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Pedroso da Fontoura L, Puntel R, Pinton S, Silva de Ávila D, Teixeira da Rocha JB, Onofre de Souza D, Roos DH. A toxicological comparison between two uranium compounds in Artemia salina: Artificial seawater containing CaCO 3. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 163:105221. [PMID: 33341237 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Uranium (U) mining is an aquatic environmental concern because most of these harmful compounds are discharged into freshwater, reaching the saline environment as the final destination of this contaminated water. Carbonates are present in ocean waters and are essential for benthic organisms, however they may influence the U-induced toxicity. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the toxicity of uranium nitrate (UN) and uranium acetate (UA) in Artemia salina (AS), which is one of the leading representatives of the marine biota. The cultures of AS (instar II) maintained in artificial seawater containing CaCO3 were exposed for 24 h to different concentrations of U compounds. The results showed that AS were more sensitive to UN (LC50 ≈ 15 μM) when compared with UA (LC50 ≈ 245 μM) indicating higher toxicity of this U compound. Calculated U speciation indicated that Ca2UO2(CO3)3 and (UO2)2CO3(OH)3- complexes predominated under our experimental conditions. The immobilization/lethality was observed after 9 h of exposure for both U compounds. However, only UN caused a significant decrease (≈40%) in the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity when compared with control. In order to observe preliminary toxicity effects, we evaluated oxidative stress parameters, such as catalase (CAT) activity, TBARS formation, radical species (RS) generation and cell membrane injury and/or apoptosis (CMI). In this study, we demonstrate that U compounds caused a significant decrease in CAT activity. Similarly, we also observed that UN increased TBARS levels in AS at concentrations 5 times lower than AU (10 μM and 50 μM, respectively). Furthermore, RS generation and CMI were enhanced only on AS treated with UN. Overall, the effects observed here were remarkably significant in AS exposed to UN when compared with AU. In this study, we showed different profiles of toxicity for both U compounds, contributing significantly to the current and scarce understanding of the aquatic ecotoxicity of this heavy metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Pedroso da Fontoura
- Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR-472 Km 592, ZIP code: 97500-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Robson Puntel
- Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR-472 Km 592, ZIP code: 97500-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Simone Pinton
- Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR-472 Km 592, ZIP code: 97500-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva de Ávila
- Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR-472 Km 592, ZIP code: 97500-970, RS, Brazil
| | - João Batista Teixeira da Rocha
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de bioquímica e biologia celular/CCNE/UFSM, Laboratório de Bioquímica Toxicológica, Farmacologia e Organocalcogênios, ZIP code: 97105900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre de Souza
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Bioquímica. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2.600 - Anexo Laboratorio 28 Santana, ZIP code: 90035003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Henrique Roos
- Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR-472 Km 592, ZIP code: 97500-970, RS, Brazil.
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García-García JD, Segura-Ceniceros EP, Zaynullin RA, Kunakova RV, Vafina GF, Tsypysheva IP, Vargas-Segura AI, Ilyina A. Three (-)-cytisine derivatives and 1-hydroxyquinopimaric acid as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:862-868. [PMID: 31497508 PMCID: PMC6718946 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition was studied using novel derivatives of (-)-cytisine derivatives N-allylcytisine-12-carbamide (A-63), cytisine-12-carbamide (A-36), N-1-adamantylcytisine-12-thiocarbamide (U-12), and 1-hydroxyquinopimaric acid (U-201). Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase with compound A-63 was described as mixed inhibition. Substances (A-36) and (U-201) acted as competitive inhibitors with Ki equal to 6.71 mM and 3.89 mM, respectively, while (U-12) behaved as an uncompetitive inhibitor with Ki at 0.07 mM. The IC50 values were estimated at 1.47, 13.73, 3.39, and 7.81 mM, respectively. According to toxicity assessment, compound A-63 was non-toxic; it did not affect A. salina viability at a concentration less than 1000 ppm, while at 1000 ppm, only 3% mortality was observed. Mortality of A. salina was less than 50% in the same concentration range for the other three compounds that allow classifying them as moderately toxic. Although tested compounds have the characteristics of weak inhibitors, they could be useful as protectors against potent organophosphates. The present research may be fundamental to the design of new substances for acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Daniel García-García
- Nanobioscience Group, Chemistry School, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Blvd. V. Carranza e Ing. J. Cardenas V., Saltillo, Coahuila, CP. 25280, Mexico
| | - E. Patricia Segura-Ceniceros
- Nanobioscience Group, Chemistry School, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Blvd. V. Carranza e Ing. J. Cardenas V., Saltillo, Coahuila, CP. 25280, Mexico
| | - Radik A. Zaynullin
- Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, 1 Cosmonauts St., Ufa, Bashkortostan, 450062, Russia
| | - Raikhana V. Kunakova
- Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, 1 Cosmonauts St., Ufa, Bashkortostan, 450062, Russia
| | - Guzel F. Vafina
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of Russian Academy of Science, Ufa, 71 Prospekt Oktyabrya, Ufa, Bashkortostan, 450054, Russia
| | - Inna P. Tsypysheva
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of Russian Academy of Science, Ufa, 71 Prospekt Oktyabrya, Ufa, Bashkortostan, 450054, Russia
| | - Alejandra I. Vargas-Segura
- Nanobioscience Group, Chemistry School, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Blvd. V. Carranza e Ing. J. Cardenas V., Saltillo, Coahuila, CP. 25280, Mexico
| | - Anna Ilyina
- Nanobioscience Group, Chemistry School, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Blvd. V. Carranza e Ing. J. Cardenas V., Saltillo, Coahuila, CP. 25280, Mexico
- Corresponding author.
