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Reichardt W, von Elverfeldt D. Preclinical Applications of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Oncology. Recent Results Cancer Res 2020; 216:405-437. [PMID: 32594394 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42618-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The evolving possibilities of molecular imaging (MI) are fundamentally changing the way we look at cancer, with imaging paradigms now shifting away from basic morphological measures toward the longitudinal assessment of functional, metabolic, cellular, and molecular information in vivo. Recent developments of imaging methodology and probe molecules utilizing the vast number of novel animal models of human cancers have enhanced our ability to non-invasively characterize neoplastic tissue and follow anticancer treatments. While preclinical molecular imaging offers a whole palette of excellent methodology to choose from, we will focus on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, since they provide excellent molecular imaging capabilities and bear high potential for clinical translation. Prerequisites and consequences of using animal models as surrogates of human cancers in preclinical molecular imaging are outlined. We present physical principles, values, and limitations of MRI as molecular imaging modality and comment on its high potential to non-invasively assess information on metabolism, hypoxia, angiogenesis, and cell trafficking in preclinical cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Reichardt
- Medical Physics, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany. .,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Dominik von Elverfeldt
- Medical Physics, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Predicting Clinical Efficacy of Vascular Disrupting Agents in Rodent Models of Primary and Secondary Liver Cancers: An Overview with Imaging-Histopathology Correlation. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10020078. [PMID: 32024029 PMCID: PMC7168934 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) have entered clinical trials for over 15 years. As the leading VDA, combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P) has been evaluated in combination with chemotherapy and molecular targeting agents among patients with ovarian cancer, lung cancer and thyroid cancer, but still remains rarely explored in human liver cancers. To overcome tumor residues and regrowth after CA4P monotherapy, a novel dual targeting pan-anticancer theragnostic strategy, i.e., OncoCiDia, has been developed and shown promise previously in secondary liver tumor models. Animal model of primary liver cancer is time consuming to induce, but of value for more closely mimicking human liver cancers in terms of tumor angiogenesis, histopathological heterogeneity, cellular differentiation, tumor components, cancer progression and therapeutic response. Being increasingly adopted in VDA researches, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides imaging biomarkers to reflect in vivo tumor responses to drugs. In this article as a chapter of a doctoral thesis, we overview the construction and clinical relevance of primary and secondary liver cancer models in rodents. Target selection for CA4P therapy assisted by enhanced MRI using hepatobiliary contrast agents (CAs), and therapeutic efficacy evaluated by using MRI with a non-specific contrast agent, dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) imaging, diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) are also described. We then summarize diverse responses among primary hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), secondary liver and pancreatic tumors to CA4P, which appeared to be related to tumor size, vascularity, and cellular differentiation. In general, imaging-histopathology correlation studies allow to conclude that CA4P tends to be more effective in secondary liver tumors and in more differentiated HCCs, but less effective in less differentiated HCCs and implanted pancreatic tumor. Notably, cirrhotic liver may be responsive to CA4P as well. All these could be instructive for future clinical trials of VDAs.
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Grudzinski IP, Ruzycka M, Cieszanowski A, Szeszkowski W, Badurek I, Malkowska A, Bamburowicz-Klimkowska M. MRI-based preclinical discovery of DILI: A lesson from paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 108:104478. [PMID: 31539568 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major cause of hepatic failure. It is also the leading cause of withdrawal, cautionary labeling, and restricted usage of licensed drugs; therefore, European Medicines Agency (EMA) and United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warn that the existing methods of assessing DILI are insufficient and that some of the translational biomarkers of hepatotoxicity must be relooked. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) seems to be a proper tool in elucidating the effects of DILI in both preclinical and clinical studies, providing excellent visualization of the morphology of the liver parenchyma. Therefore, herein, we propose preclinical MRI assessment of liver injury in experimental paracetamol-treated rats. Quantitative MRI clearly provides evidence of adverse effects in the liver tissue caused by a single overdose of paracetamol (1 g kg-1 and 1.5 g kg-1 b.w.). The results of the MRI were confirmed by the histopathological examination (H&E) of the rat liver specimen, however the adverse effects were not disclosed due to standard aminotransferase assays (ALT/AST) in rat blood serum. The results of our analysis demonstrate the successful application of MRI in the examination of paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats; it has a potential to serve as the early diagnostic tool for the prediction of DILI in preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz P Grudzinski
- Department of Applied Toxicology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Monika Ruzycka
- Department of Applied Toxicology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Cieszanowski
- Department of Radiology I, Maria Sklodowska - Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5 Str., 02-781, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Szeszkowski
- 2nd Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A Str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Badurek
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Biostructure Research, Chalubinskiego 5 Str., 02-004, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Malkowska
- Department of Applied Toxicology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
