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Hooper SL, Burstein HJ. Minimization of extracellular space as a driving force in prokaryote association and the origin of eukaryotes. Biol Direct 2014; 9:24. [PMID: 25406691 PMCID: PMC4289276 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-9-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internalization-based hypotheses of eukaryotic origin require close physical association of host and symbiont. Prior hypotheses of how these associations arose include chance, specific metabolic couplings between partners, and prey-predator/parasite interactions. Since these hypotheses were proposed, it has become apparent that mixed-species, close-association assemblages (biofilms) are widespread and predominant components of prokaryotic ecology. Which forces drove prokaryotes to evolve the ability to form these assemblages are uncertain. Bacteria and archaea have also been found to form membrane-lined interconnections (nanotubes) through which proteins and RNA pass. These observations, combined with the structure of the nuclear envelope and an energetic benefit of close association (see below), lead us to propose a novel hypothesis of the driving force underlying prokaryotic close association and the origin of eukaryotes. RESULTS Respiratory proton transport does not alter external pH when external volume is effectively infinite. Close physical association decreases external volume. For small external volumes, proton transport decreases external pH, resulting in each transported proton increasing proton motor force to a greater extent. We calculate here that in biofilms this effect could substantially decrease how many protons need to be transported to achieve a given proton motor force. Based as it is solely on geometry, this energetic benefit would occur for all prokaryotes using proton-based respiration. CONCLUSIONS This benefit may be a driving force in biofilm formation. Under this hypothesis a very wide range of prokaryotic species combinations could serve as eukaryotic progenitors. We use this observation and the discovery of prokaryotic nanotubes to propose that eukaryotes arose from physically distinct, functionally specialized (energy factory, protein factory, DNA repository/RNA factory), obligatorily symbiotic prokaryotes in which the protein factory and DNA repository/RNA factory cells were coupled by nanotubes and the protein factory ultimately internalized the other two. This hypothesis naturally explains many aspects of eukaryotic physiology, including the nuclear envelope being a folded single membrane repeatedly pierced by membrane-bound tubules (the nuclear pores), suggests that species analogous or homologous to eukaryotic progenitors are likely unculturable as monocultures, and makes a large number of testable predictions. REVIEWERS This article was reviewed by Purificación López-García and Toni Gabaldón.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Hooper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA
| | - Helaine J Burstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA
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2
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Marine bacteria: potential candidates for enhanced bioremediation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:561-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Siegenthaler PA, Belsky MM, Goldstein S. Phosphate uptake in an obligately marine fungus: a specific requirement for sodium. Science 2010; 155:93-4. [PMID: 17799154 DOI: 10.1126/science.155.3758.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Phosphate uptake in the obligately marine fungus Thraustochytrium roseum is maximally stimulated by sodium chloride in a range of concentrations (0.2 to 0.4 molar) similar to those commonly encountered in littoral habitats. The effectiveness of sodium chloride for phosphate transport extends beyond its osmotic function and can be attributed specifically to sodium. Increases in respiration in the presence of the salt can be ascribed primarily to an osmotic effect.
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Keynan A, Nealson K, Sideropoulos H, Hastings JW. Marine transducing bacteriophage attacking a luminous bacterium. J Virol 2010; 14:333-40. [PMID: 16789143 PMCID: PMC355519 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.14.2.333-340.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation and partial characterization of a marine bacteriophage attacking a strain of luminous bacteria is described, including some physical, biological, and genetic properties. It is a DNA phage of density of 1.52 with a long flexible tail and an apparently icosohedral head. With respect to stability in suspension, it has a rather specific requirement for the sodium ion in high concentration; it is further stabilized by the addition of calcium and magnesium ions. These same ions are likewise all required for both good plating efficiency and plaque uniformity. Although it goes through a typical lytic growth cycle (about 45 min), with a burst size of 100, and no stable lysogens have been isolated, it is nevertheless a transducing phage specifically for the tryptophan region, transducing several, but not all, independently isolated Trp(-) auxotrophs to protrophy. No other auxotrophs of a variety of amino acids were transduced by this phage to prototrophy. Phage infection does not change the normal expression of the luminescent system, and light remains at near normal levels until cell lysis occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Keynan
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
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PRATT D, HAPPOLD FC. Requirements for indole production by cells and extracts of a marine bacterium. J Bacteriol 1998; 80:232-6. [PMID: 13737766 PMCID: PMC278846 DOI: 10.1128/jb.80.2.232-236.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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MACLEOD RA, HORI A, FOX SM. Nutrition and metabolism of marine bacteria. X. The glyoxylate cycle in a marine bacterium. Can J Microbiol 1998; 6:639-44. [PMID: 13764976 DOI: 10.1139/m60-076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracts of a species of marine bacterium have been shown to contain isocitratase and malate synthetase when cells were grown in a medium in which acetate was the sole source of carbon and energy. Neither enzyme could be demonstrated in extracts prepared from cells grown in a nutrient broth, yeast extract medium.
