerated digits exhibit increased inner void fraction, decreased patterning, different patterns of spatial mineral distribution, and increased mineral density values when compared to unamputated bone. Our approach demonstrates the utility of this new analysis technique in assessment of non-standard bone models, such as the regenerated bone of the digit, and aims to bring a deeper level of analysis with an open-source, integrative platform to the greater bone community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin F Hoffseth
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, 149 E.B. Doran Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Jennifer Simkin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, 533 Bolivar Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Emily Busse
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, 1400 Tulane Ave, DEPT 8622, New Orleans, LA. 70112, USA.
| | - Kennon Stewart
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, 1400 Tulane Ave, DEPT 8622, New Orleans, LA. 70112, USA.
| | - James Watt
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, 1400 Tulane Ave, DEPT 8622, New Orleans, LA. 70112, USA.
| | - Andrew Chapple
- Department of Biostatistics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, 533 Bolivar Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Aaron Hargrove
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, 149 E.B. Doran Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Mimi C Sammarco
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, 1400 Tulane Ave, DEPT 8622, New Orleans, LA. 70112, USA.
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13
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Busse E, Hickey C, Vasilakos N, Stewart K, O’Brien F, Rivera J, Marrero L, Lacey M, Schroll R, Van Meter K, Sammarco MC. Plasma flow distal to tourniquet placement provides a physiological mechanism for tissue salvage. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244236. [PMID: 33347516 PMCID: PMC7752148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Military literature has demonstrated the utility and safety of tourniquets in preventing mortality for some time, paving the way for increased use of tourniquets in civilian settings, including perioperatively to provide a bloodless surgical field. However, tourniquet use is not without risk and the subsequent effects of tissue ischemia can impede downstream rehabilitative efforts to regenerate and salvage nerve, muscle, tissue and bone in the limb. Limb ischemia studies in both the mouse and pig models have indicated not only that there is residual flow past the tourniquet by means of microcirculation, but also that recovery from tissue ischemia is dependent upon this microcirculation. Here we expand upon these previous studies using portable Near-Infrared Imaging to quantify residual plasma flow distal to the tourniquet in mice, pigs, and humans and leverage this flow to show that plasma can be supersaturated with oxygen to reduce intracellular hypoxia and promote tissue salvage following tourniquet placement. Our findings provide a mechanism of delivery for the application of oxygen, tissue preservation solutions, and anti-microbial agents prior to tourniquet release to improve postoperative recovery. In the current environment of increased tourniquet use, techniques which promote distal tissue preservation and limb salvage rates are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Busse
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Cheryl Hickey
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nicole Vasilakos
- Department of Physiology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Kennon Stewart
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Fred O’Brien
- Orthopaedic Surgery Service, Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center, Fort Gordon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jessica Rivera
- Department of Orthopedics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Luis Marrero
- Department of Orthopedics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Michelle Lacey
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Schroll
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Keith Van Meter
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mimi C. Sammarco
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Storer MA, Miller FD. Cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate mammalian digit tip regeneration. Open Biol 2020; 10:200194. [PMID: 32993414 PMCID: PMC7536070 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Digit tip regeneration is one of the few examples of true multi-tissue regeneration in an adult mammal. The key step in this process is the formation of the blastema, a transient proliferating cell mass that generates the different cell types of the digit to replicate the original structure. Failure to form the blastema results in a lack of regeneration and has been postulated to be the reason why mammalian limbs cannot regrow following amputation. Understanding how the blastema forms and functions will help us to determine what is required for mammalian regeneration to occur and will provide insights into potential therapies for mammalian tissue regeneration and repair. This review summarizes the cellular and molecular mechanisms that influence murine blastema formation and govern digit tip regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekayla A Storer
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Freda D Miller
