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Laucirica DR, Schofield CJ, McLean SA, Margaroli C, Agudelo‐Romero P, Stick SM, Tirouvanziam R, Kicic A, Garratt LW. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
modulates neutrophil granule exocytosis in an
in vitro
model of airway infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2022; 100:352-370. [PMID: 35318736 PMCID: PMC9544492 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A population of neutrophils recruited into cystic fibrosis (CF) airways is associated with proteolytic lung damage, exhibiting high expression of primary granule exocytosis marker CD63 and reduced phagocytic receptor CD16. Causative factors for this population are unknown, limiting intervention. Here we present a laboratory model to characterize responses of differentiated airway epithelium and neutrophils following respiratory infection. Pediatric primary airway epithelial cells were cultured at the air–liquid interface, challenged individually or in combination with rhinovirus (RV) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, then apically washed with medical saline to sample epithelial infection milieus. Cytokine multiplex analysis revealed epithelial antiviral signals, including IP‐10 and RANTES, increased with exclusive RV infection but were diminished if P. aeruginosa was also present. Proinflammatory signals interleukin‐1α and β were dominant in P. aeruginosa infection milieus. Infection washes were also applied to a published model of neutrophil transmigration into the airways. Neutrophils migrating into bacterial and viral–bacterial co‐infection milieus exhibited the in vivo CF phenotype of increased CD63 expression and reduced CD16 expression, while neutrophils migrating into milieus of RV‐infected or uninfected cultures did not. Individually, bacterial products lipopolysaccharide and N‐formylmethionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine and isolated cytokine signals only partially activated this phenotype, suggesting that additional soluble factors in the infection microenvironment trigger primary granule release. Findings identify P. aeruginosa as a trigger of acute airway inflammation and neutrophil primary granule exocytosis, underscoring potential roles of airway microbes in prompting this neutrophil subset. Further studies are required to characterize microbes implicated in primary granule release, and identify potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Laucirica
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
- Wal‐Yan Respiratory Research Centre Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Craig J Schofield
- Wal‐Yan Respiratory Research Centre Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Samantha A McLean
- Wal‐Yan Respiratory Research Centre Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Camilla Margaroli
- Department of Medicine Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
- Program in Protease and Matrix Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
| | - Patricia Agudelo‐Romero
- Wal‐Yan Respiratory Research Centre Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Stephen M Stick
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
- Wal‐Yan Respiratory Research Centre Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Perth Children’s Hospital Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Rabindra Tirouvanziam
- Department of Pediatrics Emory University Atlanta GA USA
- Center for CF and Airways Disease Research Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta GA USA
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
- Wal‐Yan Respiratory Research Centre Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Perth Children’s Hospital Nedlands WA Australia
- Occupation and Environment School of Public Health Curtin University Bentley WA Australia
| | - Luke W Garratt
- Wal‐Yan Respiratory Research Centre Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
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2
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Richardson IM, Calo CJ, Hind LE. Microphysiological Systems for Studying Cellular Crosstalk During the Neutrophil Response to Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661537. [PMID: 33986752 PMCID: PMC8111168 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the primary responders to infection, rapidly migrating to sites of inflammation and clearing pathogens through a variety of antimicrobial functions. This response is controlled by a complex network of signals produced by vascular cells, tissue resident cells, other immune cells, and the pathogen itself. Despite significant efforts to understand how these signals are integrated into the neutrophil response, we still do not have a complete picture of the mechanisms regulating this process. This is in part due to the inherent disadvantages of the most-used experimental systems: in vitro systems lack the complexity of the tissue microenvironment and animal models do not accurately capture the human immune response. Advanced microfluidic devices incorporating relevant tissue architectures, cell-cell interactions, and live pathogen sources have been developed to overcome these challenges. In this review, we will discuss the in vitro models currently being used to study the neutrophil response to infection, specifically in the context of cell-cell interactions, and provide an overview of their findings. We will also provide recommendations for the future direction of the field and what important aspects of the infectious microenvironment are missing from the current models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laurel E. Hind
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado – Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
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3
