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Cao J, Zhang F, Xiong W. Discovery of Aptamers and the Acceleration of the Development of Targeting Research in Ophthalmology. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:4421-4430. [PMID: 37551274 PMCID: PMC10404440 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s418115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are widely applied to diagnosis and therapy because of their targeting. However, the current progress of research into aptamers for the treatment of eye disorders has not been well-documented. The current literature on aptamers was reviewed in this study. Aptamer-related drugs and biochemical sensors have been evaluated for several eye disorders within the past decade; S58 targeting TGF-β receptor II and pegaptanib targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are used to prevent fibrosis after glaucoma filtration surgery. Anti-brain-derived neurotrophic factor aptamer has been used to diagnose glaucoma. The first approved aptamer drug (pegaptanib) has been used to inhibit angiogenesis in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR), and its efficacy and safety have been demonstrated in clinical trials. Aptamers, including E10030, RBM-007, AS1411, and avacincaptad pegol, targeting other angiogenesis-related biomarkers have also been discovered and subjected to clinical trials. Aptamers, such as C promoter binding factor 1, CD44, and advanced end products in AMD and DR, targeting other signal pathway proteins have also been discovered for therapy, and biochemical sensors for early diagnosis have been developed based on aptamers targeting VEGF, connective tissue growth factor, and lipocalin 1. Aptamers used for early detection and treatment of ocular tumors were derived from other disease biomarkers, such as CD71, nucleolin, and high mobility group A. In this review, the development and application of aptamers in eye disorders in recent years are systematically discussed, which may inspire a new link between aptamers and eye disorders. The aptamer development trajectory also facilitates the discovery of the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies for various eye disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
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Experimental Models to Study Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054509. [PMID: 36901938 PMCID: PMC10003383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinal diseases (PVDs) encompass proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), epiretinal membranes, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. These vision-threatening diseases are characterized by the development of proliferative membranes above, within and/or below the retina following epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and/or endothelial-mesenchymal transition of endothelial cells. As surgical peeling of PVD membranes remains the sole therapeutic option for patients, development of in vitro and in vivo models has become essential to better understand PVD pathogenesis and identify potential therapeutic targets. The in vitro models range from immortalized cell lines to human pluripotent stem-cell-derived RPE and primary cells subjected to various treatments to induce EMT and mimic PVD. In vivo PVR animal models using rabbit, mouse, rat, and swine have mainly been obtained through surgical means to mimic ocular trauma and retinal detachment, and through intravitreal injection of cells or enzymes to induce EMT and investigate cell proliferation and invasion. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the usefulness, advantages, and limitations of the current models available to investigate EMT in PVD.
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Dos Santos FM, Ciordia S, Mesquita J, de Sousa JPC, Paradela A, Tomaz CT, Passarinha LAP. Vitreous humor proteome: unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying proliferative and neovascular vitreoretinal diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 80:22. [PMID: 36585968 PMCID: PMC11072707 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04670-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) are among the leading causes of blindness. Due to the multifactorial nature of these vitreoretinal diseases, omics approaches are essential for a deeper understanding of the pathophysiologic processes underlying the evolution to a proliferative or neovascular etiology, in which patients suffer from an abrupt loss of vision. For many years, it was thought that the function of the vitreous was merely structural, supporting and protecting the surrounding ocular tissues. Proteomics studies proved that vitreous is more complex and biologically active than initially thought, and its changes reflect the physiological and pathological state of the eye. The vitreous is the scenario of a complex interplay between inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Vitreous proteome not only reflects the pathological events that occur in the retina, but the changes in the vitreous itself play a central role in the onset and progression of vitreoretinal diseases. Therefore, this review offers an overview of the studies on the vitreous proteome that could help to elucidate some of the pathological mechanisms underlying proliferative and/or neovascular vitreoretinal diseases and to find new potential pharmaceutical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Milhano Dos Santos
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal.
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Unidad de Proteomica, Calle Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Unidad de Proteomica, Calle Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joana Mesquita
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Castro de Sousa
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, 2410-197, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Alberto Paradela
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Unidad de Proteomica, Calle Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cândida Teixeira Tomaz
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
- C4-UBI, Cloud Computing Competence Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-501, Covilhã, Portugal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Luís António Paulino Passarinha
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal.
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Universidade NOVA, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal.