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Liu Y, De Keyzer F, Wang Y, Wang F, Feng Y, Chen F, Yu J, Liu J, Song S, Swinnen J, Bormans G, Oyen R, Huang G, Ni Y. The first study on therapeutic efficacies of a vascular disrupting agent CA4P among primary hepatocellular carcinomas with a full spectrum of differentiation and vascularity: Correlation of MRI-microangiography-histopathology in rats. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:1817-1828. [PMID: 29707770 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To better inform the next clinical trials of vascular disrupting agent combretastatin-A4-phosphate (CA4P) in patients with hepatic malignancies, this preclinical study aimed at evaluating CA4P therapeutic efficacy in rats with primary hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) of a full spectrum of differentiation and vascularity by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), microangiography and histopathology. Ninety-six HCCs were raised in 25 rats by diethylnitrosamine gavage. Tumor growth was monitored by T2-/T1-weighted-MRI (T2WI, T1WI) using a 3.0 T scanner. Early vascular response and later intratumoral necrosis were detected by dynamic-contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI and diffusion-weighted-imaging (DWI) before, 1 and 12 hr after CA4P iv-administration. In vivo MRI-findings were validated by postmortem-techniques. Multi-parametric MRI revealed rapid CA4P-induced tumor vascular shutdown within 1 hr, followed by variable intratumoral necrosis at 12 hr. Tumor volumes decreased by 10% at 1 hr (p < 0.05), but resumed at 12 hr. Correlations of semi-quantitative DCE parameter initial-area-under-the-gadolinium-curve (IAUGC30) with histopathology proved partial vascular closure and compensational reopening (p < 0.05). The higher grades of vascularity prevented those residual tumor tissues from CA4P-caused ischemic necrosis. By histopathology using a 4-scale cellular-differentiation criteria and a 4-grade tumor-vascularity classification, percentage of CA4P-induced necrosis negatively correlated with HCC differentiation (r = -0.404, p < 0.001) and tumor vascularity (r = -0.370, p < 0.001). Ordinal-logistic-regression helped to predict early tumor responses to CA4P in terms of tumoral differentiation and vascularity. Our study demonstrated that CA4P could induce vascular shutdown in primary HCCs within 1 hr, resulting in various degrees of tumor necrosis at 12 hr. MRI as a real-time imaging biomarker may help to define tumor vascularity and differentiation and further to predict CA4P therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewei Liu
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yixin Wang
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fengna Wang
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yuanbo Feng
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Feng Chen
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jie Yu
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoli Song
- Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Johan Swinnen
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raymond Oyen
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gang Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Yicheng Ni
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Mirus M, Tokalov SV, Wolf G, Heinold J, Prochnow V, Abolmaali N. Noninvasive assessment and quantification of tumour vascularisation using MRI and CT in a tumour model with modifiable angiogenesis - An animal experimental prospective cohort study. Eur Radiol Exp 2017; 1:15. [PMID: 29708186 PMCID: PMC5909347 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-017-0014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate vascular-related pathophysiological characteristics of two human lung cancers with modifiable vascularisation using MRI and CT. Methods Tumour xenografts with modifiable vascularisation were established in 71 rats (approval by the Animal Care Committee was obtained) by subcutaneous transplantation of two human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells (A549, H1299) either alone or co-transplanted with vascular growth promoters. The vascularity of the tumours was assessed noninvasively by MRI diffusion-weighted-imaging (DWI), T2-weighted, and time-of-flight (TOF) sequences) as well as contrast-enhanced CT (CE-CT), using clinical scanners. As a reference standard, histological examinations (CD-31, fluorescent beads) were done after explantation. Results Microvessel density (MVD) was higher in co-transplanted tumours (171 ± 19 number/mm2) than in non-co-transplanted tumours (111 ± 11 number/mm2; p = 0.002). Co-transplanted tumours showed higher growth rates and larger tumour vessels at TOF-MRI as well as larger necrotic areas at CE-CT. In co-transplanted tumours, DWI revealed higher cellularity (lower minimal ADCdiff 166 ± 15 versus 346 ± 27 mm2/s × 10−6; p < 0.001), highly necrotic areas (higher maximal ADCdiff 1695 ± 65 versus 1320 ± 59 mm2/s × 10−6; p < 0.001), and better-perfused tumour stroma (higher ADCperf 723 ± 36 versus 636 ± 51 mm2/s × 10−6; p = 0.005). Significant correlations were found using qualitative and quantitative parameters: maximal ADCperf and MVD (r = 0.326); maximal ADCdiff and relative necrotic volume on CE-CT (r = 0.551); minimal ADCdiff and MVD (r = −0.395). Conclusions Pathophysiological differences related to vascular supply in two human lung cancer cell lines with modifiable vascularity are quantifiable with clinical imaging techniques. Imaging parameters of vascularisation correlated with the results of histology. DWI was able to characterise both the extent of necrosis and the level of perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mirus
- Biological and Molecular Imaging, OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - S V Tokalov
- Biological and Molecular Imaging, OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Dresden, Germany.,3Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - G Wolf
- Biological and Molecular Imaging, OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Dresden, Germany.,4Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus Medical Faculty, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - J Heinold
- Biological and Molecular Imaging, OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Municipal Hospital Dresden-Neustadt, Dresden, Germany
| | - V Prochnow
- Biological and Molecular Imaging, OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Dresden, Germany.,6Clinic for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - N Abolmaali
- Biological and Molecular Imaging, OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Radiology, Municipal Hospital and Academic Hospital of the Technical University Dresden, Dresden-Friedrichstadt, Friedrichstrasse 41, 01067 Dresden, Germany