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada M5G 1L7.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5G 1A8.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5G 1A8.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5G 1A8
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15
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Dawson LA, Schanes PP, Marrero L, Jordan K, Brunauer R, Zimmel KN, Qureshi O, Imholt FM, Falck AR, Yan M, Dolan CP, Yu L, Muneoka K. Proximal digit tip amputation initiates simultaneous blastema and transient fibrosis formation and results in partial regeneration. Wound Repair Regen 2020; 29:196-205. [PMID: 32815252 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Complete extremity regeneration in mammals is restricted to distal amputations of the digit tip, the terminal phalanx (P3). In mice, P3 regeneration is mediated via the formation of a blastema, a transient population of progenitor cells that form from the blending of periosteal and endosteal/marrow compartmentalized cells that undergo differentiation to restore the amputated structures. Compartmentalized blastema cells are formed independently, and periosteal compartment-derived cells are required for restoration of amputated skeletal length. P3 regenerative capacity is progressively attenuated at increasingly more proximal amputation levels, eventually resulting in regenerative failure. The continuum of regenerative capacity within the P3 wound milieu is a unique model to investigate mammalian blastema formation in response to distal amputation, as well as the healing response associated with regenerative failure at proximal amputation levels. We report that P3 proximal amputation healing, previously reported to result in regenerative failure, is not an example of complete regenerative failure, but instead is characterized by a limited bone regeneration response restricted to the endosteal/marrow compartment. The regeneration response is mediated by blastema formation within the endosteal/marrow compartment, and blastemal osteogenesis progresses through intramembranous ossification in a polarized proximal to distal sequence. Unlike bone regeneration following distal P3 amputation, osteogenesis within the periosteal compartment is not observed in response to proximal P3 amputation. We provide evidence that proximal P3 amputation initiates the formation of fibrotic tissue that isolates the endosteal/marrow compartment from the periosteal compartment and wound epidermis. While the fibrotic response is transient and later resolved, these studies demonstrate that blastema formation and fibrosis can occur in close proximity, with the regenerative response dominating the final outcome. Moreover, the results suggest that the attenuated proximal P3 regeneration response is associated with the absence of periosteal-compartment participation in blastema formation and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Paula P Schanes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Luis Marrero
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kathryn Jordan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Regina Brunauer
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Katherine N Zimmel
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Osama Qureshi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Felisha M Imholt
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Alyssa R Falck
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Mingquan Yan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Connor P Dolan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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16
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Muneoka K, Dawson LA. Evolution of epimorphosis in mammals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2020; 336:165-179. [PMID: 31951104 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian epimorphic regeneration is rare and digit tip regeneration in mice is the best-studied model for a multi-tissue regenerative event that involves blastema formation. Digit tip regeneration parallels human fingertip regeneration, thus understanding the details of this response can provide insight into developing strategies to expand the potential of human regeneration. Following amputation, the digit stump undergoes a strong histolytic response involving osteoclast-mediated bone degradation that is spatially and temporally linked to the expansion of blastema osteoprogenitor cells. Blastemal differentiation occurs via direct intramembranous ossification. Although robust, digit regeneration is imperfect: The amputated cortical bone is replaced with woven bone and there is excessive bone regeneration restricted to the dorsal-ventral axis. Ontogenetic and phylogenetic analysis of digit regeneration in amphibians and mammals raise the possibility that mammalian blastema is a product of convergent evolution and we hypothesize that digit tip regeneration evolved from a nonregenerative precondition. A model is proposed in which the mammalian blastema evolved in part from an adaptation of two bone repair strategies (the bone remodeling cycle and fracture healing) both of which are conserved across tetrapod vertebrates. The view that epimorphic regeneration evolved in mammals from a nonregenerative precondition is supported by recent studies demonstrating that complex regenerative responses can be induced from a number of different nonregenerative amputation wounds by specific modification of the healing response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Muneoka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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17
