1
|
Chen Y, Mehmood K, Chang YF, Tang Z, Li Y, Zhang H. The molecular mechanisms of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis regulating chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification. Life Sci 2023; 335:122243. [PMID: 37949211 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of chondrocyte differentiation and endochondral osteogenesis are major underlying factors in skeletal developmental disorders, including tibial dysplasia (TD), osteoarthritis (OA), chondrodysplasia (ACH), and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED). Understanding the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of these disorders is crucial for addressing orthopedic diseases resulting from impaired glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Glycosaminoglycan is a broad term that refers to the glycan component of proteoglycan macromolecules. It is an essential component of the cartilage extracellular matrix and plays a vital role in various biological processes, including gene transcription, signal transduction, and chondrocyte differentiation. Recent studies have demonstrated that glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis plays a regulatory role in chondrocyte differentiation and endochondral osteogenesis by modulating various growth factors and signaling molecules. For instance, glycosaminoglycan is involved in mediating pathways such as Wnt, TGF-β, FGF, Ihh-PTHrP, and O-GlcNAc glycosylation, interacting with transcription factors SOX9, BMPs, TGF-β, and Runx2 to regulate chondrocyte differentiation and endochondral osteogenesis. To propose innovative approaches for addressing orthopedic diseases caused by impaired glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, we conducted a comprehensive review of the molecular mechanisms underlying chondrocyte glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, which regulates chondrocyte differentiation and endochondral osteogenesis. Our analysis considers the role of genes, glycoproteins, and associated signaling pathways during chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Zhaoxin Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu Z, Chen S, Feng D, Liu Y, Wang Q, Gao T, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Chen J, Qiu L. Biological role of heparan sulfate in osteogenesis: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 272:118490. [PMID: 34420746 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is extensively expressed in cells, for example, cell membrane and extracellular matrix of most mammalian cells and tissues, playing a key role in the growth and development of life by maintaining homeostasis and implicating in the etiology and diseases. Recent studies have revealed that HS is involved in osteogenesis via coordinating multiple signaling pathways. The potential effect of HS on osteogenesis is a complicated and delicate biological process, which involves the participation of osteocytes, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and a variety of cytokines. In this review, we summarized the structural and functional characteristics of HS and highlighted the molecular mechanism of HS in bone metabolism to provide novel research perspectives for the further medical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhujie Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Shayang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Dehong Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China.
| | - Qiqi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Tianshu Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Zhenwei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Lipeng Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu Q, Xu S, Wang F, He B, Wang X, Sun Y, Ning C, Dai K. Double-edged effects caused by magnesium ions and alkaline environment regulate bioactivities of magnesium-incorporated silicocarnotite in vitro. Regen Biomater 2021; 8:rbab016. [PMID: 34484805 PMCID: PMC8411036 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) is an important element for its enhanced osteogenic and angiogenic properties in vitro and in vivo, however, the inherent alkalinity is the adverse factor that needs further attention. In order to study the role of alkalinity in regulating osteogenesis and angiogenesis in vitro, magnesium-silicocarnotite [Mg-Ca5(PO4)2SiO4, Mg-CPS] was designed and fabricated. In this study, Mg-CPS showed better osteogenic and angiogenic properties than CPS within 10 wt.% magnesium oxide (MgO), since the adversity of alkaline condition was covered by the benefits of improved Mg ion concentrations through activating Smad2/3-Runx2 signaling pathway in MC3T3-E1 cells and PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro. Besides, provided that MgO was incorporated with 15 wt.% in CPS, the bioactivities had declined due to the environment consisting of higher-concentrated Mg ions, stronger alkalinity and lower Ca/P/Si ions caused. According to the results, it indicated that bioactivities of Mg-CPS in vitro were regulated by the double-edged effects, which were the consequence of Mg ions and alkaline environment combined. Therefore, if MgO is properly incorporated in CPS, the improved bioactivities could cover alkaline adversity, making Mg-CPS bioceramics promising in orthopedic clinical application for its enhancement of osteogenesis and angiogenesis in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, Huangpu District 200011, China
| | - Shunxiang Xu
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, No. 100, Guilin Road, Shanghai, Xuhui District 200234, China
| | - Fei Wang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, No. 100, Guilin Road, Shanghai, Xuhui District 200234, China
| | - Bo He
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, No. 100, Guilin Road, Shanghai, Xuhui District 200234, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169, East Lake Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No.300, Guangzhou Road, Drum-tower District, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Congqin Ning
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, No. 100, Guilin Road, Shanghai, Xuhui District 200234, China.,State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1295, Dingxi Road, Changning District, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Kerong Dai
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, Huangpu District 200011, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Salbach-Hirsch J, Rauner M, Hofbauer C, Hofbauer LC. New insights into the role of glycosaminoglycans in the endosteal bone microenvironment. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1415-1425. [PMID: 34323057 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The bone microenvironment is a complex tissue in which heterogeneous cell populations of hematopoietic and mesenchymal origin interact with environmental cues to maintain tissue integrity. Both cellular and matrix components are subject to physiologic challenges and can dynamically respond by modifying cell/matrix interactions. When either component is impaired, the physiologic balance is lost. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of how glycosaminoglycans - organic components of the bone extracellular matrix - influence the bone micromilieu. We point out how they interact with mediators of distinct signaling pathways such as the RANKL/OPG axis, BMP and WNT signaling, and affect the activity of bone remodeling cells within the endosteal niche summarizing their potential for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Salbach-Hirsch
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Medical Center, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Medical Center, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Medical Center, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Medical Center, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christine Hofbauer
- NCT Dresden and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Medical Center, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Medical Center, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Quang Le B, Chun Tan T, Lee SB, Woong Jang J, Sik Kim Y, Soo Lee J, Won Choi J, Sathiyanathan P, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. A biomimetic collagen-bone granule-heparan sulfate combination scaffold for BMP2 delivery. Gene 2020; 769:145217. [PMID: 33039540 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)-induced bone regeneration is most efficacious when a carrier can deliver the growth factor into the defect site while minimizing off-target effects. The control of BMP2 release by such carriers is proving one of the most critical aspects of BMP2 therapy. Thus, increasing numbers of biomaterials are being developed to satisfy the simultaneous need for sustained release, reduced rates of degradation and enhanced activity of the growth factor. Here we report on a biomimetic scaffold consisting of bovine collagen type I, bone granules (Intergraft™), and heparan sulfate with increased affinity for BMP2 (HS3). The HS3 and collagen were complexed and then crosslinked via a simple dehydrothermal method. When loaded with a clinically relevant amount of BMP2 (1.25 mg/cc), the HS3-functionalised scaffolds were able to retain up to 58% of the initial amount of BMP2 over 27 days, approximately 3-fold higher than scaffolds without HS3. The bioactivity of the retained BMP2 was confirmed by gene expression in myoblast cells (C2C12) cultured on the scaffolds under osteogenic stimulation. Together these data demonstrate the efficacy of HS3 as a material to improve the performance collagen/bone granule-based scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bach Quang Le
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Tuan Chun Tan
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Seong-Baek Lee
- Cellumed CO LTD, 130. Digital-ro, Geumcheon-gu (Gasan-dong, Acetechno tower-9th), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Woong Jang
- Cellumed CO LTD, 130. Digital-ro, Geumcheon-gu (Gasan-dong, Acetechno tower-9th), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sik Kim
- Cellumed CO LTD, 130. Digital-ro, Geumcheon-gu (Gasan-dong, Acetechno tower-9th), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Soo Lee
- Cellumed CO LTD, 130. Digital-ro, Geumcheon-gu (Gasan-dong, Acetechno tower-9th), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Choi
- Cellumed CO LTD, 130. Digital-ro, Geumcheon-gu (Gasan-dong, Acetechno tower-9th), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Padmapriya Sathiyanathan
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Simon M Cool
