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Wang Y, Liang S, Le Breton M, Wang QQ, Liu Q, Ho CH, Kuang BY, Wu C, Hallquist M, Tong R, Yu JZ. Field observations of C 2 and C 3 organosulfates and insights into their formation mechanisms at a suburban site in Hong Kong. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166851. [PMID: 37673264 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs) are formed from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their oxidation products in the presence of sulfate particles. While OSs represent an important component in secondary organic aerosol, the knowledge of their formation driving force, mechanisms, and environmental impact remain inadequately understood. In this study, we report ambient observations of C2-3 oxygenated VOCs derived OSs (C2-3 OSs) at a suburban location of Hong Kong during autumn 2016. The C2-3 OSs, including glycolaldehyde sulfate (GS), hydroxyacetone sulfate (HAS), glycolic acid sulfate (GAS), and lactic acid sulfate (LAS), were quantified/semi-quantified using offline liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of aerosol filter samples. The average sum concentration of C2-3 OSs was 36 ng/m3. Correlation analysis revealed that sulfate, surface area, and liquid water content were important factors influencing C2-3 OS formation. Online measurement with an iodide High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Chemical-Ionization Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-CIMS) coupled with the Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO) was also conducted to monitor C2-3 OSs, and their potential oxygenated VOC precursors in both gas- and particle-phase, and aerosol acidity tracer simultaneously. Our measurements support that glycolaldehyde/glyoxal, hydroxyacetone, glycolic acid/glyoxal, and lactic acid/methylglyoxal are likely precursors for GS, HAS, GAS, and LAS, respectively. Additionally, we found strong correlation between C2-3 OSs and H3S2O8-, a marker for aerosol acidity, providing field observational evidence for acid-catalyzed formation of small OSs. Based on both online and offline measurements, acid-catalyzed formation mechanisms in particle/aqueous phase are proposed. Specifically, the unique structure of adjacent carbonyl and hydroxyl groups in the C2-3 oxygenated VOC precursors can facilitate the formation of (1) a five-member ring intermediate via intramolecular hydrogen bond to react with sulfur trioxide through heterogenous reaction or (2) cyclic sulfate intermediate via particle-phase reaction with sulfuric acid to generate C2-3 OSs. These proposed mechanisms provide an alternative pathway for the liquid-phase production of C2-3 OSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Hunan, China; Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shumin Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael Le Breton
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Qiong Qiong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qianyun Liu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chin Hung Ho
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bin Yu Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mattias Hallquist
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rongbiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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2
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Upshur MA, Bé AG, Luo J, Varelas JG, Geiger FM, Thomson RJ. Organic synthesis in the study of terpene-derived oxidation products in the atmosphere. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:890-921. [PMID: 36938683 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00064d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 1997 up to 2022Volatile biogenic terpenes involved in the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles participate in rich atmospheric chemistry that impacts numerous aspects of the earth's complex climate system. Despite the importance of these species, understanding their fate in the atmosphere and determining their atmospherically-relevant properties has been limited by the availability of authentic standards and probe molecules. Advances in synthetic organic chemistry directly aimed at answering these questions have, however, led to exciting discoveries at the interface of chemistry and atmospheric science. Herein we provide a review of the literature regarding the synthesis of commercially unavailable authentic standards used to analyze the composition, properties, and mechanisms of SOA particles in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Alice Upshur
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Ariana Gray Bé
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Jingyi Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Jonathan G Varelas
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Franz M Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Regan J Thomson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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3
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Ding S, Chen Y, Devineni SR, Pavuluri CM, Li XD. Distribution characteristics of organosulfates (OSs) in PM 2.5 in Tianjin, Northern China: Quantitative analysis of total and three OS species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155314. [PMID: 35447194 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs) are important secondary organic aerosol (SOA) species in atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) and can be considered as molecular indicators of SOA. To understand their seasonal and diurnal distribution characteristics and formation mechanism in northern China, PM2.5 samples collected in daytime and nighttime in winter and summer 2019 in Tianjin, China were studied for total OSs and three OS species (methyl sulfate (MS), glycolic acid sulfate (GAS), benzyl sulfate (BS)). The S contents of total OSs (SOSs) in winter and summer were 0.6 ± 1 μg m-3 and 0.4 ± 0.3 μg m-3, respectively, in PM2.5. BS found to be less abundant among the measured species, and accounted for only 0.8%-4.8% of methyl sulfate (MS), and 0.01%-0.3% of glycolic acid sulfate (GAS). Average content of GAS was higher in summer than in winter, while that of MS and BS were opposite. The fractions of MS, GAS, and BS in SOSs were higher in daytime than that in night during winter, despite their concentrations were higher in nighttime, indicating that the concentrations of unidentified OS species were much higher in nighttime than in daytime. Such diurnal variations implied that relative humidity (RH) played a major role in the formation processes of OSs, especially biogenic OSs and the acid catalyzed reaction of SO42- might be a main pathway of OSs formation during winter. High T, RH and O3 determined biological GAS in summer, while NO2 and SO2 determined anthropogenic OSs in winter. We also found that the fractions of SOSs in S contents of organic sulfur (SOS) and the S contents of MS + GAS+BS (SMS+GAS+BS) in SOSs were accounted for only less than 10% and 5%, respectively. Therefore, this study suggests the components of OS and OSs in PM2.5 have not been discovered fully yet and needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyuan Ding
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Subba Rao Devineni
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chandra Mouli Pavuluri
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Li
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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4
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Ma J, Ungeheuer F, Zheng F, Du W, Wang Y, Cai J, Zhou Y, Yan C, Liu Y, Kulmala M, Daellenbach KR, Vogel AL. Nontarget Screening Exhibits a Seasonal Cycle of PM 2.5 Organic Aerosol Composition in Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7017-7028. [PMID: 35302359 PMCID: PMC9179655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The molecular composition of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) in the urban environment is complex, and it remains a challenge to identify its sources and formation pathways. Here, we report the seasonal variation of the molecular composition of organic aerosols (OA), based on 172 PM2.5 filter samples collected in Beijing, China, from February 2018 to March 2019. We applied a hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) on a large nontarget-screening data set and found a strong seasonal difference in the OA chemical composition. Molecular fingerprints of the major compound clusters exhibit a unique molecular pattern in the Van Krevelen-space. We found that summer OA in Beijing features a higher degree of oxidation and a higher proportion of organosulfates (OSs) in comparison to OA during wintertime, which exhibits a high contribution from (nitro-)aromatic compounds. OSs appeared with a high intensity in summer-haze conditions, indicating the importance of anthropogenic enhancement of secondary OA in summer Beijing. Furthermore, we quantified the contribution of the four main compound clusters to total OA using surrogate standards. With this approach, we are able to explain a small fraction of the OA (∼11-14%) monitored by the Time-of-Flight Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ToF-ACSM). However, we observe a strong correlation between the sum of the quantified clusters and OA measured by the ToF-ACSM, indicating that the identified clusters represent the major variability of OA seasonal cycles. This study highlights the potential of using nontarget screening in combination with HCA for gaining a better understanding of the molecular composition and the origin of OA in the urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Ma
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Florian Ungeheuer
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Feixue Zheng
- Aerosol
and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Du
- Aerosol
and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Aerosol
and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Cai
- Aerosol
and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ying Zhou
- Aerosol
and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chao Yan
- Aerosol
and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol
and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Aerosol
and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaspar R. Daellenbach
- Aerosol
and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Alexander L. Vogel
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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5
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Glasius M, Thomsen D, Wang K, Iversen LS, Duan J, Huang RJ. Chemical characteristics and sources of organosulfates, organosulfonates, and carboxylic acids in aerosols in urban Xi'an, Northwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 810:151187. [PMID: 34756911 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated speciation and levels of organosulfates, organosulfonates as well as carboxylic acids in aerosol samples collected during summer (2014) and winter (2014/15) in Xi'an, Northwest China, to improve understanding of composition and sources of organic aerosols in this region heavily affected by air pollution. Organosulfates are formed from reactive gas-phase organic compounds and acidic sulfate aerosols, contributing to secondary organic aerosols, SOA. The aerosol samples show a large diversity in organosulfur species in line with other regions of China, reflecting the high levels and complexity of SOA precursors. In summer samples, organosulfates from isoprene are prevalent due to transport of air masses from southern regions with isoprene-emitting mountain forests. During winter, air masses are local or from areas north of the city with low population density and very low temperatures. The estimated levels of organosulfates and organosulfonates in summer (768 ± 346 ng m-3) and winter samples (938 ± 374 ng m-3) are more similar than expected given the high levels of sulfate and organic carbon in winter, indicating the complexity of organosulfur formation processes. We observed an organosulfonate with molecular weight 214 (C6H14O6S) at high estimated levels (254 ± 232 ng m-3) in winter, but much lower concentrations (12 ± 13 ng m-3) in summer. High levels of organosulfur compounds were mainly observed at aerosol pH below about 2.5. Concentrations of carboxylic acids from oxidation of monoterpenes were low (5.2 ± 2.7 ng m-3 in summer). Phthalic acid was as high as 90 ± 29 ng m-3 during winter and correlated highly with organic carbon, chloride and potassium, indicating a common origin, most likely burning of biomass and plastic-containing waste. Further research is needed to elucidate formation and sources of organosulfates and organosulfonates, as well as the impact on aerosol properties affecting e.g. health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Ditte Thomsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | | | - Jing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
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6
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Gao K, Zhu T. Analytical methods for organosulfate detection in aerosol particles: Current status and future perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147244. [PMID: 34088066 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs) are well-known water-soluble constituents of atmospheric aerosol particles. They are formed from multiphase reactions between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their photooxidation products, and acidic sulfate originating from biogenic and anthropogenic sources in the atmosphere. Although the analytical procedures used to measure OSs, including sampling, pre-treatment, and instrumental detection, have advanced substantially in the last decade, there is still a need for accurate and standardized analysis procedures for the identification, quantification, and comparison of OSs in different regions. Additionally, there has no study focused on the health effects of OSs. This review outlines the analytical methods developed for OS detection during the last decade, highlighting both improvements and drawbacks. It also considers the future development of analytical methods for OS detection, and proposes the establishment of OSs screening method from the perspective of health effects to solve the problem of unknown health related OSs identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Gao