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Mai N, Prifti V, Lim K, O'Reilly MA, Kim M, Halterman MW. Lung SOD3 limits neurovascular reperfusion injury and systemic immune activation following transient global cerebral ischemia. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:104942. [PMID: 32807413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Studies implicate the lung in moderating systemic immune activation via effects on circulating leukocytes. In this study, we investigated whether targeted expression of the antioxidant extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3) within the lung would influence post-ischemic peripheral neutrophil activation and CNS reperfusion injury. METHODS Adult, male mice expressing human SOD3 within type II pneumocytes were subjected to 15 min of transient global cerebral ischemia. Three days post-reperfusion, lung and brain tissue was collected and analyzed by immunohistochemistry for inflammation and injury markers. In vitro motility and neurotoxicity assays were conducted to ascertain the direct effects of hSOD3 on PMN activation. Results were compared against C57BL/6 age and sex-matched controls. RESULTS Relative to wild-type controls, hSOD3 heterozygous mice exhibited a reduction in lung inflammation, blood-brain barrier damage, and post-ischemic neuronal injury within the hippocampus and cortex. PMNs harvested from hSOD3 mice were also resistant to LPS priming, slower-moving, and less toxic to primary neuronal cultures. CONCLUSIONS Constitutive, focal expression of hSOD3 is neuroprotective in a model of global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. The underlying mechanism of SOD3-dependent protection is attributable in part to effects on the activation state and toxic potential of circulating neutrophils. These results implicate lung-brain coupling as a determinant of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and highlight post-stroke lung inflammation as a potential therapeutic target in acute ischemic cerebrovascular injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Mai
- Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester NY 14642 United States
| | - Viollandi Prifti
- Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester NY 14642 United States
| | - Kihong Lim
- Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester NY 14642 United States
| | - Michael A O'Reilly
- Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester NY 14642 United States
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester NY 14642 United States
| | - Marc W Halterman
- Departments of Neurology & Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642 United States; Departments of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester NY 14642 United States.
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4
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Garcia-Seyda N, Aoun L, Tishkova V, Seveau V, Biarnes-Pelicot M, Bajénoff M, Valignat MP, Theodoly O. Microfluidic device to study flow-free chemotaxis of swimming cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1639-1647. [PMID: 32249280 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00045k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices have been used in the last two decades to study in vitro cell chemotaxis, but few existing devices generate gradients in flow-free conditions. Flow can bias cell directionality of adherent cells and precludes the study of swimming cells like naïve T lymphocytes, which only migrate in a non-adherent fashion. We developed two devices that create stable, flow-free, diffusion-based gradients and are adapted for adherent and swimming cells. The flow-free environment is achieved by using agarose gel barriers between a central channel with cells and side channels with chemoattractants. These barriers insulate cells from injection/rinsing cycles of chemoattractants, they dampen residual drift across the device, and they allow co-culture of cells without physical interaction, to study contactless paracrine communication. Our devices were used here to investigate neutrophil and naïve T lymphocyte chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Garcia-Seyda
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France.
| | - Laurene Aoun
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France.
| | | | - Valentine Seveau
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France.
| | | | - Marc Bajénoff
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Valignat
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France.
| | - Olivier Theodoly
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France.
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5
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Jayathilake C, Maini PK, Hopf HW, Sean McElwain DL, Byrne HM, Flegg MB, Flegg JA. A mathematical model of the use of supplemental oxygen to combat surgical site infection. J Theor Biol 2019; 466:11-23. [PMID: 30659823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Infections are a common complication of any surgery, often requiring a recovery period in hospital. Supplemental oxygen therapy administered during and immediately after surgery is thought to enhance the immune response to bacterial contamination. However, aerobic bacteria thrive in oxygen-rich environments, and so it is unclear whether oxygen has a net positive effect on recovery. Here, we develop a mathematical model of post-surgery infection to investigate the efficacy of supplemental oxygen therapy on surgical-site infections. A 4-species, coupled, set of non-linear partial differential equations that describes the space-time dependence of neutrophils, bacteria, chemoattractant and oxygen is developed and analysed to determine its underlying properties. Through numerical solutions, we quantify the efficacy of different supplemental oxygen regimes on the treatment of surgical site infections in wounds of different initial bacterial load. A sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the robustness of the predictions to changes in the model parameters. The numerical results are in good agreement with analyses of the associated well-mixed model. Our model findings provide insight into how the nature of the contaminant and its initial density influence bacterial infection dynamics in the surgical wound.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip K Maini
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | | | - D L Sean McElwain
- School of Mathematical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Helen M Byrne
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark B Flegg
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Australia.
| | - Jennifer A Flegg
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Australia.