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
- Pharmaco-Toxicology Laboratory, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-000, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Tran TTT, Delgado A, Jeong S. Organ-on-a-Chip: The Future of Therapeutic Aptamer Research? BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-021-00016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Khaw PT, Bouremel Y, Brocchini S, Henein C. The control of conjunctival fibrosis as a paradigm for the prevention of ocular fibrosis-related blindness. "Fibrosis has many friends". Eye (Lond) 2020; 34:2163-2174. [PMID: 32587389 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-1031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The processes involved in ocular fibrosis after disease or ocular tissue injury, including surgery play an important part in the development or failure of treatment of most blinding diseases. Ocular fibrosis is one of the biggest areas of unmet need in ophthalmology. Effective anti-scarring therapies could potentially revolutionise the management of many diseases like glaucoma worldwide. The response of a quiescent or activated conjunctiva to glaucoma surgery and aqueous flow with different stimulatory components and the response to different interventions and future therapeutics is a paradigm for scarring prevention in other parts of the eye and orbit. Evolution in our understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms in ocular fibrosis is leading to the introduction of new and re-purposed therapeutic agents, targeting a wide range of key processes. This review provides current and futures perspectives on different approaches to conjunctival fibrosis following glaucoma surgery and highlights the challenges faced in implementing these therapies with maximal effect and minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Tee Khaw
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK. .,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
| | - Yann Bouremel
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Stephen Brocchini
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Christin Henein
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
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Zhang Y, Li M, Han X. Icariin affects cell cycle progression and proliferation of human retinal pigment epithelial cells via enhancing expression of H19. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8830. [PMID: 32219038 PMCID: PMC7087489 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells under pathologic condition results in the occurrence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Icariin (ICA)-a flavonol glucoside-has been shown to inhibit proliferation of many cell types, but the effect on RPE cells is unknown. This study aimed to clarify the inhibitory effects of ICA on RPE cells against platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced cell proliferation, and discuss the regulatory function of H19 in RPE cells. Methods MTS assay was conducted to determine the effects of ICA on cell proliferation. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to detect cell cycle progression. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot assay were used to measure the expression patterns of genes in RPE cells. Results ICA significantly suppressed PDGF-BB-stimulated RPE cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, since administration of ICA induced cell cycle G0/G1 phase arrest, the anti-proliferative activity of ICA may be due to G0/G1 phase arrest in RPE cells. At molecular levels, cell cycle regulators cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK6, p21 and p53 were modulated in response to treatment with ICA. Most importantly, H19 was positively regulated by ICA and H19 depletion could reverse the inhibitory effects of ICA on cell cycle progression and proliferation in PDGF-BB-stimulated RPE cells. Further mechanical explorations showed that H19 knockdown resulted in alternative expressions levels of cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK6, p21 and p53 under ICA treatment. Conclusions Our findings revealed that ICA was an effective inhibitor of PDGF-BB-induced RPE cell proliferation through affecting the expression levels of cell cycle-associated factors, and highlighted the potential application of ICA in PVR therapy. H19 was described as a target regulatory gene of ICA whose disruption may contribute to excessive proliferation of RPE cells, suggesting that modulation of H19 expression may be a novel therapeutic approach to treat PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jilin University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Yamamoto K, Kokubun T, Sato K, Akaishi T, Shimazaki A, Nakamura M, Shiga Y, Tsuda S, Omodaka K, Saya H, Nakazawa T. The DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor amsacrine as a novel candidate adjuvant in a model of glaucoma filtration surgery. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19288. [PMID: 31848363 PMCID: PMC6917768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatments for refractory glaucoma include trabeculectomy, in which a filtering bleb is created to reduce aqueous pressure. Mitomycin C (MMC) is often used as an adjuvant to reduce post-trabeculectomy bleb scarring and consequent failure. However, scarring sometimes still occurs. Thus, we searched for more effective trabeculectomy adjuvants with high-throughput screening (HTS) of a library of 1,165 off-patent drug compounds. This revealed that amsacrine (AMSA), a DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2) inhibitor, was the top candidate. Compared to MMC, rabbits that underwent trabeculectomy with 10% AMSA had lower IOP at 42, 56, and 70 days (P < 0.01 at all measurement points) and a higher bleb score at 28, 42, 56, and 70 days (P = < 0.01, 0.04, 0.04, and < 0.01, respectively). Compared to saline, rabbits that received 1% AMSA also had lower IOP and better bleb score at all time points, without a sharp drop in IOP just after surgery (all P < 0.01). Both effects were milder than MMC at 7 days (P = 0.02 and <0.01, respectively). Thus, this study showed that HTS may help identify new, promising uses for off-patent drugs. Furthermore, trabeculectomy with AMSA at a suitable concentration may improve the prognosis after trabeculectomy compared to MMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Yamamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Taiki Kokubun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kota Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
- Department of Collaborative Program for Ophthalmic Drug Discovery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takahiro Akaishi
- Research and Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Ikoma, Nara, 630-0101, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimazaki
- Research and Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Ikoma, Nara, 630-0101, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Nakamura
- Research and Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Ikoma, Nara, 630-0101, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Shiga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Satoru Tsuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kazuko Omodaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
- Department of Collaborative Program for Ophthalmic Drug Discovery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
- Department of Retinal Disease Control, Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
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The effectiveness of colchicine combined with mitomycin C to prolong bleb function in trabeculectomy in rabbits. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213811. [PMID: 30889194 PMCID: PMC6424470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the potential of colchicine to improve bleb function after trabeculectomy. Methods To find the maximum usable colchicine concentration, an ocular irritation study was performed with the Draize test at concentrations of 0.001%, 0.01% and 0.1%. Additionally, the synergistic effect of topical colchicine instillation and MMC application to surgical site was evaluated in a rabbit model by measuring changes after trabeculectomy in intraocular pressure (IOP) and bleb morphology score at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49 days. Results Experiments with a rabbit model of trabeculectomy showed that 0.04% MMC plus 0.01% colchicine was more effective than saline and 0.04% MMC alone in maintaining IOP reduction at days 7–49 (P < 0.01 at all time points) and day 49 (P < 0.05), respectively, while 0.04% MMC alone was more effective than saline only at days 7–35 (P < 0.05 at all time points). 0.04% MMC plus 0.01% colchicine and 0.04% MMC alone were more effective than saline at preserving bleb score at days 7–21 and 35–49 (P < 0.05 at all time points) and at days 7–35 (P < 0.05 at all time points), respectively. Conclusion Colchicine may be a promising adjuvant for strengthening the effect of MMC and improving the survival of the filtering bleb in trabeculectomy.
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Zhang H, Shang Q, An J, Wang C, Ma J. Crocetin inhibits PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and migration of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 842:329-337. [PMID: 30395849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), the proliferation and migration of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are important to pathogenesis. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is an important factor in the underlying mechanism. Several studies have shown that PDGF induced the proliferation and migration effects on RPE cells in PVR. Crocetin-anantioxidant carotenoid that is abundant in saffron-has been shown to suppress the migration and proliferation of many cell types, but studies of the effects on RPE cell migration and proliferation are incomplete. Therefore, we investigated the inhibitory effect of crocetin on the proliferation and migration of ARPE-19 cells induced by PDGF-BB, an isoform of PDGF. The proliferation of cells was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays. The apoptosis of cells was assessed by flow cytometric analysis. The migration of RPE cells was detected by a Transwell migration assay and an in vitro scratch assay. The levels of main regulatory proteins for apoptosis and the PDGF-BB-induced signaling pathway were determined by western blot analysis. The proliferation and migration of ARPE-19 cells treated with crocetin (100-400 μM) and PDGF-BB (20 ng/ml) were significantly inhibited in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Crocetin exhibited potent inducing effects on the apoptosis of PDGF-BB-induced ARPE-19 cells via the modulation of Bcl-2 family regulators in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory effects of crocetin on PDGF-BB-induced platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) and the underlying pathways of PI3K/Akt and ERK, p38, JNK activation were identified. The results showed that crocetin is an effective inhibitor of PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and migration of ARPE-19 cell through the downregulation of regulatory signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Qingli Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Jianbin An
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Jingxue Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China.