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RHODES ME, PAYNE WJ. Further observations on effects of cations on enzyme induction in marine bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1998; 28:302-14. [PMID: 13981975 DOI: 10.1007/bf02538743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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SCHULTZ SG, SOLOMON AK. Cation transport in Escherichia coli. I. Intracellular Na and K concentrations and net cation movement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 45:355-69. [PMID: 13909521 PMCID: PMC2195163 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.45.2.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Methods have been developed to study the intracellular Na and K concentrations in E. coli, strain K-12. These intracellular cation concentrations have been shown to be functions of the extracellular cation concentrations and the age of the bacterial culture. During the early logarithmic phase of growth, the intracellular K concentration greatly exceeds that of the external medium, whereas the intracellular Na concentration is lower than that of the growth medium. As the age of the culture increases, the intracellular K concentration falls and the intracellular Na concentration rises, changes which are related to the fall in the pH of the medium and to the accumulation of the products of bacterial metabolism. When stationary phase cells, which are rich in Na and poor in K, are resuspended in fresh growth medium, there is a rapid reaccumulation of K and extrusion of Na. These processes represent oppositely directed net ion movements against concentration gradients, and have been shown to be dependent upon the presence of an intact metabolic energy supply.
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BROWN AD. ASPECTS OF BACTERIAL RESPONSE TO THE IONIC ENVIRONMENT. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1996; 28:296-329. [PMID: 14220657 PMCID: PMC441227 DOI: 10.1128/br.28.3.296-329.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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DRAPEAU GR, MACLEOD RA. NUTRITION AND METABOLISM OF MARINE BACTERIA. XII. ION ACTIVATION OF ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE IN MEMBRANES OF MARINE BACTERIAL CELLS. J Bacteriol 1996; 85:1413-9. [PMID: 14047238 PMCID: PMC278349 DOI: 10.1128/jb.85.6.1413-1419.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drapeau, Gabriel R., (Macdonald College of McGill University, Quebec, Canada) and Robert A. MacLeod. Nutrition and metabolism of marine bacteria. XII. Ion activation of adenosine triphosphatase in membranes of marine bacterial cells. J. Bacteriol. 85:1413-1419. 1963.-Isolated membranes of two species of marine bacteria, a Pseudomonas and a Cytophaga, have been shown to possess adenosine triphosphatase activity. The optimal pH for enzyme action of both organisms was 8.8. The enzyme system was found to be capable of splitting inorganic o-phosphate from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate, adenosine monophosphate, and inosine triphosphate but not from inorganic pyrophosphate. Mg(++) was required for enzyme activity; with the Pseudomonas species, the optimal Mg(++) to ATP ratio was 1:1. Ca(++) could not replace Mg(++). In the presence of the optimal concentration of Mg(++), the enzyme system was further stimulated, nonspecifically, by a number of different salts. Maximal activation was achieved at an ionic strength of 0.3 to 0.4. No evidence of an adenosine triphosphatase specifically activated by a combination of Na(+) and K(+) was obtained with either organism. No effect of ouabain on either the membrane adenosine triphosphatase activity or Na(+) transport by whole cells could be detected. The results suggest that the mechanism of ion regulation in marine bacterial cells is different from that in animal cells.
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11
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Role of Na+ in growth, respiration and membrane transport in the marine bacterium Pseudomonas doudoroffii 70. Arch Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00277543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Quesada E, Bejar V, Valderrama MJ, Ramos-Cormenzana A. Growth characteristics and salt requirement ofDeleya halophila in a defined medium. Curr Microbiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01568164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Effect of Na+ and K+ on the growth of marine speciesVibrio pelagius andAlteromonas haloplanktis in chemostat cultures. Curr Microbiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01567393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Singleton FL, Attwell R, Jangi S, Colwell RR. Effects of temperature and salinity on Vibrio cholerae growth. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982; 44:1047-58. [PMID: 6295276 PMCID: PMC242147 DOI: 10.1128/aem.44.5.1047-1058.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Laboratory microecosystems (microcosms) prepared with a chemically defined sea salt solution were used to study effects of selected environmental parameters on growth and activity of Vibrio cholerae. Growth responses under simulated estuarine conditions of 10 strains of V. cholerae, including clinical and environmental isolates as well as serovars O1 and non-O1, were compared, and all strains yielded populations of approximately the same final size. Effects of salinity and temperature on extended survival of V. cholerae demonstrated that, at an estuarine salinity (25%) and a temperature of 10 degrees C, V. cholerae survived (i.e., was culturable) for less than 4 days. Salinity was also found to influence activity, as measured by uptake of 14C-amino acids. Studies on the effect of selected ions on growth and activity of V. cholerae demonstrated that Na+ was required for growth. The results of this study further support the status of V. cholerae as an estuarine bacterium.