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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7
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Xu L, Yang Z, Tsona NT, Wang X, George C, Du L. Anthropogenic-Biogenic Interactions at Night: Enhanced Formation of Secondary Aerosols and Particulate Nitrogen- and Sulfur-Containing Organics from β-Pinene Oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7794-7807. [PMID: 34044541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mixing of anthropogenic gaseous pollutants and biogenic volatile organic compounds impacts the formation of secondary aerosols, but still in an unclear manner. The present study explores secondary aerosol formation via the interactions between β-pinene, O3, NO2, SO2, and NH3 under dark conditions. Results showed that aerosol yield can be largely enhanced by more than 330% by NO2 or SO2 but slightly enhanced by NH3 by 39% when the ratio of inorganic gases to β-pinene ranged from 0 to 1.3. Joint effects of NO2 and SO2 and SO2 and NH3 existed as aerosol yields increased with NO2 but decreased with NH3 when SO2 was kept constant. Infrared spectra showed nitrogen-containing aerosol components derived from NO2 and NH3 and sulfur-containing species derived from SO2. Several particulate organic nitrates (MW 215, 229, 231, 245), organosulfates (MW 250, 264, 280, 282, 284), and nitrooxy organosulfates (MW 295, 311, 325, 327, and 343) were identified using high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry in NO2 and SO2 experiments, and their formation mechanism is discussed. Most of these nitrogen- and sulfur-containing species have been reported in ambient particles. Our results suggest that the complex interactions among β-pinene, O3, NO2, SO2, and NH3 during the night might serve as a potential pathway for the formation of particulate nitrogen- and sulfur-containing organics, especially in polluted regions with both anthropogenic and biogenic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhaomin Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xinke Wang
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christian George
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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8
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Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Isoprene: Selected Research, Historic Account and State of the Art. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12060728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we cover selected research on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from isoprene, from the beginning of research, about two decades ago, to today. The review begins with the first observations of isoprene SOA markers, i.e., 2-methyltetrols, in ambient fine aerosol and focuses on studies dealing with molecular characterization, speciation, formation mechanisms, and source apportionment. A historic account is given on how research on isoprene SOA has developed. The isoprene SOA system is rather complex, with different pathways being followed in pristine and polluted conditions. For SOA formation from isoprene, acid-catalyzed hydrolysis is necessary, and sulfuric acid enhances SOA by forming additional nonvolatile products such as organosulfates. Certain results reported in early papers have been re-interpreted in the light of recent results; for example, the formation of C5-alkene triols. Attention is given to mass spectrometric and separation techniques, which played a crucial role in molecular characterization. The unambiguous structural characterization of isoprene SOA markers has been achieved, owing to the preparation of reference compounds. Efforts have also been made to use air quality data to estimate the influence of biogenic and pollution aerosol sources. This review examines the use of an organic marker-based method and positive matrix factorization to apportion SOA from different sources, including isoprene SOA.
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Dubois C, Cholleton D, Gemayel R, Chen Y, Surratt JD, George C, Rairoux P, Miffre A, Riva M. Decrease in sulfate aerosol light backscattering by reactive uptake of isoprene epoxydiols. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:5927-5935. [PMID: 33662067 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05468b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfate aerosol is responsible for a net cooling of the Earth's atmosphere due to its ability to backscatter light. Through atmospheric multiphase chemistry, it reacts with isoprene epoxydiols leading to the formation of aerosol and organic compounds, including organosulfates and high-molecular weight compounds. In this study, we evaluate how sulfate aerosol light backscattering is modified in the presence of such organic compounds. Our laboratory experiments show that reactive uptake of isoprene epoxydiols on sulfate aerosol is responsible for a decrease in light backscattering compared to pure inorganic sulfate particles of up to - 12% at 355 nm wavelength and - 21% at 532 nm wavelength. Moreover, while such chemistry is known to yield a core-shell structure, the observed reduction in the backscattered light intensity is discussed with Mie core-shell light backscattering numerical simulations. We showed that the observed decrease can only be explained by considering effects from the complex optical refractive index. Since isoprene is the most abundant hydrocarbon emitted into the atmosphere, and isoprene epoxydiols are the most important isoprene secondary organic aerosol precursors, our laboratory findings can aid in quantifying the direct radiative forcing of sulfates in the presence of organic compounds, thus more clearly resolving the impact of such aerosol particles on the Earth's climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dubois
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - D Cholleton
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - R Gemayel
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA and Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - C George
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - P Rairoux
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - A Miffre
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - M Riva
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France.
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10
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Spolnik G, Wach P, Rudziński KJ, Szmigielski R, Danikiewicz W. Tracing the biogenic secondary organic aerosol markers in rain, snow and hail. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126439. [PMID: 32443254 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The molecular characterization of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is based mainly on LC-MS analyses of particulate matter (PM) samples collected with aerosol samplers. Several studies have analyzed atmospheric waters, including rain and cloud water, for the presence of SOA components, however, no separation techniques were used making identification of the individual components in these complex mixtures impossible. We have applied our improved UHPLC-HR-MS methodology to analyze atmospheric precipitates (hailstone, rain and snow), as well as SOA collected with high-volume samplers. We achieved sensitivity levels and separation efficiencies that were sufficient for molecular-level identification of individual compounds. Tracing commonly known SOA markers such as organosulfates (OS), C4-C6 dicarboxylic acids and terpenoic acids revealed that the chromatographic profiles for both atmospheric precipitate and PM samples were very similar, with both giving similar component ratios, especially for OS. We also demonstrated that SOA markers can be detected directly from raw rain samples. Our results show that LC-MS techniques are suitable for the convenient analysis of atmospheric precipitates containing SOA markers at the molecular level. It complements traditional SOA analyses and provides additional sampling opportunities which will no doubt allow for better elucidation of chemical transformations of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Spolnik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland.
| | - Paulina Wach
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland; Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland
| | | | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland
| | - Witold Danikiewicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland
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11
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Dombek T, Poitras E, Hand J, Schichtel B, Harrington JM, Levine KE. Total sulfur analysis of fine particulate mass on nylon filters by ICP-OES. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2020; 49:762-768. [PMID: 33016392 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur (S) and sulfate (SO4 2- ) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) are monitored by the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network at remote and rural sites across the United States. Within the IMPROVE network, S is determined from X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy from a Teflon filter, and SO4 2- is determined via ion chromatography (IC) from a nylon filter. Differences in S and SO4 2- estimates may indicate the presence of organosulfur (OS) species or biases between sampling and analytical methods. To reduce potential biases, an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) method was developed to allow for analysis of SO4 2- and S from a single filter extract. Sulfur (ICP-OES) and SO4 2- (IC) estimates from 2016 IMPROVE filters correlated strongly, suggesting that, on average, ICP-OES accurately estimated S. However, observed differences between slopes suggested the presence of water-soluble OS species, especially during summer. Organosulfur species are important indicators of secondary organic aerosols formed through reactions of biogenic and anthropogenic pollutants and can be quantified through laboratory techniques such as reverse-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) or hydrophilic liquid interaction chromatography (HILIC) coupled to electrospray ionization-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (RPLC/ESI-HR-MS/MS and HILIC/ESI-HR-MS/MS, respectively), and field techniques using Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS). However, these methods are costly and introduce relatively large uncertainties when scaled for large networks such as IMPROVE. The method described in this report provides an inexpensive complement to XRF, which measures total S (insoluble and water-soluble S) to estimate water-soluble S and OS concentrations in PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Dombek
- Analytical Sciences, RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Rd., PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709-2194, USA
| | - Eric Poitras
- Analytical Sciences, RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Rd., PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709-2194, USA
| | - Jenny Hand
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Bret Schichtel
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, CO, 80235, USA
| | - James M Harrington
- Analytical Sciences, RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Rd., PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709-2194, USA
| | - Keith E Levine
- Analytical Sciences, RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Rd., PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709-2194, USA
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12
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Brüggemann M, Xu R, Tilgner A, Kwong KC, Mutzel A, Poon HY, Otto T, Schaefer T, Poulain L, Chan MN, Herrmann H. Organosulfates in Ambient Aerosol: State of Knowledge and Future Research Directions on Formation, Abundance, Fate, and Importance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3767-3782. [PMID: 32157872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs), also referred to as organic sulfate esters, are well-known and ubiquitous constituents of atmospheric aerosol particles. Commonly, they are assumed to form upon mixing of air masses of biogenic and anthropogenic origin, that is, through multiphase reactions between organic compounds and acidic sulfate particles. However, in contrast to this simplified picture, recent studies suggest that OSs may also originate from purely anthropogenic precursors or even directly from biomass and fossil fuel burning. Moreover, besides classical OS formation pathways, several alternative routes have been discovered, suggesting that OS formation possibly occurs through a wider variety of formation mechanisms in the atmosphere than initially expected. During the past decade, OSs have reached a constantly growing attention within the atmospheric science community with evermore studies reporting on large numbers of OS species in ambient aerosol. Nonetheless, estimates on OS concentrations and implications on atmospheric physicochemical processes are still connected to large uncertainties, calling for combined field, laboratory, and modeling studies. In this Critical Review, we summarize the current state of knowledge in atmospheric OS research, discuss unresolved questions, and outline future research needs, also in view of reductions of anthropogenic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. Particularly, we focus on (1) field measurements of OSs and measurement techniques, (2) formation pathways of OSs and their atmospheric relevance, (3) transformation, reactivity, and fate of OSs in atmospheric particles, and (4) modeling efforts of OS formation and their global abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Brüggemann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rongshuang Xu
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kai Chung Kwong
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anke Mutzel
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hon Yin Poon
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tobias Otto
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laurent Poulain
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Man Nin Chan