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Kim M, Kim DM, Kim KS, Jung W, Kim DE. Applications of Cancer Cell-Specific Aptamers in Targeted Delivery of Anticancer Therapeutic Agents. Molecules 2018; 23:E830. [PMID: 29617327 PMCID: PMC6017884 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides that specifically bind and interact with their corresponding targets, including proteins and cells, through unique three-dimensional structures. Numerous aptamers have been developed to target cancer biomarkers with high specificity and affinity, and some are employed as versatile guiding ligands for cancer-specific drug delivery and anti-cancer therapeutics. In this review, we list the aptamers that target tumor surface biomarkers and summarize the representative applications of aptamers as agonists and antagonists that activate anti-cancer and inactivate pro-cancer biomarkers, respectively. In addition, we describe applications of aptamer-drug or aptamer-oligonucleotide conjugates that can deliver therapeutic agents, including small interfering RNAs, micro RNAs, short hairpin RNAs, and chemotherapeutic molecules, to cancer cells. Moreover, we provide examples of aptamer- conjugated nano-vehicles, in which cancer-targeting oligonucleotide aptamers are conjugated with nano-vehicles such as liposomes, micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, and quantum dots. Conjugation of aptamers with anti-cancer drugs and nano-vehicles will facilitate innovative applications of aptamer-based cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Dong-Min Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Keun-Sik Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Woong Jung
- Department of Emergency Medicine Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Korea.
| | - Dong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Morita Y, Leslie M, Kameyama H, Volk DE, Tanaka T. Aptamer Therapeutics in Cancer: Current and Future. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10030080. [PMID: 29562664 PMCID: PMC5876655 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamer-related technologies represent a revolutionary advancement in the capacity to rapidly develop new classes of targeting ligands. Structurally distinct RNA and DNA oligonucleotides, aptamers mimic small, protein-binding molecules and exhibit high binding affinity and selectivity. Although their molecular weight is relatively small—approximately one-tenth that of monoclonal antibodies—their complex tertiary folded structures create sufficient recognition surface area for tight interaction with target molecules. Additionally, unlike antibodies, aptamers can be readily chemically synthesized and modified. In addition, aptamers’ long storage period and low immunogenicity are favorable properties for clinical utility. Due to their flexibility of chemical modification, aptamers are conjugated to other chemical entities including chemotherapeutic agents, siRNA, nanoparticles, and solid phase surfaces for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. However, as relatively small sized oligonucleotides, aptamers present several challenges for successful clinical translation. Their short plasma half-lives due to nuclease degradation and rapid renal excretion necessitate further structural modification of aptamers for clinical application. Since the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the first aptamer drug, Macugen® (pegaptanib), which treats wet-age-related macular degeneration, several aptamer therapeutics for oncology have followed and shown promise in pre-clinical models as well as clinical trials. This review discusses the advantages and challenges of aptamers and introduces therapeutic aptamers under investigation and in clinical trials for cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Morita
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th, BRC-W, Rm 1415, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Macall Leslie
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th, BRC-W, Rm 1415, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Hiroyasu Kameyama
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th, BRC-W, Rm 1415, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - David E Volk
- McGovern Medical School, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Hermann Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Takemi Tanaka
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th, BRC-W, Rm 1415, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 SL Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Abstract
PDGFs and their receptors are critical regulators of numerous tissues and organs, including the eye. Extensive studies have shown that PDGFs and their receptors play critical roles in many ocular neovascular diseases, such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. In addition, PDGFs and PDGFRs are also important players in ocular diseases involving the degeneration of retinal neuronal and vascular cells, such as glaucoma and retinitis pigmentosa. Due to their critical roles in the pathogenesis of many blinding ocular diseases, the PDGFs and PDGFRs have been considered as important target molecules for the treatment of eye diseases. PDGF-C and PDGF-D are relatively new members of the PDGF family and are potent angiogenic and survival factors. Recent studies have demonstrated their important roles in different types of eye diseases. Thus, modulating PDGF-C and PDGF-D activities may have therapeutic values for the treatment of ocular neovascular and degenerative diseases. This review mainly summarizes the recent advances on PDGF-C and PDGF-D biology in relationship to some major ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, PR China.
