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Mondal A, Bhattacharya A, Singh V, Pandita S, Bacolla A, Pandita RK, Tainer JA, Ramos KS, Pandita TK, Das C. Stress Responses as Master Keys to Epigenomic Changes in Transcriptome and Metabolome for Cancer Etiology and Therapeutics. Mol Cell Biol 2022; 42:e0048321. [PMID: 34748401 PMCID: PMC8773053 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00483-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From initiation through progression, cancer cells are subjected to a magnitude of endogenous and exogenous stresses, which aid in their neoplastic transformation. Exposure to these classes of stress induces imbalance in cellular homeostasis and, in response, cancer cells employ informative adaptive mechanisms to rebalance biochemical processes that facilitate survival and maintain their existence. Different kinds of stress stimuli trigger epigenetic alterations in cancer cells, which leads to changes in their transcriptome and metabolome, ultimately resulting in suppression of growth inhibition or induction of apoptosis. Whether cancer cells show a protective response to stress or succumb to cell death depends on the type of stress and duration of exposure. A thorough understanding of epigenetic and molecular architecture of cancer cell stress response pathways can unveil a plethora of information required to develop novel anticancer therapeutics. The present view highlights current knowledge about alterations in epigenome and transcriptome of cancer cells as a consequence of exposure to different physicochemical stressful stimuli such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), hypoxia, radiation, hyperthermia, genotoxic agents, and nutrient deprivation. Currently, an anticancer treatment scenario involving the imposition of stress to target cancer cells is gaining traction to augment or even replace conventional therapeutic regimens. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of stress response pathways is crucial for devising and implementing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Mondal
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
- Homi Bhaba National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Apoorva Bhattacharya
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
| | - Vipin Singh
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
- Homi Bhaba National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Shruti Pandita
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Albino Bacolla
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Raj K. Pandita
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John A. Tainer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Ramos
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tej K. Pandita
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chandrima Das
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
- Homi Bhaba National Institute, Mumbai, India
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Gorostieta-Salas E, Moreno-Blas D, Gerónimo-Olvera C, Cisneros B, Court FA, Castro-Obregón S. Enhanced Activity of Exportin-1/CRM1 in Neurons Contributes to Autophagy Dysfunction and Senescent Features in Old Mouse Brain. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6682336. [PMID: 34434486 PMCID: PMC8382534 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6682336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain aging is characterized by dysfunctional autophagy and cellular senescence, among other features. While autophagy can either promote or suppress cellular senescence in proliferating cells, in postmitotic cells, such as neurons, autophagy impairment promotes cellular senescence. CRM1 (exportin-1/XPO1) exports hundreds of nuclear proteins into the cytoplasm, including the transcription factors TFEB (the main inducer of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis genes) and STAT3, another autophagy modulator. It appears that CRM1 is a modulator of aging-associated senescence and autophagy, because pharmacological inhibition of CRM1 improved autophagic degradation in flies, by increasing nuclear TFEB levels, and because enhanced CRM1 activity is mechanistically linked to senescence in fibroblasts from Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome patients and old healthy individuals; furthermore, the exogenous overexpression of CRM1 induced senescence in normal fibroblasts. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that impaired autophagic flux during brain aging occurs due to CRM1 accumulation in the brain. We found that CRM1 levels and activity increased in the hippocampus and cortex during physiological aging, which resulted in a decrease of nuclear TFEB and STAT3. Consistent with an autophagic flux impairment, we observed accumulation of the autophagic receptor p62/SQSTM1 in neurons of old mice, which correlated with increased neuronal senescence. Using an in vitro model of neuronal senescence, we demonstrate that CRM1 inhibition improved autophagy flux and reduced SA-β-gal activity by restoring TFEB nuclear localization. Collectively, our data suggest that enhanced CRM1-mediated export of proteins during brain aging perturbs neuronal homeostasis, contributing to autophagy impairment, and neuronal senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Gorostieta-Salas
- Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Moreno-Blas
- Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Bulmaro Cisneros
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Felipe A. Court
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Fondap Geroscience Center for Brain in Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, USA
| | - Susana Castro-Obregón
- Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
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Luzhin AV, Avanesyan B, Velichko AK, Shender VO, Ovsyannikova N, Arapidi GP, Shnaider PV, Petrova NV, Kireev II, Razin SV, Kantidze OL. Chromatin Trapping of Factors Involved in DNA Replication and Repair Underlies Heat-Induced Radio- and Chemosensitization. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061423. [PMID: 32521766 PMCID: PMC7349668 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia has been used as an adjuvant treatment for radio- and chemotherapy for decades. In addition to its effects on perfusion and oxygenation of cancer tissues, hyperthermia can enhance the efficacy of DNA-damaging treatments such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Although it is believed that the adjuvant effects are based on hyperthermia-induced dysfunction of DNA repair systems, the mechanisms of these dysfunctions remain elusive. Here, we propose that elevated temperatures can induce chromatin trapping (c-trapping) of essential factors, particularly those involved in DNA repair, and thus enhance the sensitization of cancer cells to DNA-damaging therapeutics. Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics, we identified proteins that could potentially undergo c-trapping in response to hyperthermia. Functional analyses of several identified factors involved in DNA repair demonstrated that c-trapping could indeed be a mechanism of hyperthermia-induced transient deficiency of DNA repair systems. Based on our proteomics data, we showed for the first time that hyperthermia could inhibit maturation of Okazaki fragments and activate a corresponding poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-dependent DNA damage response. Together, our data suggest that chromatin trapping of factors involved in DNA repair and replication contributes to heat-induced radio- and chemosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem V. Luzhin
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Science, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.L.); (B.A.); (A.K.V.); (N.V.P.); (S.V.R.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Bogdan Avanesyan
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Science, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.L.); (B.A.); (A.K.V.); (N.V.P.); (S.V.R.)
| | - Artem K. Velichko
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Science, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.L.); (B.A.); (A.K.V.); (N.V.P.); (S.V.R.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria O. Shender
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (V.O.S.); (G.P.A.); (P.V.S.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Ovsyannikova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (N.O.); (I.I.K.)
| | - Georgij P. Arapidi
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (V.O.S.); (G.P.A.); (P.V.S.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 141701 Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina V. Shnaider
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (V.O.S.); (G.P.A.); (P.V.S.)
| | - Nadezhda V. Petrova
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Science, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.L.); (B.A.); (A.K.V.); (N.V.P.); (S.V.R.)
| | - Igor I. Kireev
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (N.O.); (I.I.K.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Razin
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Science, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.L.); (B.A.); (A.K.V.); (N.V.P.); (S.V.R.)