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6
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Ramadass M, Johnson JL, Marki A, Zhang J, Wolf D, Kiosses WB, Pestonjamasp K, Ley K, Catz SD. The trafficking protein JFC1 regulates Rac1-GTP localization at the uropod controlling neutrophil chemotaxis and in vivo migration. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:1209-1224. [PMID: 30748033 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1vma0818-320r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil chemotaxis is essential in responses to infection and underlies inflammation. In neutrophils, the small GTPase Rac1 has discrete functions at both the leading edge and in the retraction of the trailing structure at the cell's rear (uropod), but how Rac1 is regulated at the uropod is unknown. Here, we identified a mechanism mediated by the trafficking protein synaptotagmin-like 1 (SYTL1 or JFC1) that controls Rac1-GTP recycling from the uropod and promotes directional migration of neutrophils. JFC1-null neutrophils displayed defective polarization and impaired directional migration to N-formyl-methionine-leucyl-phenylalanine in vitro, but chemoattractant-induced actin remodeling, calcium signaling and Erk activation were normal in these cells. Defective chemotaxis was not explained by impaired azurophilic granule exocytosis associated with JFC1 deficiency. Mechanistically, we show that active Rac1 localizes at dynamic vesicles where endogenous JFC1 colocalizes with Rac1-GTP. Super-resolution microscopy (STORM) analysis shows adjacent distribution of JFC1 and Rac1-GTP, which increases upon activation. JFC1 interacts with Rac1-GTP in a Rab27a-independent manner to regulate Rac1-GTP trafficking. JFC1-null cells exhibited Rac1-GTP accumulation at the uropod and increased tail length, and Rac1-GTP uropod accumulation was recapitulated by inhibition of ROCK or by interference with microtubule remodeling. In vivo, neutrophil dynamic studies in mixed bone marrow chimeric mice show that JFC1-/- neutrophils are unable to move directionally toward the source of the chemoattractant, supporting the notion that JFC1 deficiency results in defective neutrophil migration. Our results suggest that defective Rac1-GTP recycling from the uropod affects directionality and highlight JFC1-mediated Rac1 trafficking as a potential target to regulate chemotaxis in inflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahalakshmi Ramadass
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jennifer L Johnson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alex Marki
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jinzhong Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - William B Kiosses
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kersi Pestonjamasp
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sergio D Catz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, USA
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7
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Feng SL, Zhou LW, Lü SQ, Zhang Y. Dynamic seesaw model for rapid signaling responses in eukaryotic chemotaxis. Phys Biol 2018; 15:056004. [PMID: 29757152 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/aac45b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Directed movement of eukaryotic cells toward spatiotemporally varied chemotactic stimuli enables rapid intracellular signaling responses. While macroscopic cellular manifestation is shaped by balancing external stimuli strength with finite internal delays, the organizing principles of the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be clarified. Here, we developed a novel modeling framework based on a simple seesaw mechanism to elucidate how cells repeatedly reverse polarity. As a key feature of the modeling, the bottom module of bidirectional molecular transport is successively controlled by three upstream modules of signal reception, initial signal processing, and Rho GTPase regulation. Our simulations indicated that an isotropic cell is polarized in response to a graded input signal. By applying a reversal gradient to a chemoattractant signal, lamellipod-specific molecules (i.e. PIP3 and PI3K) disappear, first from the cell front, and then they redistribute at the opposite side, whereas functional molecules at the rear of the cell (i.e. PIP2 and PTEN) act oppositely. In particular, the model cell exhibits a seesaw-like spatiotemporal pattern for the establishment of front and rear and interconversion, consistent with those related experimental observations. Increasing the switching frequency of the chemotactic gradient causes the cell to stay in a trapped state, further supporting the proposed dynamics of eukaryotic chemotaxis with the underlying cytoskeletal remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Liang Feng
- Institute of mechanical engineering and mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, People's Republic of China. Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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8
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Dissecting Spatial and Temporal Sensing in Dictyostelium Chemotaxis Using a Wave Gradient Generator. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1407:107-22. [PMID: 27271897 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3480-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