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119288, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu Y, Xu Z, Wang Q, Jiang Y, Wang R, Chen S, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Chen J. Selective regulation of RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway by heparan sulfate through the binding with estrogen receptor β in MC3T3-E1 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:1526-1534. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
|
7
|
Heparanase: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Sarcomas. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:405-431. [PMID: 32274719 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas comprise a heterogeneous group of rare malignancies of mesenchymal origin including more than 70 subtypes. They may arise in muscle, bone, cartilage and other connective tissues. Their high histological and genetic heterogeneity makes diagnosis and treatment very challenging. Deregulation of heparanase has been found in several sarcoma subtypes and high expression levels have been correlated with poor prognosis in Ewing's sarcoma and osteosarcoma. Altered expression of specific heparan sulfate proteoglycans and heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes has also been observed. Advances in molecular pathogenesis of sarcomas have evidenced the critical role of several heparan sulfate binding growth factors and receptor tyrosine kinases, highly interconnected with the microenvironment, in sustaining tumor growth and progression. Interference with heparanase/heparan sulfate functions represents a potential therapeutic approach in sarcoma. In this chapter, we summarize the current knowledge about the biological significance of heparanase expression and its potential as a therapeutic target in subtypes of both soft tissue and bone sarcomas. Particular emphasis is given to the involvement of heparan sulfate proteoglycans and their synthesizing and modifying enzymes in bone physiology and disorders leading up to the pathobiology of bone sarcomas. The chapter also describes the cooperation between exostin loss-of-function and heparanase upregulation in hereditary Multiple Osteochondroma syndrome as a paradigmatic example of constitutive alteration of the heparanase/heparan sulfate proteoglycan system which may contribute to progression to malignant secondary chondrosarcoma. Preclinical evidence of the role of heparanase as a promising therapeutic target in various sarcoma subtypes is finally resumed.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are expressed throughout all stages of skeletal development. In the limb bud and in cranial mesenchyme, FGF signaling is important for formation of mesenchymal condensations that give rise to bone. Once skeletal elements are initiated and patterned, FGFs regulate both endochondral and intramembranous ossification programs. In this chapter, we review functions of the FGF signaling pathway during these critical stages of skeletogenesis, and explore skeletal malformations in humans that are caused by mutations in FGF signaling molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Pierre J Marie
- UMR-1132 Inserm (Institut national de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) and University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) are polydisperse mixtures of polysaccharide chains between 5 and 50 kDa. Sulfate modifications to discreet regions along the chains form protein binding sites involved in cell signaling cascades and other important cellular physiological and pathophysiological functions. Specific protein affinities of the chains vary among different tissues and are determined by the arrangements of sulfated residues in discreet regions along the chains which in turn appear to be determined by the expression levels of particular enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway. Although not all the rules governing synthesis and modification are known, analytical procedures have been developed to determine composition, and all of the biosynthetic enzymes have been identified and cloned. Thus, through cell engineering, it is now possible to direct cellular synthesis of heparin and HS to particular compositions and therefore particular functional characteristics. For example, directing heparin producing cells to reduce the level of a particular type of polysaccharide modification may reduce the risk of heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) without reducing the potency of anticoagulation. Similarly, HS has been linked to several biological areas including wound healing, cancer and lipid metabolism among others. Presumably, these roles involve specific HS compositions that could be produced by engineering cells. Providing HS reagents with a range of identified compositions should help accelerate this research and lead to new clinical applications for specific HS compositions. Here I review progress in engineering CHO cells to produce heparin and HS with compositions directed to improved properties and advancing medical research.
Collapse
|
10
|
Le BQ, Rai B, Hui Lim ZX, Tan TC, Lin T, Lin Lee JJ, Murali S, Teoh SH, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. A polycaprolactone-β-tricalcium phosphate-heparan sulphate device for cranioplasty. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2018; 47:341-348. [PMID: 30579746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cranioplasty is a surgical procedure used to treat a bone defect or deformity in the skull. To date, there is little consensus on the standard-of-care for graft materials used in such a procedure. Graft materials must have sufficient mechanical strength to protect the underlying brain as well as the ability to integrate and support new bone growth. Also, the ideal graft material should be individually customized to the contours of the defect to ensure a suitable aesthetic outcome for the patient. PURPOSE Customized 3D-printed scaffolds comprising of polycaprolactone-β-tricalcium phosphate (PCL-TCP) have been developed with mechanical properties suitable for cranioplasty. Osteostimulation of PCL-TCP was enhanced through the addition of a bone matrix-mimicking heparan sulphate glycosaminoglycan (HS3) with increased affinity for bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). Efficacy of this PCL-TCP/HS3 combination device was assessed in a rat critical-sized calvarial defect model. METHOD Critical-sized defects (5 mm) were created in both parietal bones of 19 Sprague Dawley rats (Male, 450-550 g). Each cranial defect was randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: (1) A control group consisting of PCL-TCP/Fibrin alone (n = 5); (2) PCL-TCP/Fibrin-HSft (30 μg) (n = 6) (HSft is the flow-through during HS3 isolation that has reduced affinity for BMP-2); (3) PCL-TCP/Fibrin-HS3 (5 μg) (n = 6); (4) PCL-TCP/Fibrin-HS3 (30 μg) (n = 6). Scaffold integration and bone formation was evaluated 12-weeks post implantation by μCT and histology. RESULTS Treatment with PCL-TCP/Fibrin alone (control) resulted in 23.7% ± 1.55% (BV/TV) of the calvarial defect being filled with new bone, a result similar to treatment with PCL-TCP/Fibrin scaffolds containing either HSft or HS3 (5 μg). At increased amounts of HS3 (30 μg), enhanced bone formation was evident (BV/TV = 38.6% ± 9.38%), a result 1.6-fold higher than control. Further assessment by 2D μCT and histology confirmed the presence of enhanced bone formation and scaffold integration with surrounding host bone only when scaffolds contained sufficient bone matrix-mimicking HS3. CONCLUSION Enhancing the biomimicry of devices using a heparan sulphate with increased affinity to BMP-2 can serve to improve the performance of PCL-TCP scaffolds and provides a suitable treatment for cranioplasty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bach Quang Le
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Bina Rai
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Zophia Xue Hui Lim
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Tuan Chun Tan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Tingxuan Lin
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Jaslyn Jie Lin Lee
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Sadasivam Murali
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Swee Hin Teoh
- Centre for Bone Tissue Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Simon McKenzie Cool
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119288.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Silva C, Carretero A, Soares da Costa D, Reis RL, Novoa-Carballal R, Pashkuleva I. Design of protein delivery systems by mimicking extracellular mechanisms for protection of growth factors. Acta Biomater 2017; 63:283-293. [PMID: 28864252 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heparin sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are responsible for the storage and stabilization of numerous growth factors in the extracellular matrix. In this complex native environment, the efficient binding of the growth factors is determined by multivalent, specific and reversible electrostatic interactions between the sulfate groups of HSPGs and the positively charged amino acids of the growth factor. Inspired by this naturally occurring stabilization process, we propose the use of diblock copolymers of heparin and polyethylene glycol (Hep-b-PEG) for protection and delivery of FGF-2. We describe the encapsulation of FGF-2 into spontaneously assembling polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) with Hep-b-PEG in which the Hep block ensures the formation of the PECs, while the PEG moiety confers stability of the generated complex by a stealth corona. Our results demonstrate that by this method we can generate homogeneous complexes (ca. 400nm diameter, PDI 0.29±0.07) with a very high encapsulation efficiency (about 99% encapsulated FGF-2). The release of the growth factor in response to different stimuli such as pH, ionic strength or presence of heparinase was also studied. We report a sustained release of up to 80% during 28days which is not influenced by the presence of heparinase - a result that clearly demonstrates the protective effect of the stealth corona. We also show that FGF-2 remains bioactive as it influences the morphology of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We describe a biopolymer that uses the way the cells shield a type of proteins (growth factors) to simultaneously assemble, slowly deliver and shield the protein in a "nanocarrier". Growth factors are essential for the regeneration of cartilage, bones by stem cell therapies but have a short life time as when added directly to tissues. Our design makes use of the heparin bioactivity towards such proteins in combination with a polyethylene glycol moiety (PEG) that makes a protecting shell. PEG, is biocompatible and used in approved medicines and countless cosmetic products. The highest novelty is the reaction (oxime click) used to bound these molecules that does not require modification of heparin and allows preservation of its bioactivity.