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Omar L. Kantidze
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Science, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.L.); (B.A.); (A.K.V.); (N.V.P.); (S.V.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-499-135-9787
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Jentsch M, Snyder P, Sheng C, Cristiano E, Loewer A. p53 dynamics in single cells are temperature-sensitive. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1481. [PMID: 32001771 PMCID: PMC6992775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells need to preserve genome integrity despite varying cellular and physical states. p53, the guardian of the genome, plays a crucial role in the cellular response to DNA damage by triggering cell cycle arrest, apoptosis or senescence. Mutations in p53 or alterations in its regulatory network are major driving forces in tumorigenesis. As multiple studies indicate beneficial effects for hyperthermic treatments during radiation- or chemotherapy of human cancers, we aimed to understand how p53 dynamics after genotoxic stress are modulated by changes in temperature across a physiological relevant range. To this end, we employed a combination of time-resolved live-cell microscopy and computational analysis techniques to characterise the p53 response in thousands of individual cells. Our results demonstrate that p53 dynamics upon ionizing radiation are temperature dependent. In the range of 33 °C to 39 °C, pulsatile p53 dynamics are modulated in their frequency. Above 40 °C, which corresponds to mild hyperthermia in a clinical setting, we observed a reversible phase transition towards sustained hyperaccumulation of p53 disrupting its canonical response to DNA double strand breaks. Moreover, we provide evidence that mild hyperthermia alone is sufficient to induce a p53 response in the absence of genotoxic stress. These insights highlight how the p53-mediated DNA damage response is affected by alterations in the physical state of a cell and how this can be exploited by appropriate timing of combination therapies to increase the efficiency of cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Jentsch
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Petra Snyder
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Caibin Sheng
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elena Cristiano
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alexander Loewer
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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Fu Q, Wang J, Huang T. The effect of hyperthermia on the DNA damage response induced by γ-rays, as determined through in situ cell tracking. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2018; 59:577-582. [PMID: 30085098 PMCID: PMC6151638 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rry057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hyperthermia (HT) acts as a cancer treatment by direct cell killing, radiosensitization, and promotion of tumor reoxygenation. The sensor proteins of the DNA damage response (DDR) are the direct targets of HT. However, the spatiotemporal properties of sensor proteins under HT are still unclear. Therefore, investigating the impact of HT on sensor proteins is of great importance. In the present study, the human fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080 stably transfected with 53BP1-GFP [the DDR protein 53BP1 fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP)] was used to investigate the real-time cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by γ-rays. Using live-cell imaging combined with HT treatment, the spatiotemporal properties of the 53BP1 protein were directly monitored and quantitatively studied. We found that HT could delay and decrease the formation of 53BP1 ionizing radiation-induced foci (IRIF). Moreover, through the in situ tracking of individual IRIF, it was found that HT resulted in more unrepaired IRIF over the period of observation compared with IR alone. Additionally, the unrepaired IRIF had a larger area, higher intensity, and slower repair rate. Indeed, almost every cell treated with HT had unrepaired IRIF, and the majority of these IRIF increased in area individually, while the rest increased in area by the merging of adjacent IRIF. In summary, our study demonstrated that HT could perturb the primary event in the DDR induced by IR, and this may have important implications for cancer treatment and heat radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Fu
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Tang Jia Wan, Zhuhai, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Tuchen Huang
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Tang Jia Wan, Zhuhai, P. R. China
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Nakagawa Y, Kajihara A, Takahashi A, Murata AS, Matsubayashi M, Ito SS, Ota I, Nakagawa T, Hasegawa M, Kirita T, Ohnishi T, Mori E. BRCA2 protects mammalian cells from heat shock. Int J Hyperthermia 2017; 34:795-801. [PMID: 28891354 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2017.1370558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Heat shock induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in mammalian cells. Mammalian cells are capable of repairing DSBs by utilising the homologous recombination (HR) pathway. Breast cancer susceptibility gene 2 (BRCA2) is known to regulate the HR pathway. Here, we investigate the role of BRCA2 in repairing DNA damage induced by heat shock. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cell lines and human tongue squamous cell carcinoma SAS cells were used. RAD51 foci formation assay was used as an HR indicator. Heat sensitivity was analysed with colony forming assays. Phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) intensity, which correlates with the number of DSBs, was analysed with flow cytometry. RESULTS RAD51 foci appeared with heat shock, and the number of cells with RAD51 foci was maximal at about 4 h after heat shock. Heat-induced RAD51 foci co-localised with γH2AX foci. BRCA2-deficient cells were sensitive to heat when compared to their parental wild-type cells. Heat-induced γH2AX was higher in BRCA2-deficient cells compared to parental cells. In SAS cells, cells transfected with BRCA2-siRNA were more sensitive to heat than cells transfected with negative control siRNA. Apoptotic bodies increased in number more rapidly in BRCA2-siRNA transfected cells than in cells transfected with negative control siRNA when cells were observed at 48 h after a heat treatment. In addition, cells deficient in BRCA2 were incapable of activating heat-induced G2/M arrest. CONCLUSION BRCA2 has a protecting role against heat-induced cell death. BRCA2 might be a potential molecular target for hyperthermic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Nakagawa
- a Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Nara Medical University , Nara , Japan
| | - Atsuhisa Kajihara
- a Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Nara Medical University , Nara , Japan
| | | | - Akiho S Murata
- c Department of Future Basic Medicine , Nara Medical University , Nara , Japan
| | - Masaya Matsubayashi
- c Department of Future Basic Medicine , Nara Medical University , Nara , Japan
| | - Soichiro S Ito
- a Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Nara Medical University , Nara , Japan
| | - Ichiro Ota
- d Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery , Nara Medical University , Nara , Japan
| | - Takahiko Nakagawa
- c Department of Future Basic Medicine , Nara Medical University , Nara , Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hasegawa
- e Department of Radiation Oncology , Nara Medical University , Nara , Japan
| | - Tadaaki Kirita
- a Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Nara Medical University , Nara , Japan
| | - Takeo Ohnishi
- e Department of Radiation Oncology , Nara Medical University , Nara , Japan
| | - Eiichiro Mori
- c Department of Future Basic Medicine , Nara Medical University , Nara , Japan
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7
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Takahashi A, Mori E, Nakagawa Y, Kajihara A, Kirita T, Pittman DL, Hasegawa M, Ohnishi T. Homologous recombination preferentially repairs heat-induced DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian cells. Int J Hyperthermia 2016; 33:336-342. [PMID: 27776457 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2016.1252989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Heat shock induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), but the precise mechanism of repairing heat-induced damage is unclear. Here, we investigated the DNA repair pathways involved in cell death induced by heat shock. MATERIALS AND METHODS B02, a specific inhibitor of human RAD51 (homologous recombination; HR), and NU7026, a specific inhibitor of DNA-PK (non-homologous end-joining; NHEJ), were used for survival assays of human cancer cell lines with different p53-gene status. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking Lig4 (NHEJ) and/or Rad54 (HR) were used for survival assays and a phosphorylated histone H2AX at Ser139 (γH2AX) assay. MEFs lacking Rad51d (HR) were used for survival assays. SPD8 cells were used to measure HR frequency after heat shock. RESULTS Human cancer cells were more sensitive to heat shock in the presence of B02 despite their p53-gene status, and the effect of B02 on heat sensitivity was specific to the G2 phase. Rad54-deficient MEFs were sensitive to heat shock and showed prolonged γH2AX signals following heat shock. Rad51d-deficient MEFs were also sensitive to heat shock. Moreover, heat shock-stimulated cells had increased HR. CONCLUSIONS The HR pathway plays an important role in the survival of mammalian cells against death induced by heat shock via the repair of heat-induced DNA DSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eiichiro Mori
- b Department of Radiation Oncology , Nara Medical University , Nara, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakagawa
- c Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Nara Medical University , Nara, Japan
| | - Atsuhisa Kajihara
- c Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Nara Medical University , Nara, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Kirita
- c Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Nara Medical University , Nara, Japan