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Wach P, Spólnik G, Surratt JD, Blaziak K, Rudzinski KJ, Lin YH, Maenhaut W, Danikiewicz W, Claeys M, Szmigielski R. Structural Characterization of Lactone-Containing MW 212 Organosulfates Originating from Isoprene Oxidation in Ambient Fine Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1415-1424. [PMID: 31917550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene (C5H8) is the main non-methane hydrocarbon emitted into the global atmosphere. Despite intense research, atmospheric transformations of isoprene leading to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) are still not fully understood, including its multiphase chemical reactions. Herein, we report on the detailed structural characterization of atmospherically relevant isoprene-derived organosulfates (OSs) with a molecular weight (MW) of 212 (C5H8SO7), which are abundantly present in both ambient fine aerosol (PM2.5) and laboratory-generated isoprene SOA. The results obtained from smog chamber-generated isoprene SOA and aqueous-phase laboratory experiments coupled to the S(IV)-autooxidation chemistry of isoprene, 3-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, and 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, allowed us for the first time to fully elucidate the isomeric structures of the MW 212 OSs. By applying liquid chromatography interfaced to electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry, we firmly confirmed six positional isomers of the MW 212 OSs in PM2.5 collected from different sites in Europe and the United States. Our results also show that despite the low solubility of isoprene in water, aqueous-phase or multiphase chemistry can play an important role in the formation of OSs from isoprene. Possible formation mechanisms for the MW 212 OSs are also tentatively proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wach
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Grzegorz Spólnik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Kacper Blaziak
- Faculty of Chemistry , University of Warsaw , Pasteura 1 , 02-093 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Krzysztof J Rudzinski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- Department of Chemistry , Ghent University , BE 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Witold Danikiewicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Magda Claeys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Antwerp , BE 2610 Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
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14
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Xu Y, Miyazaki Y, Tachibana E, Sato K, Ramasamy S, Mochizuki T, Sadanaga Y, Nakashima Y, Sakamoto Y, Matsuda K, Kajii Y. Aerosol Liquid Water Promotes the Formation of Water-Soluble Organic Nitrogen in Submicrometer Aerosols in a Suburban Forest. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1406-1414. [PMID: 31913023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) affects the formation, chemical transformations, hygroscopicity, and acidity of organic aerosols as well as biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen. However, large uncertainties exist in the origins and formation processes of WSON. Submicrometer aerosol particles were collected at a suburban forest site in Tokyo in summer 2015 to investigate the relative impacts of anthropogenic and biogenic sources on WSON formations and their linkages with aerosol liquid water (ALW). The concentrations of WSON (ave. 225 ± 100 ngN m-3) and ALW exhibited peaks during nighttime, which showed a significant positive correlation, suggesting that ALW significantly contributed to WSON formation. Further, the thermodynamic predictions by ISORROPIA-II suggest that ALW was primarily driven by anthropogenic sulfate. Our analysis, including positive matrix factorization, suggests that aqueous-phase reactions of ammonium and reactive nitrogen with biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a key role in WSON formation in submicrometer particles, which is particularly significant in nighttime, at the suburban forest site. The formation of WSON associated with biogenic VOCs and ALW was partly supported by the molecular characterization of WSON. The overall result suggests that ALW is an important driver for the formation of aerosol WSON through a combination of anthropogenic and biogenic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- Institute of Low Temperature Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0819 , Japan
| | - Yuzo Miyazaki
- Institute of Low Temperature Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0819 , Japan
| | - Eri Tachibana
- Institute of Low Temperature Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0819 , Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Onogawa , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-5506 , Japan
| | - Sathiyamurthi Ramasamy
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Onogawa , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-5506 , Japan
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies , Kyoto University , Nihonmatsucho, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
| | - Tomoki Mochizuki
- Institute of Low Temperature Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0819 , Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sadanaga
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai 599-8531 , Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakashima
- Department of Environmental Science on Biosphere , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Tokyo 183-8509 , Japan
| | - Yosuke Sakamoto
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Onogawa , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-5506 , Japan
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies , Kyoto University , Nihonmatsucho, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies , Kyoto University , Nihonmatsucho, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
| | - Kazuhide Matsuda
- Department of Environmental Science on Biosphere , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Tokyo 183-8509 , Japan
| | - Yoshizumi Kajii
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Onogawa , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-5506 , Japan
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies , Kyoto University , Nihonmatsucho, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies , Kyoto University , Nihonmatsucho, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
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15
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Zangrando R, Zanella V, Karroca O, Barbaro E, Kehrwald NM, Battistel D, Morabito E, Gambaro A, Barbante C. Dissolved organic matter in the deep TALDICE ice core: A nano-UPLC-nano-ESI-HRMS method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 700:134432. [PMID: 31693954 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trace organic compounds in deep ice cores supply important paleoclimatic information. Untargeted analyses of dissolved organic matter provide an overview of molecular species in ice samples however, sample volumes usually required for these analyses are generally not available from deep ice cores. Here, we developed an analytical method using a nano-UPLC-nano-ESI-HRMS to detect major molecular species in ice cores. Samples (4 µL) from the TALos Dome Ice CorE (TALDICE), allowed investigating molecular species across a range of depths including during glacial and interglacial periods. We detected 317 chemical species that were tentatively assigned to fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acids and their degradation products (oxo-fatty acids and dicarboxylic acids), as well as oxidation byproducts of isoprene and monoterpenes. These compounds indicate that the main sources of the organic fraction are microbes as well as primary and secondary aerosols. Interglacial samples encompass a wide range of species including compounds from the oxidation of isoprene and monoterpenes as well as unsaturated fatty acids, while the glacial samples contained less diverse species. This difference may be due to decreased temperatures during the glacial period inhibiting terrestrial vegetation growth and increasing the sea ice extent, thereby weakening the emission sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Zangrando
- Institute of Polar Sciences CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre (VE), Italy.
| | - Veronica Zanella
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Ornela Karroca
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Natalie M Kehrwald
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, Denver Federal Center, MS 980, Denver, CO 80225, USA
| | - Dario Battistel
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Elisa Morabito
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre (VE), Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Institute of Polar Sciences CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre (VE), Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy
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16
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Duporté G, Flaud PM, Kammer J, Geneste E, Augagneur S, Pangui E, Lamkaddam H, Gratien A, Doussin JF, Budzinski H, Villenave E, Perraudin E. Experimental Study of the Formation of Organosulfates from α-Pinene Oxidation. 2. Time Evolution and Effect of Particle Acidity. J Phys Chem A 2019; 124:409-421. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b07156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Duporté
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - P.-M. Flaud
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - J. Kammer
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - E. Geneste
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - S. Augagneur
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - E. Pangui
- Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) and Université Paris Diderot (UPD), LISA, UMR 7583, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - H. Lamkaddam
- Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) and Université Paris Diderot (UPD), LISA, UMR 7583, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - A. Gratien
- Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) and Université Paris Diderot (UPD), LISA, UMR 7583, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - J.-F. Doussin
- Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) and Université Paris Diderot (UPD), LISA, UMR 7583, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - H. Budzinski
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - E. Villenave
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - E. Perraudin
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
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17
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Wang Y, Ma Y, Li X, Kuang BY, Huang C, Tong R, Yu JZ. Monoterpene and Sesquiterpene α-Hydroxy Organosulfates: Synthesis, MS/MS Characteristics, and Ambient Presence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12278-12290. [PMID: 31584263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs) derived from biogenic volatile organic compounds are important compounds signifying interactions between anthropogenic sulfur pollution and natural emission. In this work, we substantially expand the OS standard library through the chemical synthesis of 26 α-hydroxy OS standards from eight monoterpenes (i.e., α- and β-pinene, limonene, sabinene, Δ3-carene, terpinolene, and α- and γ-terpinene) and two sesquiterpenes (i.e., α-humulene and β-caryophyllene). The sulfation of unsymmetrically substituted 1,2-diol intermediates produced a regioisomeric mixture of two OSs. The major regioisomeric OSs were isolated and purified for full NMR characterization, while the minor regioisomers could only be determined by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (MS). The tandem mass spectra of the molecular ion formed through electrospray ionization confirmed the formation of abundant bisulfate ion fragments (m/z 97) and certain minor ion fragments characteristic of the carbon backbone. A knowledge of the MS/MS spectra and chromatographic retention times for authentic standards allows us to identify α-hydroxy OSs derived from six monoterpenes and β-caryophyllene in ambient samples. Notably, among two possible regioisomers of α-hydroxy OSs, we only detected the isomers with the sulfate group at the less substituted carbon position derived from α-pinene, limonene, sabinene, Δ3-carene, and terpinolene in the ambient samples. This observation sheds light on the atmospheric OS formation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yingge Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444 , China
| | | | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
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18
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Ning C, Gao Y, Zhang H, Yu H, Wang L, Geng N, Cao R, Chen J. Molecular characterization of dissolved organic matters in winter atmospheric fine particulate matters (PM 2.5) from a coastal city of northeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:312-321. [PMID: 31276999 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matters (DOMs) in fine particulate matters (PM2.5) play a crucial role in global climate change and carbon cycle. However, the chemical components of DOMs are poorly understood due to its ultra-complexity. In this study, DOMs in atmospheric PM2.5 collected during the heating period in coastal city Dalian were analyzed with ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer, and the molecular composition was characterized. A large number of monoisotopic molecular formulas were assigned to DOMs, which could be classified into CHO, CHNO, CHOS, and CHNOS subgroups. A total of 4228 molecular formulas were identified in DOMs collected in hazy days, while only 2313 components were found in DOMs collected in normal days. CHO group was the dominated components in normal days, whereas CHNO group gave significantly higher contributions in hazy days. The S-containing (CHOS and CHNOS) groups posed the highest relative percentages in both normal and hazy days. In addition, potential emission sources were discussed according to the chemical component analysis. The van Krevelent diagram illustrated that lignin-like and protein/amino sugar family species were the most abundant subclasses in DOMs; and 78% and 94% of DOMs in atmospheric PM2.5 collected from Dalian could come from biogenic origins in hazy and normal days, respectively. More compounds in hazy days were derived from anthropogenic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Ning
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China.