Collapse
|
12
|
Kot A, Zhong ZA, Zhang H, Lay YAE, Lane NE, Yao W. Sex dimorphic regulation of osteoprogenitor progesterone in bone stromal cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 59:351-363. [PMID: 28871061 PMCID: PMC5633481 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increasing peak bone mass is a promising strategy to prevent osteoporosis. A mouse model of global progesterone receptor (PR) ablation showed increased bone mass through a sex-dependent mechanism. Cre-Lox recombination was used to generate a mouse model of osteoprogenitor-specific PR inactivation, which recapitulated the high bone mass phenotype seen in the PR global knockout mouse mode. In this work, we employed RNA sequencing analysis to evaluate sex-independent and sex-dependent differences in gene transcription of osteoprogenitors of wild-type and PR conditional knockout mice. PR deletion caused marked sex hormone-dependent changes in gene transcription in male mice as compared to wild-type controls. These transcriptional differences revealed dysregulation in pathways involving immunomodulation, osteoclasts, bone anabolism, extracellular matrix interaction and matrix interaction. These results identified many potential mechanisms that may explain our observed high bone mass phenotype with sex differences when PR was selectively deleted in the MSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kot
- Center for Musculoskeletal HealthDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Zhendong A Zhong
- Center for Musculoskeletal HealthDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
- Center for Cancer and Cell BiologyProgram in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Center for Musculoskeletal HealthDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Emergency MedicineCenter for Difficult Diagnoses and Rare Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital of the Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-An Evan Lay
- Center for Musculoskeletal HealthDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Nancy E Lane
- Center for Musculoskeletal HealthDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Wei Yao
- Center for Musculoskeletal HealthDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Van Hoorick J, Gruber P, Markovic M, Tromayer M, Van Erps J, Thienpont H, Liska R, Ovsianikov A, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. Cross-Linkable Gelatins with Superior Mechanical Properties Through Carboxylic Acid Modification: Increasing the Two-Photon Polymerization Potential. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:3260-3272. [PMID: 28850786 PMCID: PMC5647566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present work reports on the development of photo-cross-linkable gelatins sufficiently versatile to overcome current biopolymer two-photon polymerization (2PP) processing limitations. To this end, both the primary amines as well as the carboxylic acids of gelatin type B were functionalized with photo-cross-linkable moieties (up to 1 mmol/g) resulting in superior and tunable mechanical properties (G' from 5000 to 147000 Pa) enabling efficient 2PP processing. The materials were characterized in depth prior to and after photoinduced cross-linking using fully functionalized gelatin-methacrylamide (gel-MOD) as a benchmark to assess the effect of functionalization on the protein properties, cross-linking efficiency, and mechanical properties. In addition, preliminary experiments on hydrogel films indicated excellent in vitro biocompatibility (close to 100% viability) both in the presence of MC3T3 preosteoblasts and L929 fibroblasts. Moreover, 2PP processing of the novel derivative was superior in terms of applied laser power (≥40 vs ≥60 mW for gel-MOD at 100 mm/s) as well as post-production swelling (0-20% vs 75-100% for gel-MOD) compared to those of gel-MOD. The reported novel gelatin derivative (gel-MOD-AEMA) proves to be extremely suitable for direct laser writing as both superior mimicry of the applied computer-aided design (CAD) was obtained while maintaining the desired cellular interactivity of the biopolymer. It can be anticipated that the present work will also be applicable to alternative biopolymers mimicking the extracellular environment such as collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans, thereby expanding current material-related processing limitations in the tissue engineering field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Van Hoorick
- Polymer
Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry
(CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Brussels
Photonics, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium
| | - Peter Gruber
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology and Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marica Markovic
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology and Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Tromayer
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology and Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Van Erps
- Brussels
Photonics, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium
| | - Hugo Thienpont
- Polymer
Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry
(CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Brussels
Photonics, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology and Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology and Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer
Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry
(CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer
Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry
(CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Brussels
Photonics, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xu Z, Chen J, Shao W, Wang R, Liu Y. [Research progress in osteogenesis and osteogenic mechanism of heparan sulfate]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2017; 31:1016-1020. [PMID: 29806444 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201701103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To discuss the role of heparan sulfate (HS) in bone formation and bone remodeling and summarize the research progress in the osteogenic mechanism of HS. Methods The domestic and abroad related literature about HS acting on osteoblast cell line in vitro, HS and HS composite scaffold materials acting on the ani-mal bone defect models, and the effect of HS proteoglycans on bone development were summarized and analyzed. Results Many growth factors involved in fracture healing especially heparin-binding growth factors, such as fibroblast growth factors, bone morphogenetic protein, and transforming growth factor β, are connected noncovalently with long HS chains. HS proteoglycans protect these proteins from protease degradation and are directly involved in the regulation of growth factors signaling and bone cell function. HS can promote the differentiation of stem cells into osteoblasts and enhance the differentiation of osteoblasts. In bone matrix, HS plays a significant role in promoting the formation, maintaining the stability, and accelerating the mineralization. Conclusion The osteogenesis of HS is pronounced. HS is likely to become the clinical treatment measures of fracture nonunion or delayed union, and is expected to provide more choices for bone tissue engineering with identification of its long-term safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhujie Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Jiangsu, 214000, P.R.China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- Medicinal Biopolymer Laboratory of College of Pharmacy, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu, 214000, P.R.China
| | - Wei Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Jiangsu, 214000, P.R.China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Jiangsu, 214000, P.R.China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Jiangsu, 214000, P.R.China;Medicinal Biopolymer Laboratory of College of Pharmacy, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu, 214000,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mansouri R, Jouan Y, Hay E, Blin-Wakkach C, Frain M, Ostertag A, Le Henaff C, Marty C, Geoffroy V, Marie PJ, Cohen-Solal M, Modrowski D. Osteoblastic heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans control bone remodeling by regulating Wnt signaling and the crosstalk between bone surface and marrow cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2902. [PMID: 28661485 PMCID: PMC5520938 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stimulating bone formation is an important challenge for bone anabolism in osteoporotic patients or to repair bone defects. The osteogenic properties of matrix glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have been explored; however, the functions of GAGs at the surface of bone-forming cells are less documented. Syndecan-2 is a membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan that is associated with osteoblastic differentiation. We used a transgenic mouse model with high syndecan-2 expression in osteoblasts to enrich the bone surface with cellular GAGs. Bone mass was increased in these transgenic mice. Syndecan-2 overexpression reduced the expression of receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL) in bone marrow cells and strongly inhibited bone resorption. Osteoblast activity was not modified in the transgenic mice, but bone formation was decreased in 4-month-old transgenic mice because of reduced osteoblast number. Increased proteoglycan expression at the bone surface resulted in decreased osteoblastic and osteoclastic precursors in bone marrow. Indeed, syndecan-2 overexpression increased apoptosis of mesenchymal precursors within the bone marrow. However, syndecan-2 specifically promoted the vasculature characterized by high expression of CD31 and Endomucin in 6-week-old transgenic mice, but this was reduced in 12-week-old transgenic mice. Finally, syndecan-2 functions as an inhibitor of Wnt-β-catenin–T-cell factor signaling pathway, activating glycogen synthase kinase 3 and then decreasing the Wnt-dependent production of Wnt ligands and R-spondin. In conclusion, our results show that GAG supply may improve osteogenesis, but also interfere with the crosstalk between the bone surface and marrow cells, altering the supporting function of osteoblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafik Mansouri
- Inserm UMR-1132, BIOSCAR, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Yohann Jouan
- Inserm UMR-1132, BIOSCAR, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Eric Hay
- Inserm UMR-1132, BIOSCAR, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Claudine Blin-Wakkach
- CNRS, UMR 7370, LP2M, Faculté de médecine, 28 avenue de Valombrose, Nice, France.,Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, Nice, France
| | | | - Agnès Ostertag
- Inserm UMR-1132, BIOSCAR, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Caroline Marty
- Inserm UMR-1132, BIOSCAR, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Geoffroy
- Inserm UMR-1132, BIOSCAR, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre J Marie
- Inserm UMR-1132, BIOSCAR, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Martine Cohen-Solal
- Inserm UMR-1132, BIOSCAR, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Modrowski
- Inserm UMR-1132, BIOSCAR, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Papy-Garcia D, Albanese P. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans as key regulators of the mesenchymal niche of hematopoietic stem cells. Glycoconj J 2017; 34:377-391. [PMID: 28577070 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-017-9773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complex microenvironment that surrounds hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow niche involves different coordinated signaling pathways. The stem cells establish permanent interactions with distinct cell types such as mesenchymal stromal cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts or endothelial cells and with secreted regulators such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and their receptors. These interactions are mediated through adhesion to extracellular matrix compounds also. All these signaling pathways are important for stem cell fates such as self-renewal, proliferation or differentiation, homing and mobilization, as well as for remodeling of the niche. Among these complex molecular cues, this review focuses on heparan sulfate (HS) structures and functions and on the role of enzymes involved in their biosynthesis and turnover. HS associated to core protein, constitute the superfamily of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) present on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix of all tissues. The key regulatory effects of major medullar HSPGs are described, focusing on their roles in the interactions between hematopoietic stem cells and their endosteal niche, and on their ability to interact with Heparin Binding Proteins (HBPs). Finally, according to the relevance of HS moieties effects on this complex medullar niche, we describe recent data that identify HS mimetics or sulfated HS signatures as new glycanic tools and targets, respectively, for hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cell based therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dulce Papy-Garcia
- CRRET Laboratory, Université Paris Est, EA 4397 Université Paris Est Créteil, ERL CNRS 9215, F-94010, Créteil, France
| | - Patricia Albanese
- CRRET Laboratory, Université Paris Est, EA 4397 Université Paris Est Créteil, ERL CNRS 9215, F-94010, Créteil, France.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dalagiorgou G, Piperi C, Adamopoulos C, Georgopoulou U, Gargalionis AN, Spyropoulou A, Zoi I, Nokhbehsaim M, Damanaki A, Deschner J, Basdra EK, Papavassiliou AG. Mechanosensor polycystin-1 potentiates differentiation of human osteoblastic cells by upregulating Runx2 expression via induction of JAK2/STAT3 signaling axis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:921-936. [PMID: 27699453 PMCID: PMC11107574 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycystin-1 (PC1) has been proposed as a chief mechanosensing molecule implicated in skeletogenesis and bone remodeling. Mechanotransduction via PC1 involves proteolytic cleavage of its cytoplasmic tail (CT) and interaction with intracellular pathways and transcription factors to regulate cell function. Here we demonstrate the interaction of PC1-CT with JAK2/STAT3 signaling axis in mechanically stimulated human osteoblastic cells, leading to transcriptional induction of Runx2 gene, a master regulator of osteoblastic differentiation. Primary osteoblast-like PC1-expressing cells subjected to mechanical-stretching exhibited a PC1-dependent increase of the phosphorylated(p)/active form of JAK2. Specific interaction of PC1-CT with pJAK2 was observed after stretching while pre-treatment of cells with PC1 (anti-IgPKD1) and JAK2 inhibitors abolished JAK2 activation. Consistently, mechanostimulation triggered PC1-mediated phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT3. The nuclear phosphorylated(p)/DNA-binding competent pSTAT3 levels were augmented after stretching followed by elevated DNA-binding activity. Pre-treatment with a STAT3 inhibitor either alone or in combination with anti-IgPKD1 abrogated this effect. Moreover, PC1-mediated mechanostimulation induced elevation of Runx2 mRNA levels. ChIP assays revealed direct regulation of Runx2 promoter activity by STAT3/Runx2 after mechanical-stretching that was PC1-dependent. Our findings show that mechanical load upregulates expression of Runx2 gene via potentiation of PC1-JAK2/STAT3 signaling axis, culminating to possibly control osteoblastic differentiation and ultimately bone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Dalagiorgou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Adamopoulos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Urania Georgopoulou
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios N Gargalionis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Spyropoulou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilianna Zoi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Marjan Nokhbehsaim
- Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Damanaki
- Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - James Deschner
- Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Efthimia K Basdra
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece.