External cues that dictate the direction of cell migration are likely dynamic during many biological processes such as embryonic development and wound healing. Until recently, how cells integrate spatial and temporal information to determine the direction of migration has remained elusive. In Dictyostelium discoideum, the chemoattractant cAMP that directs cell aggregation propagates as periodic waves. In light of the fact that any temporally evolving complex signals, in principle, can be expressed as a sum of sinusoidal functions with various frequencies, the Dictyostelium system serves as a minimal example, where the dynamic signal is in the simplest form of near sinusoidal wave with one dominant frequency. Here, we describe a method to emulate the traveling waves in a fluidics device. The text provides step-by-step instructions on the device setup and describes ways to analyze the acquired data. These include quantification of membrane translocation of fluorescently labeled proteins in individual Dictyostelium cells and estimation of exogenous cAMP profiles. The described approach has already helped decipher spatial and temporal aspects of chemotactic sensing in Dictyostelium. More specifically, it allowed one to discriminate the temporal and the spatial sensing aspects of directional sensing. With some modifications, one should be able to implement similar analysis in other cell types.
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9
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Petrie Aronin CE, Zhao YM, Yoon JS, Morgan NY, Prüstel T, Germain RN, Meier-Schellersheim M. Migrating Myeloid Cells Sense Temporal Dynamics of Chemoattractant Concentrations. Immunity 2017; 47:862-874.e3. [PMID: 29166587 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemoattractant-mediated recruitment of hematopoietic cells to sites of pathogen growth or tissue damage is critical to host defense and organ homeostasis. Chemotaxis is typically considered to rely on spatial sensing, with cells following concentration gradients as long as these are present. Utilizing a microfluidic approach, we found that stable gradients of intermediate chemokines (CCL19 and CXCL12) failed to promote persistent directional migration of dendritic cells or neutrophils. Instead, rising chemokine concentrations were needed, implying that temporal sensing mechanisms controlled prolonged responses to these ligands. This behavior was found to depend on G-coupled receptor kinase-mediated negative regulation of receptor signaling and contrasted with responses to an end agonist chemoattractant (C5a), for which a stable gradient led to persistent migration. These findings identify temporal sensing as a key requirement for long-range myeloid cell migration to intermediate chemokines and provide insights into the mechanisms controlling immune cell motility in complex tissue environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren E Petrie Aronin
- Laboratory of Systems Biology (LSB), Lymphocyte Biology Section (LBS), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yun M Zhao
- Laboratory of Systems Biology (LSB), Lymphocyte Biology Section (LBS), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Justine S Yoon
- Biomedical Engineering and Physical Sciences Resource (BEPS), Microfabrication and Microfluidics Unit (MMU), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole Y Morgan
- Biomedical Engineering and Physical Sciences Resource (BEPS), Microfabrication and Microfluidics Unit (MMU), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thorsten Prüstel
- Laboratory of Systems Biology (LSB), Computational Biology Unit (CBU), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Laboratory of Systems Biology (LSB), Lymphocyte Biology Section (LBS), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Martin Meier-Schellersheim
- Laboratory of Systems Biology (LSB), Computational Biology Unit (CBU), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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10
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Rectified directional sensing in long-range cell migration. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5367. [PMID: 25373620 PMCID: PMC4272253 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
How spatial and temporal information are integrated to determine the direction of cell migration remains poorly understood. Here, by precise microfluidics emulation of dynamic chemoattractant waves, we demonstrate that, in Dictyostelium, directional movement as well as activation of small guanosine triphosphatase Ras at the leading edge is suppressed when the chemoattractant concentration is decreasing over time. This 'rectification' of directional sensing occurs only at an intermediate range of wave speed and does not require phosphoinositide-3-kinase or F-actin. From modelling analysis, we show that rectification arises naturally in a single-layered incoherent feedforward circuit with zero-order ultrasensitivity. The required stimulus time-window predicts ~5 s transient for directional sensing response close to Ras activation and inhibitor diffusion typical for protein in the cytosol. We suggest that the ability of Dictyostelium cells to move only in the wavefront is closely associated with rectification of adaptive response combined with local activation and global inhibition.