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Wong AY, Whited JL. Parallels between wound healing, epimorphic regeneration and solid tumors. Development 2020; 147:147/1/dev181636. [PMID: 31898582 DOI: 10.1242/dev.181636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Striking similarities between wound healing, epimorphic regeneration and the progression of solid tumors have been uncovered by recent studies. In this Review, we discuss systemic effects of tumorigenesis that are now being appreciated in epimorphic regeneration, including genetic, cellular and metabolic heterogeneity, changes in circulating factors, and the complex roles of immune cells and immune modulation at systemic and local levels. We suggest that certain mechanisms enabling regeneration may be co-opted by cancer to promote growth at primary and metastatic sites. Finally, we advocate that working with a unified approach could complement research in both fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Y Wong
- Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jessica L Whited
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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18
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Easterling MR, Engbrecht KM, Crespi EJ. Endocrine Regulation of Epimorphic Regeneration. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2969-2980. [PMID: 31593236 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies aiming to uncover primary mechanisms of regeneration have predominantly focused on genetic pathways regulating specific stages in the regeneration process: wound healing, blastema formation, and pattern formation. However, studies across organisms show that environmental conditions and the physiological state of the animal can affect the rate or quality of regeneration, and endocrine signals are likely the mediators of these effects. Endocrine signals acting directly on receptors expressed in the tissue or via neuroendocrine pathways can affect regeneration by regulating the immune response to injury, allocation of energetic resources, or by enhancing or inhibiting proliferation and differentiation pathways involved in regeneration. This review discusses the cumulative knowledge in the literature about endocrine regulation of regeneration and its importance in future research to advance biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta R Easterling
- School of Biological Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Kristin M Engbrecht
- School of Biological Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | - Erica J Crespi
- School of Biological Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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19
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Sirtuin 3 deficiency does not impede digit regeneration in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16491. [PMID: 31712596 PMCID: PMC6848098 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52921-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial deacetylase sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is thought to be one of the main contributors to metabolic flexibility-promoting mitochondrial energy production and maintaining homeostasis. In bone, metabolic profiles are tightly regulated and the loss of SIRT3 has deleterious effects on bone volume in vivo and on osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Despite the prominent role of this protein in bone stem cell proliferation, metabolic activity, and differentiation, the importance of SIRT3 for regeneration after bone injury has never been reported. We show here, using the mouse digit amputation model, that SIRT3 deficiency has no impact on the regenerative capacity and architecture of bone and soft tissue. Regeneration occurs in SIRT3 deficient mice in spite of the reduced oxidative metabolic profile of the periosteal cells. These data suggest that bone regeneration, in contrast to homeostatic bone turnover, is not reliant upon active SIRT3, and our results highlight the need to examine known roles of SIRT3 in the context of injury.
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20
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Digit Tip Injuries: Current Treatment and Future Regenerative Paradigms. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:9619080. [PMID: 30805012 PMCID: PMC6360566 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9619080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past several decades there has been a profound increase in the understanding of tissue regeneration, driven largely by the observance of the tremendous regenerative capacity in lower order life forms, such as hydra and urodeles. However, it is known that humans and other mammals retain the ability to regenerate the distal phalanges of the digits after amputation. Despite the increased knowledge base on model organisms regarding regenerative paradigms, there is a lack of application of regenerative medicine techniques in clinical practice in regard to digit tip injury. Here, we review the current understanding of digit tip regeneration and discuss gaps that remain in translating regenerative medicine into clinical treatment of digit amputation.