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sulfated hyaluronan alters fibronectin matrix assembly and promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36418. [PMID: 27808176 PMCID: PMC5093463 DOI: 10.1038/srep36418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and structural integrity is one of many factors that influence cellular differentiation. Fibronectin (FN) which is in many tissues the most abundant ECM protein forms a unique fibrillary network. FN homes several binding sites for sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG), such as heparin (Hep), which was previously shown to influence FN conformation and protein binding. Synthetically sulfated hyaluronan derivatives (sHA) can serve as model molecules with a well characterized sulfation pattern to study sGAG-FN interaction. Here is shown that the low-sulfated sHA (sHA1) interacts with FN and influences fibril assembly. The interaction of FN fibrils with sHA1 and Hep, but not with non-sulfated HA was visualized by immunofluorescent co-staining. FRET analysis of FN confirmed the presence of more extended fibrils in human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC)-derived ECM in response to sHA1 and Hep. Although both sHA1 and Hep affected FN conformation, exclusively sHA1 increased FN protein level and led to thinner fibrils. Further, only sHA1 had a pro-osteogenic effect and enhanced the activity of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase. We hypothesize that the sHA1-triggered change in FN assembly influences the entire ECM network and could be the underlying mechanism for the pro-osteogenic effect of sHA1 on hBMSC.
Collapse
|
19
|
Inflammation as a Keystone of Bone Marrow Stroma Alterations in Primary Myelofibrosis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:415024. [PMID: 26640324 PMCID: PMC4660030 DOI: 10.1155/2015/415024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a clonal myeloproliferative neoplasm where severity as well as treatment complexity is mainly attributed to a long lasting disease and presence of bone marrow stroma alterations as evidenced by myelofibrosis, neoangiogenesis, and osteosclerosis. While recent understanding of mutations role in hematopoietic cells provides an explanation for pathological myeloproliferation, functional involvement of stromal cells in the disease pathogenesis remains poorly understood. The current dogma is that stromal changes are secondary to the cytokine “storm” produced by the hematopoietic clone cells. However, despite therapies targeting the myeloproliferation-sustaining clones, PMF is still regarded as an incurable disease except for patients, who are successful recipients of allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Although the clinical benefits of these inhibitors have been correlated with a marked reduction in serum proinflammatory cytokines produced by the hematopoietic clones, further demonstrating the importance of inflammation in the pathological process, these treatments do not address the role of the altered bone marrow stroma in the pathological process. In this review, we propose hypotheses suggesting that the stroma is inflammatory-imprinted by clonal hematopoietic cells up to a point where it becomes “independent” of hematopoietic cell stimulation, resulting in an inflammatory vicious circle requiring combined stroma targeted therapies.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways are essential regulators of vertebrate skeletal development. FGF signaling regulates development of the limb bud and formation of the mesenchymal condensation and has key roles in regulating chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and bone and mineral homeostasis. This review updates our review on FGFs in skeletal development published in Genes & Development in 2002, examines progress made on understanding the functions of the FGF signaling pathway during critical stages of skeletogenesis, and explores the mechanisms by which mutations in FGF signaling molecules cause skeletal malformations in humans. Links between FGF signaling pathways and other interacting pathways that are critical for skeletal development and could be exploited to treat genetic diseases and repair bone are also explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Pierre J Marie
- UMR-1132, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Hopital Lariboisiere, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Diamond squid (Thysanoteuthis rhombus)-derived chondroitin sulfate stimulates bone healing within a rat calvarial defect. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:5024-35. [PMID: 24335526 PMCID: PMC3877900 DOI: 10.3390/md11125024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) has been suggested to be involved in bone formation and mineralization processes. A previous study showed that squid-derived CS (sqCS) has osteoblastogenesis ability in cooperation with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 in vitro. However, in vivo, osteogenic potential has not been verified. In this study, we created a critical-sized bone defect in the rat calvaria and implanted sqCS-loaded gelatin hydrogel sponges (Gel) into the defect with or without BMP-4 (CS/BMP/Gel and CS/Gel, respectively). At 15 weeks, bone repair rate of CS/Gel-treated defects and CS/BMP/Gel-treated defects were 47.2% and 51.1%, respectively, whereas empty defects and defects with untreated sponges showed significantly less bone ingrowth. The intensity of von Kossa staining of the regenerated bone was less than that of the original one. Mineral apposition rates at 9 to 10 weeks were not significantly different between all treatment groups. Although bone repair was not completed, sqCS stimulated bone regeneration without BMP-4 and without external mesenchymal cells or preosteoblasts. Therefore, sqCS is a promising substance for promotion of osteogenesis.