| | - Douglas L Pittman
- d Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - Masatoshi Hasegawa
- b Department of Radiation Oncology , Nara Medical University , Nara, Japan
| | - Takeo Ohnishi
- b Department of Radiation Oncology , Nara Medical University , Nara, Japan
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Khurana N, Laskar S, Bhattacharyya MK, Bhattacharyya S. Hsp90 induces increased genomic instability toward DNA-damaging agents by tuning down RAD53 transcription. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2463-78. [PMID: 27307581 PMCID: PMC4966986 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-12-0867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism behind hyperthermia coupled to radiation-induced DNA damage sensitivity is not known. The model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used to establish that a transient heat shock and particularly the concomitant induction of Hsp90 lead to increased genomic instability via transcriptional regulation of the major checkpoint kinase Rad53. It is well documented that elevated body temperature causes tumors to regress upon radiotherapy. However, how hyperthermia induces DNA damage sensitivity is not clear. We show that a transient heat shock and particularly the concomitant induction of Hsp90 lead to increased genomic instability under DNA-damaging conditions. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model eukaryote, we demonstrate that elevated levels of Hsp90 attenuate efficient DNA damage signaling and dictate preferential use of the potentially mutagenic double-strand break repair pathway. We show that under normal physiological conditions, Hsp90 negatively regulates RAD53 transcription to suppress DNA damage checkpoint activation. However, under DNA damaging conditions, RAD53 is derepressed, and the increased level of Rad53p triggers an efficient DNA damage response. A higher abundance of Hsp90 causes increased transcriptional repression on RAD53 in a dose-dependent manner, which could not be fully derepressed even in the presence of DNA damage. Accordingly, cells behave like a rad53 loss-of-function mutant and show reduced NHEJ efficiency, with a drastic failure to up-regulate RAD51 expression and manifestly faster accumulation of CLN1 and CLN2 in DNA-damaged G1, cells leading to premature release from checkpoint arrest. We further demonstrate that Rad53 overexpression is able to rescue all of the aforementioned deleterious effects caused by Hsp90 overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Khurana
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Shyamasree Laskar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Mrinal K Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Sunanda Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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9
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Effects of hyperthermia as a mitigation strategy in DNA damage-based cancer therapies. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 37-38:96-105. [PMID: 27025900 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Utilization of thermal therapy (hyperthermia) is defined as the application of exogenous heat induction and represents a concept that is far from new as it goes back to ancient times when heat was used for treating various diseases, including malignancies. Such therapeutic strategy has gained even more popularity (over the last few decades) since various studies have shed light into understanding hyperthermia's underlying molecular mechanism(s) of action. In general, hyperthermia is applied as complementary (adjuvant) means in therapeutic protocols combining chemotherapy and/or irradiation both of which can induce irreversible cellular DNA damage. Furthermore, according to a number of in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies, hyperthermia has been shown to enhance the beneficial effects of DNA targeting therapeutic strategies by interfering with DNA repair response cascades. Therefore, the continuously growing evidence supporting hyperthermia's beneficial role in cancer treatment can also encourage its application as a DNA repair mitigation strategy. In this review article, we aim to provide detailed information on how hyperthermia acts on DNA damage and repair pathways and thus potentially contributing to various adjuvant therapeutic protocols relevant to more efficient cancer treatment strategies.
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10
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Oei AL, Vriend LEM, Crezee J, Franken NAP, Krawczyk PM. Effects of hyperthermia on DNA repair pathways: one treatment to inhibit them all. Radiat Oncol 2015; 10:165. [PMID: 26245485 PMCID: PMC4554295 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-015-0462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The currently available arsenal of anticancer modalities includes many DNA damaging agents that can kill malignant cells. However, efficient DNA repair mechanisms protect both healthy and cancer cells against the effects of treatment and contribute to the development of drug resistance. Therefore, anti-cancer treatments based on inflicting DNA damage can benefit from inhibition of DNA repair. Hyperthermia – treatment at elevated temperature – considerably affects DNA repair, among other cellular processes, and can thus sensitize (cancer) cells to DNA damaging agents. This effect has been known and clinically applied for many decades, but how heat inhibits DNA repair and which pathways are targeted has not been fully elucidated. In this review we attempt to summarize the known effects of hyperthermia on DNA repair pathways relevant in clinical treatment of cancer. Furthermore, we outline the relationships between the effects of heat on DNA repair and sensitization of cells to various DNA damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene L Oei
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Radiotherapy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lianne E M Vriend
- Van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy (LCAM)-AMC, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Johannes Crezee
- Department of Radiotherapy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicolaas A P Franken
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Radiotherapy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Przemek M Krawczyk
- Van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy (LCAM)-AMC, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Raoof M, Zhu C, Cisneros BT, Liu H, Corr SJ, Wilson LJ, Curley SA. Hyperthermia inhibits recombination repair of gemcitabine-stalled replication forks. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju183. [PMID: 25128695 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gemcitabine is a potent nucleoside analogue against solid tumors, but development of drug resistance is a substantial problem. Removal of gemcitabine incorporated into DNA by repair mechanisms may contribute to resistance in chemo-refractory solid tumors. Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is usually very chemoresistant to gemcitabine. METHODS We treated HCC in vitro and in vivo (orthotopic murine model with human Hep3B or HepG2 xenografts, 7-10 CB17SCID mice per group) with gemcitabine. The role of homologous recombination repair proteins in repairing stalled replication forks was evaluated with hyperthermia exposure and cell-cycle analysis. The Student t-test was used for two-sample comparisons. Multiple group data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS We demonstrated that Mre11-mediated homologous recombination repair of gemcitabine-stalled replication forks is crucial to survival of HCC cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated inhibition of Mre11 by an exonuclease inhibitor or concomitant hyperthermia. In orthotopic murine models of chemoresistant HCC, the Hep3B tumor mass with radiofrequency plus gemcitabine treatment (mean ± SD, 180±91mg) was statistically significantly smaller compared with gemcitabine alone (661±419mg, P = .0063). CONCLUSIONS This study provides mechanistic understanding of homologous recombination inhibiting-strategies, such as noninvasive radiofrequency field-induced hyperthermia, to overcome resistance to gemcitabine in refractory human solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Raoof
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (MR); Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (MR, CZ, BTC, HL, SJC, SAC); Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (SAC, SJC); Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX (LJW, SJC)
| | - Cihui Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (MR); Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (MR, CZ, BTC, HL, SJC, SAC); Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (SAC, SJC); Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX (LJW, SJC)
| | - Brandon T Cisneros
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (MR); Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (MR, CZ, BTC, HL, SJC, SAC); Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (SAC, SJC); Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX (LJW, SJC)
| | - Heping Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (MR); Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (MR, CZ, BTC, HL, SJC, SAC); Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (SAC, SJC); Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX (LJW, SJC)
| | - Stuart J Corr
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (MR); Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (MR, CZ, BTC, HL, SJC, SAC); Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (SAC, SJC); Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX (LJW, SJC)
| | - Lon J Wilson
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (MR); Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (MR, CZ, BTC, HL, SJC, SAC); Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (SAC, SJC); Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX (LJW, SJC)
| | - Steven A Curley
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (MR); Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (MR, CZ, BTC, HL, SJC, SAC); Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (SAC, SJC); Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX (LJW, SJC).