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Haoran Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ningbo Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Rong Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
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19
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Riva M, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Lei Z, Olson NE, Boyer HC, Narayan S, Yee LD, Green HS, Cui T, Zhang Z, Baumann K, Fort M, Edgerton E, Budisulistiorini SH, Rose CA, Ribeiro IO, e Oliveira RL, dos Santos EO, Machado CMD, Szopa S, Zhao Y, Alves EG, de Sá SS, Hu W, Knipping EM, Shaw SL, Duvoisin S, de Souza RAF, Palm BB, Jimenez JL, Glasius M, Goldstein AH, Pye HOT, Gold A, Turpin BJ, Vizuete W, Martin ST, Thornton JA, Dutcher CS, Ault AP, Surratt JD. Increasing Isoprene Epoxydiol-to-Inorganic Sulfate Aerosol Ratio Results in Extensive Conversion of Inorganic Sulfate to Organosulfur Forms: Implications for Aerosol Physicochemical Properties. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8682-8694. [PMID: 31335134 PMCID: PMC6823602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Acid-driven multiphase chemistry of isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX), key isoprene oxidation products, with inorganic sulfate aerosol yields substantial amounts of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) through the formation of organosulfur compounds. The extent and implications of inorganic-to-organic sulfate conversion, however, are unknown. In this article, we demonstrate that extensive consumption of inorganic sulfate occurs, which increases with the IEPOX-to-inorganic sulfate concentration ratio (IEPOX/Sulfinorg), as determined by laboratory measurements. Characterization of the total sulfur aerosol observed at Look Rock, Tennessee, from 2007 to 2016 shows that organosulfur mass fractions will likely continue to increase with ongoing declines in anthropogenic Sulfinorg, consistent with our laboratory findings. We further demonstrate that organosulfur compounds greatly modify critical aerosol properties, such as acidity, morphology, viscosity, and phase state. These new mechanistic insights demonstrate that changes in SO2 emissions, especially in isoprene-dominated environments, will significantly alter biogenic SOA physicochemical properties. Consequently, IEPOX/Sulfinorg will play an important role in understanding the historical climate and determining future impacts of biogenic SOA on the global climate and air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Ziying Lei
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicole E. Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hallie C. Boyer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Shweta Narayan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lindsay D. Yee
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hilary S. Green
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tianqu Cui
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Mike Fort
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc., Cary, NC 27513, USA
| | - Eric Edgerton
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc., Cary, NC 27513, USA
| | - Sri H. Budisulistiorini
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Caitlin A. Rose
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Igor O. Ribeiro
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69050, Brasil
| | - Rafael L. e Oliveira
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69050, Brasil
| | - Erickson O. dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69067, Brazil
| | - Cristine M. D. Machado
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69067, Brazil
| | - Sophie Szopa
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-IPSL, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Eliane G. Alves
- Environment Dynamics Department, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, 69067, Brazil
| | - Suzane S. de Sá
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | | | - Sergio Duvoisin
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69050, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo A. F. de Souza
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69050, Brasil
| | - Brett B. Palm
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jose-Luis Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Barbara J. Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - William Vizuete
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Scot T. Martin
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Joel A. Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cari S. Dutcher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason D. Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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20
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Liu S, Jiang X, Tsona NT, Lv C, Du L. Effects of NOx, SO 2 and RH on the SOA formation from cyclohexene photooxidation. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 216:794-804. [PMID: 30396140 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We performed a laboratory investigation of the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from cyclohexene photooxidation with different initial NOx and SO2 concentrations at low and high relative humidity (RH). Both SOA yield and number concentration first increase drastically and then, decreased when the [VOC]0/[NOx]0 ratio changed from 30 to 10 and from 10 to 3. Though the presence of SO2 could increase the SOA number concentration, the SOA yield could only increase under [VOC]0/[NOx]0 = 10 and high RH, and [VOC]0/[NOx]0 = 3 and low RH experimental conditions, while decreasing under [VOC]0/[NOx]0 = 10 and low RH conditions. In the presence of SO2, the high RH and high NOx conditions were keys to efficient sulfate formation and could promote the SOA formation. The chemical composition of SOA was characterized using hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ionization (ESI-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS), and few organosulfates were identified. A visible enhancement of organosulfates and the formation of high molecular weight organic compounds were observed at high RH conditions, and this seemed to be the reason for the SOA yield increase at high RH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiaotong Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Chen Lv
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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21
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Nestorowicz K, Jaoui M, Rudzinski KJ, Lewandowski M, Kleindienst TE, Spólnik G, Danikiewicz W, Szmigielski R. Chemical composition of isoprene SOA under acidic and non-acidic conditions: effect of relative humidity. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:18101-18121. [PMID: 32158471 PMCID: PMC7063744 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-18101-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effect of acidity and relative humidity on bulk isoprene aerosol parameters has been investigated in several studies; however, few measurements have been conducted on individual aerosol compounds. The focus of this study has been the examination of the effect of acidity and relative humidity on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) chemical composition from isoprene photooxidation in the presence of nitrogen oxide (NO x ). A detailed characterization of SOA at the molecular level was also investigated. Experiments were conducted in a 14.5 m3 smog chamber operated in flow mode. Based on a detailed analysis of mass spectra obtained from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of silylated derivatives in electron impact and chemical ionization modes, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry, and collision-induced dissociation in the negative ionization modes, we characterized not only typical isoprene products but also new oxygenated compounds. A series of nitroxy-organosulfates (NOSs) were tentatively identified on the basis of high-resolution mass spectra. Under acidic conditions, the major identified compounds include 2-methyltetrols (2MT), 2-methylglyceric acid (2mGA), and 2MT-OS. Other products identified include epoxydiols, mono- and dicarboxylic acids, other organic sulfates, and nitroxy- and nitrosoxy-OS. The contribution of SOA products from isoprene oxidation to PM2.5 was investigated by analyzing ambient aerosol collected at rural sites in Poland. Methyltetrols, 2mGA, and several organosulfates and nitroxy-OS were detected in both the field and laboratory samples. The influence of relative humidity on SOA formation was modest in non-acidic-seed experiments and stronger under acidic seed aerosol. Total secondary organic carbon decreased with increasing relative humidity under both acidic and non-acidic conditions. While the yields of some of the specific organic compounds decreased with increasing relative humidity, others varied in an indeterminate manner from changes in the relative humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Nestorowicz
- Environmental Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mohammed Jaoui
- US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, RTP, NC 27711, USA
| | - Krzysztof Jan Rudzinski
- Environmental Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, RTP, NC 27711, USA
| | | | - Grzegorz Spólnik
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Witold Danikiewicz
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Environmental Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Cui T, Zeng Z, Dos Santos EO, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Rose CA, Budisulistiorini SH, Collins LB, Bodnar WM, de Souza RAF, Martin ST, Machado CMD, Turpin BJ, Gold A, Ault AP, Surratt JD. Development of a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) method for the chemical characterization of water-soluble isoprene epoxydiol (IEPOX)-derived secondary organic aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1524-1536. [PMID: 30259953 PMCID: PMC10537084 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00308d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Acid-catalyzed multiphase chemistry of isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) on sulfate aerosol produces substantial amounts of water-soluble secondary organic aerosol (SOA) constituents, including 2-methyltetrols, methyltetrol sulfates, and oligomers thereof in atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5). These constituents have commonly been measured by gas chromatography interfaced to electron ionization mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS) with prior derivatization or by reverse-phase liquid chromatography interfaced to electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (RPLC/ESI-HR-MS). However, both techniques have limitations in explicitly resolving and quantifying polar SOA constituents due either to thermal degradation or poor separation. With authentic 2-methyltetrol and methyltetrol sulfate standards synthesized in-house, we developed a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)/ESI-HR-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOFMS) protocol that can chromatographically resolve and accurately measure the major IEPOX-derived SOA constituents in both laboratory-generated SOA and atmospheric PM2.5. 2-Methyltetrols were simultaneously resolved along with 4-6 diastereomers of methyltetrol sulfate, allowing efficient quantification of both major classes of SOA constituents by a single non-thermal analytical method. The sum of 2-methyltetrols and methyltetrol sulfates accounted for approximately 92%, 62%, and 21% of the laboratory-generated β-IEPOX aerosol mass, laboratory-generated δ-IEPOX aerosol mass, and organic aerosol mass in the southeastern U.S., respectively, where the mass concentration of methyltetrol sulfates was 171-271% the mass concentration of methyltetrol. Mass concentrations of methyltetrol sulfates were 0.39 and 2.33 μg m-3 in a PM2.5 sample collected from central Amazonia and the southeastern U.S., respectively. The improved resolution clearly reveals isomeric patterns specific to methyltetrol sulfates from acid-catalyzed multiphase chemistry of β- and δ-IEPOX. We also demonstrate that conventional GC/EI-MS analyses overestimate 2-methyltetrols by up to 188%, resulting (in part) from the thermal degradation of methyltetrol sulfates. Lastly, C5-alkene triols and 3-methyltetrahydrofuran-3,4-diols are found to be largely GC/EI-MS artifacts formed from thermal degradation of 2-methyltetrol sulfates and 3-methyletrol sulfates, respectively, and are not detected with HILIC/ESI-HR-QTOFMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqu Cui
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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23
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Glasius M, Bering MS, Yee LD, de Sá SS, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Wernis RA, Barbosa HMJ, Alexander ML, Palm BB, Hu W, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Jimenez JL, Shrivastava M, Martin ST, Goldstein AH. Organosulfates in aerosols downwind of an urban region in central Amazon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1546-1558. [PMID: 30357193 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00413g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates are formed in the atmosphere from reactions between reactive organic compounds (such as oxidation products of isoprene) and acidic sulfate aerosol. Here we investigated speciated organosulfates in an area typically downwind of the city of Manaus situated in the Amazon forest in Brazil during "GoAmazon2014/5" in both the wet season (February-March) and dry season (August-October). We observe products consistent with the reaction of isoprene photooxidation products and sulfate aerosols, leading to formation of several types of isoprene-derived organosulfates, which contribute 3% up to 42% of total sulfate aerosol measured by aerosol mass spectrometry. During the wet season the average contribution of summed organic sulfate concentrations to total sulfate was 19 ± 10% and similarly during the dry season the contribution was 19 ± 8%. This is the highest fraction of speciated organic sulfate to total sulfate observed at any reported site. Organosulfates appeared to be dominantly formed from isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX), averaging 104 ± 73 ng m-3 (range 15-328 ng m-3) during the wet season, with much higher abundance 610 ± 400 ng m-3 (range 86-1962 ng m-3) during the dry season. The concentration of isoprene-derived organic sulfate correlated with total inorganic sulfate (R2 = 0.35 and 0.51 during the wet and dry seasons, respectively), implying the significant influence of inorganic sulfate aerosol for the heterogeneous reactive uptake of IEPOX. Organosulfates also contributed to organic matter in aerosols (3.5 ± 1.9% during the wet season and 5.1 ± 2.5% during the dry season). The present study shows that an important fraction of sulfate in aerosols in the Amazon downwind of Manaus consists of multifunctional organic chemicals formed in the atmosphere, and that increased SO2 emissions would substantially increase SOA formation from isoprene.