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Gambardella C, Nichino D, Iacometti C, Ferrando S, Falugi C, Faimali M. Long term exposure to low dose neurotoxic pesticides affects hatching, viability and cholinesterase activity of Artemia sp. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 196:79-89. [PMID: 29358113 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The brine shrimp Artemia was used as a model organism to test toxicity of several neuroactive pesticides (chlorpyrifos (CLP), chlorpyrifos oxon (CLP ox), diazinon (DZN), carbaryl (CBR)) following exposure to far below than lethal doses. Cysts were exposed to the pesticides in order to test a scenario similar to actual coastal environment contamination, by analyzing different responses. Cysts were rehydrated in water containing the pesticides at concentrations ranging from 10-11 to 10-5 M, for 72, 96 and 192 h, respectively. For these exposure times, morpho-functional and biochemical parameters, such as hatching speed and viability were investigated in the larvae together with cholinesterase (ChE) activity quantification and histochemical localization. Finally, ChE inhibition was also compared with conventional selective ChE inhibitors. Results showed that CLP ox and CBR caused a significant dose-dependent decrease in hatching speed, followed by high percentages of larval death, while CLP and DZN were responsible for irregular hatching patterns. In addition, the pesticides mostly caused larval death some days post-hatching, whereas this effect was negligible for the specific ChE inhibitors, suggesting that part of pesticide toxicity may be due to molecules other than the primary target. ChE activity was observed in the protocerebrum lobes, linked to the development of pair eyes. Such activity was inhibited in larvae exposed to all pesticides. When compared to conventional selective inhibitors of ChE activities, this inhibition demonstrated that the selected pesticides mainly affect acetylcholinesterase and, to a lesser extent, pseudocholinesterases. In conclusion, the brine shrimp is a good model to test the environmental toxicity of long term exposure to cholinergic pesticides, since changes in hatching speed, viability and ChE activity were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Nichino
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Italy
| | | | - Sara Ferrando
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Italy
| | - Carla Falugi
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Italy
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Frase T, Richter S. Nervous system development in the fairy shrimpBranchinellasp. (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Anostraca): Insights into the development and evolution of the branchiopod brain and its sensory organs. J Morphol 2016; 277:1423-1446. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Frase
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissensschaften, Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2; D-18055 Rostock Germany
| | - Stefan Richter
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissensschaften, Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2; D-18055 Rostock Germany
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The fate of the onychophoran antenna. Dev Genes Evol 2013; 223:247-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00427-013-0436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Santhoshi S, Sugumar V, Munuswamy N. Localization of Serotonin Neuropiles in the Brain and Thoracic Ganglia of the Indian White Shrimp,Fenneropenaeus indicus: Phylogenetic Comparisons and Implications for Arthropod Relationships. Microsc Res Tech 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Faimali M, Falugi C, Gallus L, Piazza V, Tagliafierro G. Involvement of acetyl choline in settlement of Balanus amphitrite. BIOFOULING 2003; 19 Suppl:213-220. [PMID: 14618723 DOI: 10.1080/0892701021000044228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence and distribution of cholinergic molecules in Balanus amphitrite cyprids and their possible involvement in settlement and adhesion. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, the lythic enzyme of acetylcholine) activity was detected, for the first time, by biochemical and histoenzymological methods, in the thoracic muscles, gut wall and cement gland. The immunodetection of choline acetyltransferase-like (ChAT) molecules in the same area and in the neuropil of the central nervous system suggests the presence of a cholinergic innervation, and the involvement of acetylcholine in muscular contraction and cement gland exocytosis. The binding of FITC-conjugate alpha-bungarotoxin in the cement gland cells confirms the latter hypothesis. Acetylcholine involvement in the settlement process was also investigated by laboratory tests employing cholinergic antagonists and agonists. An increase of available acetylcholine due to the partial inhibition of AChE activity produced an increase in cyprid settlement. The data presented support the hypothesis that acetylcholine has a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator role in settlement and adhesion of barnacle cyprids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Faimali
- Istituto per la Corrosione Marina dei Metalli (ICMM), CNR, Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy.