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12
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Abstract
Peregrine Laziosi (1265–1345), an Italian priest, became the patron saint of cancer patients when the tumour in his left leg miraculously disappeared after he developed a fever. Elevated body temperature can cause tumours to regress and sensitizes cancer cells to agents that break DNA. Why hyperthermia blocks the repair of broken chromosomes by changing the way that the DNA damage checkpoint kinases ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) are activated is an unanswered question. This review discusses the current knowledge of how heat affects the ATR–Chk1 and ATM–Chk2 kinase networks, and provides a possible explanation of why homeothermal organisms such as humans still possess this ancient heat response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Turner
- Genome Biology Group, College of Natural Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Brambell Building, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Wales LL57 2UW, UK
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13
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Velichko AK, Markova EN, Petrova NV, Razin SV, Kantidze OL. Mechanisms of heat shock response in mammals. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4229-41. [PMID: 23633190 PMCID: PMC11113869 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock (HS) is one of the best-studied exogenous cellular stresses. The cellular response to HS utilizes ancient molecular networks that are based primarily on the action of stress-induced heat shock proteins and HS factors. However, in one way or another, all cellular compartments and metabolic processes are involved in such a response. In this review, we aimed to summarize the experimental data concerning all aspects of the HS response in mammalian cells, such as HS-induced structural and functional alterations of cell membranes, the cytoskeleton and cellular organelles; the associated pathways that result in different modes of cell death and cell cycle arrest; and the effects of HS on transcription, splicing, translation, DNA repair, and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem K. Velichko
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Organization of Chromosomes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena N. Markova
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Organization of Chromosomes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V. Petrova
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Organization of Chromosomes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Razin
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Organization of Chromosomes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Omar L. Kantidze
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Organization of Chromosomes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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14
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Raleigh DR, Haas-Kogan DA. Molecular targets and mechanisms of radiosensitization using DNA damage response pathways. Future Oncol 2013; 9:219-33. [PMID: 23414472 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular reaction to genomic instability includes a network of signal transduction pathways collectively referred to as the DNA damage response (DDR). Activated by a variety of DNA lesions, the DDR orchestrates cell cycle arrest and DNA repair, and initiates apoptosis in instances where damage cannot be repaired. As such, disruption of the DDR increases the prevalence of DNA damage secondary to incomplete repair, and in doing so, enhances radiation-induced cytotoxicity. This article describes the molecular agents and their targets within DDR pathways that sensitize cells to radiation. Moreover, it reviews the therapeutic implications of these compounds, provides an overview of relevant clinical trials and offers a viewpoint on the evolution of the field in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Raleigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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15
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Ryabchenko NM, Rodionova NK, Sychevska IS, Muzalev II, Mykhailenko VM, Druzhina MO. Genotoxic effects of radiation and hyperthermia in linear mice with different radiation sensitivity. CYTOL GENET+ 2013. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452713010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Janes S, Schmidt U, Ashour Garrido K, Ney N, Concilio S, Zekri M, Caspari T. Heat induction of a novel Rad9 variant from a cryptic translation initiation site reduces mitotic commitment. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4487-97. [PMID: 22797921 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.104075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of human cells to heat switches the activating signal of the DNA damage checkpoint from genotoxic to temperature stress. This change reduces mitotic commitment at the expense of DNA break repair. The thermal alterations behind this switch remain elusive despite the successful use of heat to sensitise cancer cells to DNA breaks. Rad9 is a highly conserved subunit of the Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 (9-1-1) checkpoint-clamp that is loaded by Rad17 onto damaged chromatin. At the DNA, Rad9 activates the checkpoint kinases Rad3(ATR) and Chk1 to arrest cells in G2. Using Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a model eukaryote, we discovered a new variant of Rad9, Rad9-M50, whose expression is specifically induced by heat. High temperatures promote alternative translation from a cryptic initiation codon at methionine-50. This process is restricted to cycling cells and is independent of the temperature-sensing mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. While full-length Rad9 delays mitosis in the presence of DNA lesions, Rad9-M50 functions in a remodelled checkpoint pathway to reduce mitotic commitment at elevated temperatures. This remodelled pathway still relies on Rad1 and Hus1, but acts independently of Rad17. Heat-induction of Rad9-M50 ensures that the kinase Chk1 remains in a hypo-phosphorylated state. Elevated temperatures specifically reverse the DNA-damage-induced modification of Chk1 in a manner dependent on Rad9-M50. Taken together, heat reprogrammes the DNA damage checkpoint at the level of Chk1 by inducing a Rad9 variant that can act outside of the canonical 9-1-1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Janes
- Bangor University, Genome Biology Group, College of Natural Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Brambell Building, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
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17
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Avaritt NL, Owens R, Larson SK, Reynolds M, Byrum S, Hiatt KM, Smoller BR, Tackett AJ, Cheung WL. Misregulation of Rad50 expression in melanoma cells. J Cutan Pathol 2012; 39:680-684. [PMID: 22725639 PMCID: PMC4237308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2012.01915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks are increased in human melanoma tissue as detected by histone H2AX phosphorylation.(1-3) We investigated two of the downstream effectors of DNA double-strand breaks, Rad50 and 53BP1 (tumor suppressor p53 binding protein 1), to determine if they are altered in human primary melanoma cells. Melanoma cases showed high Rad50 staining (81.8%; 9/11) significantly more frequently than conventional or atypical melanocytic nevi (0%; 0/18). In contrast, the staining pattern for 53BP1 appears similar between melanoma and nevi. This is the first study that shows activation and misregulation of the DNA repair pathway in human melanoma cells. The staining features of Rad50, a component of an essential DNA double-strand break repair complex, are clearly increased in melanoma cells with regards to both staining intensity and the number of positive melanoma cells. Interestingly, among the melanoma cases with increased Rad50 staining, most demonstrated cytoplasmic rather than nuclear staining (88.9%, 8/9). Further studies are needed to determine the cause of this mislocalization and its affects, if any, on DNA double-strand break repair in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan L. Avaritt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Richard Owens
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Signe K. Larson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Matthew Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Stephanie Byrum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Kim M. Hiatt
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Bruce R. Smoller
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Alan J. Tackett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Wang L. Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
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18
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Furusawa Y, Iizumi T, Fujiwara Y, Zhao QL, Tabuchi Y, Nomura T, Kondo T. Inhibition of checkpoint kinase 1 abrogates G2/M checkpoint activation and promotes apoptosis under heat stress. Apoptosis 2012; 17:102-12. [PMID: 22080164 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Hyperthermia induced by heat stress (HS) inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells and induces their apoptosis. However, the mechanism underlying HS-induced apoptosis remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated a novel evidence that checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) plays crucial roles in the apoptosis and regulation of cell cycle progression in cells under HS. In human leukemia Jurkat cells, interestingly, the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad-3 related (ATR)-Chk1 pathway was preferentially activated rather than the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) pathway under HS. The selective inhibitors of ATR or Chk1 abrogated HS-induced apoptosis in human leukemia Jurkat cells whereas the inhibition of ATM or Chk2 caused only marginal effects. Inhibition of ATR and Chk1 also abrogated G2/M checkpoint activation by HS in Jurkat cells. The effects of small interfering RNA targeting Chk1 were similar to those of the selective inhibitor of Chk1. In addition, the efficiencies of Chk1 inhibition on G2/M checkpoint abrogation and apoptosis induction were confirmed in the adherent cancer cell lines HeLa, HSC3, and PC3, suggesting that the targeting of Chk1 can be effective in solid tumors cells. In conclusion, these findings indicate a novel molecular basis of G2/M checkpoint activation and apoptosis in cells exposed to HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Furusawa