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21
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Dolan CP, Yan M, Zimmel K, Yang TJ, Leininger E, Dawson LA, Muneoka K. Axonal regrowth is impaired during digit tip regeneration in mice. Dev Biol 2018; 445:237-244. [PMID: 30458171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mice are intrinsically capable of regenerating the tips of their digits after amputation. Mouse digit tip regeneration is reported to be a peripheral nerve-dependent event. However, it is presently unknown what types of nerves and Schwann cells innervate the digit tip, and to what extent these cells regenerate in association with the regenerative response. Given the necessity of peripheral nerves for mammalian regeneration, we investigated the neuroanatomy of the unamputated, regenerating, and regenerated mouse digit tip. Using immunohistochemistry for β-III-tubulin (β3T) or neurofilament H (NFH), substance P (SP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), myelin protein zero (P0), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), we identified peripheral nerve axons (sensory and sympathetic), and myelinating- and non-myelinating-Schwann cells. Our findings show that the digit tip is innervated by two digital nerves that each bifurcate into a bone marrow (BM) and connective tissue (CT) branch. The BM branches are composed of sympathetic axons that are ensheathed by non-myelinating-Schwann cells whereas the CT branches are composed of sensory and sympathetic axons and are ensheathed by myelinating- and non-myelinating-Schwann cells. The regenerated digit neuroanatomy differs from unamputated digit in several key ways. First, there is 7.5 fold decrease in CT branch axons in the regenerated digit compared to the unampuated digit. Second, there is a 5.6 fold decrease in myelinating-Schwann cells in the regenerated digit compared to the unamputated digit that is consistent with the decrease in CT branch axons. Importantly, we also find that the central portion of the regenerating digit blastema is aneural, with axons and Schwann cells restricted to peripheral and distal blastema regions. Finally, we show that even with impaired innervation, digits maintain the ability to regenerate after re-amputation. Taken together, these data indicate that nerve regeneration is impaired in the context of mouse digit tip regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor P Dolan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Mingquan Yan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Katherine Zimmel
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Tae-Jung Yang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Eric Leininger
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
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22
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Dawson LA, Schanes PP, Kim P, Imholt FM, Qureshi O, Dolan CP, Yu L, Yan M, Zimmel KN, Falck AR, Muneoka K. Blastema formation and periosteal ossification in the regenerating adult mouse digit. Wound Repair Regen 2018; 26:263-273. [PMID: 30120800 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
While mammals cannot regenerate amputated limbs, mice and humans have regenerative ability restricted to amputations transecting the digit tip, including the terminal phalanx (P3). In mice, the regeneration process is epimorphic and mediated by the formation of a blastema comprised of undifferentiated proliferating cells that differentiate to regenerate the amputated structures. Blastema formation distinguishes the regenerative response from a scar-forming healing response. The mouse digit tip serves as a preclinical model to investigate mammalian blastema formation and endogenous regenerative capabilities. We report that P3 blastema formation initiates prior to epidermal closure and concurrent with the bone histolytic response. In this early healing response, proliferation and cells entering the early stages of osteogenesis are localized to the periosteal and endosteal bone compartments. After the completion of stump bone histolysis, epidermal closure is completed and cells associated with the periosteal and endosteal compartments blend to form the blastema proper. Osteogenesis associated with the periosteum occurs as a polarized progressive wave of new bone formation that extends from the amputated stump and restores skeletal length. Bone patterning is restored along the proximal-distal and medial digit axes, but is imperfect in the dorsal-ventral axis with the regeneration of excessive new bone that accounts for the enhanced regenerated bone volume noted in previous studies. Periosteum depletion studies show that this compartment is required for the regeneration of new bone distal to the original amputation plane. These studies provide evidence that blastema formation initiates early in the healing response and that the periosteum is an essential tissue for successful epimorphic regeneration in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Paula P Schanes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Patrick Kim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Felisha M Imholt
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Osama Qureshi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Connor P Dolan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Mingquan Yan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Katherine N Zimmel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Alyssa R Falck
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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23