Collapse
|
22
|
Murali S, Rai B, Dombrowski C, Lee JLJ, Lim ZXH, Bramono DS, Ling L, Bell T, Hinkley S, Nathan SS, Hui JH, Wong HK, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. Affinity-selected heparan sulfate for bone repair. Biomaterials 2013; 34:5594-605. [PMID: 23632323 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 is a potent bone healing compound produced at sites of bone trauma. Here we present a therapeutic strategy to harness the activity of endogenously produced BMP-2 by delivery of an affinity-matched heparan sulfate (HS) glycos aminoglycan biomaterial that increases the bioavailability, bioactivity and half-life of this growth factor. We have developed a robust, cost effective, peptide-based affinity platform to isolate a unique BMP-2 binding HS variant from commercially available preparations of HS, so removing the manufacturing bottleneck for their translation into the clinic. This affinity-matched HS enhanced BMP-2-induced osteogenesis through improved BMP-2 kinetics and receptor modulation, prolonged pSMAD signaling and reduced interactions with its antagonist noggin. When co-delivered with a collagen implant, the HS was as potent as exogenous BMP-2 for the healing of critical-sized bone defects in rabbits. This affinity platform can be readily tuned to isolate HS variants targeted ata range of clinically-relevant growth and adhesive factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Murali
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Büttner M, Möller S, Keller M, Huster D, Schiller J, Schnabelrauch M, Dieter P, Hempel U. Over-sulfated chondroitin sulfate derivatives induce osteogenic differentiation of hMSC independent of BMP-2 and TGF-β1 signalling. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:330-40. [PMID: 22718137 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and chemically modified GAG derivatives are known to support osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC). This effect has mainly been described to be mediated by increasing the effectiveness of bone anabolic growth factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) due to the binding and presentation of the growth factor or by modulating its signal transduction pathway. In the present study, the influence of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and two chemically over-sulfated CS derivatives on osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) and on BMP-2 and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) signalling was investigated. Over-sulfated CS derivatives induced an increase of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) activity and calcium deposition, whereas collagen synthesis was slightly decreased. The BMP-2-induced Smad1/5 activation was inhibited in the presence of over-sulfated CS derivatives leading to a loss of BMP-2-induced TNAP activity and calcium deposition. In contrast, the TGF-β1-induced activation of Smad2/3 and collagen synthesis were not affected by the over-sulfated CS derivatives. BMP-2 and TGF-β1 did not activate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 or mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 in hMSC. These data suggest that over-sulfated CS derivatives themselves are able to induce osteogenic differentiation, probably independent of BMP-2 and TGF-β1 signalling, and offer therefore an interesting approach for the improvement of bone healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Büttner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Qiu J, Li J, Wang G, Zheng L, Ren N, Liu H, Tang W, Jiang H, Wang Y. In vitro investigation on the biodegradability and biocompatibility of genipin cross-linked porcine acellular dermal matrix with intrinsic fluorescence. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:344-350. [PMID: 23245190 DOI: 10.1021/am302272k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As a biocompatible and bioactive natural tissue engineering scaffold, porcine acellular dermal matrix (PADM) has limitations for the application in tissue regeneration due to its low strength and rapid biodegradation. Here, purified PADM was modified by a nontoxic cross-linker (genipin) to enhance its mechanical properties and improve its resistance to enzymatic degradation. In vitro testing results demonstrated that the stiffness of the genipin cross-linked PADM was improved and biodegradation rate was decreased. Results of cell proliferation assays showed that the cross-linking reaction by genipin did not undermine the cytocompatibility of PADM. Furthermore, genipin cross-linking imparted an observable fluorescence allowing visualization of the scaffold's three-dimensional (3D) porous structure and cell distribution by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Immunostaining of the cell nuclei and cytoskeleton indicated that MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts were tightly adhered to and uniformly distributed onto the cross-linked PADM scaffold. Results of this study suggest that the 3D porous genipin cross-linked PADM with intrinsic fluorescence may have broader applications for tissue engineering scaffolds where higher mechanical stiffness is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jichuan Qiu
- Bio-Micro-Nano Functional Materials Center, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dwivedi PP, Lam N, Powell BC. Boning up on glypicans-opportunities for new insights into bone biology. Cell Biochem Funct 2013; 31:91-114. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - N. Lam
- Craniofacial Research Group; Women's and Children's Health Research Institute; North Adelaide; South Australia; Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hempel U, Möller S, Noack C, Hintze V, Scharnweber D, Schnabelrauch M, Dieter P. Sulfated hyaluronan/collagen I matrices enhance the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells in vitro even in the absence of dexamethasone. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:4064-72. [PMID: 22771456 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are multifunctional components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) involved in different steps of the regulation of cellular differentiation. In this study artificial extracellular matrices (aECM) consisting of collagen (Col) I and different GAG derivatives were used as a substrate for human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) to study osteogenic differentiation in vitro. hMSC were cultured on aECM containing col and hyaluronan sulfates (HyaS) with increasing degrees of sulfation (DS(S)) and were compared with aECM containing col and the natural GAG hyaluronan or chondroitin 4-sulfate. hMSC were analyzed for osteogenic differentiation markers such as calcium phosphate deposition, tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) and expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (runx2), osteocalcin (ocn) and bone sialoprotein II (bspII). Compared with aECM containing Col and natural GAG all Col/HyaS-containing aECM induced an increase in calcium phosphate deposition, TNAP activity and tnap expression. These effects were also seen in the absence of dexamethasone (an established osteogenic supplement). The expression of runx2 and ocn was not altered and the expression of bspII was diminished on the col/HyaS-containing aECM. The impact of the Col/HyaS-containing aECM on hMSC differentiation was independent of the DS(S) of the HyaS derivatives, indicating the importance of the primary (C-6) hydroxyl group of N-acetylglucosamine. These results suggest that Col/HyaS-containing aECM are able to stimulate hMSC to undergo osteogenic differentiation even in the absence of dexamethasone, which makes these matrices an interesting tool for hMSC-based tissue engineering applications and biomaterial functionalizations to enhance bone formation.
Collapse
|
27
|
Bramono DS, Murali S, Rai B, Ling L, Poh WT, Lim ZX, Stein GS, Nurcombe V, van Wijnen AJ, Cool SM. Bone marrow-derived heparan sulfate potentiates the osteogenic activity of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). Bone 2012; 50:954-64. [PMID: 22227436 PMCID: PMC3589980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lowering the efficacious dose of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) for the repair of critical-sized bone defects is highly desirable, as supra-physiological amounts of BMP-2 have an increased risk of side effects and a greater economic burden for the healthcare system. To address this need, we explored the use of heparan sulfate (HS), a structural analog of heparin, to enhance BMP-2 activity. We demonstrate that HS isolated from a bone marrow stromal cell line (HS-5) and heparin each enhances BMP-2-induced osteogenesis in C2C12 myoblasts through increased ALP activity and osteocalcin mRNA expression. Commercially available HS variants from porcine kidney and bovine lung do not generate effects as great as HS5. Heparin and HS5 influence BMP-2 activity by (i) prolonging BMP-2 half-life, (ii) reducing interactions between BMP-2 with its antagonist noggin, and (iii) modulating BMP2 distribution on the cell surface. Importantly, long-term supplementation of HS5 but not heparin greatly enhances BMP-2-induced bone formation in vitro and in vivo. These results show that bone marrow-derived HS effectively supports bone formation, and suggest its applicability in bone repair by selectively facilitating the delivery and bioavailability of BMP-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diah S. Bramono
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648
| | - Sadasivam Murali
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648
| | - Bina Rai
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648
| | - Ling Ling
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648
| | - Wei Theng Poh
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648
| | - Zophia Xuehui Lim
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648
| | - Gary S. Stein
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074
| | - Andre J. van Wijnen
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Simon M. Cool
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Frescaline G, Bouderlique T, Huynh MB, Papy-Garcia D, Courty J, Albanese P. Glycosaminoglycans mimetics potentiate the clonogenicity, proliferation, migration and differentiation properties of rat mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2012; 8:180-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
29
|
Regenerative potential of glycosaminoglycans for skin and bone. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 90:625-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
30
|
Shalhoub V, Ward SC, Sun B, Stevens J, Renshaw L, Hawkins N, Richards WG. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and alpha-klotho stimulate osteoblastic MC3T3.E1 cell proliferation and inhibit mineralization. Calcif Tissue Int 2011; 89:140-50. [PMID: 21633782 PMCID: PMC3135830 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-011-9501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Elevated serum levels of the phosphate-regulating hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) are found in patients with phosphate wasting diseases and chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). These diseases are associated with rickets and renal osteodystrophy, respectively. FGF23 is secreted from osteoblastic cells and signals through FGFRs, membrane coreceptor alpha-Klotho (Klotho), and, possibly, a circulating form of Klotho. Despite the absence of detectable Klotho on osteoblastic cells, studies have suggested that forced FGF23 expression in osteoblasts inhibited mineralization. Thus, we examined the effects of exogenously applied FGF23 on osteoblastic MC3T3.E1 cell proliferation and differentiation, with and without soluble Klotho. MC3T3.E1 cells were cultured in osteoblast differentiation medium, supplemented with FGF23 (0.1-1,000 ng/mL), Klotho (50 ng/mL), the combination FGF23 + Klotho, and FGF2 (100 ng/mL) as a control. Neither FGF23 nor Klotho exposure affected proliferation of day 4 growth phase cells or mineralization of day 14 cultures. In contrast, FGF23 + Klotho resulted in inhibition of mineralization and osteoblast activity markers at day 14, and a slight, reproducible induction of proliferation. Inhibition of FGFR1, but not FGFR2 or FGFR3, completely restored FGF23 + Klotho-induced inhibition of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity at day 7. ALP activity was partially restored by the MAPK inhibitor U0126 but not inhibitors p38 and P13K. Thus, soluble Klotho enables FGF23 signaling in MC3T3.E1 cells, likely through FGFR 1(IIIc). Elevated FGF23 actions, in part, appear to parallel FGF2 with lower potency. In addition to affecting bone via indirect phosphate wasting pathways, supraphysiological FGF23 and soluble Klotho may directly impact bone in diseases with elevated FGF23 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V. Shalhoub