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Liu T, Han Y, Tang L, Wu J, Miao Y, Gao B, Shang J. Detection of chronic brain damage by diffusion-weighted imaging with multiple b values in patients with type 2 diabetes. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4726. [PMID: 27583912 PMCID: PMC5008596 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of parameters obtained from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with multiple b values in the detection of chronic brain damage in patients with type 2 diabetes.We enrolled 30 patients with or without abnormalities on brain magnetic resonance imaging (lacunar infarction, leukoaraiosis, and/or brain atrophy) and 15 nondiabetic controls; obtained DWI parameters that included apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), fast ADC (ADCfast), slow ADC (ADCslow), fraction of fast ADC (f), distributed diffusion coefficient (DDC), and stretched exponential (α); and performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to evaluate the performance of parameters for the detection of chronic brain damage.The parameters ADC, ADCslow, f, and DDC were increased, whereas parameters ADCfast and α were decreased in type 2 diabetes patients compared with controls without diabetes. The centrum semiovale showed the most significant change in the evaluated parameters, and the changes in parameters ADCslow, f, and DDC were greater than the changes in other parameters. There was no significance between parameters of the biexponential model (ADCfast, ADCslow, f) and parameters of the stretched model (DDC, α), but parameters of both these models were superior to the parameter of monoexponential model (ADC). Moreover, ROC analysis showed that ADCslow of the centrum semiovale supplied by the anterior cerebral artery had the highest performance for detection of chronic brain damage (area under the ROC curve of 0.987, 93.3% sensitivity, and 100% specificity).Our study shows that DWI with multiple b values can quantitatively access chronic brain damage and may be used for detection and monitoring in type 2 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieli Liu
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital
- Graduate School, Dalian Medical University
| | - Yunpeng Han
- Department of Radiology, Dalian Municipal Third People's Hospital
| | - Lemei Tang
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital
| | - Jianlin Wu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Dalian University, Liaoning Province, China
- Correspondence: Jianlin Wu, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China (e-mail: ); Yanwei Miao, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China (e-mail: )
| | - Yanwei Miao
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital
- Correspondence: Jianlin Wu, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China (e-mail: ); Yanwei Miao, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China (e-mail: )
| | - Bingbing Gao
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital
| | - Jin Shang
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital
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Liu Y, Yin T, Feng Y, Cona MM, Huang G, Liu J, Song S, Jiang Y, Xia Q, Swinnen JV, Bormans G, Himmelreich U, Oyen R, Ni Y. Mammalian models of chemically induced primary malignancies exploitable for imaging-based preclinical theragnostic research. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2015; 5:708-29. [PMID: 26682141 PMCID: PMC4671963 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2015.06.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Compared with transplanted tumor models or genetically engineered cancer models, chemically induced primary malignancies in experimental animals can mimic the clinical cancer progress from the early stage on. Cancer caused by chemical carcinogens generally develops through three phases namely initiation, promotion and progression. Based on different mechanisms, chemical carcinogens can be divided into genotoxic and non-genotoxic ones, or complete and incomplete ones, usually with an organ-specific property. Chemical carcinogens can be classified upon their origins such as environmental pollutants, cooked meat derived carcinogens, N-nitroso compounds, food additives, antineoplastic agents, naturally occurring substances and synthetic carcinogens, etc. Carcinogen-induced models of primary cancers can be used to evaluate the diagnostic/therapeutic effects of candidate drugs, investigate the biological influential factors, explore preventive measures for carcinogenicity, and better understand molecular mechanisms involved in tumor initiation, promotion and progression. Among commonly adopted cancer models, chemically induced primary malignancies in mammals have several advantages including the easy procedures, fruitful tumor generation and high analogy to clinical human primary cancers. However, in addition to the time-consuming process, the major drawback of chemical carcinogenesis for translational research is the difficulty in noninvasive tumor burden assessment in small animals. Like human cancers, tumors occur unpredictably also among animals in terms of timing, location and the number of lesions. Thanks to the availability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with various advantages such as ionizing-free scanning, superb soft tissue contrast, multi-parametric information, and utility of diverse contrast agents, now a workable solution to this bottleneck problem is to apply MRI for noninvasive detection, diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring on those otherwise uncontrollable animal models with primary cancers. Moreover, it is foreseeable that the combined use of chemically induced primary cancer models and molecular imaging techniques may help to develop new anticancer diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Abstract
Ex vivo MRI may aid in the evaluation of surgical specimens, and provide valuable information regarding the micro-anatomy of mammary/breast cancer. The use of ex vivo MRI to study mouse mammary cancer would be enhanced if there is a strong correlation between parameters derived from in vivo and ex vivo scans. Here, we report the correlation between apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and T2 values measured in vivo and ex vivo in mouse mammary glands with in situ cancers (mammary intraepithelial neoplasia (MIN)) and invasive cancers (those which spread outside the ducts into surrounding tissue). MRI experiments were performed on the Polyoma middle T oncoprotein breast cancer mouse model (n = 15) in a 9.4T scanner. For in vivo experiments, T2-weighted (T2W) images were acquired to identify abnormal regions, then ADC and T2 values were measured for nine selected slices. For ex vivo experiments, a midline incision was made along the spine, and then skin, glands, and tumors were gently peeled from the body. Tissue was fixed in formalin, placed around a mouse-sized sponge, and sutured together mimicking the geometry of the gland when attached to the mouse. The same pulse sequences used for in vivo experiments were repeated for ex vivo scans at room temperature. Regions of interest were manually traced on T2W images defining features that could be identified on in vivo and ex vivo images. The results demonstrate a strong positive correlations between in vivo and ex vivo invasive cancers for ADC (r = 0.89, p <0.0001) and T2 (r = 0.89, p <0.0001) values; and weak to moderate positive correlations between in vivo and ex vivo in situ cancers for ADC (r = 0.61, p <0.0001) and T2 (r = 0.79, p <0.0001) values. The average ex vivo ADC value was about 54% of the in vivo value; and the average ex vivo T2 was similar to the in vivo value for cancers. Although motion, fixation, and temperature differences affect ADC and T2, these results show a reliable relationship between ADC and T2in vivo and ex vivo. As a result ex vivo images can provide valuable information with clinical and research applications.