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Life Science Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
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19
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Nambiar D, Rajamani P, Singh RP. Effects of phytochemicals on ionization radiation-mediated carcinogenesis and cancer therapy. Mutat Res 2011; 728:139-57. [PMID: 22030216 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR)-induced cellular damage is implicated in carcinogenesis as well as therapy of cancer. Advances in radiation therapy have led to the decrease in dosage and localizing the effects to the tumor; however, the development of radioresistance in cancer cells and radiation toxicity to normal tissues are still the major concerns. The development of radioresistance involves several mechanisms, including the activation of mitogenic and survival signaling, induction of DNA repair, and changes in redox signaling and epigenetic regulation. The current strategy of combining radiation with standard cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents can potentially lead to unwanted side effects due to both agents. Thus agents are needed that could improve the efficacy of radiation killing of cancer cells and prevent the damage to normal cells and tissues caused by the direct and bystander effects of radiation, without have its own systemic toxicity. Chemopreventive phytochemicals, usually non-toxic agents with both cancer preventive and therapeutic activities, could rightly fit in this approach. In this regard, naturally occurring compounds, including curcumin, parthenolide, genistein, gossypol, ellagic acid, withaferin, plumbagin and resveratrol, have shown considerable potential. These agents suppress the radiation-induced activation of receptor tyrosine kinases and nuclear factor-κB signaling, can modify cell survival and DNA repair efficacy, and may potentiate ceramide signaling. These radiosensitizing and counter radioresistance mechanisms of phytochemicals in cancer cells are also associated with changes in epigenetic gene regulation. Because radioresistance involves multiple mechanisms, more studies are needed to discover novel phytochemicals having multiple mechanisms of radiosensitization and to overcome radioresistance of cancer cells. Pre-clinical studies are needed to address the appropriate dosage, timing, and duration of the application of phytochemicals with radiation to justify clinical trials. Nonetheless, some phytochemicals in combination with IR may play a significant role in enhancing the therapeutic index of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Nambiar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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20
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Oberle C, Blattner C. Regulation of the DNA Damage Response to DSBs by Post-Translational Modifications. Curr Genomics 2011; 11:184-98. [PMID: 21037856 PMCID: PMC2878983 DOI: 10.2174/138920210791110979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to the genetic material can affect cellular function in many ways. Therefore, maintenance of the genetic integrity is of primary importance for all cells. Upon DNA damage, cells respond immediately with proliferation arrest and repair of the lesion or apoptosis. All these consequences require recognition of the lesion and transduction of the information to effector systems. The accomplishment of DNA repair, but also of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis furthermore requires protein-protein interactions and the formation of larger protein complexes. More recent research shows that the formation of many of these aggregates depends on post-translational modifications. In this article, we have summarized the different cellular events in response to a DNA double strand break, the most severe lesion of the DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Oberle
- Karlsruher Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe PO-Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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21
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Dynlacht JR, Batuello CN, Lopez JT, Kim KK, Turchi JJ. Identification of Mre11 as a target for heat radiosensitization. Radiat Res 2011; 176:323-32. [PMID: 21699368 DOI: 10.1667/rr2594.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Thermal radiosensitization is believed to be mediated by an inhibition of double-strand break (DSB) repair, but the exact mechanism of radiosensitization remains to be elucidated. Previously, we demonstrated that proteins of the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex (MRN) translocate from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in cells have that been heated or heated and then irradiated; this finding led us to propose that heat radiosensitization was due at least in part to translocation of MRN. In the current study, we used leptomycin B to inhibit MRN translocation in heated, irradiated cells, but we found that heat radiosensitization was not altered. Thus enhanced radiosensitivity was not attributed to translocation of MRN proteins. To determine which of the MRN subunits contributed to heat radiosensitization, we compared the extent of heat radiosensitization in wild-type cells with that of cells hypomorphic for Mre11 or Nbs1 or cells in which the level of Rad50 was suppressed. We found that neither Nbs1 nor Rad50 is involved in heat radiosensitization, because a similar amount of heat radiosensitization was observed in cells deficient in those proteins compared to cells expressing normal levels. However, heat radiosensitization was not observed in A-TLD1 cells deficient in Mre11. Measurement of exonuclease activity of purified Mre11 heated at 42.5°C or 45.5°C indicated that the protein is very heat-labile. Immunoprecipitation of Mre11 from heated HeLa cells also revealed that hsp70 associates with Mre11 and that this association is maintained long after heating. Taken together, these findings implicate Mre11 as a target for heat radiosensitization and suggest that heat radiosensitization and inhibition of DSB repair may be mediated by heat-induced conformational changes in Mre11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Dynlacht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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22
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Okamoto N, Takahashi A, Ota I, Ohnishi K, Mori E, Kondo N, Noda T, Nakagawa Y, Uemura H, Yane K, Hosoi H, Ohnishi T. siRNA targeted forNBS1enhances heat sensitivity in human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells. Int J Hyperthermia 2011; 27:297-304. [DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2010.545365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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23
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Shears SB, Gokhale NA, Wang H, Zaremba A. Diphosphoinositol polyphosphates: what are the mechanisms? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 51:13-25. [PMID: 21035493 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In countries where adulthood is considered to be attained at age eighteen, 2011 can be the point at which the diphosphoinositol polyphosphates might formally be described as "coming of age", since these molecules were first fully defined in 1993 (Menniti et al., 1993; Stephens et al., 1993b). But from a biological perspective, these polyphosphates cannot quite be considered to have matured into the status of being independently-acting intracellular signals. This review has discussed several of the published proposals for mechanisms by which the diphosphoinositol polyphosphates might act. We have argued that all of these hypotheses need further development.We also still do not know a single molecular mechanism by which a change in the levels of a particular diphosphoinositol polyphosphate can be controlled. Yet, despite all these gaps in our understanding, there is an enduring anticipation that these molecules have great potential in the signaling field. Reflecting our expectations of all teenagers, it should be our earnest hope that in the near future the diphosphoinositol polyphosphates will finally grow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Shears
- Inositol Signaling Group, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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24