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24
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Shen R, Liu Z, Liu Y, Wang L, Li D, Wang Y, Wang G, Bai Y, Li X. Typical polar organic aerosol tracers in PM 2.5 over the North China Plain: Spatial distribution, seasonal variations, contribution and sources. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 209:758-766. [PMID: 29960943 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 samples were collected simultaneously at three urban sites including Beijing (BJ), Tianjin (TJ), Shijiazhuang (SJZ) and one background site Xinglong (XL) from June 2014 till April 2015. Typical polar organic aerosol tracers including 2-methylglyceric acid, 2-methyltetrols, 3-hydroxyglutaric acid, anhydrous saccharides and phthalic acid were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Both Isoprene secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracers and pinene SOA tracers had higher mass concentrations at background site than those at urban sites. But they showed different seasonal variations. The former had the highest mass concentration in summer while the latter had the highest mass concentration in spring. Anhydrous saccharides and phthalic acids at urban sites had higher mass concentrations than those at background site and showed higher mass concentration in autumn and winter, respectively. Corresponding estimated secondary organic carbons (SOCs) showed similar variation trends with tracers. In general, biogenic sources had more influence on background site while urban sites were more affected by anthropogenic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yusi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Testing Center, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Testing Center, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guo'an Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Testing Center, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Testing Center, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xingru Li
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Testing Center, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
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25
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Chen X, Xie M, Hays MD, Edgerton E, Schwede D, Walker JT. Characterization of organic nitrogen in aerosols at a forest site in the southern Appalachian Mountains. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:6829-6846. [PMID: 32704249 PMCID: PMC7377252 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-6829-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the composition of organic particulate matter in PM2.5 in a remote montane forest in the southeastern US, focusing on the role of organic nitrogen (N) in sulfur-containing secondary organic aerosol (nitrooxy-organosulfates) and aerosols associated with biomass burning (nitro-aromatics). Bulk water-soluble organic N (WSON) represented ~ 14% w/w of water-soluble total N (WSTN) in PM2.5 on average across seasonal measurement campaigns conducted in the spring, summer, and fall of 2015. The largest contributions of WSON to WSTN were observed in spring (~ 18% w/w) and the lowest in the fall (~ 10% w/w). On average, identified nitro-aromatic and nitrooxy-organosulfate compounds accounted for a small fraction of WSON, ranging from ~ 1% in spring to ~ 4% in fall, though were observed to contribute as much as 28% w/w of WSON in individual samples that were impacted by local biomass burning. The highest concentrations of oxidized organic N species occurred during summer (average of 0.65 ng N m-3) along with a greater relative abundance of higher-generation oxygenated terpenoic acids, indicating an association with more aged aerosol. The highest concentrations of nitro-aromatics (e.g., nitrocatechol and methyl-nitrocatechol), levoglucosan, and aged SOA tracers were observed during fall, associated with aged biomass burning plumes. Nighttime nitrate radical chemistry is the most likely formation pathway for nitrooxy-organosulfates observed at this low NO x site (generally < 1 ppb). Isoprene-derived organosulfate (MW216, 2-methyltetrol derived), which is formed from isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) under low NO x conditions, was the most abundant individual organosulfate. Concentration-weighted average WSON / WSOC ratios for nitro-aromatics + organosulfates + terpenoic acids were 1 order of magnitude lower than the overall aerosol WSON / WSOC ratio, indicating the presence of other uncharacterized higher-N-content species. Although nitrooxy-organosulfates and nitro-aromatics contributed a small fraction of WSON, our results provide new insight into the atmospheric formation processes and sources of these largely uncharacterized components of atmospheric organic N, which also helps to advance the atmospheric models to better understand the chemistry and deposition of reactive N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Mingjie Xie
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Michael D. Hays
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Eric Edgerton
- Atmospheric Research and Analysis, Inc., Cary, NC 27513, USA
| | - Donna Schwede
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - John T. Walker
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
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26
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Spolnik G, Wach P, Rudzinski KJ, Skotak K, Danikiewicz W, Szmigielski R. Improved UHPLC-MS/MS Methods for Analysis of Isoprene-Derived Organosulfates. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3416-3423. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Spolnik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Paulina Wach
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Skotak
- Institute of Environmental Protection, National Research Institute, Warsaw 00-548, Poland
| | - Witold Danikiewicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
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27
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Jiang K, Hill DR, Elrod MJ. Assessing the Potential for Oligomer Formation from the Reactions of Lactones in Secondary Organic Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:292-302. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b10411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kallie Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074 United States
| | - Daniel R. Hill
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074 United States
| | - Matthew J. Elrod
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074 United States
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28
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Bondy AL, Craig RL, Zhang Z, Gold A, Surratt JD, Ault AP. Isoprene-Derived Organosulfates: Vibrational Mode Analysis by Raman Spectroscopy, Acidity-Dependent Spectral Modes, and Observation in Individual Atmospheric Particles. J Phys Chem A 2017; 122:303-315. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b10587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Bondy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 United States
| | - Rebecca L. Craig
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 United States
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason D. Surratt
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 United States
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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29
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Wang Y, Hu M, Lin P, Guo Q, Wu Z, Li M, Zeng L, Song Y, Zeng L, Wu Y, Guo S, Huang X, He L. Molecular Characterization of Nitrogen-Containing Organic Compounds in Humic-like Substances Emitted from Straw Residue Burning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5951-5961. [PMID: 28489352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular composition of humic-like substances (HULIS) in different aerosol samples was analyzed using an ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometer to investigate the influence of biomass burning on ambient aerosol composition. HULIS in background aerosols were characterized with numerous molecular formulas similar to biogenic secondary organic aerosols. The abundance of nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOC), including nitrogen-containing bases (N-bases) and nitroaromatics, increased dramatically in ambient aerosols affected by crop residue burning in the farm field. The molecular distribution of N-bases in these samples exhibited similar patterns to those observed in smoke particles freshly emitted from lab-controlled burning of straw residues but were significantly different with those observed from wood burning. Signal intensity of the major N-bases correlated well with the atmospheric concentrations of potassium and levoglucosan. These N-bases can serve as molecular markers distinguishing HULIS from crop residue burning with from wood burning. More nitroaromatics were detected in ambient aerosols affected by straw burning than in fresh smoke aerosols, indicating that many of them are formed in secondary oxidation processes as smoke plumes evolve in the atmosphere. This study highlights the significant contribution of crop residue burning to atmospheric NOC. Further study is warranted to evaluate the roles of NOC on climate and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Liwu Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | | | | | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lingyan He
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055, China
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30
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Bikkina S, Kawamura K, Sarin M. Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation over Coastal Ocean: Inferences from Atmospheric Water-Soluble Low Molecular Weight Organic Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4347-4357. [PMID: 28355054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A lack of consensus on the distributions and formation pathways of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) over oceanic regions downwind of pollution sources limits our ability to assess their climate impact globally. As a case study, we report here on water-soluble SOA components such as dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids, and α-dicarbonyls in the continental outflows from the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and Southeast Asia (SEA) to the Bay of Bengal. Oxalic acid (C2) is the dominant species followed by succinic (C4) and glyoxylic acids (ωC2) in the outflow. Nonsea-salt SO42- also dominates (∼70%) total water-soluble inorganic constituents and correlates well with aerosol liquid water content (LWC) and C2, indicating their production through aqueous phase photochemical reactions. Furthermore, mass ratios of dicarboxylic acids (C2/C4, C2/ωC2), and their relative abundances in water-soluble organic carbon and total organic carbon are quite similar between the two continental (IGP and SEA) outflows, indicating the formation of SOA through aqueous phase photochemical reactions in LWC-enriched aerosols, largely controlled by anthropogenic SO42-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Bikkina
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
- Physical Research Laboratory , Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Manmohan Sarin
- Physical Research Laboratory , Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, India