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Arthurs OJ, Price GC, Carmichael DW, Jones R, Norman W, Taylor AM, Sebire NJ. Diffusion-weighted perinatal postmortem magnetic resonance imaging as a marker of postmortem interval. Eur Radiol 2014; 25:1399-406. [PMID: 25519976 PMCID: PMC4392167 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-014-3525-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate perinatal body organ apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values at postmortem magnetic resonance imaging (PMMR) in order to evaluate postmortem changes. Methods Postmortem diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of the thorax and abdomen were performed with diffusion gradient values b = 0, 500, and 1000 s/mm2 on 15 foetal and childhood cases (mean 33.3 ± 7.8 weeks gestation) compared to 44 live infants (mean age 75.5 ± 53.4 days). Mean ADC values were calculated from regions of interest (ROIs) for the lungs, liver, spleen and renal cortex, compared to normative live infantile body ADC values of similar gestational age. Results Mean ADC values were significantly lower in postmortem cases than in normal controls for liver (0.88 10-3 mm2/s ± SD 0.39 vs. 1.13 ± 0.13; p < 0.05) and renal cortex (0.85 ± 0.26 vs. 1.19 ± 0.13; p < 0.05) but not spleen or muscle. Mean lung ADC values were significantly higher than normal controls (1.06 ± 0.18 vs. 0 ± 0; p < 0.001), and there was a significant correlation between postmortem interval and lung ADC (R2 = 0.55). Conclusion Lung PMMR ADC values are related to postmortem interval, making them a potential marker of time since death. Further research is needed to understand the organ-specific changes which occur in the postmortem period. Key Points • Liver and spleen PM ADC values were lower than controls. • Lung ADC changes correlate with PM interval. • These findings may be useful in medicolegal cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen J Arthurs
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK,
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Gaeta M, Benedetto C, Minutoli F, D'Angelo T, Amato E, Mazziotti S, Racchiusa S, Mormina E, Blandino A, Pergolizzi S. Use of diffusion-weighted, intravoxel incoherent motion, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging in the assessment of response to radiotherapy of lytic bone metastases from breast cancer. Acad Radiol 2014; 21:1286-93. [PMID: 25088834 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES To investigate the value of diffusion-weighted (DW), perfusion-sensitive, and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques in assessing the response of bone metastases from breast cancer to radiotherapy, with particular emphasis on the role of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM)-DW parameters as a potential valuable imaging marker of tumor response. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen women having breast cancer and bone metastases underwent MRI before and after radiotherapy (3 weeks [time 1], 2 months [time 2], and 4 months [time 3]), consisting of DW, perfusion-sensitive (IVIM), and DCE acquisitions. MR-based DW and perfusion parameters, including water diffusivity (D), perfusion fraction (f), pseudodiffusion (D*), total apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC-total), fractionated ADCs (ADC-high and ADC-low), and initial area under the gadolinium concentration curve after the first 60 seconds (IAUGC60), were determined. The morphologic MRI findings were also recorded. A one-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the value of MR-based parameters at the different time points. RESULTS A significant variation between pretreatment (time 0) and post-treatment (times 1, 2, and 3) was found for ADC-total and D parameters (P < .001). A statistically significant reduction was also found for IAUGC60 values between times 0 and 3 (P < .001). A significant change across the different time points was observed for D* and IAUGC60 parameters (P < .001). On the contrary, there was no statistically significant change over time for parameters ADC-total, D, f, and IAUGC60 comparing response between each metastasis, that is, the response to therapy was similar for each metastasis. CONCLUSIONS DW, IVIM, and DCE-MRI techniques show effectiveness in assessing the response to radiotherapy in bone metastases from breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Gaeta
- Section of Radiological Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphologic and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Caterina Benedetto
- Section of Radiological Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphologic and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Italy.
| | - Fabio Minutoli
- Section of Radiological Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphologic and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Tommaso D'Angelo
- Section of Radiological Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphologic and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Ernesto Amato
- Section of Radiological Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphologic and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Silvio Mazziotti
- Section of Radiological Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphologic and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Santi Racchiusa
- Section of Radiological Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphologic and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Enricomaria Mormina
- Section of Radiological Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphologic and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Alfredo Blandino
- Section of Radiological Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphologic and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Stefano Pergolizzi
- Section of Radiological Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphologic and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Italy
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Chen F, Keyzer FD, Feng YB, Cona MM, Yu J, Marchal G, Oyen R, Ni YC. Separate calculation of DW-MRI in assessing therapeutic effect in liver tumors in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:9092-9103. [PMID: 24379636 PMCID: PMC3870564 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i47.9092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore whether the antitumor effect of a vascular disrupting agent (VDA) would be enhanced by combining with an antiangiogenic agent, and whether such synergistic effects can be effectively evaluated with separate calculation of diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI).
METHODS: Thirty-seven rats with implanted liver tumors were randomized into the following three groups: (1) ZD6126, a kind of VDA; (2) ZDTHA, ZD6126 in combination with an antiangiogenic, thalidomide; and (3) control. Morphological DW-MRI were performed and quantified before, 4 h and 2 d after treatment. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were calculated separately for low b values (ADClow), high b values (ADChigh) and all b values (ADCall). The tissue perfusion contribution, ADCperf, was calculated as ADClow-ADChigh. Imaging findings were finally verified by histopathology.