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Pesando D, Huitorel P, Dolcini V, Angelini C, Guidetti P, Falugi C. Biological targets of neurotoxic pesticides analysed by alteration of developmental events in the Mediterranean sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2003; 55:39-57. [PMID: 12469775 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-1136(02)00215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biological effects of neurotoxic insecticides widely used for agricultural purposes were studied using the early development of the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus as a model. These compounds, dispersed as aerosols or powders in agricultural regions near to the coast, may affect the health of organisms in the marine environment. The biological effects of Basudin (an organophosphate compound containing 20% Diazinon), Diazinon (Dzn, a thionophosphate), Carbaryl and Pirimicarb (carbamates) on the early phases of sea urchin development were thus investigated. Morphological, biochemical, histochemical and immuno histochemical analyses were performed both during embryo and larval development. For the morphological effects on fertilisation and first cleavages, the effective concentration of insecticides was found to be 10(-4) M, while for further stages concentrations between 10(-5) and 10(-7) M were effective: 10(-3) M of any of these insecticides totally arrested development. During embryonic development, the treatment with organophosphates slowed the rate of early mitotic cycles down, affected nuclear and cytoskeletal status as well as DNA synthesis. From the gastrulation stage onwards, the main effects were exerted on the rate of primary mesenchyme cells migration, larval size, perioral arm length, and acetylcholinesterase activity distribution, thus deregulating the cholinergic system, which modulates cell-to-cell communication mediated by the signal molecule acetylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pesando
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et Toxicologie Environnementale, Université de Nice Faculté des Sciences, Parc Valrose BP 71 06 108 Nice-Cedex, France
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Harzsch S, Glötzner J. An immunohistochemical study of structure and development of the nervous system in the brine shrimp Artemia salina Linnaeus, 1758 (Branchiopoda, Anostraca) with remarks on the evolution of the arthropod brain. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2002; 30:251-270. [PMID: 18088960 DOI: 10.1016/s1467-8039(02)00012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2001] [Accepted: 02/17/2002] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Brain morphology is an important character in the discussion of arthropod relationships. While a large body of literature is available on the brains of Hexapoda and Malacostraca, the structure of the brain has been rarely studied in representatives of the Entomostraca. This account examines the morphology and development of the nervous system in the brine shrimp Artemia salina Linnaeus, 1758 (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Anostraca) by classical histology and immunohistochemistry against synaptic proteins (synapsins), and the neurotransmitters serotonin and histamine. The results indicate that the shape of the developing larval brain in A. salina (a circumstomodeal ring of neuropil) closely resembles that in malacostracan embryos. Furthermore, the organization of the central complex as well as the tritocerebral innervation pattern of the labrum is homologous in this species and in Malacostraca. Nevertheless, differences exist in the layout of the deutocerebrum, specifically in the absence of olfactory glomeruli in A. salina while the glomerular organization of the olfactory lobe is a character in the ground pattern of Malacostraca. These findings are compared to the brain structure in other Euarthropoda and possible phylogenetic implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Harzsch
- Sektion Biosystematische Dokumentation und Abteilung Neurobiologie, Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Universität Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Falugi C, Davoli C. Localization of putative biochemical messengers during Eisenia foetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta) development. Tissue Cell 1993; 25:311-23. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(93)90073-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/1992] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lenoir-Rousseaux JJ, Gautron J. Activity, localization and molecular form of acetylcholinesterase in the male accessory glands of metamorphosing Tenebrio molitor L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(87)90044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Raineri M, Modenesi P. Preliminary evidence for a cholinergic-like system in lichen morphogenesis. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1986; 18:647-57. [PMID: 3558003 DOI: 10.1007/bf01675300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane acetylcholinesterase activity is considered to be a marker for a cholinergic system. When temporarily expressed in differentiating cells other than the nervous or muscular ones, it may play a role in morphogenesis. In the lichen Parmelia caperata (L.) Ach., acetylcholinesterase is histochemically localized mainly in the cell walls and/or membranes of both symbionts just where they proliferate and form well-organized propagation structures, the soredia. The enzyme activity is first detected in a few algae undergoing aplanosporogenesis and later in medullary hyphae that reach the dividing algae by elongating perpendicularly to the thallus surface. This histochemical pattern that is associated with algal proliferation and oriented hyphal growth is characteristic of early morphogenesis of the soredia; when fully differentiated, they consist of an inner dividing alga and an outer hyphal envelope, both showing cholinesterase activity. Substrate specificity and inhibitor sensitivity of the histochemical staining indicate an acetylcholinesterase-like activity. However, extracts of the thallus areas where soredia develop give four bands of cholinesterase activity on disc electrophoresis: the two cathodal bands have the characteristics of acetylcholinesterase, the others of pseudocholinesterase. One of the latter hydrolyses propionylthiocholine very rapidly. The findings suggest that in lichen symbiosis, a cholinergic-like system participates in regulating morphogenetic processes such as cell division, oriented tip growth and alga-fungus membrane interactions. Environmental stimuli, particularly light, might trigger the development of soredia by modulating the activity of the cholinergic mechanism.
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