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Dolan CP, Dawson LA, Muneoka K. Digit Tip Regeneration: Merging Regeneration Biology with Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 7:262-270. [PMID: 29405625 PMCID: PMC5827737 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration Biology is the study of organisms with endogenous regenerative abilities, whereas Regenerative Medicine focuses on engineering solutions for human injuries that do not regenerate. While the two fields are fundamentally different in their approach, there is an obvious interface involving mammalian regeneration models. The fingertip is the only part of the human limb that is regeneration-competent and the regenerating mouse digit tip has emerged as a model to study a clinically relevant regenerative response. In this article, we discuss how studies of digit tip regeneration have identified critical components of the regenerative response, and how an understanding of endogenous regeneration can lead to expanding the regenerative capabilities of nonregenerative amputation wounds. Such studies demonstrate that regeneration-incompetent wounds can respond to treatment with individual morphogenetic agents by initiating a multi-tissue response that culminates in structural regeneration. In addition, the healing process of nonregenerative wounds are found to cycle through nonresponsive, responsive and nonresponsive phases, and we call the responsive phase the Regeneration Window. We also find the responsiveness of mature healed amputation wounds can be reactivated by reinjury, thus nonregenerated wounds retain a potential for regeneration. We propose that regeneration-incompetent injuries possess dormant regenerative potential that can be activated by targeted treatment with specific morphogenetic agents. We believe that future Regenerative Medicine-based-therapies should be designed to promote, not replace, regenerative responses. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2018;7:262-270.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor P Dolan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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The blastema and epimorphic regeneration in mammals. Dev Biol 2017; 433:190-199. [PMID: 29291973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Studying regeneration in animals where and when it occurs is inherently interesting and a challenging research topic within developmental biology. Historically, vertebrate regeneration has been investigated in animals that display enhanced regenerative abilities and we have learned much from studying organ regeneration in amphibians and fish. From an applied perspective, while regeneration biologists will undoubtedly continue to study poikilothermic animals (i.e., amphibians and fish), studies focused on homeotherms (i.e., mammals and birds) are also necessary to advance regeneration biology. Emerging mammalian models of epimorphic regeneration are poised to help link regenerative biology and regenerative medicine. The regenerating rodent digit tip, which parallels human fingertip regeneration, and the regeneration of large circular defects through the ear pinna in spiny mice and rabbits, provide tractable, experimental systems where complex tissue structures are regrown through blastema formation and morphogenesis. Using these models as examples, we detail similarities and differences between the mammalian blastema and its classical counterpart to arrive at a broad working definition of a vertebrate regeneration blastema. This comparison leads us to conclude that regenerative failure is not related to the availability of regeneration-competent progenitor cells, but is most likely a function of the cellular response to the microenvironment that forms following traumatic injury. Recent studies demonstrating that targeted modification of this microenvironment can restrict or enhance regenerative capabilities in mammals helps provide a roadmap for eventually pushing the limits of human regeneration.
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Simkin J, Sammarco MC, Marrero L, Dawson LA, Yan M, Tucker C, Cammack A, Muneoka K. Macrophages are required to coordinate mouse digit tip regeneration. Development 2017; 144:3907-3916. [PMID: 28935712 DOI: 10.1242/dev.150086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, macrophages are known to play a major role in tissue regeneration. They contribute to inflammation, histolysis, re-epithelialization, revascularization and cell proliferation. Macrophages have been shown to be essential for regeneration in salamanders and fish, but their role has not been elucidated in mammalian epimorphic regeneration. Here, using the regenerating mouse digit tip as a mammalian model, we demonstrate that macrophages are essential for the regeneration process. Using cell-depletion strategies, we show that regeneration is completely inhibited; bone histolysis does not occur, wound re-epithelialization is inhibited and the blastema does not form. Although rescue of epidermal wound closure in the absence of macrophages promotes blastema accumulation, it does not rescue cell differentiation, indicating that macrophages play a key role in the redifferentiation of the blastema. We provide additional evidence that although bone degradation is a component, it is not essential to the overall regenerative process. These findings show that macrophages play an essential role in coordinating the epimorphic regenerative response in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Simkin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Mimi C Sammarco
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Luis Marrero
- Morphology and Imaging Core Laboratory, Louisiana Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mingquan Yan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Catherine Tucker
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Alex Cammack
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA .,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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26