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Platelet-derived growth factor-C and -D in the cardiovascular system and diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 62:12-21. [PMID: 28965749 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular system is among the first organs formed during development and is pivotal for the formation and function of the rest of the organs and tissues. Therefore, the function and homeostasis of the cardiovascular system are finely regulated by many important molecules. Extensive studies have shown that platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and their receptors are critical regulators of the cardiovascular system. Even though PDGF-C and PDGF-D are relatively new members of the PDGF family, their critical roles in the cardiovascular system as angiogenic and survival factors have been amply demonstrated. Understanding the functions of PDGF-C and PDGF-D and the signaling pathways involved may provide novel insights into both basic biomedical research and new therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Siedlecki J, Wertheimer C, Wolf A, Liegl R, Priglinger C, Priglinger S, Eibl-Lindner K. Combined VEGF and PDGF inhibition for neovascular AMD: anti-angiogenic properties of axitinib on human endothelial cells and pericytes in vitro. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 255:963-972. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Jaffe GJ, Ciulla TA, Ciardella AP, Devin F, Dugel PU, Eandi CM, Masonson H, Monés J, Pearlman JA, Quaranta-El Maftouhi M, Ricci F, Westby K, Patel SC. Dual Antagonism of PDGF and VEGF in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmology 2017; 124:224-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Abstract
Retinal fibrosis, characterized by dysregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein deposition by retinal endothelial cells, pigment epithelial cells, and other resident cell-types, is a unifying feature of several common retinal diseases. Fibronectin is an early constituent of newly deposited ECM and serves as a template for assembly of other ECM proteins, including collagens. Under physiologic conditions, fibronectin is found in all layers of Bruch's membrane. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), a complication of retinal surgery, is characterized by ECM accumulation. Among the earliest histologic manifestations of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is capillary basement membrane thickening, which occurs due to perturbations in ECM homeostasis. Neovascularization, the hallmark of late stage DR as well as exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD), involves ECM assembly as a scaffold for the aberrant new vessel architecture. Rodent models of retinal injury demonstrate a key role for fibronectin in complications characteristic of PVR, including retinal detachment. In mouse models of DR, reducing fibronectin gene expression has been shown to arrest the accumulation of ECM in the capillary basement membrane. Alterations in matrix metalloproteinase activity thought to be important in the pathogenesis of AMD impact the turnover of fibronectin matrix as well as collagens. Growth factors involved in PVR, AMD, and DR, such as PDGF and TGFβ, are known to stimulate fibronectin matrix assembly. A deeper understanding of how pathologic ECM deposition contributes to disease progression may help to identify novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854-5635, USA
| | - Greg Budoff
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854-5635, USA
| | - Jonathan L Prenner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854-5635, USA
- NJ Retina, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-2066, USA
| | - Jean E Schwarzbauer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014, USA
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Abe T, Miyakawa S, Nakamura Y. [Therapeutic aptamers]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2016; 147:362-7. [PMID: 27301311 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.147.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhou G, Wilson G, Hebbard L, Duan W, Liddle C, George J, Qiao L. Aptamers: A promising chemical antibody for cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2016; 7:13446-63. [PMID: 26863567 PMCID: PMC4924653 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers, also known as chemical antibodies, are single-stranded nucleic acid oligonucleotides which bind to their targets with high specificity and affinity. They are typically selected by repetitive in vitro process termed systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). Owing to their excellent properties compared to conventional antibodies, notably their smaller physical size and lower immunogenicity and toxicity, aptamers have recently emerged as a new class of agents to deliver therapeutic drugs to cancer cells by targeting specific cancer-associated hallmarks. Aptamers can also be structurally modified to make them more flexible in order to conjugate other agents such as nano-materials and therapeutic RNA agents, thus extending their applications for cancer therapy. This review presents the current knowledge on the practical applications of aptamers in the treatment of a variety of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - George Wilson
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Lionel Hebbard
- Discipline of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Liang Qiao
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Drolet DW, Green LS, Gold L, Janjic N. Fit for the Eye: Aptamers in Ocular Disorders. Nucleic Acid Ther 2016; 26:127-46. [PMID: 26757406 PMCID: PMC4900223 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2015.0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
For any new class of therapeutics, there are certain types of indications that represent a natural fit. For nucleic acid ligands in general, and aptamers in particular, the eye has historically been an attractive site for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we recount the discovery and early development of three aptamers designated for use in ophthalmology, one approved (Macugen), and two in late-stage development (Fovista and Zimura). Every one of these molecules was originally intended for other indications. Key improvements in technology, specifically with regard to libraries used for in vitro selection and subsequent chemical optimization of aptamers, have played an important role in allowing the identification of development candidates with suitable properties. The lessons learned from the selection of these molecules are valuable for informing us about the many remaining opportunities for aptamer-based therapeutics in ophthalmology as well as for identifying additional indications for which aptamers as a class of therapeutics have distinct advantages.
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Jaffe GJ, Eliott D, Wells JA, Prenner JL, Papp A, Patel S. A Phase 1 Study of Intravitreous E10030 in Combination with Ranibizumab in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmology 2016; 123:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Yamanaka O, Kitano-Izutani A, Tomoyose K, Reinach PS. Pathobiology of wound healing after glaucoma filtration surgery. BMC Ophthalmol 2015; 15 Suppl 1:157. [PMID: 26818010 PMCID: PMC4895697 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-015-0134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjunctival and subconjunctival fibrogenesis and inflammation are sight compromising side effects that can occur subsequent to glaucoma filtration surgery. Despite initial declines in intraocular pressure resulting from increasing aqueous outflow, one of the activated responses includes marshalling of proinflammatory and pro-fibrogenic cytokine mediator entrance into the aqueous through a sclerostomy window and their release by local cells, as well as infiltrating activated immune cells. These changes induce dysregulated inflammation, edema and extracellular matrix remodeling, which occlude outflow facility. A number of therapeutic approaches are being taken to offset declines in outflow facility since the current procedure of inhibiting fibrosis with either mitomycin C (MMC) or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) injection is nonselective. One of them entails developing a new strategy for reducing fibrosis induced by wound healing responses including myofibroblast transdifferentiation and extracellular matrix remodeling in tissue surrounding surgically created shunts. The success of this endeavor is predicated on having a good understanding of conjunctival wound healing pathobiology. In this review, we discuss the roles of inappropriately activated growth factor and cytokine receptor linked signaling cascades inducing conjunctival fibrosis/scarring during post-glaucoma surgery wound healing. Such insight may identify drug targets for blocking fibrogenic signaling and excessive fibrosis which reduces rises in outflow facility resulting from glaucoma filtration surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yamanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan.
| | - Ai Kitano-Izutani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan.
| | - Katsuo Tomoyose
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan.
| | - Peter S Reinach
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Optometry Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, People's Republic of China.