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Rattanavaraha W, Chu K, Budisulistiorini SH, Riva M, Lin YH, Edgerton ES, Baumann K, Shaw SL, Guo H, King L, Weber RJ, Neff ME, Stone EA, Offenberg JH, Zhang Z, Gold A, Surratt JD. Assessing the impact of anthropogenic pollution on isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosol formation in PM 2.5 collected from the Birmingham, Alabama, ground site during the 2013 Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017; 16:4897-4914. [PMID: 30245702 PMCID: PMC6145830 DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-4897-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the southeastern US, substantial emissions of isoprene from deciduous trees undergo atmospheric oxidation to form secondary organic aerosol (SOA) that contributes to fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Laboratory studies have revealed that anthropogenic pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), and aerosol acidity, can enhance SOA formation from the hydroxyl radical (OH)-initiated oxidation of isoprene; however, the mechanisms by which specific pollutants enhance isoprene SOA in ambient PM2.5 remain unclear. As one aspect of an investigation to examine how anthropogenic pollutants influence isoprene-derived SOA formation, high-volume PM2.5 filter samples were collected at the Birmingham, Alabama (BHM), ground site during the 2013 Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS). Sample extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS) with prior trimethylsilylation and ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-HR-QTOFMS) to identify known isoprene SOA tracers. Tracers quantified using both surrogate and authentic standards were compared with collocated gas- and particle-phase data as well as meteorological data provided by the Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization (SEARCH) network to assess the impact of anthropogenic pollution on isoprene-derived SOA formation. Results of this study reveal that isoprene-derived SOA tracers contribute a substantial mass fraction of organic matter (OM) (~ 7 to ~ 20 %). Isoprene-derived SOA tracers correlated with sulfate ( SO42- ) (r2 = 0.34, n = 117) but not with NO x . Moderate correlations between methacrylic acid epoxide and hydroxymethyl-methyl-α-lactone (together abbreviated MAE/HMML)-derived SOA tracers with nitrate radical production (P[NO3]) (r2 = 0.57, n = 40) were observed during nighttime, suggesting a potential role of the NO3 radical in forming this SOA type. However, the nighttime correlation of these tracers with nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (r2 = 0.26, n = 40) was weaker. Ozone (O3) correlated strongly with MAE/HMML-derived tracers (r2 = 0.72, n = 30) and moderately with 2-methyltetrols (r2 = 0.34, n = 15) during daytime only, suggesting that a fraction of SOA formation could occur from isoprene ozonolysis in urban areas. No correlation was observed between aerosol pH and isoprene-derived SOA. Lack of correlation between aerosol acidity and isoprene-derived SOA is consistent with the observation that acidity is not a limiting factor for isoprene SOA formation at the BHM site as aerosols were acidic enough to promote multiphase chemistry of isoprene-derived epoxides throughout the duration of the study. All in all, these results confirm previous studies suggesting that anthropogenic pollutants enhance isoprene-derived SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weruka Rattanavaraha
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kevin Chu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sri Hapsari Budisulistiorini
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- now at: Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- now at: Michigan Society of Fellows, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hongyu Guo
- Earth and Atmospheric Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura King
- Earth and Atmospheric Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rodney J Weber
- Earth and Atmospheric Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Miranda E Neff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - John H Offenberg
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Ng NL, Brown SS, Archibald AT, Atlas E, Cohen RC, Crowley JN, Day DA, Donahue NM, Fry JL, Fuchs H, Griffin RJ, Guzman MI, Herrmann H, Hodzic A, Iinuma Y, Jimenez JL, Kiendler-Scharr A, Lee BH, Luecken DJ, Mao J, McLaren R, Mutzel A, Osthoff HD, Ouyang B, Picquet-Varrault B, Platt U, Pye HOT, Rudich Y, Schwantes RH, Shiraiwa M, Stutz J, Thornton JA, Tilgner A, Williams BJ, Zaveri RA. Nitrate radicals and biogenic volatile organic compounds: oxidation, mechanisms, and organic aerosol. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017; 17:2103-2162. [PMID: 30147712 PMCID: PMC6104845 DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-2103-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) by the nitrate radical (NO3) represents one of the important interactions between anthropogenic emissions related to combustion and natural emissions from the biosphere. This interaction has been recognized for more than 3 decades, during which time a large body of research has emerged from laboratory, field, and modeling studies. NO3-BVOC reactions influence air quality, climate and visibility through regional and global budgets for reactive nitrogen (particularly organic nitrates), ozone, and organic aerosol. Despite its long history of research and the significance of this topic in atmospheric chemistry, a number of important uncertainties remain. These include an incomplete understanding of the rates, mechanisms, and organic aerosol yields for NO3-BVOC reactions, lack of constraints on the role of heterogeneous oxidative processes associated with the NO3 radical, the difficulty of characterizing the spatial distributions of BVOC and NO3 within the poorly mixed nocturnal atmosphere, and the challenge of constructing appropriate boundary layer schemes and non-photochemical mechanisms for use in state-of-the-art chemical transport and chemistry-climate models. This review is the result of a workshop of the same title held at the Georgia Institute of Technology in June 2015. The first half of the review summarizes the current literature on NO3-BVOC chemistry, with a particular focus on recent advances in instrumentation and models, and in organic nitrate and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation chemistry. Building on this current understanding, the second half of the review outlines impacts of NO3-BVOC chemistry on air quality and climate, and suggests critical research needs to better constrain this interaction to improve the predictive capabilities of atmospheric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Elliot Atlas
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, RSMAS, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ronald C. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John N. Crowley
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Douglas A. Day
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Neil M. Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juliane L. Fry
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Hendrik Fuchs
- Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung: Troposphäre (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Robert J. Griffin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alma Hodzic
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Yoshiteru Iinuma
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - José L. Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Astrid Kiendler-Scharr
- Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung: Troposphäre (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ben H. Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deborah J. Luecken
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jingqiu Mao
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Robert McLaren
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anke Mutzel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans D. Osthoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bin Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benedicte Picquet-Varrault
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systemes Atmospheriques (LISA), CNRS, Universities of Paris-Est Créteil and ì Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Ulrich Platt
- Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rebecca H. Schwantes
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jochen Stutz
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joel A. Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brent J. Williams
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rahul A. Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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Thomas WC, Dresser WD, Cortés DA, Elrod MJ. Gas Phase Oxidation of Campholenic Aldehyde and Solution Phase Reactivity of its Epoxide Derivative. J Phys Chem A 2016; 121:168-180. [PMID: 27936731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b08642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The rate constant for the OH reaction with campholenic aldehyde (CA) was measured using the flow tube-chemical ionization mass spectrometry method with a relative rate kinetics technique and was found to be (6.54 ± 0.52) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 100 Torr pressure and 298 K. A mechanism for the formation of the observed products was developed for both NO-free and NO-present conditions. On the basis of measurements of the pressure dependent yields of the products, between 5 and 20% of the CA oxidation at atmospheric pressure is predicted to lead to campholenic aldehyde epoxide (CAE). The aqueous solution reaction rate constants for CAE were determined via NMR spectroscopy and were found to be (2.241 ± 0.036) × 10-5 s-1 for neutral conditions and 0.0989 ± 0.0053 M-1 s-1 for acid-catalyzed conditions at 298 K. The products of the CAE aqueous solution reaction were identified as an isomer of CAE and the aldehyde group hydrated form of this isomer. Unlike the isoprene-derived epoxide, IEPOX, a nucleophilic addition mechanism was not observed. On the basis of the rate constants determined for CA and CAE, it is likely that these species are reactive on atmospherically relevant time scales in the gas and aerosol phases, respectively. The results of the present study largely support a previous supposition that α-pinene-derived secondary organic aerosol may be influenced by the multiphase processing of various intermediate species, including those with epoxide functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College , Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
| | - William D Dresser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College , Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
| | - Diego A Cortés
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College , Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
| | - Matthew J Elrod
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College , Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
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34
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Duporté G, Flaud PM, Geneste E, Augagneur S, Pangui E, Lamkaddam H, Gratien A, Doussin JF, Budzinski H, Villenave E, Perraudin E. Experimental Study of the Formation of Organosulfates from α-Pinene Oxidation. Part I: Product Identification, Formation Mechanisms and Effect of Relative Humidity. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:7909-7923. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b08504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Duporté
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - P.-M. Flaud
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - E. Geneste
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - S. Augagneur
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - E. Pangui
- Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) and Université Paris Diderot (UPD), LISA, UMR 7583, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - H. Lamkaddam
- Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) and Université Paris Diderot (UPD), LISA, UMR 7583, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - A. Gratien
- Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) and Université Paris Diderot (UPD), LISA, UMR 7583, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - J.-F. Doussin
- Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) and Université Paris Diderot (UPD), LISA, UMR 7583, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - H. Budzinski
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - E. Villenave
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - E. Perraudin
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
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35
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Rohr A, McDonald J. Health effects of carbon-containing particulate matter: focus on sources and recent research program results. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 46:97-137. [PMID: 26635181 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a complex mixture of gas-, vapor-, and particulate-phase materials comprised of inorganic and organic species. Many of these components have been associated with adverse health effects in epidemiological and toxicological studies, including a broad spectrum of carbonaceous atmospheric components. This paper reviews recent literature on the health impacts of organic aerosols, with a focus on specific sources of organic material; it is not intended to be a comprehensive review of all the available literature. Specific emission sources reviewed include engine emissions, wood/biomass combustion emissions, biogenic emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), resuspended road dust, tire and brake wear, and cooking emissions. In addition, recent findings from large toxicological and epidemiological research programs are reviewed in the context of organic PM, including SPHERES, NPACT, NERC, ACES, and TERESA. A review of the extant literature suggests that there are clear health impacts from emissions containing carbon-containing PM, but difficulty remains in apportioning responses to certain groupings of carbonaceous materials, such as organic and elemental carbon, condensed and gas phases, and primary and secondary material. More focused epidemiological and toxicological studies, including increased characterization of organic materials, would increase understanding of this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Rohr