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Hayasaka SS, Morita RY. Na, k, and nonspecific solute requirements for induction and function of galactose active transport in an antarctic psychrophilic marine bacterium. Appl Environ Microbiol 1979; 37:1166-72. [PMID: 16345397 PMCID: PMC243372 DOI: 10.1128/aem.37.6.1166-1172.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An Antarctic psychrophilic marine Vibrio sp., with the inducible ability to accumulate non-metabolizable [C]methyl-beta-d-thiogalactoside through a galactose transport system, was isolated. Induction of [C]methyl-beta-d-thiogalactoside uptake was found to have a specific Na requirement which was higher than that required for maximal uptake and growth. A specific K requirement was found to be quantitatively the same for uptake, growth, and induction. At low suboptimal growth salinities in artificial seawater, growth, uptake, and induction were inhibited more by the generally low solute concentration than by a specific ion deficiency. Evidence was given that the effect of the nonspecific solute was not completely osmotic in nature. The nonspecific solute requirement was greatest for induction, followed by growth and substrate uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Hayasaka
- Department of Microbiology and School of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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17
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MacLeod RA, Goodbody M, Thompson J. Osmotic effects of membrane permeability in a marine bacterium. J Bacteriol 1978; 133:1135-43. [PMID: 641005 PMCID: PMC222144 DOI: 10.1128/jb.133.3.1135-1143.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
When cells of Alteromonas haloplanktis 214 (ATCC 19855) were preloaded with alpha-[(14)C]aminoisobutyric acid or the K(+) in the cells was labeled with (42)K by incubation in a buffered salt solution containing 0.05 M MgSO(4), 0.01 M KCl, and 0.3 M NaCl, the cells retained their radioactivity when resuspended in the same salt solution. When NaCl was omitted from the solution, 80 to 90% of the radioactivity was lost from the cells. Cells suspended at intermediate concentrations of NaCl also lost radioactivity. New steady-state levels of the intracellular solutes were established within 15 s of suspending the cells; the percentage of radioactivity retained at each level decreased proportionately as the osmolality of the NaCl in the suspending solution decreased. With minor variations in effectiveness, MgCl(2), LiCl, and sucrose could substitute for NaCl on an equiosmolal basis for the retention of radioactivity by the cells. KCl, RbCl, and CsCl were appreciably less effective as replacements for NaCl, particularly when their osmolalities in the suspending solutions were low. The amount of alpha-[(14)C]aminoisobutyric acid taken up by the cells at the steady-state level increased to a maximum as the NaCl concentration in the suspending medium increased to 0.3 M. At suboptimal levels of NaCl, either LiCl or sucrose could substitute for NaCl in increasing the steady-state levels. The results obtained indicate that the porosity of the cytoplasmic membrane of this organism is determined by the difference between the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm and the suspending medium. The lesser effectiveness of K(+), Rb(+), and Cs(+) than Na(+), Li, or Mg(2+) in permitting the retention of solutes by the cells is attributed to the greater penetrability of the hydrated ions of the former group through the dilated pores of a stretched cytoplasmic membrane.
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Abstract
Rhodopseudomonas capsulata required potassium (or rubidium or cesium as analogs of potassium) for growth. These cations were actively accumulated by the cells by a process following Michaelis-Menten saturation kinetics. The monovalent cation transport system had Km's of 0.2 mM K+, 0.5 mM Rb+, and 2.6 mM Cs+. The rates of uptake of substrates by the potassium transport system varied with the age of the culture, although the affinity constant for the substrates remained constant. The maximal velocity of uptake of K+ was lower in aerobically grown cells than in photosynthetically grown cells, although the Km's for K+ and for Rb+ were about the same.