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Gerashchenko BI, Gooding G, Dynlacht JR. Hyperthermia alters the interaction of proteins of the Mre11 complex in irradiated cells. Cytometry A 2010; 77:940-52. [PMID: 21290468 PMCID: PMC3075327 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Radiosensitization of mammalian cells by heat is believed to involve the inhibition of repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The Mre11 complex (composed of Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1) is involved in DSB repair and forms foci at sites of radiation-induced DSBs. Heat induces the translocation of a significant amount of Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, but little is known about how heat affects the integrity of the proteins still remaining in nuclei, or alters kinetics of formation/disappearance of DNA repair foci in heated, irradiated cells. Here, we show that hyperthermia alters the interaction between proteins of the Mre11 complex in irradiated human melanoma cells and inhibits the formation of repair foci. At various times after X-irradiation and/or heating (2 h at 41.5 or 42.5 °C), the cells were fixed and stained for Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1. Colocalization of proteins and formation and disappearance of nuclear foci in heated and/or irradiated cells, determined using confocal microscopy, were compared. In heated, irradiated cells, focus formation was inhibited for 2-8 h, and colocalization of the proteins of the Mre11 complex was reduced for 12-24 h post-treatment. Colocalization was recovered in irradiated cells within 24 h after heating at 41.5 °C, but was inhibited longer after heating at 42.5 °C. The decreased colocalization in heated, irradiated cells suggests that there is a decrease in protein interaction, and Mre11 complexes in nuclei disassemble after heating. Such changes could be involved, at least in part, in heat radiosensitization and inhibition of DSB repair. Also, the kinetics of disassembly and reassembly of Mre11 complexes appears to be dependent upon treatment temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan I. Gerashchenko
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Radiobiology and Ecology, R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, Kyiv 03022, Ukraine
| | - Gerirose Gooding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Joseph R. Dynlacht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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25
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Takahashi A, Mori E, Ohnishi T. The foci of DNA double strand break-recognition proteins localize with gammaH2AX after heat treatment. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2010; 51:91-95. [PMID: 20173316 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.09111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there have been many reports concerning proteins which can recognize DNA double strand break (DSBs), and such proteins include histone H2AX phosphorylated at serine 139 (gammaH2AX), ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) phospho-serine 1981, DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) phospho-threonine 2609, Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 (NBS1) phospho-serine 343, checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2), phospho-threonine 68, and structural maintenance of chromosomes 1 (SMC1) phospho-serine 966. Thus, it should be possible to follow the formation of DSBs and their repair using immunohistochemical methods with multiple antibodies to detect these proteins. When normal human fibroblasts (AG1522 cells) were exposed to 3 Gy of X-rays as a control, clearly discernable foci for these proteins were detected, and these foci localized with gammaH2AX foci. After heat treatment at 45.5 degrees C for 20 min, these proteins are partially localized with gammaH2AX foci. Here we show that there were slight differences in the localization pattern among these proteins, such as a disappearance from the nucleus (phospho-ATM) and translocation to the cytoplasm (phospho-NBS1) at 30 min after heat treatment, and some foci (phospho-DNA-PKcs and phospho-CHK2) appeared at 8 h after heat treatment. These results are discussed from perspectives of heat-induced denaturation of proteins and formation of DSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Takahashi
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
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26
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Xu M, Myerson RJ, Xia Y, Whitehead T, Moros EG, Straube WL, Roti JLR. The effects of 41°C hyperthermia on the DNA repair protein, MRE11, correlate with radiosensitization in four human tumor cell lines. Int J Hyperthermia 2009; 23:343-51. [PMID: 17558733 DOI: 10.1080/02656730701383007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to determine if reduced availability of the DNA repair protein, MRE11, for the repair of damaged DNA is a basis for thermal radiosensitization induced by moderate hyperthermia. To test this hypothesis, we measured the total amount of MRE11 DNA repair protein and its heat-induced alterations in four human tumor cell lines requiring different heating times at 41 degrees C to induce measurable radiosensitization. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines (NSY42129, HT29 and HCT15) and HeLa cells were used as the test system. Cells were irradiated immediately after completion of hyperthermia. MRE11 levels in whole cell extract, nuclear extract and cytoplasmic extracts were measured by Western blotting. The nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts were separated by TX100 solubility. The subcellular localization of MRE11 was determined by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS The results show that for the human tumor cell lines studied, the larger the endogenous amount of MRE11 protein per cell, the longer the heating time at 41 degrees C required for inducing measurable radiosensitization in that cell line. Further, the residual nuclear MRE11 protein level, measured in the nuclear extract and in the cytoplasmic extract as a function of heating time, both correlated with the thermal enhancement ratio (TER). CONCLUSIONS These observations are consistent with the possibility that delocalization of MRE11 from the nucleus is a critical step in the radiosensitization by moderate hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Xu
- Radiation Sciences, Radiology Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Grimm MJ, Zynda ER, Repasky EA. Temperature Matters: Cellular Targets of Hyperthermia in Cancer Biology and Immunology. HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2976-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Takahashi A, Mori E, Somakos GI, Ohnishi K, Ohnishi T. Heat induces gammaH2AX foci formation in mammalian cells. Mutat Res 2008; 656:88-92. [PMID: 18765297 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
H2AX is a histone variant which is present and ubiquitously distributed throughout the genome. An immunocytochemical assay using antibodies capable of recognizing histone H2AX phosphorylated at serine 139 (gammaH2AX) is very sensitive and is a specific indicator for the existence of a DNA double strand break. Although heat stress has been reported to induce the formation of gammaH2AX foci, no gammaH2AX foci formation was observed in several mammalian cell lines after heat shock. Since this was in contrast to earlier reports, the work described here was intended to verify that heat-induced gammaH2AX foci do form in mammalian cell lines other than the cell lines used in earlier reports concerning gammaH2AX foci formation. The cell lines used in this work includes cell lines with differing p53-gene status (H1299, H1299/neo, H1299/mp53 and H1299/wtp53 cells), various cancer cell lines (HeLa, HepG2, U2-OS cells), normal human cells (HEK-293 and AG1522), and cell lines established from other species (MEF normal mouse cells and CHL normal Chinese hamster cells). Exponentially growing cells were exposed to heat shock (42 degrees C for 6 h or 45.5 degrees C for 20 min) or to X-rays (3Gy). The presence of gammaH2AX was examined with immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. Induction of gammaH2AX foci formation was observed in all of the mammalian cell lines used here after heat-treatment as well as after X-irradiation. However, the intensity of gammaH2AX was different in the different cell lines used. These results confirm that heat can induce gammaH2AX foci formation in many mammalian cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Takahashi
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
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Roti Roti JL. Cellular responses to hyperthermia (40-46 degrees C): cell killing and molecular events. Int J Hyperthermia 2008; 24:3-15. [PMID: 18214765 DOI: 10.1080/02656730701769841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this review is to provide a brief introduction to the effects of hyperthermia on cellular structures and physiology. The review focuses on the effects of hyperthermia thought to contribute to the enhancement of cancer therapy namely the mechanisms of cell killing and the sensitization of cells to ionizing radiation or chemotherapeutic agents. Specifically the review addresses four topics: hyperthermia induced cell killing, mathematical models of cell killing, mechanisms of thermal effects in the hyperthermia temperature range and effects on proteins that contribute to resistance to other stresses, i.e., DNA damage. Hyperthermia has significant effects on proteins including unfolding, exposing hydrophobic groups, and aggregation with proteins not directly altered by hyperthermia. Protein aggregation has effects throughout the cell but has a significant impact within the nucleus. Changes in the associations of nuclear proteins particularly those involved in DNA replication cause the stalling of DNA replication forks and lead to the induction of DNA damage such as double strand breaks. It has long been recognized that heat has effects on plasma membrane protein distribution alters the permeability of plasma membranes resulting in a calcium spike and disrupts the mitochondrial membrane potential resulting in the change in the redox status of cells. These effects contribute to the protein unfolding effects of hyperthermia and contribute to effects observed in the nucleus. Thus heat effects on multiple cellular targets can be integrated through global effects on protein folding to affect specific end points such as cell killing and sensitization to additional stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Roti Roti