- a Electric Power Research Institute , Palo Alto , CA , USA
| | - Jacob McDonald
- b Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
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36
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Sorooshian A, Crosbie E, Maudlin LC, Youn JS, Wang Z, Shingler T, Ortega AM, Hersey S, Woods RK. Surface and Airborne Measurements of Organosulfur and Methanesulfonate Over the Western United States and Coastal Areas. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2015; 120:8535-8548. [PMID: 26413434 PMCID: PMC4581448 DOI: 10.1002/2015jd023822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on ambient measurements of organosulfur (OS) and methanesulfonate (MSA) over the western United States and coastal areas. Particulate OS levels are highest in summertime, and generally increase as a function of sulfate (a precursor) and sodium (a marine tracer) with peak levels at coastal sites. The ratio of OS to total sulfur (TS) is also highest at coastal sites, with increasing values as a function of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the ratio of organic carbon to elemental carbon. Correlative analysis points to significant relationships between OS and biogenic emissions from marine and continental sources, factors that coincide with secondary production, and vanadium due to a suspected catalytic role. A major OS species, methanesulfonate (MSA), was examined with intensive field measurements and the resulting data support the case for vanadium's catalytic influence. Mass size distributions reveal a dominant MSA peak between aerodynamic diameters of 0.32-0.56 μm at a desert and coastal site with nearly all MSA mass (≥ 84%) in sub-micrometer sizes; MSA:non-sea salt sulfate ratios vary widely as a function of particle size and proximity to the ocean. Airborne data indicate that relative to the marine boundary layer, particulate MSA levels are enhanced in urban and agricultural areas, and also the free troposphere when impacted by biomass burning. Some combination of fires and marine-derived emissions leads to higher MSA levels than either source alone. Finally, MSA differences in cloud water and out-of-cloud aerosol are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sorooshian
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | | | - Jong-Sang Youn
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Zhen Wang
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Taylor Shingler
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Amber M. Ortega
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Scott Hersey
- Olin College of Engineering, Needham, MA, United States
| | - Roy K. Woods
- Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studies, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, United States
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Boone EJ, Laskin A, Laskin J, Wirth C, Shepson PB, Stirm BH, Pratt KA. Aqueous Processing of Atmospheric Organic Particles in Cloud Water Collected via Aircraft Sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:8523-30. [PMID: 26068538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cloudwater and below-cloud atmospheric particle samples were collected onboard a research aircraft during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) over a forested region of Alabama in June 2013. The organic molecular composition of the samples was studied to gain insights into the aqueous-phase processing of organic compounds within cloud droplets. High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) with nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI) and direct infusion electrospray ionization (ESI) were utilized to compare the organic composition of the particle and cloudwater samples, respectively. Isoprene and monoterpene-derived organosulfates and oligomers were identified in both the particles and cloudwater, showing the significant influence of biogenic volatile organic compound oxidation above the forested region. While the average O:C ratios of the organic compounds were similar between the atmospheric particle and cloudwater samples, the chemical composition of these samples was quite different. Specifically, hydrolysis of organosulfates and formation of nitrogen-containing compounds were observed for the cloudwater when compared to the atmospheric particle samples, demonstrating that cloud processing changes the composition of organic aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Boone
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- ‡Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- §Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | | | | | - Brian H Stirm
- ∇Department of Aviation Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kerri A Pratt
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- ○Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Liao J, Froyd KD, Murphy DM, Keutsch FN, Yu G, Wennberg PO, St Clair JM, Crounse JD, Wisthaler A, Mikoviny T, Jimenez JL, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Hu W, Ryerson TB, Pollack IB, Peischl J, Anderson BE, Ziemba LD, Blake DR, Meinardi S, Diskin G. Airborne measurements of organosulfates over the continental U.S. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2015; 120:2990-3005. [PMID: 26702368 PMCID: PMC4677836 DOI: 10.1002/2014jd022378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates are important secondary organic aerosol (SOA) components and good tracers for aerosol heterogeneous reactions. However, the knowledge of their spatial distribution, formation conditions, and environmental impact is limited. In this study, we report two organosulfates, an isoprene-derived isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) (2,3-epoxy-2-methyl-1,4-butanediol) sulfate and a glycolic acid (GA) sulfate, measured using the NOAA Particle Analysis Laser Mass Spectrometer (PALMS) on board the NASA DC8 aircraft over the continental U.S. during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry Experiment (DC3) and the Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds, and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS). During these campaigns, IEPOX sulfate was estimated to account for 1.4% of submicron aerosol mass (or 2.2% of organic aerosol mass) on average near the ground in the southeast U.S., with lower concentrations in the western U.S. (0.2-0.4%) and at high altitudes (<0.2%). Compared to IEPOX sulfate, GA sulfate was more uniformly distributed, accounting for about 0.5% aerosol mass on average, and may be more abundant globally. A number of other organosulfates were detected; none were as abundant as these two. Ambient measurements confirmed that IEPOX sulfate is formed from isoprene oxidation and is a tracer for isoprene SOA formation. The organic precursors of GA sulfate may include glycolic acid and likely have both biogenic and anthropogenic sources. Higher aerosol acidity as measured by PALMS and relative humidity tend to promote IEPOX sulfate formation, and aerosol acidity largely drives in situ GA sulfate formation at high altitudes. This study suggests that the formation of aerosol organosulfates depends not only on the appropriate organic precursors but also on emissions of anthropogenic sulfur dioxide (SO2), which contributes to aerosol acidity. KEY POINTS IEPOX sulfate is an isoprene SOA tracer at acidic and low NO conditions Glycolic acid sulfate may be more abundant than IEPOX sulfate globally SO2 impacts IEPOX sulfate by increasing aerosol acidity and water uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liao
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Karl D Froyd
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel M Murphy
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Frank N Keutsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin, USA
- Now at Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ge Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul O Wennberg
- Division of Geology & Planetary SciencesPasadena, California, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied SciencePasadena, California, USA
| | - Jason M St Clair
- Division of Geology & Planetary SciencesPasadena, California, USA
| | - John D Crounse
- Division of Geology & Planetary SciencesPasadena, California, USA
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens Universität InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
- Now at Department of Chemistry, University of OlsoOslo, Norway
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens Universität InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
- Now at Department of Chemistry, University of OlsoOslo, Norway
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Douglas A Day
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas B Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Ilana B Pollack
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeff Peischl
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California, USA
| | - Simone Meinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California, USA
| | - Glenn Diskin
- NASA Langley Research CenterHampton, Virginia, USA
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39
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Nozière B, Kalberer M, Claeys M, Allan J, D'Anna B, Decesari S, Finessi E, Glasius M, Grgić I, Hamilton JF, Hoffmann T, Iinuma Y, Jaoui M, Kahnt A, Kampf CJ, Kourtchev I, Maenhaut W, Marsden N, Saarikoski S, Schnelle-Kreis J, Surratt JD, Szidat S, Szmigielski R, Wisthaler A. The molecular identification of organic compounds in the atmosphere: state of the art and challenges. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3919-83. [PMID: 25647604 DOI: 10.1021/cr5003485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nozière
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Barbara D'Anna
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Irena Grgić
- ○National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Yoshiteru Iinuma
- ¶Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Kourtchev
- ‡University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- §University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,□Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jason D Surratt
- ▼University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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40
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Methods for characterization of organic compounds in atmospheric aerosol particles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:5877-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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Romonosky DE, Laskin A, Laskin J, Nizkorodov SA. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Characterization of Aqueous Photochemistry Products of Common Types of Secondary Organic Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:2594-606. [DOI: 10.1021/jp509476r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dian E. Romonosky
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | | | | | - Sergey A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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42
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Shalamzari MS, Kahnt A, Vermeylen R, Kleindienst TE, Lewandowski M, Cuyckens F, Maenhaut W, Claeys M. Characterization of polar organosulfates in secondary organic aerosol from the green leaf volatile 3-Z-hexenal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:12671-8. [PMID: 25271849 DOI: 10.1021/es503226b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is provided that the green leaf volatile 3-Z-hexenal serves as a precursor for biogenic secondary organic aerosol through the formation of polar organosulfates (OSs) with molecular weight (MW) 226. The MW 226 C6-OSs were chemically elucidated, along with structurally similar MW 212 C5-OSs, whose biogenic precursor is likely related to 3-Z-hexenal but still remains unknown. The MW 226 and 212 OSs have a substantial abundance in ambient fine aerosol from K-puszta, Hungary, which is comparable to that of the isoprene-related MW 216 OSs, known to be formed through sulfation of C5-epoxydiols, second-generation gas-phase photooxidation products of isoprene. Using detailed interpretation of negative-ion electrospray ionization mass spectral data, the MW 226 compounds are assigned to isomeric sulfate esters of 3,4-dihydroxyhex-5-enoic acid with the sulfate group located at the C-3 or C-4 position. Two MW 212 compounds present in ambient fine aerosol are attributed to isomeric sulfate esters of 2,3-dihydroxypent-4-enoic acid, of which two are sulfated at C-3 and one is sulfated at C-2. The formation of the MW 226 OSs is tentatively explained through photooxidation of 3-Z-hexenal in the gas phase, resulting in an alkoxy radical, followed by a rearrangement and subsequent sulfation of the epoxy group in the particle phase.