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA
| | - S. C. Ward
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA
| | - B. Sun
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA
| | - J. Stevens
- Department of Protein Sciences, Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA
| | - L. Renshaw
- Department of Protein Sciences, Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA
| | - N. Hawkins
- Department of Protein Sciences, Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA
- Present Address: Neurozon, Ventura, CA 91320 USA
| | - W. G. Richards
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang X, Harimoto K, Xie S, Cheng H, Liu J, Wang Z. Matrix protein biglycan induces osteoblast differentiation through extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Smad pathways. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 33:1891-7. [PMID: 21048317 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biglycan (Bgn) is a member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family found in bone extracellular matrix (ECM), and hence involved in regulating bone formation and matrix mineralization. It has been reported that Bgn facilitates osteoblast differentiation, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) and Smad are two important pathways in regulating osteoblast differentiation. However, the underlying mechanism for Bgn facilitating osteoblast differentiation has not been fully elucidated. The present study demonstrated that the matrix protein Bgn activates Erk signaling pathway and therefore increases Runx2 transcriptional activity, in which glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) chains play an essential role. Additionally, Bgn also activated Smad pathway, another signaling pathway related with osteoblast differentiation. The activation of these two signaling pathways induced by Bgn facilitated the mineralization deposition in vitro. These results demonstrated the mechanism of Bgn promoting osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Murali S, Leong DFM, Lee JJL, Cool SM, Nurcombe V. Comparative assessment of the effects of gender-specific heparan sulfates on mesenchymal stem cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:17755-65. [PMID: 21454472 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.148874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We compare here the structural and functional properties of heparan sulfate (HS) chains from both male or female adult mouse liver through a combination of molecular sieving, enzymatic cleavage, and strong anion exchange-HPLC. The results demonstrated that male and female HS chains are significantly different by a number of parameters; size determination showed that HS chain lengths were ∼100 and ∼22 kDa, comprising 30-40 and 6-8 disaccharide repeats, respectively. Enzymatic depolymerization and disaccharide composition analyses also demonstrated significant differences in domain organization and fine structure. N-Unsubstituted glucosamine (ΔHexA-GlcNH(3)(+), ΔHexA-GlcNH(3)(+)(6S), ΔHexA(2S)-GlcNH(3)(+), and N-acetylglucosamine (ΔHexA-GlcNAc) are the predominant disaccharides in male mouse liver HS. However, N-sulfated glucosamine (ΔHexA-GlcNSO(3)) is the predominant disaccharide found in female liver. These structurally different male and female liver HS forms exert differential effects on human mesenchymal cell proliferation and subsequent osteogenic differentiation. The present study demonstrates the potential usefulness of gender-specific liver HS for the manipulation of human mesenchymal cell properties, including expansion, multipotentiality, and subsequent matrix mineralization. Our results suggest that HS chains show both tissue- and gender-specific differences in biochemical composition that directly reflect their biological activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadasivam Murali
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, 8A Biomedical Grove, 06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Velasco CR, Baud'huin M, Sinquin C, Maillasson M, Heymann D, Colliec-Jouault S, Padrines M. Effects of a sulfated exopolysaccharide produced by Altermonas infernus on bone biology. Glycobiology 2011; 21:781-95. [PMID: 21385793 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and differentiation of bone cells is controlled by various factors, which can be modulated by heparan sulfates. Here, we investigated the effects of an oversulfated exopolysaccharide (OS-EPS) on the bone. We compared the effect of this compound with that of a native EPS. Long-term administration of OS-EPS causes cancellous bone loss in mice due, in part, to an increase in the number of osteoclasts lining the trabecular bone surface. No significant difference in cancellous bone volume was found between EPS-treated mice and age-matched control mice, underlying the importance of sulfation in trabecular bone loss. However, the mechanism sustaining this osteoporosis was unclear. To clarify OS-EPS activities, we investigated the effect of OS-EPS on osteogenesis. Our results demonstrated that OS-EPS inhibited osteoclastogenesis in two cell models. Using the surface plasmon resonance technique, we revealed that OS-EPS can form a hetero-molecular complex OS-EPS/receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)/RANK and that RANK had a higher affinity for RANKL pre-incubated with OS-EPS than for RANKL alone, which would be in favor of an increase in bone resorption. However, in vitro, OS-EPS inhibited the early steps of osteoclast precursor adhesion and therefore inhibited the cell fusion step. In addition, we showed that OS-EPS reduced proliferation and accelerated osteoblastic differentiation, leading to strong inhibition of mineralized nodule formation, which would be in favor of an increase in bone resorption. Taken together, these data show different levels of bone resorption regulation by EPSs, most of them leading to proresorptive effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Ruiz Velasco
- INSERM U957, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhao H, Wang G, Hu S, Cui J, Ren N, Liu D, Liu H, Cao C, Wang J, Wang Z. In vitro Biomimetic Construction of Hydroxyapatite–Porcine Acellular Dermal Matrix Composite Scaffold for MC3T3-E1 Preosteoblast Culture. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:765-76. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hongshi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Center of Bio and Micro/Nano Functional Materials, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Guancong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Center of Bio and Micro/Nano Functional Materials, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Shunpeng Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingjie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Center of Bio and Micro/Nano Functional Materials, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Na Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Center of Bio and Micro/Nano Functional Materials, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Duo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Center of Bio and Micro/Nano Functional Materials, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Center of Bio and Micro/Nano Functional Materials, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Chengbo Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Center of Bio and Micro/Nano Functional Materials, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Zhonglin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Macdonald ML, Rodriguez NM, Shah NJ, Hammond PT. Characterization of tunable FGF-2 releasing polyelectrolyte multilayers. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2053-9. [PMID: 20690713 DOI: 10.1021/bm100413w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is a potent mediator of stem cell differentiation and proliferation. Although FGF-2 has a well-established role in promoting bone tissue formation, flaws in its delivery have limited its clinical utility. Polyelectrolyte multilayer films represent a novel system for FGF-2 delivery that has promise for local, precisely controlled, and sustained release of FGF-2 from surfaces of interest, including medical implants and tissue engineering scaffolds. In this work, the loading and release of FGF-2 from synthetic hydrolytically degradable multilayer thin films of various architectures is explored; drug loading was tunable using at least three parameters (number of nanolayers, counterpolyanion, and type of degradable polycation) and yielded values of 7-45 ng/cm(2) of FGF-2. Release time varied between 24 h and approximately five days. FGF-2 released from these films retained in vitro activity, promoting the proliferation of MC3T3 preosteoblast cells. The use of biologically derived counterpolyanions heparin sulfate and chondroitin sulfate in the multilayer structures enhanced FGF-2 activity. The control over drug loading and release kinetics inform future in vivo bone and tissue regeneration models for the exploration of clinical relevance of LbL growth factor delivery films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mara L Macdonald
- Harvard MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology and Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Calarco A, Petillo O, Bosetti M, Torpedine A, Cannas M, Perrone L, Galderisi U, Melone MAB, Peluso G. Controlled delivery of the heparan sulfate/FGF-2 complex by a polyelectrolyte scaffold promotes maximal hMSC proliferation and differentiation. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:903-9. [PMID: 20564189 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors and other regulatory molecules are required to direct differentiation of bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) along specific lineages. However, the therapeutic use of growth factors is limited by their susceptibility to degradation, and the need to maintain prolonged local release of growth factor at levels sufficient to stimulate hMSC. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a device containing heparan sulfate (HS), which is a co-factor in growth factor-mediated cell proliferation and differentiation, could potentiate and prolong the delivery of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and thus enhance hMSC stimulation. To this aim, we synthesized cationic polyelectrolyte polymers covalently and non-covalently anchored to HS and evaluated their effect on hMSC proliferation. Polymers non-covalently bound to HS resulted in the release of an HS/FGF-2 complex rather than FGF-2 alone. The release of this complex significantly restored hMSC proliferation, which was abolished in serum-free medium and only partially restored by the release of FGF-2 alone as occurred with polymer covalently bound to HS. We also demonstrate that exposure to HS/FGF-2 during early growth but not during post-confluence is essential for hMSC differentiation down the fibroblast lineage, which suggests that both factors are required to establish the correct stem cell commitment that is necessary to support subsequent differentiation. In conclusion, the delivery platform described here is a step towards the development of a new class of biomaterial that enables the prolonged, non-covalent binding and controlled delivery of growth factors and cofactors without altering their potency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Calarco