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
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30
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Cervelli T, Palacios JA, Zentilin L, Mano M, Schwartz RA, Weitzman MD, Giacca M. Processing of recombinant AAV genomes occurs in specific nuclear structures that overlap with foci of DNA-damage-response proteins. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:349-57. [PMID: 18216333 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.003632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing utilization of rAAV vectors in gene transfer applications, several aspects of the biology of these vectors remain poorly understood. We have visualized the conversion of rAAV vector genomes from single-stranded to double-stranded DNA in real time. We report that rAAV DNA accumulates into discrete foci inside the nucleus. These rAAV foci are defined in number, increase in size over time after transduction, are relatively immobile, and their presence correlates with the efficiency of cell transduction. These structures overlap with, or lie in close proximity to, the foci in which proteins of the MRN (MRE11-RAD50-NBS1) complex as well as the MDC1 protein accumulate after DNA damage. The downregulation of MRN or MDC1 by RNA interference markedly increases both the formation of rAAV foci and the extent of rAAV transduction. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments indicate that the MRE11 protein associates with the incoming rAAV genomes and that this association decreases upon cell treatment with DNA damaging agents. These findings are consistent with a model whereby cellular DNA-damage-response proteins restrict rAAV transduction by negatively regulating rAAV genome processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Cervelli
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, AREA della Ricerca del CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy
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31
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MORI EIICHIRO, TAKAHASHI AKIHISA, OHNISHI TAKEO. The Biology of Heat-induced DNA Double-Strand Breaks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3191/thermalmed.24.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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32
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Bergs JWJ, Franken NAP, Haveman J, Geijsen ED, Crezee J, van Bree C. Hyperthermia, cisplatin and radiation trimodality treatment: a promising cancer treatment? A review from preclinical studies to clinical application. Int J Hyperthermia 2007; 23:329-41. [PMID: 17558732 DOI: 10.1080/02656730701378684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review discusses available clinical and experimental data and the underlying mechanisms involved in trimodality treatment consisting of hyperthermia, cisplatin and radiotherapy. The results of phase I/II clinical trials show that trimodality treatment is effective and feasible in various cancer types and sites with tolerable toxicity. Based on these results, phase III trials have been launched to investigate whether significant differences in treatment outcome exist between trimodality and standard treatment. In view of the clinical interest, it is surprising to find so few preclinical studies on trimodality treatment. Although little information is available on the doses of the modalities and the treatment sequence resulting in the largest degree of synergistic interaction, the results from in vivo and in vitro preclinical studies support the use of trimodality treatment for cancer patients. Animal studies show an improvement in treatment outcome after trimodality treatment compared with mono- and bimodality treatment. Studies in different human tumour cell lines show that a synergistic interaction can be obtained between hyperthermia, cisplatin and radiation and that this interaction is more likely to occur in cell lines which are more sensitive to cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W J Bergs
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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33
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Ohnishi K, Scuric Z, Yau D, Schiestl RH, Okamoto N, Takahashi A, Ohnishi T. Heat-induced phosphorylation of NBS1 in human skin fibroblast cells. J Cell Biochem 2007; 99:1642-50. [PMID: 16823774 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
NBS1 is known to be involved in DNA damage-induced cellular responses after exposure to ionizing radiation (IR). Phosphorylation of NBS1 contributes to cell-cycle checkpoints. The aim of this study was to determine whether heat exposure induces or stimulates cellular responses mediated by the phosphorylation of NBS1 in human skin fibroblast cell lines. The results of immunofluorescent staining and Western blot analysis showed that NBS1 proteins are phosphorylated after exposure to heat in the nucleus of a normal skin fibroblast cell line (82-6 cells). This suggests that the NBS1-mediated signal transduction could be induced by heat. We further examined whether a deficiency in the NBS1 protein modifies heat sensitivity in human skin fibroblast cell lines. A skin fibroblast cell line (Gmtert), derived from a Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) patient containing mutant NBS1, showed higher sensitivity to heat than the same cell line transfected with the wild-type copy of the NBS1 gene. We also showed that transfection of a DNA cassette expressing small interference RNA (siRNA) targeted to NBS1 into 82-6 cells enhanced cell sensitivity to heat. These results suggest that NBS1 is involved in cellular responses to DNA damage which is induced by heat exposure as well as by radiation exposure in human skin fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Ohnishi
- Department of Biology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
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Sekhar KR, Sonar VN, Muthusamy V, Sasi S, Laszlo A, Sawani J, Horikoshi N, Higashikubo R, Bristow RG, Borrelli MJ, Crooks PA, Lepock JR, Roti Roti JL, Freeman ML. Novel Chemical Enhancers of Heat Shock Increase Thermal Radiosensitization through a Mitotic Catastrophe Pathway. Cancer Res 2007; 67:695-701. [PMID: 17234780 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy combined with adjuvant hyperthermia has the potential to provide outstanding local-regional control for refractory disease. However, achieving therapeutic thermal dose can be problematic. In the current investigation, we used a chemistry-driven approach with the goal of designing and synthesizing novel small molecules that could function as thermal radiosensitizers. (Z)-(+/-)-2-(1-Benzenesulfonylindol-3-ylmethylene)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol was identified as a compound that could lower the threshold for Hsf1 activation and thermal sensitivity. Enhanced thermal sensitivity was associated with significant thermal radiosensitization. We established the structural requirements for activity: the presence of an N-benzenesulfonylindole or N-benzylindole moiety linked at the indolic 3-position to a 2-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol) or 2-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one) moiety. These small molecules functioned by exploiting the underlying biophysical events responsible for thermal sensitization. Thermal radiosensitization was characterized biochemically and found to include loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, followed by mitotic catastrophe. These studies identified a novel series of small molecules that represent a promising tool for the treatment of recurrent tumors by ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konjeti R Sekhar
- Department of Radiation Oncology/Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA, and Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Takahashi A, Mori E, Ohnishi T. Phospho-Nbs1 and Mre11 proteins which recognize DSBs co-localize with γH2AX in the nucleus after heat treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.4993/acrt.15.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Miyazaki T, Tsai HF, Bennett JE. Kre29p is a novel nuclear protein involved in DNA repair and mitotic fidelity in Candida glabrata. Curr Genet 2006; 50:11-22. [PMID: 16775745 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-006-0072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Revised: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Candida glabrata KRE29 is an ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae KRE29. S. cerevisiae Kre29p has been identified by affinity purification as a subunit of the Smc5-Smc6 complex, which is required for DNA repair and chromosome segregation. However, mutant phenotypes of S. cerevisiae KRE29 have not been well characterized and none of its orthologs' functions has been reported. Here we report phenotypic characteristics of a C. glabrata kre29 deletant. The absence of C. glabrata Kre29p resulted in decreased viability, exhibiting cell cycle arrest between late S-phase and metaphase even under normal growth conditions, and also caused an increase of plasmid loss rate, implying that Kre29p is required for mitotic chromosome transmission fidelity. The deletant showed increased sensitivity to high temperature as well as to DNA damaging agents including UV, gamma ray, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide and methyl methanesulfonate, and the phenotypes were restored in the KRE29 reintegrant. Consistent with the Deltakre29 phenotypes, a Kre29p-GFP fusion protein was located in the nucleus. Furthermore, Kre29p-GFP became concentrated and formed distinct foci after exposure to 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide. These results suggest the involvement of C. glabrata Kre29p in DNA repair. To our knowledge, this is the first report addressing a cellular protein involved in DNA repair in C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiga Miyazaki