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11
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Yde P, Mengel B, Jensen MH, Krishna S, Trusina A. Modeling the NF-κB mediated inflammatory response predicts cytokine waves in tissue. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2011; 5:115. [PMID: 21771307 PMCID: PMC3152534 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Waves propagating in "excitable media" is a reliable way to transmit signals in space. A fascinating example where living cells comprise such a medium is Dictyostelium D. which propagates waves of chemoattractant to attract distant cells. While neutrophils chemotax in a similar fashion as Dictyostelium D., it is unclear if chemoattractant waves exist in mammalian tissues and what mechanisms could propagate them. Results We propose that chemoattractant cytokine waves may naturally develop as a result of NF-κB response. Using a heuristic mathematical model of NF-κB-like circuits coupled in space we show that the known characteristics of NF-κB response favor cytokine waves. Conclusions While the propagating wave of cytokines is generally beneficial for inflammation resolution, our model predicts that there exist special conditions that can cause chronic inflammation and re-occurrence of acute inflammatory response.
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12
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Abstract
Most cells in the body have the ability to change their physical locations during physiologic or pathologic events such as inflammation, wound healing, or cancer. When cell migration is directed toward sources of cue chemicals, the process is known as chemotaxis, and it requires linking the sensing of chemicals through receptors on the surfaces of the cells to the directional activation of the motility apparatus inside the cells. This link is supported by complex intracellular signaling pathways, and although details regarding the nature of the molecules involved in the signal transduction are well established, far less is known about how different signaling molecules and processes are dynamically interconnected and how slower and faster signaling events take place simultaneously inside moving cells. In this context, advances in microfluidic technologies are enabling the emergence of new tools that facilitate the development of experimental protocols in which the cellular microenvironment is precisely controlled in time and space and in which signaling-associated changes inside cells can be quantitatively measured and compared. These tools could enable new insights into the intricacies of the biological systems that participate in chemotaxis processes and could have the potential to accelerate the development of novel therapeutic strategies to control cell motility and enhance our abilities for medical intervention during health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Irimia
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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13
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García-García E, García-García PL, Rosales C. An fMLP receptor is involved in activation of phagocytosis by hemocytes from specific insect species. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:728-739. [PMID: 19166874 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian phagocytes, the bacterial formylated peptide fMLP functions both as a potent enhancer of phagocytosis and chemoattractant. fMLP has been reported to be chemotactic for hemocytes of two marine invertebrates, and of the insect Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera). Whether fMLP is also able to activate phagocytosis has not been explored in hemocytes of any invertebrate. To determine the effect of fMLP on insect hemocyte phagocytosis, in vitro phagocytosis assays were performed with hemocytes from the insects: Gromphadorhina portentosa (Blattodea), Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera), Zophobas morio (Coleoptera), and Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera). Phagocytosis of latex, zymosan (yeast), Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was measured by flow cytometry, in the presence of increasing fMLP concentrations. G. portentosa hemocytes showed no enhancement of phagocytosis by fMLP. A. domesticus hemocytes had increased phagocytosis of latex and Gram-negative bacteria in the presence of fMLP. Z. morio hemocytes increased phagocytosis of latex, yeast, and Gram-negative bacteria after fMLP stimulation. Galleria mellonella hemocytes increased phagocytosis of latex after fMLP stimulation. Treating hemocytes with Pertussis toxin, a known inhibitor of the signaling pathway initiated by the mammalian fMLP receptor, returned phagocytosis to basal levels. Also, hemocytes from all insect species tested presented a similar chemotactic response to fMLP. These data suggest that, whereas the ability of hemocytes to chemotactically-respond to fMLP is conserved in insects ranging from Blattodea to Lepidoptera, the ability to respond to fMLP by activating phagocytosis is restricted to specific insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick García-García
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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14