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry-CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ding VMY, Ling L, Natarajan S, Yap MGS, Cool SM, Choo ABH. FGF-2 modulates Wnt signaling in undifferentiated hESC and iPS cells through activated PI3-K/GSK3beta signaling. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:417-28. [PMID: 20506199 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) is widely used to culture human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Despite its importance in maintaining undifferentiated hESC phenotype, a lack of understanding in the role of FGF-2 still exists. Here, we investigate the signaling events in hESC following the addition of exogenous FGF-2. In this study, we show that hESC express all forms of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) which co-localize on Oct3/4 positive cells. Furthermore, downregulation of Oct3/4 in hESC occurs following treatment with an FGFR inhibitor, suggesting that FGF signaling may regulate Oct3/4 expression. This is also observed in iPS cells. Also, downstream of FGF signaling, both mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways (PI3-K) are activated following FGF-2 stimulation. Notably, inhibition of MAPK and PI3-K signaling using specific kinase inhibitors revealed that activated PI3-K, rather than MAPK, can mediate pluripotent marker expression. To understand the importance of PI3-K activation, activation of Wnt/beta-catenin by FGF-2 was investigated. Wnt signaling had been implicated to have a role in maintaining of pluripotent hESC. We found that upon FGF-2 stimulation, GSK3beta is phosphorylated following which nuclear translocation of beta-catenin and TCF/LEF activation occurs. Interestingly, inhibition of the Wnt pathway with Dikkopf-1 (DKK-1) resulted in only partial suppression of the FGF-2 induced TCF/LEF activity. Prolonged culture of hESC with DKK-1 did not affect pluripotent marker expression. These results suggest that FGF-2 mediated PI3-K signaling may have a direct role in modulating the downstream of Wnt pathway to maintain undifferentiated hESC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Y Ding
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Stem Cell Group, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Murali S, Manton KJ, Tjong V, Su X, Haupt LM, Cool SM, Nurcombe V. Purification and characterization of heparan sulfate from human primary osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2010; 108:1132-42. [PMID: 19777445 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear, highly variable, highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan sugar whose biological activity largely depends on internal sulfated domains that mediate specific binding to an extensive range of proteins. In this study we employed anion exchange chromatography, molecular sieving and enzymatic cleavage on HS fractions purified from three compartments of cultured osteoblasts-soluble conditioned media, cell surface, and extracellular matrix (ECM). We demonstrate that the composition of HS chains purified from the different compartments is structurally non-identical by a number of parameters, and that these differences have significant ramifications for their ligand-binding properties. The HS chains purified of conditioned medium had twice the binding affinity for FGF2 when compared with either cell surface or ECM HS. In contrast, similar binding of BMP2 to the three types of HS was observed. These results suggest that different biological compartments of cultured cells have structurally and functionally distinct HS species that help to modulate the flow of HS-dependent factors between the ECM and the cell surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadasivam Murali
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ling L, Murali S, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Cool SM. Glycosaminoglycans modulate RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:1222-31. [PMID: 20135643 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal integrity is tightly regulated by the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts that are both under the control of extracellular glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) through their interactions with endogenous growth factors and differentiation-promoting ligands. Receptor activator of NF-kappa-B ligand (RANKL), which is a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related protein that is critical for osteoclast formation, is produced by osteoblasts and further modulated by certain types of GAGs. Using unfractionated osteoblast-derived GAGs that reflect the complex tissue microenvironment within which osteoclasts reside, we demonstrate that these GAGs block the osteoclastogenic activity of RANKL. Furthermore, RANKL significantly reduces extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) activity, a putative suppressor of osteoclastogenesis, but osteoblast-derived GAGs eliminate the inhibitory effects of RANKL on ERK activity. Notably, while imposing an anti-osteoclastic effect, these GAGs also enhanced the proliferation of osteoblasts. Thus, the osteoblast microenvironment is a potent source of GAGs that promote bone anabolic activities. The anti-osteoclastogenic and osteoblast-related mitogenic activities of these GAGs together may provide a key starting point for the development of selective sugar-based therapeutic compounds for the treatment of osteopenic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ling
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ling L, Dombrowski C, Foong KM, Haupt LM, Stein GS, Nurcombe V, van Wijnen AJ, Cool SM. Synergism between Wnt3a and heparin enhances osteogenesis via a phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/RUNX2 pathway. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26233-44. [PMID: 20547765 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.122069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A new strategy has emerged to improve healing of bone defects using exogenous glycosaminoglycans by increasing the effectiveness of bone-anabolic growth factors. Wnt ligands play an important role in bone formation. However, their functional interactions with heparan sulfate/heparin have only been investigated in non-osseous tissues. Our study now shows that the osteogenic activity of Wnt3a is cooperatively stimulated through physical interactions with exogenous heparin. N-Sulfation and to a lesser extent O-sulfation of heparin contribute to the physical binding and optimal co-stimulation of Wnt3a. Wnt3a-heparin signaling synergistically increases osteoblast differentiation with minimal effects on cell proliferation. Thus, heparin selectively reduces the effective dose of Wnt3a needed to elicit osteogenic, but not mitogenic responses. Mechanistically, Wnt3a-heparin signaling strongly activates the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway and requires the bone-related transcription factor RUNX2 to stimulate alkaline phosphatase activity, which parallels canonical beta-catenin signaling. Collectively, our findings establish the osteo-inductive potential of a heparin-mediated Wnt3a-phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt-RUNX2 signaling network and suggest that heparan sulfate supplementation may selectively reduce the therapeutic doses of peptide factors required to promote bone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ling
- Institute of Medical Biology, Immunos, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Vora SR, Palamakumbura AH, Mitsi M, Guo Y, Pischon N, Nugent MA, Trackman PC. Lysyl oxidase propeptide inhibits FGF-2-induced signaling and proliferation of osteoblasts. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:7384-93. [PMID: 20048148 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.033597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-lysyl oxidase is secreted as a 50-kDa proenzyme and is then cleaved to a 30-kDa mature enzyme (lysyl oxidase (LOX)) and an 18-kDa propeptide (lysyl oxidase propeptide (LOX-PP)). The presence of LOX-PP in the cell layers of phenotypically normal osteoblast cultures led us to investigate the effects of LOX-PP on osteoblast differentiation. Data indicate that LOX-PP inhibits terminal mineralization in primary calvaria osteoblast cultures when added at early stages of differentiation, with no effects seen when present at later stages. LOX-PP was found to inhibit serum- and FGF-2-stimulated DNA synthesis and FGF-2-stimulated cell growth. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analyses show that LOX-PP inhibits FGF-2-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, signaling events that mediate the FGF-2-induced proliferative response. LOX-PP inhibits FGF-2-stimulated phosphorylation of FRS2alpha and FGF-2-stimulated DNA synthesis, even after inhibition of sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. These data point to a LOX-PP target at or near the level of fibroblast growth factor receptor binding or activation. Ligand binding assays on osteoblast cell layers with (125)I-FGF-2 demonstrate a concentration-dependent inhibition of FGF-2 binding to osteoblasts by LOX-PP. In vitro binding assays with recombinant fibroblast growth factor receptor protein revealed that LOX-PP inhibits FGF-2 binding in an uncompetitive manner. We propose a working model for the respective roles of LOX enzyme and LOX-PP in osteoblast phenotype development in which LOX-PP may act to inhibit the proliferative response possibly to allow cells to exit from the cell cycle and progress to the next stages of differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth R Vora
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kunze R, Rösler M, Möller S, Schnabelrauch M, Riemer T, Hempel U, Dieter P. Sulfated hyaluronan derivatives reduce the proliferation rate of primary rat calvarial osteoblasts. Glycoconj J 2009; 27:151-8. [PMID: 19941065 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-009-9270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and proteoglycans, which are components of the extracellular bone matrix, are also localized in and at the membrane of osteoblasts and in the pericellular matrix. Due to their interaction with several growth factors, water and cations these molecules play an important role in regulating proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and bone development. The aim of this study was to assess in vitro the effects of two chemically sulfated hyaluronan (HyaS) derivatives on the proliferation of rat calvarial osteoblasts and to compare with those of native hyaluronan (Hya) and natural sulfated GAG such as chondroitin-4-sulfate (C4S), chondroitin-6-sulfate (C6S), dermatan sulfate (DS) and heparan sulfate (HS). Moderately and highly sulfated HyaS derivatives caused a time-dependent reduction of osteoblast proliferation. The anti-proliferative effect of HyaS was accompanied by a cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase, but was not associated with cell death. Whereas non-sulfated high molecular weight (HMW)- and low molecular weight (LMW)-Hya as well as C4S, C6S, DS and HS showed no effect on the cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Kunze