RESULTS: The combination therapy with ZDTHA significantly delayed tumor growth due to synergistic effects by inducing cumulative tumor necrosis. In addition to delaying tumor growth, ZDTHA caused tumor necrosis in an additive manner, which was verified by HE staining. Although both ADChigh and ADCall in the ZD6126 and ZDTHA groups were significantly higher compared to those in the control group on day 2, the entire tumor ADChigh of ZDTHA was even higher than that of ZD6126, but the significant difference was not observed for ADCall between ZDTHA and ZD6126. This indicated that the perfusion insensitive ADChigh values calculated from high b value images performed significantly better than ADCall for the monitoring of tumor necrosis on day 2. The perfusion sensitive ADCperf derived from ADClow by excluding high b value effects could better reflect the reduction of blood flow due to the vessel shutdown induced by ZD6126, compared to the ADClow at 4 h. The ADCperf could provide valuable perfusion information from DW-MRI data.
CONCLUSION: The separate calculation of ADC is more useful than conventional averaged ADC in evaluating the efficacy of combination therapy with ZD6126 and thalidomide for solid tumors.
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Variability of apoptosis and response in N1-S1 rodent hepatomas to benzamide riboside and correlation to early changes in water apparent diffusion coefficient and sodium MR imaging. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2013; 24:894-900. [PMID: 23566523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This pilot trial assesses variability of apoptosis and response 1 day after hepatic intraarterial (IA) benzamide riboside (BR) in rodent hepatomas and its correlation to water apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and single-quantum (SQ) and triple-quantum-filtered (TQF) sodium-23 ((23)Na) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8) were inoculated with 10(6) N1-S1 cells. IA BR (20 mg/kg) was infused after 14 days. Animals were killed 1 day (n = 4) or 21 days (n = 4) after therapy. Imaging was performed 1 day before and after treatment. Volume was assessed over 2 weeks. Percentage apoptosis was counted from terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling-stained slides at 400×magnification. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare apoptosis, and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to compare MR signal intensity (SI). RESULTS Apoptosis was marginally greater in tumor than in nontumor (6.7% vs 1.3%; P = .08), varying from 2% to 10%. Before treatment, MR SI was greater in tumor than in nontumor (ADC, 1.18 vs 0.76 [P = .0078]; SQ, 1.20 vs 1.04 [P = .03]; TQF, 0.55 vs 0.34 [P = .03]). After treatment, tumors increased in volume (0.62 vs 0.33; P = .016) variably over 2 weeks. MR SI remained greater in tumor than in nontumor (ADC, 1.20 vs 0.77 [P = .0078]; SQ, 1.76 vs 1.15 [P = .016]; TQF, 0.84 vs 0.49 [P = .03]). SQ and TQF SI increased by 47% (P = .016) and 53% (P = .016) in tumors, whereas ADC did not change. CONCLUSIONS Apoptosis was marginal and varied from 2% to 10%. Water ADC, SQ, and TQF MR imaging distinguished tumor from nontumor. Changes in water ADC and sodium MR imaging correlated to apoptosis and volume in select cases, but additional animals are needed to validate this trend against tumor growth.
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Diverse responses to vascular disrupting agent combretastatin a4 phosphate: a comparative study in rats with hepatic and subcutaneous tumor allografts using MRI biomarkers, microangiography, and histopathology. Transl Oncol 2013; 6:42-50. [PMID: 23418616 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Differently located tumors of the same origin may exhibit diverse responses to the same therapeutics. To test this hypothesis, we compared the responses of rodent hepatic and subcutaneous engrafts of rhabdomyosarcoma-1 (R1) to a vascular disrupting agent Combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P). METHODS Twelve WAG/Rij rats, each bearing three R1 implanted in the right and left hepatic lobes and subcutaneously in the thoracic region, received CA4P intravenously at 5 mg/kg (n = 6) or solvent (n = 6). Therapeutic responses were compared interindividually and intraindividually among tumors of different sites till 48 hours after injection using in vivo MRI, postmortem digital microangiography, and histopathology. RESULTS MRI revealed that the subcutaneous tumors (STs) significantly increased in volume than hepatic tumors (HTs) 48 hours after CA4P (P < .05). Relative to vehicle controls and treated group at baseline, necrosis ratio, apparent diffusion coefficient, and enhancement ratio changed slightly with the STs but significantly with HTs (P < .05) after CA4P treatment. Vessel density derived from microangiography was significantly lower in STs compared to HTs without CA4P treatment. CA4P treatment resulted in decreased vessel density in HTs, while it did not affect vessel density in STs. MRI and microangiography outcomes were supported by histopathologic findings. CONCLUSIONS MRI and microangiography allowed quantitative comparison of therapeutic responses to CA4P in rats with multifocal tumors. The discovered diverse effects of the same drug on tumors of the same origin but different locations emphasize the presence of cancer heterogeneity and the importance of individualization of drug delivery.