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Ashrafuzzaman M. Aptamers as both drugs and drug-carriers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:697923. [PMID: 25295268 PMCID: PMC4177733 DOI: 10.1155/2014/697923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are short nucleic acid oligos. They may serve as both drugs and drug-carriers. Their use as diagnostic tools is also evident. They can be generated using various experimental, theoretical, and computational techniques. The systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment which uses iterative screening of nucleic acid libraries is a popular experimental technique. Theory inspired methodology entropy-based seed-and-grow strategy that designs aptamer templates to bind specifically to targets is another one. Aptamers are predicted to be highly useful in producing general drugs and theranostic drugs occasionally for certain diseases like cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and so on. They bind to various targets like lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, small organic compounds, and even entire organisms. Aptamers may also serve as drug-carriers or nanoparticles helping drugs to get released in specific target regions. Due to better target specific physical binding properties aptamers cause less off-target toxicity effects. Therefore, search for aptamer based drugs, drug-carriers, and even diagnostic tools is expanding fast. The biophysical properties in relation to the target specific binding phenomena of aptamers, energetics behind the aptamer transport of drugs, and the consequent biological implications will be discussed. This review will open up avenues leading to novel drug discovery and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Ashrafuzzaman
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Nucleic acid aptamers: research tools in disease diagnostics and therapeutics. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:540451. [PMID: 25050359 PMCID: PMC4090538 DOI: 10.1155/2014/540451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are short sequences of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) or peptide molecules which adopt a conformation and bind cognate ligands with high affinity and specificity in a manner akin to antibody-antigen interactions. It has been globally acknowledged that aptamers promise a plethora of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Although use of nucleic acid aptamers as targeted therapeutics or mediators of targeted drug delivery is a relatively new avenue of research, one aptamer-based drug “Macugen” is FDA approved and a series of aptamer-based drugs are in clinical pipelines. The present review discusses the aspects of design, unique properties, applications, and development of different aptamers to aid in cancer diagnosis, prevention, and/or treatment under defined conditions.
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Kudelka MR, Grossniklaus HE, Mandell KJ. Emergence of dual VEGF and PDGF antagonists in the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014; 8:475-484. [PMID: 30613209 DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2013.840095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neovascular ('wet') age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness among Caucasians over the age of 55 in the USA and is an important cause of ocular morbidity worldwide. Progress in oncology, and more recently ophthalmology, led to the development of VEGF antagonists, three of which are now approved for the treatment of wet AMD. Recent discoveries in ophthalmology and vascular biology, however, suggest that combined inhibition of VEGF and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) may be more beneficial than inhibition of VEGF alone. Accordingly, numerous studies are underway to evaluate the role of anti-VEGF/PDGF combination therapies for the treatment of wet AMD. This review discusses the biology of VEGF and PDGF and current preclinical and clinical data exploring the use of combined VEGF/PDGF inhibitors in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Kudelka
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd NE, Rollins Research Center - Room #4086, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Pennock S, Haddock LJ, Eliott D, Mukai S, Kazlauskas A. Is neutralizing vitreal growth factors a viable strategy to prevent proliferative vitreoretinopathy? Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 40:16-34. [PMID: 24412519 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a blinding disorder that occurs in eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and in eyes that have recently undergone retinal detachment surgery. There are presently no treatment strategies to reduce the risk of developing PVR in eyes with retinal detachment, and surgical intervention is the only option for eyes with retinal detachment and established PVR. Given the poor visual outcome associated with the surgical treatment of PVR, considerable work has been done to identify pharmacologic agents that could antagonize the PVR process. Intensive efforts to identify molecular determinants of PVR implicate vitreal growth factors. A surprise that emerged in the course of testing the 'growth factor hypothesis' of PVR was the existence of a functional relationship amongst growth factors that engage platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor α (PDGFRα), a receptor tyrosine kinase that is key to pathogenesis of experimental PVR. Vascular endothelial cell growth factor A (VEGF), which is best known for its ability to activate VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) and induce permeability and/or angiogenesis, enables activation of PDGFRα by a wide spectrum of vitreal growth factors outside of the PDGF family (non-PDGFs) in a way that triggers signaling events that potently enhance the viability of cells displaced into vitreous. Targeting these growth factors or signaling events effectively neutralizes the bioactivity of PVR vitreous and prevents PVR in a number of preclinical models. In this review, we discuss recent conceptual advances in understanding the role of growth factors in PVR, and consider the tangible treatment strategies for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Pennock
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Luis J Haddock
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dean Eliott
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shizuo Mukai
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Andrius Kazlauskas
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Rezzola S, Belleri M, Gariano G, Ribatti D, Costagliola C, Semeraro F, Presta M. In vitro and ex vivo retina angiogenesis assays. Angiogenesis 2013; 17:429-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9398-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Chan CM, Chang HH, Wang VC, Huang CL, Hung CF. Inhibitory effects of resveratrol on PDGF-BB-induced retinal pigment epithelial cell migration via PDGFRβ, PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56819. [PMID: 23457620 PMCID: PMC3572951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose In diseases such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells proliferate and migrate. Moreover, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has been shown to enhance proliferation and migration of RPE cells in PVR. Even resveratrol can suppress the migration and adhesion of many cell types, its effects on RPE cell migration and adhesion remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of resveratrol on RPE cell migration induced by PDGF-BB, an isoform of PDGF, and adhesion to fibronectin, a major ECM component of PVR tissue. Methods The migration of RPE cells was assessed by an electric cell-substrate impedance sensing migration assay and a Transwell migration assay. A cell viability assay was used to determine the viability of resveratrol treated-cells. The cell adhesion to fibronectin was examined by an adhesion assay. The interactions of resveratrol with PDGF-BB were analyzed by a dot binding assay. The PDGF-BB-induced signaling pathways were determined by western blotting and scratch wound healing assay. Results Resveratrol inhibited PDGF-BB-induced RPE cell migration in a dose-dependent manner, but showed no effects on ARPE19 cell adhesion to fibronectin. The cell viability assay showed no cytotoxicity of resveratrol on RPE cells and the dot binding assay revealed no direct interactions of resveratrol with PDGF-BB. Inhibitory effects of resveratrol on PDGF-BB-induced platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) and tyrosine phosphorylation and the underlying pathways of PI3K/Akt, ERK and p38 activation were found; however, resveratrol and PDGF-BB showed no effects on PDGFRα and JNK activation. Scratch wound healing assay demonstrated resveratrol and the specific inhibitors of PDGFR, PI3K, MEK or p38 suppressed PDGF-BB-induced cell migration. Conclusions These results indicate that resveratrol is an effective inhibitor of PDGF-BB-induced RPE cell migration via PDGFRβ, PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways, but has no effects on the RPE cell adhesion to fibronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ming Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Hsien Chang
- Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vin-Chi Wang
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Neurological Center, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Lin Huang
- Medical Research Center, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Feng Hung