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Fiedlerstrasse 42, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Teplyuk NM, Haupt LM, Ling L, Dombrowski C, Mun FK, Nathan SS, Lian JB, Stein JL, Stein GS, Cool SM, van Wijnen AJ. The osteogenic transcription factor Runx2 regulates components of the fibroblast growth factor/proteoglycan signaling axis in osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:144-54. [PMID: 19259985 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans cooperate with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF/FGF2) signaling to control osteoblast growth and differentiation, as well as metabolic functions of osteoblasts. FGF2 signaling modulates the expression and activity of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2/Cbfa1), a key regulator of osteoblast proliferation and maturation. Here, we have characterized novel Runx2 target genes in osteoprogenitors under conditions that promote growth arrest while not yet permitting sustained phenotypic maturation. Runx2 enhances expression of genes related to proteoglycan-mediated signaling, including FGF receptors (e.g., FGFR2 and FGFR3) and proteoglycans (e.g., syndecans [Sdc1, Sdc2, Sdc3], glypicans [Gpc1], versican [Vcan]). Runx2 increases expression of the glycosyltransferase Exostosin-1 (Ext1) and heparanase, as well as alters the relative expression of N-linked sulfotransferases (Ndst1 = Ndst2 > Ndst3) and enzymes mediating O-linked sulfation of heparan sulfate (Hs2st > Hs6st) or chondroitin sulfate (Cs4st > Cs6st). Runx2 cooperates with FGF2 to induce expression of Sdc4 and the sulfatase Galns, but Runx2 and FGF2 suppress Gpc6, thus suggesting intricate Runx2 and FGF2 dependent changes in proteoglycan utilization. One functional consequence of Runx2 mediated modulations in proteoglycan-related gene expression is a change in the responsiveness of bone markers to FGF2 stimulation. Runx2 and FGF2 synergistically enhance osteopontin expression (>100 fold), while FGF2 blocks Runx2 induction of alkaline phosphatase. Our data suggest that Runx2 and the FGF/proteoglycan axis may form an extracellular matrix (ECM)-related regulatory feed-back loop that controls osteoblast proliferation and execution of the osteogenic program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadiya M Teplyuk
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0105, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Dombrowski C, Song SJ, Chuan P, Lim X, Susanto E, Sawyer AA, Woodruff MA, Hutmacher DW, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. Heparan Sulfate Mediates the Proliferation and Differentiation of Rat Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:661-70. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dombrowski
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Shu Jun Song
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Peiying Chuan
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Xinhong Lim
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Evelyn Susanto
- Division of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Amber A. Sawyer
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Maria A. Woodruff
- Division of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Dietmar W. Hutmacher
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Division of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Simon M. Cool
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kumarasuriyar A, Lee I, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. De-sulfation of MG-63 cell glycosaminoglycans delays in vitro osteogenesis, up-regulates cholesterol synthesis and disrupts cell cycle and the actin cytoskeleton. J Cell Physiol 2009; 219:572-83. [PMID: 19142873 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sugars are largely responsible for the bioactivity of the proteoglycan proteins they decorate, and are particularly important for mediating the processes of cell attachment and growth factor signaling. Here, we show that chlorate-induced de-sulfation of GAGs expressed by MG-63 osteosarcoma cells results in delayed cell proliferation when the cells are exposed to chlorate for short or medium periods, but a disrupted mineralization without altered cell proliferation in response to long-term chlorate exposure. Analysis of GAG-binding growth factor activity indicated that chlorate disrupted BMP2/noggin signaling, but not FGF2 activity. Microarray analyses, which were confirmed by subsequent cell-based assays, indicated that chlorate predominantly disrupted the cell cycle and actin cytoskeleton and upregulated cholesterol synthesis, without affecting cell migration or attachment. Furthermore, we observed that disruption of the functions of the proteoglycan syndecan-4 replicated phenotypes induced by chlorate, implicating a primary role for this proteoglycan in providing bioactivity for these cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 219: 572-583, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Collapse
|
46
|
Stein GS, Zaidi SK, Stein JL, Lian JB, van Wijnen AJ, Montecino M, Young DW, Javed A, Pratap J, Choi JY, Ali SA, Pande S, Hassan MQ. Organization, integration, and assembly of genetic and epigenetic regulatory machinery in nuclear microenvironments: implications for biological control in cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1155:4-14. [PMID: 19250187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is growing awareness that the fidelity of gene expression necessitates coordination of transcription factor metabolism and organization of genes and regulatory proteins within the three-dimensional context of nuclear architecture. The regulatory machinery that governs genetic and epigenetic control of gene expression is compartmentalized in nuclear microenvironments. Temporal and spatial parameters of regulatory complex organization and assembly are functionally linked to biological control and are compromised with the onset and progression of tumorigenesis. High throughput imaging of cells, tissues, and tumors, including live cell analysis, is expanding research's capabilities toward translating components of nuclear organization into novel strategies for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Stein
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kumarasuriyar A, Murali S, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. Glycosaminoglycan composition changes with MG-63 osteosarcoma osteogenesis in vitro and induces human mesenchymal stem cell aggregation. J Cell Physiol 2009; 218:501-11. [PMID: 18988189 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenic differentiation is coordinated by the exposure of cells to temporal changes in a combination of growth factors and elements within the extracellular matrix (ECM). Many of the key proteins that drive these changes share the property of being dependent on ECM glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) for their activity. Here, we examined whether GAGs isolated from proliferating, differentiating and mineralizing MG-63 osteosarcoma cells differed in their physical properties, and thus in their capacities to coordinate the osteogenic cascade both in human MG-63 osteosarcoma cells and primary human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Our results show that the size distribution of GAGs, the expression of GAG-carrying proteoglycan cores and the expression of enzymes involved in their modification systematically change as MG-63 cells mature in culture. When dosed back onto cells exogenously in soluble form, GAGs regulated MG-63 survival and growth in a dose-dependent manner, but not differentiation in either cell type. In contrast, hMSCs aggregated into distinct colonies when grown on GAG-coated substrates, while MG-63 cells did not. Heparin-coated substrates improved hMSC viability without inducing aggregation. These results suggest a complex role for GAGs in coordinating the emergence of the osteoblast phenotype, and provide further evidence for the use of heparans in bone tissue repair applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Kumarasuriyar
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ling L, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. Wnt signaling controls the fate of mesenchymal stem cells. Gene 2008; 433:1-7. [PMID: 19135507 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multipotential mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are able to differentiate along several known lineages and have been shown to be efficacious for in vivo wound repair. The growth and differentiation of MSCs are known to be tightly regulated via interactions with specific extracellular mediators. Recent studies have shown that Wnts and their downstream signaling pathways play an important role in the self-renewal and differentiation of MSCs. Indeed altered bone-mass is known to result from mutations in LRP5, a Wnt co-receptor, that suggests Wnt plays an important signaling role during bone formation, possibly involving MSCs. This review outlines the current understanding of the distinct Wnt intracellular pathways including both canonical beta-catenin/TCF(LEF1) signaling and non-canonical cascades mediated by JNK, PKC, Ca(2+) or Rho, and how they are involved in the regulation of MSC proliferation and differentiation. We also discuss the coordination between different Wnt signaling cascades to precisely control MSC cell fate decisions, and we dissect the functional cross-talk of Wnt signaling that is known to occur with other growth factor signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ling
- Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Miyazaki T, Miyauchi S, Tawada A, Anada T, Matsuzaka S, Suzuki O. Oversulfated chondroitin sulfate-E binds to BMP-4 and enhances osteoblast differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2008; 217:769-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
50
|
Sabbieti MG, Agas D, Materazzi S, Capacchietti M, Materazzi G, Hurley MM, Menghi G, Marchetti L. Prostaglandin F2alpha involves heparan sulphate sugar chains and FGFRs to modulate osteoblast growth and differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2008; 217:48-59. [PMID: 18459126 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation extends our previous studies on PGF2alpha-mediated signalling in osteoblast metabolism. In particular, the role of PGF2alpha as modulator of heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) was evaluated. We hereby reported the novel observation that PGF2alpha was able to promote the formation of HSPGs/FGF-2/FGFRs complexes. Moreover, our data suggested that PGF2alpha could induce new synthesis of heparan sulphate (HS) chains on osteoblasts by a mechanism involving a modulation of MAPK signalling and that HS is required for the regulation of FGF-2 induced by PGF2alpha. Indeed, a proteolytic cleavage of HSPGs with heparinase III (Hep III) prior to PGF2alpha administration down-regulated the basal expression of phospho-p44/42, likely inhibiting FGFRs tyrosine kinase activity. Interestingly, MAPK signalling influenced syntheses and subcellular localization of FGF-2, its specific receptor and HS. In addition, the proteolytic cleavage by Hep III and the MAPK kinase inhibition by PD-98059 also revealed that PGF2alpha induced cell proliferation is dependent on HSPGs and FGF-2 specific receptor, respectively. Of further relevance of this study, we demonstrated, by using a specific siRNA for FGFR1, that PGF2alpha modulates Runx2 expression by FGFR1 and HS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Sabbieti
- Department of Comparative Morphology and Biochemistry, University of Camerino, Camerino (MC), Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|