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Abstract
Molecular imaging fundamentally changes the way we look at cancer. Imaging paradigms are now shifting away from classical morphological measures towards the assessment of functional, metabolic, cellular, and molecular information in vivo. Interdisciplinary driven developments of imaging methodology and probe molecules utilizing animal models of human cancers have enhanced our ability to non-invasively characterize neoplastic tissue and follow anti-cancer treatments. Preclinical molecular imaging offers a whole palette of excellent methodology to choose from. We will focus on positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, since they provide excellent and complementary molecular imaging capabilities and bear high potential for clinical translation. Prerequisites and consequences of using animal models as surrogates of human cancers in preclinical molecular imaging are outlined. We present physical principles, values and limitations of PET and MRI as molecular imaging modalities and comment on their high potential to non-invasively assess information on hypoxia, angiogenesis, apoptosis, gene expression, metabolism, and cell trafficking in preclinical cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Wolf
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Comparison of two vascular-disrupting agents at a clinically relevant dose in rodent liver tumors with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers. Anticancer Drugs 2012; 23:12-21. [PMID: 21857503 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328349dd60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We sought to compare the therapeutic efficacy between two vascular-disrupting agents, combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P) and ZD6126, at a clinically relevant dose on tumor models with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thirty rats with liver rhabdomyosarcoma were randomized into CA4P (10 mg/kg), ZD6126 (10 mg/kg), and control group (n=10 for each group). Multiparametric MRI biomarkers including tumor volume, enhancement ratio, necrosis ratio, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and K (volume transfer constant) derived from T2-weighted, T1-weighted, contrast-enhanced T1-weighted, and diffusion-weighted imaging, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI were compared at pretreatment, 1 h, 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 120 h posttreatment; they were validated using ex-vivo techniques. Relative to rapidly growing tumors without necrosis in control rats, tumors grew slower in the CA4P group compared with the ZD6126 group with a higher necrosis ratio at 120 h (P<0.05), as proven by histopathology. In the CA4P group, K decreased from 1 h until 6 h, and partially recovered at 120 h. In the ZD6126 group, the reduced K at 1 h began to rebound from 6 h and exceeded the baseline value at 120 h (P<0.05), parallel to evolving enhancement ratios (P<0.05). ADC revealed more necrotic tumors with CA4P versus ZD6126 at 120 h (P<0.05). The different tumor responses were confirmed by ex-vivo microangiography and histopathology. CA4P was more effective than ZD6126 in impairing blood supply, inducing necrosis, and delaying growth in rat liver tumors at a clinically relevant dose. A single dose of vascular-disrupting agent was insufficient to destroy the tumor. The multiparametric MRI biomarkers enabled in-vivo noninvasive comparison of therapeutic efficacy between CA4P and ZD6126.
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Babsky AM, Ju S, Bennett S, George B, McLennan G, Bansal N. Effect of implantation site and growth of hepatocellular carcinoma on apparent diffusion coefficient of water and sodium MRI. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2012; 25:312-321. [PMID: 21823182 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver metastases are an increasing problem worldwide. Non-invasive methods for the early detection of HCC and understanding of the tumor growth mechanisms are highly desirable. Both the diffusion-weighted (1)H (DWI) and (23)Na MRI reflect alterations in tissue compartment volumes in tumors, as well as physiological and metabolic transformation in cells. Effects of untreated growth on apparent diffusion coefficient of water (ADC), single quantum (SQ) and triple quantum-filtered (TQF) (23)Na MRI were compared in intrahepatically and subcutaneously implanted HCCs in rats. Animals were examined weekly for 4 weeks after injection of N1S1 cells. ADC of intrahepatic HCC was 1.5-times higher compared to the nearby liver tissue, and with growth, the ADC did not increase. ADC of subcutaneous HCC was lower compared to intrahepatic HCC and it increased with growth. Untreated growth of both intrahepatic and subcutaneous HCCs was associated with an increase in SQ and TQF (23)Na signal intensity suggesting an increase in tissue Na(+) and intracellular Na(+) (Na(+)(i)), respectively, most likely due to an increase in relative extracellular space and Na(+)(i) concentration as a result of changes in tissue structure and cellular metabolism. Thus, SQ and TQF (23)Na MRI may be complementary to diffusion imaging in areas susceptible to motion for characterizing hepatic tumors and for other applications, such as, predicting and monitoring therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy M Babsky
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5181, USA.
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Comparison between nonspecific and necrosis-avid gadolinium contrast agents in vascular disrupting agent-induced necrosis of rodent tumors at 3.0T. Invest Radiol 2011; 46:531-8. [PMID: 21577133 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e31821a2116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE : To compare a commercial contrast agent (CA) Dotarem and a necrosis-avid CA (NACA) for their ability to evaluate the therapeutic necrosis with a vascular disrupting agent (VDA) on magnetic resonance imaging in rodent liver tumors to determine which could better correlate with the histopathologic outcome. METHODS : After the VDA treatment, 16 rats with 32 liver rhabdomyosarcomas were randomized into Dotarem and NACA groups (n = 8 per group) for both interindividual and intraindividual comparisons. T2-weighted imaging, T1-weighted imaging (T1WI), contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging (CE-T1WI), and diffusion-weighted imaging were performed at baseline, after VDA treatment and CA injections. The enhancing efficacy of CAs at immediate and delayed enhancement on CE-T1WI in viable tumor and necrosis was compared. Tumor necrosis ratios calculated from NACA and Dotarem were compared and correlated with gold-standard histopathology. RESULTS : On the immediate CE-T1WI, viable tumor was enhanced by either CA. On the delayed CE-T1WI at 30 minutes, both CAs failed to demarcate viable tumor from necrosis. At 24 hours post-NACA, the necrosis was clearly distinguished from viable tumor and thus derived necrosis ratio matched that from histopathology (P = 0.99); necrosis ratio from Dotarem was significantly lower than that from NACA and histopathology (P < 0.05, both), with a higher correlation of NACA than that of Dotarem with histopathology (r = 0.99 vs. r = 0.82). CONCLUSIONS : NACA better evaluated VDA-induced tumor necrosis than nonspecific CA on T1WI in tumor models of rat liver. NACA showed a closer correlation with histopathology than nonspecific CA for the delineation of true necrosis. Delayed enhancement on T1WI with nonspecific CA is not suitable for the assessment of VDA-induced tumor necrosis.