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Reichelt JL, Baumann P. Effect of sodium chloride on growth of heterotrophic marine bacteria. Arch Microbiol 1974; 97:329-45. [PMID: 4837198 DOI: 10.1007/bf00403071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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20
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Daatselaar MC, Harder W. Some aspects of the regulation of the production of extracellular proteolytic enzymes by a marine bacterium. Arch Microbiol 1974; 101:21-34. [PMID: 4474857 DOI: 10.1007/bf00455922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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21
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Mongillo A, Deloge K, Pereira D, O'Leary GP. Lipopolysaccharide from a gram-negative marine bacterium. J Bacteriol 1974; 117:327-8. [PMID: 4808905 PMCID: PMC246563 DOI: 10.1128/jb.117.1.327-328.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A lipopolysaccharide molecule was isolated from a marine bacterium. The molecule seems to be composed of lipid A and the hexoses, glucose and galactose.
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22
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Cheng KJ, Costerton JW. Localization of alkaline phosphatase in three gram-negative rumen bacteria. J Bacteriol 1973; 116:424-40. [PMID: 4147649 PMCID: PMC246439 DOI: 10.1128/jb.116.1.424-440.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the three species (Bacteroides ruminicola, B. succinogenes, and Megasphaera elsdenii) of anaerobic gram-negative rumen bacteria studied, only B. ruminicola produced significant amounts of alkaline phosphatase. This enzyme, which is constitutive, showed a greater affinity for p-nitrophenylphosphate than for sodium-beta-glycerophosphate and was shown to be located exclusively in the periplasmic space of log-phase cells. Small amounts of this enzyme were released from these cells in stationary-phase cultures, but washing in 0.01 M MgCl(2) and the production of spheroplasts by using lysozyme in 0.01 M MgCl(2) did not release significant amounts of the enzyme. Exposure to 0.2 M MgCl(2) did not release significant amounts of the periplasmic alkaline phosphatase of the cell, and when these cells were spheroplasted with lysozyme in 0.2 M MgCl(2) only 25% of the enzyme was released. Spheroplasts were formed spontaneously in aging cultures of B. ruminicola, but even these cells retained most of their periplasmic alkaline phosphatase. It was concluded that the alkaline phosphatase of B. ruminicola is firmly bound to a structural component within the periplasmic area of the cell wall and that the enzyme is released in large amounts only when the cells break down. The behavior of alkaline phosphatase in this bacterium contrasts with that of conventional periplasmic enzymes of aerobic bacteria, which are released upon conversion into spheroplasts by lysozyme and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and by other types of cell wall damage. All three species of bacteria studied here, as well as bacteria found in mixed populations in the rumen, have thick, complex layers external to the double-track layer of their cell walls. In addition, B. ruminicola produces a loose extracellular material.
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Debevere JM, Voets JP. The role of macronutrient minerals on the anaerobic trimethylamineoxyde reduction by an Achromobacter sp. isolated from fresh fish. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ALLGEMEINE MIKROBIOLOGIE 1972; 12:549-58. [PMID: 4663503 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630120704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
Resting cells of Vibrio natriegens acquired the ability to take up (14)C-labeled mannitol in media containing Na(+) and K(+). But, the cells took up a significant quantity of the label as well in the presence of 0.3 m K(+) and no Na(+). The label was distributed throughout the cells in both systems. Cells incubated in mannitol minimal culture medium proliferated and synthesized approximately nine times as much protein in the presence of Na(+) and K(+) as those incubated in the presence of mannitol and 0.3 m K(+). The bacteria did not proliferate in the absence of Na(+). Cells incubated in medium containing mannitol and Na(+) and K(+) synthesized approximately twice the quantity of deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid as those incubated in medium containing mannitol and 0.3 m K(+) but no Na(+). A significant amount of mannitolbinding protein was synthesized in the membranes of V. natriegens incubated in the presence of mannitol and Na(+) and K(+), but only a small quantity was produced in medium containing mannitol and 0.3 m K(+) but no Na(+). A binding fraction comprising at least two proteins (both with molecular weight near 34,000) was isolated by gel electrophoresis from other components of a K(2)CO(3)-extract of membrane protein from mannitol-grown cells. This binding fraction mediated phosphorylation of mannitol at the expense of either adenosine triphosphate or phosphoenolpyruvate. It was then found that mannitol-grown, but not broth-grown, cells contained nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase. Neither contained mannitol dehydrogenase.