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chen PH, Chen X, He X. Platelet-derived growth factors and their receptors: structural and functional perspectives. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1834:2176-86. [PMID: 23137658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The four types of platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and the two types of PDGF receptors (PDGFRs, which belong to class III receptor tyrosine kinases) have important functions in the development of connective tissue cells. Recent structural studies have revealed novel mechanisms of PDGFs in propeptide loading and receptor recognition/activation. The detailed structural understanding of PDGF-PDGFR signaling has provided a template that can aid therapeutic intervention to counteract the aberrant signaling of this normally silent pathway, especially in proliferative diseases such as cancer. This review summarizes the advances in the PDGF system with a focus on relating the structural and functional understandings, and discusses the basic aspects of PDGFs and PDGFRs, the mechanisms of activation, and the insights into the therapeutic antagonism of PDGFRs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Emerging recognition and activation mechanisms of receptor tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Han Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Searle 8-417, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Mechanisms of inflammation in proliferative vitreoretinopathy: from bench to bedside. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:815937. [PMID: 23049173 PMCID: PMC3463807 DOI: 10.1155/2012/815937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a vision-threatening disease and a common complication of surgery to correct rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Several models of the pathogenesis of this disease have been described with some of these models focusing on the role of inflammatory cells and other models focusing on the role of growth factors and cytokines in the vitreous which come into contact with intraretinal and retinal pigment epithelial cells. New experiments have shed light on the pathogenesis of PVR and offer promising avenues for clinical intervention before PVR develops. One such target is the indirect pathway of activation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGRα), which plays an important role in PVR. Clinical trials assessing the efficacy of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), daunorubicin, and 13-cis-retinoic acid, among other therapies, have yielded mixed results. Here we review inflammatory and other mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of PVR, we highlight important clinical trials, and we discuss how findings at the bench have the potential to be translated to the bedside.
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Nakamura Y, Ishiguro A, Miyakawa S. RNA plasticity and selectivity applicable to therapeutics and novel biosensor development. Genes Cells 2012; 17:344-64. [PMID: 22487172 PMCID: PMC3444689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2012.01596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are short, single-stranded nucleic acid sequences that are selected in vitro from large oligonucleotide libraries based on their high affinity to a target molecule. Hence, aptamers can be thought of as a nucleic acid analog to antibodies. However, several viewpoints hold that the potential of aptamers arises from interesting characteristics that are distinct from, or in some cases, superior to those of antibodies. This review summarizes the recent achievements in aptamer programs developed in our laboratory against basic and therapeutic protein targets. Through these studies, we became aware of the remarkable conformational plasticity and selectivity of RNA, on which the published report has not shed much light even though this is evidently a crucial feature for the strong specificity and affinity of RNA aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Nakamura
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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Farrar GJ, Millington-Ward S, Chadderton N, Humphries P, Kenna PF. Gene-based therapies for dominantly inherited retinopathies. Gene Ther 2011; 19:137-44. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Gold nanoparticle-assisted delivery of small, highly structured RNA into the nuclei of human cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 416:178-83. [PMID: 22093830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can be used as a general platform for loading and delivering DNA oligonucleotides and short hairpin RNA to living systems. Here, we report the ability of functionalized AuNP to deliver RNA aptamers into the nuclei of human cells. An in vitro-synthesized RNA aptamer specific to the β-catenin protein was delivered into the HepG2 human cell line more efficiently via functionalized AuNP than liposome-based delivery, and resulted in nearly complete inhibition of β-catenin binding to the p50 subunit of NF-κB in the nucleus. This inhibition led to repression of NF-κB p50-dependent transcription of CRP. Also, the β-catenin aptamer in the nucleus led to down-regulation of β-catenin-mediated transcriptional activity through the TCF complex and resulted in decrease in the levels of cyclin D, and c-myc mRNA by ~47% and ~57%, respectively. In addition, we used functionalized AuNP to deliver another RNA aptamer targeted to the p50 subunit of NF-κB into the A549 human cell line, and this was sufficient to induce apoptosis of the cells. Our findings demonstrate that AuNP GDS can be used to deliver small, highly structured RNA aptamers into the nucleus of human cells where they modulate the activity of transactivators by interacting with target proteins.
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Li X, Kumar A, Zhang F, Lee C, Li Y, Tang Z, Arjuna P. VEGF-independent angiogenic pathways induced by PDGF-C. Oncotarget 2011; 1:309-314. [PMID: 20871734 PMCID: PMC2944232 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
VEGF is believed to be a master regulator in both developmental and pathological angiogenesis. The role of PDGF-C in angiogenesis, however, is only at the beginning of being revealed. We and others have shown that PDGF-C is a critical player in pathological angiogenesis because of its pleiotropic effects on multiple cellular targets. The angiogenic pathways induced by PDGF-C are, to a large extent, VEGF-independent. These pathways may include, but not limited to, the direct effect of PDGF-C on vascular cells, the effect of PDGF-C on tissue stroma fibroblasts, and its effect on macrophages. Taken together, the pleiotropic, versatile and VEGF-independent angiogenic nature of PDGF-C has placed it among the most important target genes for antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuri Li
- National Eye Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Majumder P, Gomes KN, Ulrich H. Aptamers: from bench side research towards patented molecules with therapeutic applications. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 19:1603-13. [PMID: 19852719 DOI: 10.1517/13543770903313746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA and DNA aptamers recognize their targets with high specificity and affinity. These aptamers can be developed against almost any target protein through iterative cycles of in vitro screening of a combinatorial oligonucleotide library for target binding. Aptamer sequences from the final pool of in vitro selection are screened for pharmacological activity and possible medical applications. METHODS Chemical modifications and improvements of the identification of aptamer selection procedures made aptamers rival antibodies in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This article reviews recent literature and patents and discusses the properties of aptamers as high-affinity and specificity target binders as well as their stability in biological fluids that turns them into therapeutic agents. CONCLUSION The development of aptamers into compounds with therapeutic and diagnostic compounds has resulted in patents protecting the sequences and the use of these oligonucleotides. Several of these patented aptamers are currently being tested in Phase I or II clinical trials. Moreover, an anti-VEGF aptamer has already been approved by the FDA for treatment of age-related macular degeneration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paromita Majumder
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Quimica, Departamento de Bioquímica, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
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Recent developments in our understanding of how platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptors contribute to proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2009; 90:376-81. [PMID: 19931527 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy, a disease process occurring in the setting of a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, is thought to develop as a result of exposure of retinal cells to vitreous. Vitreous contains many growth factors, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has been considered a major contributor to PVR. Evaluation of both PDGF and PDGF receptors (PDGFRs) as potential therapeutic targets in the context of a rabbit model of PVR revealed that PDGFR-based approaches protected from PVR, whereas neutralizing PDGFs was a much less effective strategy. The basis for these observations appears to reflect that fact that the PDGFR could be activated by a wide spectrum of vitreal agents that are outside of the PDGF family. Furthermore, blocking signaling events by which the non-PDGFs indirectly activated PDGF alpha receptor (PDGFRalpha) protected rabbits from developing PVR. These studies demonstrate that the best therapeutic targets for PVR are not PDGFs, but PDGFRalpha and certain signaling events required for indirectly activating PDGFRalpha.