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Intravoxel incoherent motion in body diffusion-weighted MRI: reality and challenges. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011; 196:1351-61. [PMID: 21606299 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.10.5515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diffusion-weighted MRI is increasingly applied in the body. It has been recognized for some time, on the basis of scientific experiments and studies in the brain, that the calculation of apparent diffusion coefficient by simple monoexponential relationship between MRI signal and b value does not fully account for tissue behavior. However, appreciation of this fact in body diffusion MRI is relatively new, because technologic advancements have only recently enabled high-quality body diffusion-weighted images to be acquired using multiple b values. There is now increasing interest in the radiologic community to apply more sophisticated analytic approaches, such as those based on the principles of intravoxel incoherent motion, which allows quantitative parameters that reflect tissue microcapillary perfusion and tissue diffusivity to be derived. CONCLUSION In this review, we discuss the principles of intravoxel incoherent motion as applied to body diffusion-weighted MRI. The evidence for the technique in measuring tissue perfusion is presented and the emerging clinical utility surveyed. The requisites and challenges of quantitative evaluation beyond simple monoexponential relationships are highlighted.
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Shang QL, Xiao EH, Zhou QC, Luo JG, Wu HJ. Pathological and MR-DWI study of the acute hepatic injury model after stem cell transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2821-8. [PMID: 21734789 PMCID: PMC3120941 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i23.2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values as an indication of reconditioning of acute hepatic injury (AHI) after allogeneic mononuclear bone marrow cell (MBMC) transplantation.
METHODS: Three groups were used in our study: a cell transplantation group (n = 21), transplantation control group (n = 21) and normal control group (n = 10). AHI model rabbits in the cell transplantation group were injected with 5 mL of MBMC suspension at multiple sites in the liver and the transplantation controls were injected with 5 mL D-Hanks solution. At the end of the 1st, 2nd and 4th wk, 7 rabbits were randomly selected from the cell transplantation group and transplantation control group for magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging (MR-DWI) and measurement of the mean ADC values of injured livers. After MR-DWI examination, the rabbits were sacrificed and the livers subjected to pathological examination. Ten healthy rabbits from the normal control group were used for MR-DWI examination and measurement of the mean ADC value of normal liver.
RESULTS: At all time points, the liver pathological scores from the cell transplantation group were significantly lower than those in the transplantation control group (27.14 ± 1.46 vs 69.29 ± 6.16, 22.29 ± 2.29 vs 57.00 ± 1.53, 19.00 ± 2.31 vs 51.86 ± 6.04, P = 0.000). The mean ADC values of the cell transplantation group were significantly higher than the transplantation control group ((1.07 ± 0.07) × 10-3 mm2/s vs (0.69 ± 0.05) × 10-3 mm2/s, (1.41 ± 0.04) × 10-3 mm2/s vs (0.84 ± 0.06) × 10-3 mm2/s, (1.68 ± 0.04) × 10-3 mm2/s vs (0.86 ± 0.04) × 10-3 mm2/s, P = 0.000). The pathological scores of the cell transplantation group and transplantation control group gradually decreased. However, their mean ADC values gradually increased to near that of the normal control. At the end of the 1st wk, the mean ADC values of the cell transplantation group and transplantation control group were significantly lower than those of the normal control group [(1.07 ± 0.07) × 10-3 mm2/s vs (1.76 ± 0.03) × 10-3 mm2/s, (0.69 ± 0.05) × 10-3 mm2/s vs (1.76 ± 0.03) × 10-3 mm2/s, P = 0.000]. At any 2 time points, the pathological scores and the mean ADC values of the cell transplantation group were significantly different (P = 0.000). At the end of the 1st wk, the pathological scores and the mean ADC values of the transplantation control group were significantly different from those at the end of the 2nd and 4th wk (P = 0.000). However, there was no significant difference between the 2nd and 4th wk (P = 0.073 and 0.473, respectively). The coefficient of correlation between the pathological score and the mean ADC value in the cell transplantation group was -0.883 (P = 0.000) and -0.762 (P = 0.000) in the transplantation control group.
CONCLUSION: Tracking the longitudinally dynamic change in the mean ADC value of the AHI liver may reflect hepatic injury reconditioning after allogeneic MBMC transplantation.
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Chen F. Feng Chen's work on translational and clinical imaging. World J Radiol 2011; 3:120-4. [PMID: 21532873 PMCID: PMC3084436 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v3.i4.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dr. Feng Chen is a chief medical doctor and the vice chairman of the Department of Radiology in Zhong Da Hospital at Southeast University, Nanjing, China and a senior researcher in the Department of Radiology at the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium. His main areas of interest are translational imaging research including stroke, tumor angiogenesis, assessment of therapeutic response in solid tumors, and magnetic resonance contrast media. Dr. Feng Chen has published 44 scientific papers in peer-reviewed international journals. He and his colleagues have developed an imaging platform which includes animal models, animal preparations and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols for translational animal imaging research using clinical machines. His MRI findings on rodent stroke are considered to "serve as a model for future laboratory investigations of treatment of acute stroke and unify the approaches developed for clinical studies". He and his colleagues have introduced a novel liver tumor model in rodents, in which a series of studies concerning the antitumor activity of vascular disrupting agents have been successively conducted and assessed by in vivo MRI, especially by diffusion weighted imaging as an imaging biomarker. His goal is to provide valuable references for clinical practice and to contribute to the translation of animal imaging research into patient applications.