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Manda G, Neagu M, Constantin C, Neagoe I, Codreanu C. Preliminary study on the immunologic background of good clinical outcome in rheumatoid arthritis patients after one month therapy with leflunomide. Rheumatol Int 2008; 29:937-46. [PMID: 19096851 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-008-0802-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This preliminary study focuses on early peripheral cellular immune changes after 1 month therapy with leflunomide, in 18 patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis, previously treated with methotrexate. A good clinical outcome of disease was documented and we showed that a particular target of short-time leflunomide therapy in rheumatoid arthritis was the peripheral innate immune system (NK cells and the population of granulocytes developing phagocytosis and superoxide anion production when challenged ex vivo with zymosan particles). Meanwhile, the high inter-individual variability of adaptive immunity required data analysis in subgroups of patients. We showed that the abnormal increase of peripheral leukocytes counts, or the decrease towards normal values of the CD4:CD8 lymphocytes ratio, or the inhibition of uridine uptake by ex vivo activated lymphocytes were consistent with a positive clinical evolution, proved by the reduction of tender/swollen joints, morning stiffness duration or acute phase response. We emphasized that significant benefits of short-term leflunomide therapy were associated with functional suppression of peripheral B lymphocytes. Hence, the positive evolution of rheumatoid arthritis patients seemed to be specifically linked to early drug-induced changes of trafficking or uridine metabolism of mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Manda
- Immunology Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096, Bucharest, Romania.
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15
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Bae SY, Jung YJ, Woo SY, Park MH, Seoh JY, Ryu KH. Distinct locomotive patterns of granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes in a stable concentration gradient of chemokines. Int J Lab Hematol 2008; 30:139-48. [PMID: 18333846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-553x.2007.00914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The pattern of leukocyte locomotion can be changed in many pathological situations, but its accurate analysis is difficult because of technological limitation. In the present study, by using a newly developed time-lapse videomicroscopic technique, we have analyzed the locomotive patterns of leukocytes in a stable concentration gradient of chemokines. Granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes were purified from adult human peripheral blood. Locomotive behavior of the leukocytes was analyzed by an optical assay using a microchannel producing a stable concentration gradient of chemokines. Videomicroscopic analysis showed distinct locomotive patterns of granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Granulocytes were intrinsically motile, vigorously moving in random direction without any chemokine stimulation. Upon stimulation with CXCL8/IL-8, the speed of migration was increased from 13.3 +/- 2.8 to 19.4 +/- 2.5 microm/min (P = 0.002, n = 100) and they moved toward the chemokine, although many cells still wandered very much. Stimulation with CCL5/RANTES or CXCL12/SDF-1alpha induced similar changes in locomotive pattern. On the other hand, most lymphocytes did not polarize or move spontaneously without chemokine stimulation. Stimulation with CXCL12 induced directional migration in 37% of the lymphocytes at a speed of 9.6 +/- 1.6 microm/min (n = 100). The movement pattern of monocytes was similar to that of granulocytes in that they tend to become polarized and move spontaneously, but they moved at a very slow speed ranging from 3.9 to 4.2 microm/min even with chemokine stimulation. The new optical assay may be useful for many diagnostic as well as basic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Bae
- Department of Pediatrics, Halla General Hospital, Jeju, Korea
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16
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Louis NA, Campbell E, Colgan SP. Model systems to investigate neutrophil adhesion and chemotaxis. Methods Mol Biol 2007; 412:257-70. [PMID: 18453117 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-467-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) recruitment from the blood stream into surrounding tissues, followed by migration through the tissue with triggered release of oxidative enzymes or eventual clearance from the epithelial surface, involves a regulated series of events central to acute responses in host defense. Accumulations of large numbers of neutrophils within mucosal tissues are pathognomonic features of both acute and chronic inflammatory conditions including sepsis and inflammatory bowel disease, but the precise signals governing neutrophil adhesion and transmigration remain to be fully characterized. Previous chapters examine methods employed for both neutrophil isolation and study of the mechanisms underlying regulation of PMN rolling behavior. Here, we describe in vitro experimental models for the examination of PMN adhesion to endothelial and epithelial monolayers as well as the characterization of signals influencing neutrophil migration, both along acellular matrices and across endothelial and epithelial monolayers, in the physiologically relevant directions. Studies employing these model systems allow further elucidation of the mechanisms governing PMN adhesion and transmigration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Louis