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Chamberlain CS, Jeffery JJ, Leiferman EM, Yildirim T, Sun X, Baer GS, Murphy WL, Vanderby R. Level-specific amputations and resulting regenerative outcomes in the mouse distal phalanx. Wound Repair Regen 2017; 25:443-453. [PMID: 28493324 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mouse digit tip regeneration involves an intricate coordinated regrowth of the terminal phalanx, nail, dermis and epidermis. During this time, regenerating digits undergo wound healing, blastema formation, and differentiation. However, the regenerative response of the digit is dependent on the level of the amputation. Amputation of <30% of the distal phalanx (P3), with part of the base nail remaining, results in extensive digit regeneration. In contrast, >60% P3 removal results in no regeneration. This level-dependent regenerative ability of the mouse digit provides a comparative model between regeneration and non-regeneration that may enable identification of specific factors critical to regeneration. Although the ability to create regenerating and non-regenerating conditions has been well established, the regenerative response between these regions ("intermediate" zone) has received less scrutiny, and may add insight to the regenerative processes, including the degree of histolysis, and the level of blastema formation. The objective of this study is then to compare the regeneration capacity between amputation levels within the regenerating (<30%), intermediate (40-59%), and non-regenerating (>60%) regions. Results indicated that regenerative and intermediate amputations led to significant histolysis and blastema formation of the distal phalanx 14 days post-amputation. Unlike the regenerating digits, intermediate amputations led to incomplete regeneration whereby regrowth of the digits were not to the levels of the intact or regenerating digits. Non-regenerating amputations did not exhibit significant histolysis or blastema formation. Remarkably, the histolytic process resulted in day 14 P3 lengths that were similar regardless of the initial amputation over 19%. The differences in histolysis, blastema formation and injury outcomes were also marked by changes in the number of proliferating cells and osteoclasts. Altogether, these results indicate that although intermediate amputations result in histolysis and blastema formation similar to regenerating digits, the resulting cellular composition of the blastema differs, contributing to incomplete regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie S Chamberlain
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Justin J Jeffery
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ellen M Leiferman
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Tugrul Yildirim
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Xin Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Geoffrey S Baer
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - William L Murphy
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ray Vanderby
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Quijano LM, Lynch KM, Allan CH, Badylak SF, Ahsan T. Looking Ahead to Engineering Epimorphic Regeneration of a Human Digit or Limb. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2016; 22:251-62. [PMID: 26603349 PMCID: PMC4892205 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 2 million people have had limb amputations in the United States due to disease or injury, with more than 185,000 new amputations every year. The ability to promote epimorphic regeneration, or the regrowth of a biologically based digit or limb, would radically change the prognosis for amputees. This ambitious goal includes the regrowth of a large number of tissues that need to be properly assembled and patterned to create a fully functional structure. We have yet to even identify, let alone address, all the obstacles along the extended progression that limit epimorphic regeneration in humans. This review aims to present introductory fundamentals in epimorphic regeneration to facilitate design and conduct of research from a tissue engineering and regenerative medicine perspective. We describe the clinical scenario of human digit healing, featuring published reports of regenerative potential. We then broadly delineate the processes of epimorphic regeneration in nonmammalian systems and describe a few mammalian regeneration models. We give particular focus to the murine digit tip, which allows for comparative studies of regeneration-competent and regeneration-incompetent outcomes in the same animal. Finally, we describe a few forward-thinking opportunities for promoting epimorphic regeneration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina M. Quijano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kristen M. Lynch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Christopher H. Allan
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephen F. Badylak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tabassum Ahsan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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28