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Wang H, Marchal G, Ni Y. Multiparametric MRI biomarkers for measuring vascular disrupting effect on cancer. World J Radiol 2011; 3:1-16. [PMID: 21286490 PMCID: PMC3030722 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v3.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid malignancies have to develop their own blood supply for their aggressive growth and metastasis; a process known as tumor angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is largely involved in tumor survival, progression and spread, which are known to be significantly attributed to treatment failures. Over the past decades, efforts have been made to understand the difference between normal and tumor vessels. It has been demonstrated that tumor vasculature is structurally immature with chaotic and leaky phenotypes, which provides opportunities for developing novel anticancer strategies. Targeting tumor vasculature is not only a unique therapeutic intervention to starve neoplastic cells, but also enhances the efficacy of conventional cancer treatments. Vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) have been developed to disrupt the already existing neovasculature in actively growing tumors, cause catastrophic vascular shutdown within short time, and induce secondary tumor necrosis. VDAs are cytostatic; they can only inhibit tumor growth, but not eradicate the tumor. This novel drug mechanism has urged us to develop multiparametric imaging biomarkers to monitor early hemodynamic alterations, cellular dysfunctions and metabolic impairments before tumor dimensional changes can be detected. In this article, we review the characteristics of tumor vessels, tubulin-destabilizing mechanisms of VDAs, and in vivo effects of the VDAs that have been mostly studied in preclinical studies and clinical trials. We also compare the different tumor models adopted in the preclinical studies on VDAs. Multiparametric imaging biomarkers, mainly diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging from magnetic resonance imaging, are evaluated for their potential as morphological and functional imaging biomarkers for monitoring therapeutic effects of VDAs.
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Cancer models-multiparametric applications of clinical MRI in rodent hepatic tumor model. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 771:489-507. [PMID: 21874495 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-219-9_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Small animal imaging has been a major player in an increasing amount of oncological experiments wherein magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a favorite choice of measures for in vivo small animal imaging due to its advantages of excellent resolution and innocuousness. Based on a clinical MRI scanner, we propose a protocol of multiparametric MRI for noninvasive characterization and therapeutic evaluation of a rat model with implanted liver tumors. This protocol contains six sequences, namely, T (1)-weighted image (T1WI), T (2)-weighted image (T2WI), diffusion-weighed imaging (DWI), T (1)-weighted dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI), T (2)-weighted dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced MRI (DSC-MRI), and contrast-enhanced T1WI (CE-T1WI), for acquiring anatomic, diffusion, and perfusion information of tumor models. In this chapter, the details about this complete MRI protocol and the rodent liver tumor model are described in order to facilitate the readers to perform their own translational animal imaging research.
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Vandecaveye V, De Keyzer F, Dirix P, Lambrecht M, Nuyts S, Hermans R. Applications of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Neuroradiology 2010; 52:773-84. [PMID: 20631998 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-010-0743-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the head and neck, squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common tumour types. Currently, the primary imaging modalities for initial locoregional staging are computed tomography and-to a lesser extent-magnetic resonance imaging, whilst [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography has additional value in the detection of subcentimetric metastatic lymph nodes and of tumour recurrence after chemoradiotherapy (CRT). However, dependency on the morphological and size-related criteria of anatomical imaging and the limited spatial resolution and FDG avidity of inflammation in metabolic imaging may reduce diagnostic accuracy in the head and neck. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) is a noninvasive imaging technique that measures the differences in water mobility in different tissue microstructures. Water mobility is likely influenced by cell size, density, and cellular membrane integrity and is quantified by means of the apparent diffusion coefficient. As such, the technique is able to differentiate tumoural tissue from normal tissue, inflammatory tissue and necrosis. In this article, we examine the use of DWI in head and neck cancer, focussing on technique optimization and image interpretation. Afterwards, the value of DWI will be outlined for clinical questions regarding nodal staging, lesion characterization, differentiation of post-CRT tumour recurrence from necrosis and inflammation, and predictive imaging towards treatment outcome. The possible consequences of adding DWI towards therapeutic management are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Vandecaveye
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.
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Ni Y, Wang H, Chen F, Li J, DeKeyzer F, Feng Y, Yu J, Bosmans H, Marchal G. Tumor models and specific contrast agents for small animal imaging in oncology. Methods 2009; 48:125-38. [PMID: 19328231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of various imaging modalities in clinical and experimental oncology without or with combined application of commercially available nonspecific contrast agents (CAs), development of tissue- or organ- or disease-specific CAs has been a continuing effort for pursuing ever-improved sensitivity, specificity, and applicability. This is particularly true with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) due to its intrinsic superb spatial/temporal/contrast resolutions and adequate detectability for tiny amount of substances. In this context, research using small animal tumor models has played an indispensible role in preclinical exploration of tissue specific CAs. Emphasizing more on methodological and practical aspects, this article aims to share our cumulated experiences on how to create tumor models for evaluation and development of new tissue specific MRI CAs and how to apply such models in imaging-based research studies. With the results that are repeatedly confirmed by later clinical applications in cancer patients, some of our early preclinical studies have contributed to the designs of subsequent clinical trials on the new CAs, some studies have predicted new utilities of these CAs; and other studies have led to the discoveries of new tissue- or disease-specific CAs with novel diagnostic or even therapeutic potentials. Among commonly adopted tumor models, the chemically induced and surgically implanted nodules in the liver prove very useful to simulate primary and metastatic intrahepatic tumors, respectively in clinical patients. The methods to create tumor models have eased procedures and yielded high success rates. The specific properties of the new CAs could be outshined by intraindividual comparison to the commercial CAs as nonspecific controls. Meticulous imaging-microangiography-histology matching techniques guaranteed colocalization of the lesion on in vivo MRI and postmortem tissue specimen, hence correct imaging interpretation and longstanding conclusions. As exemplified in the real study cases, the present experimental set-up proves applicable in small animals for imaging-based oncological investigations, and may provide a platform for the currently booming molecular imaging in a multimodality environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Ni
- Section of Radiology, Department of Medical Diagnostic Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, University of Leuven, Belgium.
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