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Thiel KW, Giangrande PH. Therapeutic applications of DNA and RNA aptamers. Oligonucleotides 2009; 19:209-22. [PMID: 19653880 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2009.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Structured single-stranded nucleic acids, or aptamers, bind target molecules with high affinity and specificity, which translates into unique therapeutic possibilities. Currently, aptamers can be identified to most proteins, including blood-clotting factors, cell-surface receptors, and transcription factors. Chemical modifications to the oligonucleotides enhance their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, thus extending their therapeutic potential. Several aptamers have entered the clinical pipeline for applications and diseases such as macular degeneration, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and various types of cancer. Furthermore, the functional repertoire of aptamers has expanded with the descriptions of multivalent agonistic aptamers and aptamers-siRNA chimeras. This review highlights those aptamers and aptamer-based approaches with particular likelihood of achieving therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina W Thiel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Nagaoka M, Tahara M, Esaka E, Oishi M, Nakane M. [Application of aptamers to medicine: pharmacological profile and results of clinical trials on pegaptanib sodium (Macugen) for age-related macular degeneration]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2009; 134:87-95. [PMID: 19672004 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.134.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Recchia FM, Xu L, Penn JS, Boone B, Dexheimer PJ. Identification of genes and pathways involved in retinal neovascularization by microarray analysis of two animal models of retinal angiogenesis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 51:1098-105. [PMID: 19834031 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Comparative retinal gene expression analysis in two rodent models of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) was performed to identify the genes and pathways involved in retinal neovascularization. METHODS Three independent experimental runs were conducted for each species, according to standard protocols for induction of OIR. Total retinal RNA was isolated at two time points, corresponding to the early response to relative hypoxia (P13 in mouse, P15 in rat) and to the later phase of maximum retinal neovascularization (P18 in mouse, P20 in rat) and was used to prepare labeled probes for hybridization. Gene expression was compared between normal and experimental conditions for each species at each time point. Probesets with a false-discovery rate of <or=0.05 were considered significantly different and were classified as cellular functions or biological pathways. Changes in expression of selected genes were confirmed by quantitative rtPCR. RESULTS At the early time point, there were changes in 43 genes in each species, with two in common. Increased expression of members of the VEGF and ephrin receptor signaling pathways were identified in both models. At the later time point, there were changes in 26 genes in the rat and in 1622 in the mouse, with 13 in common. Four pathways were identified in both models. CONCLUSIONS Genes and pathways known to be involved in angiogenesis, as well as other biologically plausible genes and pathways, were identified. This work serves as a comprehensive resource for the study of retinal neovascularization and identification of potential rational targets for antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco M Recchia
- Retina Division, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
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Abstract
The application of protein biomarkers as an aid for the detection and treatment of diseases has been subject to intensified interest in recent years. The quantitative assaying of protein biomarkers in easily obtainable biological fluids such as serum and urine offers the opportunity to improve patient care via earlier and more accurate diagnoses in a convenient, non-invasive manner as well as providing a potential route towards more individually targeted treatment. Essential to achieving progress in biomarker technology is the ability to screen large numbers of proteins simultaneously in a single experiment with high sensitivity and selectivity. In this article, we highlight recent progress in the use of microarrays for high-throughput biomarker profiling and discuss some of the challenges associated with these efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea.
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Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and their receptors (PDGFRs) have served as prototypes for growth factor and receptor tyrosine kinase function for more than 25 years. Studies of PDGFs and PDGFRs in animal development have revealed roles for PDGFR-alpha signaling in gastrulation and in the development of the cranial and cardiac neural crest, gonads, lung, intestine, skin, CNS, and skeleton. Similarly, roles for PDGFR-beta signaling have been established in blood vessel formation and early hematopoiesis. PDGF signaling is implicated in a range of diseases. Autocrine activation of PDGF signaling pathways is involved in certain gliomas, sarcomas, and leukemias. Paracrine PDGF signaling is commonly observed in epithelial cancers, where it triggers stromal recruitment and may be involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, thereby affecting tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. PDGFs drive pathological mesenchymal responses in vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis, restenosis, pulmonary hypertension, and retinal diseases, as well as in fibrotic diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, scleroderma, glomerulosclerosis, and cardiac fibrosis. We review basic aspects of the PDGF ligands and receptors, their developmental and pathological functions, principles of their pharmacological inhibition, and results using PDGF pathway-inhibitory or stimulatory drugs in preclinical and clinical contexts.