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Division of Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Isenberg JS, Ridnour LA, Thomas DD, Wink DA, Roberts DD, Espey MG. Guanylyl cyclase-dependent chemotaxis of endothelial cells in response to nitric oxide gradients. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:1028-33. [PMID: 16540398 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2005] [Revised: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important regulator of angiogenesis and neovascularization. The nature of endothelial cell motility responses to NO was examined using a Boyden chamber method. NO generated via decomposition of either DEA/NO or DETA/NO produced increases in human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) chemotaxis, which were completely abrogated by ODQ, a soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor. Measurements of NO either directly by chemiluminescence or its chemistry with diaminofluorescein revealed that chemotaxis was driven by subtle NO gradients between the lower and the upper wells in this system. In addition to diffusion and volatilization from the upper chambers, the data showed that HUVEC consumption of NO contributed to these sustained gradients. Comparison of DEA/NO- and DETA/NO-mediated responses suggested that the persistence of spatial NO gradients is as significant as the absolute magnitude of NO exposure per unit time. The findings suggest that subnanomolar NO gradients are sufficient to mobilize endothelial cell migration into hypoxic tissue during neovascularization events, such as in wound healing and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff S Isenberg
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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18
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Cheng G, Youssef BB, Markenscoff P, Zygourakis K. Cell population dynamics modulate the rates of tissue growth processes. Biophys J 2005; 90:713-24. [PMID: 16299082 PMCID: PMC1367098 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.105.063701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and testing of a discrete model describing the dynamic process of tissue growth in three-dimensional scaffolds is presented. The model considers populations of cells that execute persistent random walks on the computational grid, collide, and proliferate until they reach confluence. To isolate the effect of population dynamics on tissue growth, the model assumes that nutrient and growth factor concentrations remain constant in space and time. Simulations start either by distributing the seed cells uniformly and randomly throughout the scaffold, or from an initial condition designed to simulate the migration and cell proliferation phase of wound healing. Simulations with uniform seeding show that cell migration enhances tissue growth by counterbalancing the adverse effects of contact inhibition. This beneficial effect, however, diminishes and disappears completely for large migration speeds. By contrast, simulations with the "wound" seeding mode show a continual enhancement of tissue regeneration rates with increasing cell migration speeds. We conclude that cell locomotory parameters and the spatial distribution of seed cells can have profound effects on the dynamics of the process and, consequently, on the pattern and rates of tissue growth. These results can guide the design of experiments for testing the effectiveness of biomimetic modifications for stimulating tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, USA
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19
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Biddiss E, Li D. Electrokinetic generation of temporally and spatially stable concentration gradients in microchannels. J Colloid Interface Sci 2005; 288:606-15. [PMID: 15927632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Revised: 03/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Generating stable microscale concentration gradients is key to numerous biological and chemical analyses. Microfluidic systems offer the ability to maintain laminar fluid diffusion interfaces ideal for the production of temporally stable concentration gradients. Previous efforts have focused on pressure driven flows and have relied on networks of branching channels to create streams of varying concentrations which can subsequently be combined to form the desired gradients. In this study, we numerically and experimentally demonstrate a novel electrokinetic technique which utilizes applied voltages and surface charge heterogeneity in simpler channel geometries to control and manipulate microscale concentration gradients without the need for parallel lamination. Flow rates ranged from 30 to 460 nl min(-1) for Peclet numbers between 70 and 1100. Spatial stability of 0.6 mm or greater was obtained for a wide range of gradient shapes and magnitudes over lateral dimensions of 400-450 microm. Sensitivity analysis determined that this technique is largely independent of channel depth and species electrophoretic mobility, however channel width and the diffusion coefficient of the analyte are critical. It was concluded that by adjusting applied voltages and/or channel width, this approach to concentration gradient generation can be adapted to a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Biddiss
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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20