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Dawson LA, Simkin J, Sauque M, Pela M, Palkowski T, Muneoka K. Analogous cellular contribution and healing mechanisms following digit amputation and phalangeal fracture in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 3:39-51. [PMID: 27499878 PMCID: PMC4857751 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of amputated structures is severely limited in humans and mice, with complete regeneration restricted to the distal portion of the terminal phalanx (P3). Here, we investigate the dynamic tissue repair response of the second phalangeal element (P2) post amputation in the adult mouse, and show that the repair response of the amputated bone is similar to the proximal P2 bone fragment in fracture healing. The regeneration‐incompetent P2 amputation response is characterized by periosteal endochondral ossification resulting in the deposition of new trabecular bone, corresponding to a significant increase in bone volume; however, this response is not associated with bone lengthening. We show that cells of the periosteum respond to amputation and fracture by contributing both chondrocytes and osteoblasts to the endochondral ossification response. Based on our studies, we suggest that the amputation response represents an attempt at regeneration that ultimately fails due to the lack of a distal organizing influence that is present in fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Jennifer Simkin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA; Department of Biology University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506 USA
| | - Michelle Sauque
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA; Department of Orthopedics University of Colorado Denver Aurora Colorado 80010 USA
| | - Maegan Pela
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Teresa Palkowski
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
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29
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Sammarco MC, Simkin J, Cammack AJ, Fassler D, Gossmann A, Marrero L, Lacey M, Van Meter K, Muneoka K. Hyperbaric Oxygen Promotes Proximal Bone Regeneration and Organized Collagen Composition during Digit Regeneration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140156. [PMID: 26452224 PMCID: PMC4599941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is critical for optimal bone regeneration. While axolotls and salamanders have retained the ability to regenerate whole limbs, mammalian regeneration is restricted to the distal tip of the digit (P3) in mice, primates, and humans. Our previous study revealed the oxygen microenvironment during regeneration is dynamic and temporally influential in building and degrading bone. Given that regeneration is dependent on a dynamic and changing oxygen environment, a better understanding of the effects of oxygen during wounding, scarring, and regeneration, and better ways to artificially generate both hypoxic and oxygen replete microenvironments are essential to promote regeneration beyond wounding or scarring. To explore the influence of increased oxygen on digit regeneration in vivo daily treatments of hyperbaric oxygen were administered to mice during all phases of the entire regenerative process. Micro-Computed Tomography (μCT) and histological analysis showed that the daily application of hyperbaric oxygen elicited the same enhanced bone degradation response as two individual pulses of oxygen applied during the blastema phase. We expand past these findings to show histologically that the continuous application of hyperbaric oxygen during digit regeneration results in delayed blastema formation at a much more proximal location after amputation, and the deposition of better organized collagen fibers during bone formation. The application of sustained hyperbaric oxygen also delays wound closure and enhances bone degradation after digit amputation. Thus, hyperbaric oxygen shows the potential for positive influential control on the various phases of an epimorphic regenerative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi C. Sammarco
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jennifer Simkin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Alexander J. Cammack
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Danielle Fassler
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Alexej Gossmann
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Luis Marrero
- Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Michelle Lacey
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Keith Van Meter
- Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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30
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Simkin J, Sammarco MC, Dawson LA, Schanes PP, Yu L, Muneoka K. The mammalian blastema: regeneration at our fingertips. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:93-105. [PMID: 27499871 PMCID: PMC4895320 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the mouse, digit tip regeneration progresses through a series of discrete stages that include inflammation, histolysis, epidermal closure, blastema formation, and redifferentiation. Recent studies reveal how each regenerative stage influences subsequent stages to establish a blastema that directs the successful regeneration of a complex mammalian structure. The focus of this review is on early events of healing and how an amputation wound transitions into a functional blastema. The stepwise formation of a mammalian blastema is proposed to provide a model for how specific targeted treatments can enhance regenerative performance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Simkin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Mimi C Sammarco
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Paula P Schanes
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Ling Yu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
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31