- Clinical Mycology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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37
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Kampinga HH, Laszlo A. DNA double strand breaks do not play a role in heat-induced cell killing. Cancer Res 2006; 65:10632-3; author reply 10633. [PMID: 16288057 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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TAKAHASHI AKIHISA, OHNISHI TAKEO. What is the Critical Hyperthermia Target in Cancer Cells? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.3191/thermalmedicine.22.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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39
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Choi K, Mollapour E, Shears SB. Signal transduction during environmental stress: InsP8 operates within highly restricted contexts. Cell Signal 2005; 17:1533-41. [PMID: 15936174 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Revised: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic manipulation of diphosphoinositol polyphosphate synthesis impacts many biological processes (reviewed in S.B. Shears, Biochem. J. 377, 2004, 265-280). These observations lacked a cell-signalling context, until the recent discovery that bis-diphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate ([PP]2-InsP4 or "InsP8") accumulates rapidly in mammalian cells in response to hyperosmotic stress (X. Pesesse, K. Choi, T. Zhang, and S. B. Shears J. Biol. Chem. 279, 2004, 43378-43381). We now investigate how widely applicable is this new stress-response. [PP]2-InsP4 did not respond to mechanical strain or oxidative stress in mammalian cells. Furthermore, despite tight conservation of many molecular stress responses across the phylogenetic spectrum, we show that cellular [PP]2-InsP4 levels do not respond significantly to osmotic imbalance, heat stress and salt toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In contrast, we show that [PP]2-InsP4 is a novel sensor of mild thermal stress in mammalian cells: [PP]2-InsP4 levels increased 3-4 fold when cells were cooled from 37 to 33 degrees C, or heated to 42 degrees C. Increases in [PP]2-InsP4 levels following heat-shock were evident <5 min, and reversible (t(1/2)=7 min) once cells were returned to 37 degrees C. These responses were blocked by pharmacological inhibition of the ERK/MEK pathway. Additional control processes may lie upstream of [PP]2-InsP4 synthesis, which was synergistically activated when heat stress and osmotic stress were combined. Our data add to the repertoire of signaling responses following thermal challenges, a topic of current interest for its possible therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuicheon Choi
- Inositide Signaling Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, PO Box 12233, NC 27709, USA
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40
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Abstract
Proper repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is necessary for the maintenance of genomic integrity. Here, a new simple assay was used to study extrachromosomal DSB repair in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Strikingly, DSB repair was associated with the capture of fission yeast mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) at high frequency. Capture of mtDNA fragments required the Lig4p/Pku70p nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) machinery and its frequency was highly increased in fission yeast cells grown to stationary phase. The fission yeast Mre11 complex Rad32p/Rad50p/Nbs1p was also required for efficient capture of mtDNA at DSBs, supporting a role for the complex in promoting intermolecular ligation. Competition assays further revealed that microsatellite DNA from higher eukaryotes was preferentially captured at yeast DSBs. Finally, cotransformation experiments indicated that, in NHEJ-deficient cells, capture of extranuclear DNA at DSBs was observed if homologies--as short as 8 bp--were present between DNA substrate and DSB ends. Hence, whether driven by NHEJ, microhomology-mediated end-joining, or homologous recombination, DNA capture associated with DSB repair is a mutagenic process threatening genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabelle Decottignies
- Cellular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Catholic University of Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74+3, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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Abstract
The cellular stress response is a universal mechanism of extraordinary physiological/pathophysiological significance. It represents a defense reaction of cells to damage that environmental forces inflict on macromolecules. Many aspects of the cellular stress response are not stressor specific because cells monitor stress based on macromolecular damage without regard to the type of stress that causes such damage. Cellular mechanisms activated by DNA damage and protein damage are interconnected and share common elements. Other cellular responses directed at re-establishing homeostasis are stressor specific and often activated in parallel to the cellular stress response. All organisms have stress proteins, and universally conserved stress proteins can be regarded as the minimal stress proteome. Functional analysis of the minimal stress proteome yields information about key aspects of the cellular stress response, including physiological mechanisms of sensing membrane lipid, protein, and DNA damage; redox sensing and regulation; cell cycle control; macromolecular stabilization/repair; and control of energy metabolism. In addition, cells can quantify stress and activate a death program (apoptosis) when tolerance limits are exceeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Kültz
- Physiological Genomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Namiki Y, Kon Y, Kazusa K, Asano A, Sasaki N, Agui T. Quantitative trait loci analysis of heat stress resistance of spermatocytes in the MRL/MpJ mouse. Mamm Genome 2005; 16:96-102. [PMID: 15859354 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-004-2424-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The MRL/MpJ mouse has previously been reported to possess an interesting phenotype in which spermatocytes are resistant to the abdominal temperature heat shock. In this study genetic analysis for it was performed. The phenotypes of F2 progenies produced by mating MRL/MpJ and control strain C57BL/6 mice were not segregated into two types as parental phenotypes, suggesting that the phenotype is controlled by multiple genetic loci. Thus, quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was performed using 98 microsatellite markers. The weight ratio of the cryptorchid testis to the intact testis (testis weight ratio) and the Sertoli cell index were used for quantitative traits. QTL analysis revealed two significant QTLs located on Chrs 1 and 11 for testis weight ratio and one significant QTL located in the same region of Chr 1 for the Sertoli cell index. A microsatellite marker locus located in the peak of the QTL on Chr 1 did not recombine with the exonuclease 1 (Exo1) gene locus in 140 F2 progenies. Mutation of the Exo1 gene was previously reported to be responsible for metaphase-specific apoptosis (MSA) of spermatocytes in the MRL/MpJ mouse. These results raise the possibility that mutation of the Exo1 gene is responsible for both MSA and heat stress resistance of spermatocytes in the MRL/MpJ mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Namiki
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Yin HL, Suzuki Y, Matsumoto Y, Tomita M, Furusawa Y, Enomoto A, Morita A, Aoki M, Yatagai F, Suzuki T, Hosoi Y, Ohtomo K, Suzuki N. Radiosensitization by hyperthermia in the chicken B-lymphocyte cell line DT40 and its derivatives lacking nonhomologous end joining and/or homologous recombination pathways of DNA double-strand break repair. Radiat Res 2004; 162:433-41. [PMID: 15447039 DOI: 10.1667/rr3239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hyperthermia has a radiosensitizing effect, which is one of the most important biological bases for its use in cancer therapy with radiation. Although the mechanism of this effect has not been clarified in molecular terms, possible involvement of either one or both of two major DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways, i.e. nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR), has been speculated. To test this possibility, we examined cells of the chicken B-lymphocyte cell line DT40 and its derivatives lacking NHEJ and/or HR: KU70(-/-), DNA-PKcs(-/-/-), RAD54(-/-) and KU70(-/-)/RAD54(-/-). Radiosensitization by hyperthermia could be seen in all of the mutants, including KU70(-/-)/RAD54(-/-), which lacked both NHEJ and HR. Therefore, radiosensitization by hyperthermia cannot be explained simply by its inhibitory effects, if any, on NHEJ and/or HR alone. However, in NHEJ-defective KU70(-/-) and DNA-PKcs(-/-/-), consisting of two subpopulations with distinct radiosensitivity, the radiosensitive subpopulation, which is considered to be cells in G(1) and early S, was not sensitized. Substantial sensitization was seen only in the radioresistant subpopulation, which is considered to be cells in late S and G(2), capable of repairing DSBs through HR. This observation did not exclude possible involvement of NHEJ in G(1) and early S phase and also suggested inhibitory effects of hyperthermia on HR. Thus partial contribution of NHEJ and HR in radiosensitization by hyperthermia, especially that depending on the cell cycle stage, remains to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lan Yin
- Department of Radiation Research, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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