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43
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Olariu RI, Vione D, Grinberg N, Arsene C. Applications of Liquid Chromatographic Techniques in the Chemical Characterization of Atmospheric Aerosols. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.941256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romeo-Iulian Olariu
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry , “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi , Iasi , Romania
| | - Davide Vione
- b Dipartimento di Chimica , Università di Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Nelu Grinberg
- c Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Cecilia Arsene
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry , “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi , Iasi , Romania
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44
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Tao S, Lu X, Levac N, Bateman AP, Nguyen TB, Bones DL, Nizkorodov SA, Laskin J, Laskin A, Yang X. Molecular characterization of organosulfates in organic aerosols from Shanghai and Los Angeles urban areas by nanospray-desorption electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10993-1001. [PMID: 25184338 DOI: 10.1021/es5024674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fine aerosol particles in the urban areas of Shanghai and Los Angeles were collected on days that were characterized by their stagnant air and high organic aerosol concentrations. They were analyzed by nanospray-desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with high mass resolution (m/Δm = 100,000). Solvent mixtures of acetonitrile and water and acetonitrile and toluene were used to extract and ionize polar and nonpolar compounds, respectively. A diverse mixture of oxygenated hydrocarbons, organosulfates, organonitrates, and organics with reduced nitrogen were detected in the Los Angeles sample. A majority of the organics in the Shanghai sample were detected as organosulfates. The dominant organosulfates that were detected at two locations have distinctly different molecular characteristics. Specifically, the organosulfates in the Los Angeles sample were dominated by biogenic products, while the organosulfates of a yet unknown origin found in the Shanghai sample had distinctive characteristics of long aliphatic carbon chains and low degrees of oxidation and unsaturation. The use of the acetonitrile and toluene solvent facilitated the observation of this type of organosulfates, which suggests that they could have been missed in previous studies that relied on sample extraction using common polar solvents. The high molecular weight and low degree of unsaturation and oxidization of the uncommon organosulfates suggest that they may act as surfactants and plausibly affect the surface tension and hygroscopicity of atmospheric particles. We propose that direct esterification of carbonyl or hydroxyl compounds by sulfates or sulfuric acid in the liquid phase could be the formation pathway of these special organosulfates. Long-chain alkanes from vehicle emissions might be their precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikang Tao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
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45
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He QF, Ding X, Wang XM, Yu JZ, Fu XX, Liu TY, Zhang Z, Xue J, Chen DH, Zhong LJ, Donahue NM. Organosulfates from pinene and isoprene over the Pearl River Delta, South China: seasonal variation and implication in formation mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:9236-9245. [PMID: 25072510 DOI: 10.1021/es501299v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic organosulfates (OSs) are important markers of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation involving cross reactions of biogenic precursors (terpenoids) with anthropogenic pollutants. Until now, there has been rare information about biogenic OSs in the air of highly polluted areas. In this study, fine particle (PM2.5) samples were separately collected in daytime and nighttime from summer to fall 2010 at a site in the central Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China. Pinene-derived nitrooxy-organosulfates (pNOSs) and isoprene-derived OSs (iOSs) were quantified using a liquid chromatograph (LC) coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) operated in negative electrospray ionization (ESI) mode. The pNOSs with MW 295 exhibited higher levels in fall (151 ± 86.9 ng m(-3)) than summer (52.4 ± 34.0 ng m(-3)), probably owing to the elevated levels of NOx and sulfate in fall when air masses mainly passed through city clusters in the PRD and biomass burning was enhanced. In contrast to observations elsewhere where higher levels occurred at nighttime, pNOS levels in the PRD were higher during the daytime in both seasons, indicating that pNOS formation was likely driven by photochemistry over the PRD. This conclusion is supported by several lines of evidence: the specific pNOS which could be formed through both daytime photochemistry and nighttime NO3 chemistry exhibited no day-night variation in abundance relative to other pNOS isomers; the production of the hydroxynitrate that is the key precursor for this specific pNOS was found to be significant through photochemistry but negligible through NO3 chemistry based on the mechanisms in the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM). For iOSs, 2-methyltetrol sulfate ester which could be formed from isoprene-derived epoxydiols (IEPOX) under low-NOx conditions showed low concentrations (below the detection limit to 2.09 ng m(-3)), largely due to the depression of IEPOX formation by the high NOx levels over the PRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Fu He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
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46
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Jacobs MI, Darer AI, Elrod MJ. Rate constants and products of the OH reaction with isoprene-derived epoxides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:12868-12876. [PMID: 24144330 DOI: 10.1021/es403340g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent laboratory and field work has shown that isoprene-derived epoxides (IEPOX) are crucial intermediates that can explain the existence of a variety of compounds found in ambient secondary organic aerosol (SOA). However, IEPOX species are also able to undergo gas phase oxidation, which competes with the aerosol phase processing of IEPOX. In order to better quantify the atmospheric fate of IEPOX, the gas phase OH reaction rate constants and product formation mechanisms have been determined using a flow tube chemical ionization mass spectrometry technique. The new OH rate constants are generally larger than previous estimations and some features of the product mechanism are well predicted by the Master Chemical Mechanism Version 3.2 (MCM v3.2), while other features are at odds with MCM v3.2. Using a previously proposed kinetic model for the quantitative prediction of the atmospheric fate of IEPOX, it is found that gas phase OH reaction is an even more dominant fate for chemical processing of IEPOX than previously suggested. The present results suggest that aerosol phase processing of IEPOX will be competitive with gas phase OH oxidation only under SOA conditions of high liquid water content and low pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Jacobs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College , 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
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47
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Wang W, Shalamzari MS, Maenhaut W, Claeys M. Ion-pairing liquid chromatography/negative ion mass spectrometry for improved analysis of polar isoprene-related organosulfates. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1585-1589. [PMID: 23722694 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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48
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Kourtchev I, Fuller S, Aalto J, Ruuskanen TM, McLeod MW, Maenhaut W, Jones R, Kulmala M, Kalberer M. Molecular composition of boreal forest aerosol from Hyytiälä, Finland, using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:4069-4079. [PMID: 23469832 DOI: 10.1021/es3051636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Organic compounds are important constituents of fine particulate matter (PM) in the troposphere. In this study, we applied direct infusion nanoelectrospray (nanoESI) ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (UHR-MS) and liquid chromatography LC/ESI-UHR-MS for the analysis of the organic fraction of PM1 aerosol samples collected over a two week period at a boreal forest site (Hyytiälä), southern Finland. Elemental formulas (460-730 in total) were identified with nanoESI-UHR-MS in the negative ionization mode and attributed to organic compounds with a molecular weight below 400. Kendrick Mass Defect and Van Krevelen approaches were used to identify compound classes and mass distributions of the detected species. The molecular composition of the aerosols strongly varied between samples with different air mass histories. An increased number of nitrogen, sulfur, and highly oxygenated organic compounds was observed during the days associated with continental air masses. However, the samples with Atlantic air mass history were marked by a presence of homologous series of unsaturated and saturated C12-C20 fatty acids suggesting their marine origin. To our knowledge, we show for the first time that the highly detailed chemical composition obtained from UHR-MS analyses can be clearly linked to meteorological parameters and trace gases concentrations that are relevant to atmospheric oxidation processes. The additional LC/ESI-UHR-MS analysis revealed 29 species, which were mainly attributed to oxidation products of biogenic volatile compounds BVOCs (i.e., α,β-pinene, Δ3-carene, limonene, and isoprene) supporting the results from the direct infusion analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kourtchev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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49
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Perring AE, Pusede SE, Cohen RC. An Observational Perspective on the Atmospheric Impacts of Alkyl and Multifunctional Nitrates on Ozone and Secondary Organic Aerosol. Chem Rev 2013; 113:5848-70. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300520x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. E. Perring
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - S. E. Pusede
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - R. C. Cohen
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
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50
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Iinuma Y, Kahnt A, Mutzel A, Böge O, Herrmann H. Ozone-driven secondary organic aerosol production chain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3639-3647. [PMID: 23488636 DOI: 10.1021/es305156z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Acidic sulfate particles are known to enhance secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass in the oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) through accretion reactions and organosulfate formation. Enhanced phase transfer of epoxides, which form during the BVOC oxidation, into the acidified sulfate particles is shown to explain the latter process. We report here a newly identified ozone-driven SOA production chain that increases SOA formation dramatically. In this process, the epoxides interact with acidic sulfate particles, forming a new generation of highly reactive VOCs through isomerization. These VOCs partition back into the gas phase and undergo a new round of SOA forming oxidation reactions. Depending on the nature of the isomerized VOCs, their next generation oxidation forms highly oxygenated terpenoic acids or organosulfates. Atmospheric evidence is presented for the existence of marker compounds originating from this chain. The identified process partly explains the enhanced SOA formation in the presence of acidic particles on a molecular basis and could be an important source of missing SOA precursor VOCs that are currently not included in atmospheric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiteru Iinuma
- Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung (TROPOS), Permoserstr. 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany
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