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Simkin J, Sammarco MC, Dawson LA, Tucker C, Taylor LJ, Van Meter K, Muneoka K. Epidermal closure regulates histolysis during mammalian (Mus) digit regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:106-19. [PMID: 27499872 PMCID: PMC4895321 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian digit regeneration progresses through consistent stages: histolysis, inflammation, epidermal closure, blastema formation, and finally redifferentiation. What we do not yet know is how each stage can affect others. Questions of stage timing, tissue interactions, and microenvironmental states are becoming increasingly important as we look toward solutions for whole limb regeneration. This study focuses on the timing of epidermal closure which, in mammals, is delayed compared to more regenerative animals like the axolotl. We use a standard wound closure device, Dermabond (2-octyl cyanoacrylate), to induce earlier epidermal closure, and we evaluate the effect of fast epidermal closure on histolysis, blastema formation, and redifferentiation. We find that fast epidermal closure is reliant upon a hypoxic microenvironment. Additionally, early epidermal closure eliminates the histolysis stage and results in a regenerate that more closely replicates the amputated structure. We show that tools like Dermabond and oxygen are able to independently influence the various stages of regeneration enabling us to uncouple histolysis, wound closure, and other regenerative events. With this study, we start to understand how each stage of mammalian digit regeneration is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Simkin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA; Department of Biology University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506 USA
| | - Mimi C Sammarco
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Catherine Tucker
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Louis J Taylor
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Keith Van Meter
- Department of Medicine Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans Louisiana 70112 USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
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32
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Yu L, Yan M, Simkin J, Ketcham PD, Leininger E, Han M, Muneoka K. Angiogenesis is inhibitory for mammalian digit regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 1:33-46. [PMID: 27499862 PMCID: PMC4895301 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The regenerating mouse digit tip is a unique model for investigating blastema formation and epimorphic regeneration in mammals. The blastema is characteristically avascular and we previously reported that blastema expression of a known anti‐angiogenic factor gene, Pedf, correlated with a successful regenerative response (Yu, L., Han, M., Yan, M., Lee, E. C., Lee, J. & Muneoka, K. (2010). BMP signaling induces digit regeneration in neonatal mice. Development, 137, 551–559). Here we show that during regeneration Vegfa transcripts are not detected in the blastema but are expressed at the onset of differentiation. Treating the amputation wound with vascular endothelial growth factor enhances angiogenesis but inhibits regeneration. We next tested bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), another known mediator of angiogenesis, and found that BMP9 is also a potent inhibitor of digit tip regeneration. BMP9 induces Vegfa expression in the digit stump suggesting that regenerative failure is mediated by enhanced angiogenesis. Finally, we show that BMP9 inhibition of regeneration is completely rescued by treatment with pigment epithelium‐derived factor. These studies show that precocious angiogenesis is inhibitory for regeneration, and provide compelling evidence that the regulation of angiogenesis is a critical factor in designing therapies aimed at stimulating mammalian regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yu
- Division of Developmental Biology Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans LA 79118 USA
| | - Mingquan Yan
- Division of Developmental Biology Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans LA 79118 USA
| | - Jennifer Simkin
- Division of Developmental Biology Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans LA 79118 USA
| | - Paulina D Ketcham
- Division of Developmental Biology Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans LA 79118 USA
| | - Eric Leininger
- Division of Developmental Biology Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans LA 79118 USA
| | - Manjong Han
- Division of Developmental Biology Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans LA 79118 USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Division of Developmental Biology Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans LA 79118 USA
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The link between injury-induced stress and regenerative phenomena: A cellular and genetic synopsis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:454-61. [PMID: 25088176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Injury is an inescapable phenomenon of life that affects animals at every physiological level. Yet, some animals respond to injury by rebuilding the damaged tissues whereas others are limited to scarring. Elucidating how a tissue insult from wounding leads to a regenerative response at the genetic level is essential to make regenerative advantages translational. It has become clear that animals with regenerative abilities recycle developmental programs after injury, reactivating genes that have lied dormant throughout adulthood. The question that is critical to our understanding of regeneration is how a specific set of developmentally important genes can be reactivated only after an acute tissue insult. Here, we review how injury-induced cellular stresses such as hypoxic, oxidative, and mechanical stress may contribute to the genomic and epigenetic changes that promote regeneration in animals. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Stress as a fundamental theme in cell plasticity.
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