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Georgoulas S, Dahlmann-Noor A, Brocchini S, Khaw PT. Modulation of wound healing during and after glaucoma surgery. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2008; 173:237-54. [PMID: 18929113 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)01117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Following all types of glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS), scarring still poses the major threat to long-term success. The healing and scarring determine the percentage of patients achieving low final intraocular pressures (IOPs) that are associated with virtually no glaucoma progression. The use of antifibrotic agents to inhibit scarring of trabeculectomy blebs is now a well-established clinical practice. Unfortunately, severe complications such as leakage, infection, hypotony, and endophthalmitis with complete loss of vision may occur. In addition, surgery still fails in some individuals despite maximal doses of current antifibrotics. Better therapeutic agents are needed. Many promising new agents are being evaluated clinically and in vitro. In this chapter, we will discuss our current understanding of the wound healing process after glaucoma surgery and promising new treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelios Georgoulas
- Ocular Repair and Regeneration Biology Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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Abstract
Aptamers are rare nucleic acid ligands, which can be concocted in the laboratory from the randomized pool of molecules by affinity and amplification processes. Aptamers have several properties as they can be applied complementarily to antibodies and have several advantages over antibodies. In the past, several aptamers have been selected with a view to develop antiviral agents for therapeutic applications. This review summarizes potent antiviral aptamers and their strategies to prevent the viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C B Gopinath
- Functional Nucleic Acids Group, Institute for Biological Resources and Functions and Center for Applied Near Field Optics Research, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan.
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Sennino B, Falcón BL, McCauley D, Le T, McCauley T, Kurz JC, Haskell A, Epstein DM, McDonald DM. Sequential loss of tumor vessel pericytes and endothelial cells after inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor B by selective aptamer AX102. Cancer Res 2007; 67:7358-67. [PMID: 17671206 PMCID: PMC4422164 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) can increase the efficacy of other cancer therapeutics, but the cellular mechanism is incompletely understood. We examined the cellular effects on tumor vasculature of a novel DNA oligonucleotide aptamer (AX102) that selectively binds PDGF-B. Treatment with AX102 led to progressive reduction of pericytes, identified by PDGF receptor beta, NG2, desmin, or alpha-smooth muscle actin immunoreactivity, in Lewis lung carcinomas. The decrease ranged from 35% at 2 days, 63% at 7 days, to 85% at 28 days. Most tumor vessels that lacked pericytes at 7 days subsequently regressed. Overall tumor vascularity decreased 79% over 28 days, without a corresponding decrease in tumor size. Regression of pericytes and endothelial cells led to empty basement membrane sleeves, which were visible at 7 days, but only 54% remained at 28 days. PDGF-B inhibition had a less pronounced effect on pancreatic islet tumors in RIP-Tag2 transgenic mice, where pericytes decreased 47%, vascularity decreased 38%, and basement membrane sleeves decreased 21% over 28 days. Taken together, these findings show that inhibition of PDGF-B signaling can lead to regression of tumor vessels, but the magnitude is tumor specific and does not necessarily retard tumor growth. Loss of pericytes in tumors is an expected direct consequence of PDGF-B blockade, but reduced tumor vascularity is likely to be secondary to pericyte regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sennino
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Beverly L. Falcón
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Tom Le
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Amy Haskell
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Donald M. McDonald
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Wochner A, Menger M, Rimmele M. Characterisation of aptamers for therapeutic studies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007; 2:1205-24. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.9.1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Abstract
Aptamers are oligonucleotides evolved in vitro or in nature to bind target ligands with high affinity and specificity. They are emerging as powerful tools in the fields of therapeutics, drug development, target validation and diagnostics. Aptamers are attractive alternatives to antibody- and small-molecule-based therapeutics owing to their stability, low toxicity, low immunogenicity and improved safety. With the recent approval of the first aptamer drug Macugen by the US FDA, there is great impetus to develop therapeutic aptamers that can target a wide array of disease states. The recent demonstration that aptamer activity can be reversed by the administration of a simple antidote greatly enhances the potential value of aptamers as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Que-Gewirth
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Agrawal RN, He S, Spee C, Cui JZ, Ryan SJ, Hinton DR. In vivo models of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Nat Protoc 2007; 2:67-77. [PMID: 17401340 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2007.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We outline current in vitro and in vivo models for experimental proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and provide a detailed protocol of our standardized in vivo PVR model. PVR is the leading cause of failed surgical procedures for the correction of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. The pathogenesis of this multifactorial condition is still not completely understood. Experimental models for PVR help us understand the factors that play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease process in a controlled manner and allow for reproducible preclinical assessment of novel therapeutic interventions. We describe a cell injection model in detail that uses homologous retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell cultures to induce PVR over a 2-8 week period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat N Agrawal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Catalytic RNA molecules are called ribozymes. The aptamers are DNA or RNA molecules that have been selected from vast populations of random sequences, through a combinatorial approach known as SELEX. The selected oligo-nucleotide sequences (~200 bp in length) have the ability to recognize broad range of specific ligands by forming binding pockets. These novel aptamer sequences can bind to nucleic acids, proteins or small organic and inorganic chemical compounds and have many potential uses in medicine and technology. RESULTS The comprehensive sequence information on aptamers and ribozymes that have been generated by in vitro selection methods are included in this RiboaptDB database. Such types of unnatural data generated by in vitro methods are not available in the public 'natural' sequence databases such as GenBank and EMBL. The amount of sequence data generated by in vitro selection experiments has been accumulating exponentially. There are 370 artificial ribozyme sequences and 3842 aptamer sequences in the total 4212 sequences from 423 citations in this RiboaptDB. We included general search feature, and individual feature wise search, user submission form for new data through online and also local BLAST search. CONCLUSION This database, besides serving as a storehouse of sequences that may have diagnostic or therapeutic utility in medicine, provides valuable information for computational and theoretical biologists. The RiboaptDB is extremely useful for garnering information about in vitro selection experiments as a whole and for better understanding the distribution of functional nucleic acids in sequence space. The database is updated regularly and is publicly available at http://mfgn.usm.edu/ebl/riboapt/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Thodima
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA
| | - Mehdi Pirooznia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA
| | - Youping Deng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA
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