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Geiger J, Wessels D, Soll DR. Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes respond to waves of chemoattractant, like Dictyostelium. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 2003; 56:27-44. [PMID: 12905529 DOI: 10.1002/cm.10133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It has been assumed that the natural chemotactic signal that attracts human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) over long distances to sites of infection is in the form of a standing spatial gradient of chemoattractant. We have questioned this assumption on the grounds, first, that standing spatial gradients may not be stable over long distances for long periods of time and, second, that in the one animal cell chemotaxis system in which the natural chemotactic signal has been described in space and time, aggregation of Dicytostelium discoideum, the signal is in the form of an outwardly relayed, nondissipating wave of attractant. Here, it is demonstrated that PMNs alter their behavior in each of the four phases of a wave of PMN chemoattractant, fashioned after the Dictyostelium wave, in a manner similar to Dictyostelium. These results demonstrate that PMNs have all of the machinery to respond to a natural wave of attractant, providing support to the hypothesis that the natural signal that attracts PMNs over large distances to sites of infection in the human body may also be in the form of a wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Geiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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21
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Korohoda W, Madeja Z, Sroka J. Diverse chemotactic responses of Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae in the developing (temporal) and stationary (spatial) concentration gradients of folic acid, cAMP, Ca(2+) and Mg(2+). CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 2002; 53:1-25. [PMID: 12211112 DOI: 10.1002/cm.10052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The responses of Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae to developing (temporal) and stationary (spatial) gradients of folic acid, cAMP, Ca(2+), and Mg(2+) were studied using the methods of computer-aided image analysis. The results presented demonstrate that the new type of experimental chambers used for the observation of single cells moving within the investigated gradients of chemoattractants permit time lapse recording of single amoebae and determination of the trajectories of moving cells. It was found that, besides folic acid and cAMP (natural chemoattractants for Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae), also extracellular Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) are potent inducers of these cells' chemotaxis, and the amoebae of D. discoideum can respond to various chemoattractants differently. In the positively developing gradients of folic acid, cAMP, Ca(2+), and Mg(2+) oriented locomotion of amoebae directed towards the higher concentration of the tested chemoattractants was observed. However, in the negatively developing (temporal) and stationary linear (spatial) gradients, the univocal chemotaxis of amoebae was recorded only in the case of the Mg(2+) concentration gradient. This demonstrates that amoebae can respond to both developing and stationary gradients, depending upon the nature of the chemoattractant. We also investigated the effects of chosen inhibitors of signalling pathways upon chemotaxis of D. discoideum amoebae in the positively developing (temporal) gradients of tested chemoattractants. Verapamil was found to abolish the chemotaxis of amoebae only in the Ca(2+) gradients. Pertussis toxin suppressed the chemotactic response of cells in the gradients of folic acid and cAMP but did not prevent chemotaxis in those of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+), while quinacrine inhibited chemotaxis in the gradients of folic acid, cAMP, and Ca(2+) but only slightly affected chemotaxis in the Mg(2+) gradient. None of the tested inhibitors causes inhibition of cell random movement, when applied in isotropic solution. Also EDTA and EGTA up to 50 mM concentration did not inhibit locomotion of amoebae in control isotropic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Włodzimierz Korohoda
- Department of Cell Biology, The J. Zurzycki Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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22
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Bostan M, Brasoveanu LI, Livescu A, Manda G, Neagu M, Iordachescu D. Effects of synovial fluid on the respiratory burst of granulocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. J Cell Mol Med 2001; 5:188-94. [PMID: 12067501 PMCID: PMC6738123 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2001.tb00152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil infiltration in the synovia is an important feature of the local inflammatory process associated with rheumatoid arthritis. The present study is focused on the effects exerted in vitro by the synovial fluid versus serum on the respiratory burst of granulocytes isolated either from blood or synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients. The respiratory burst was evaluated as superoxide anion release, by lucigenin-amplified chemiluminescence. Our data show that the respiratory burst of granulocytes isolated from rheumatoid arthritis patients might trigger a significant oxidative stress both in periphery and the inflamed joint. These cells show no pathological pattern when activated in vitro by the chemotactic peptide fMLP, heterologous synovial fluid or serum. Acellular synovial fluid amplifies the superoxide anion release induced by fMLP more than the corresponding serum, indicating that a bacterial infection in the joint might enhance the oxidative damage in the inflamed synovium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bostan
- Center of Immunology, Institute of Virology St. S. Nicolau, Bucharest, Romania.
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