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Thompson J, MacLeod RA. Functions of Na+ and K+ in the Active Transport of α-Aminoisobutyric Acid in a Marine Pseudomonad. J Biol Chem 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)62141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Batterton JC, Van Baalen C. Growth responses of blue-green algae to sodium chloride concentration. ARCHIV FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 1971; 76:151-65. [PMID: 4994861 DOI: 10.1007/bf00411789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
When cells of a marine pseudomonad washed free of medium components with 0.05 m MgSO(4) were suspended in solutions containing 200-mm concentrations of various salts, there was an immediate increase in optical density (OD), followed by a slow decrease. The decrease following the initial increase, but not the increase itself, could be prevented by omitting K(+) from or by adding metabolic inhibitors to the suspending solution. With NaCl, the initial increase in OD rose to a maximum as the salt concentration was increased to 200 mm and then declined at 500 mm. There was a corresponding decrease in intracellular fluid volume to a minimum at 200-mm NaCl and then a rise. When the increased OD produced by NaCl was maintained, the internal Na(+) and Cl(-) could be shown to have reached essentially the same concentration in the cells as in the medium. Thus, the OD changes could not have been due to osmotic effects. No evidence was obtained of a salt-induced aggregation of nuclear material. The OD of suspensions of isolated cell envelopes increased in response to increases in NaCl concentration in the absence but not in the presence of 0.05 m MgSO(4). The data was interpreted to indicate that the salt-induced increases in OD occurring in suspensions of the cells resulted from an interaction of salts with components of the cell envelope, causing contraction of the envelopes and shrinkage of the cells.
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Gibbons N. Chapter VIII Isolation, Growth and Requirements of Halophilic Bacteria. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
A marine bacterium, which acts as host for bacteriophage PM2 isolated from the same environment, has been characterized as a Pseudomonas species. This Pseudomonas cannot be assigned to any of the subgeneric categories or "groups" described by Stanier, Palleroni, and Doudoroff. The psychrophilic and halophilic nature of the organism and its requirement for NaCl suggest an indigenous marine origin.
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Rhodes ME, Payne WJ. Influence of cations on spheroplasts of marine bacteria functioning as osmometers. Appl Microbiol 1967; 15:537-42. [PMID: 6035044 PMCID: PMC546963 DOI: 10.1128/am.15.3.537-542.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Penetration of substrates into marine bacteria as influenced by cations has been demonstrated by the effects of increased osmotic pressure in spheroplasts of these cells. Spheroplasts of Pseudomonas natriegens, stabilized with lactose, underwent a metabolic swelling in the presence of a substrate to which they had been induced. Maximal and persistent swelling was achieved only by addition of catabolizable substrate and both Na(+) and K(+). Addition, along with substrate, of Na(+) alone or K(+) alone did not stimulate swelling; no metabolic swelling occurred in the presence of a sugar to which the cells had not been induced. Confirmation of rapid uptake by induced cells of the inducer sugar, l-arabinose, but not the d-isomer, was obtained with (14)C-labeled substrate. Addition of NaN(3) completely inhibited swelling, and 2, 4-dinitrophenol and ouabain each suppressed it by 50%, indicating requirement for energy metabolism and involvement of an adenosine triphosphatase in the penetration phenomena of these cells.
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Drapeau GR, Matula TI, MacLeod RA. Nutrition and metabolism of marine bacteria. XV. Relation of Na+-activated transport to the Na+ requirement of a marine pseudomonad for growth. J Bacteriol 1966; 92:63-71. [PMID: 5941284 PMCID: PMC276196 DOI: 10.1128/jb.92.1.63-71.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Drapeau, Gabriel R., (McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada), Tibor I. Matula, and Robert A. MacLeod. Nutrition and metabolism of marine bacteria. XV. Relation of Na(+)-activated transport to the Na(+) requirement of a marine pseudomonad for growth. J. Bacteriol. 92:63-71. 1966.-A marine pseudomonad was found to require 50 to 100 mm Na(+) for maximal rate of oxidation of d-galactose and for the transport of d-fucose-H(3) into the cells. The same organism required 150 to 200 mm Na(+) for the oxidation of l-alanine and for the transport of phi-aminoisobutyric acid-C(14) (AIB-C(14)) into the cells. Competition studies indicated that d-galactose and d-fucose on the one hand and l-alanine and AIB on the other shared common carriers for transporting the compounds into the cells. This parallelism in Na(+) response for oxidation and transport extended to growth when l-alanine was the sole carbon source in the medium. When d-galactose was the sole carbon source, an amount of Na(+) equal to that with l-alanine was needed. KCN and dinitrophenol but not ouabain inhibited the uptake of AIB-C(14) by the cells. K(+) in addition to Na(+) was required for transport, and both Mg(++) and either Cl(-) or Br(-) were stimulatory. Photobacterium fischeri was also found to require Na(+) specifically for the uptake of AIB-C(14) by the cells.
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