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Yao XT, Li PP, Liu J, Yang YY, Luo ZL, Jiang HT, He WG, Luo HH, Deng YX, He BC. Wnt/β-Catenin Promotes the Osteoblastic Potential of BMP9 Through Down-Regulating Cyp26b1 in Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2023; 20:705-723. [PMID: 37010733 PMCID: PMC10352185 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00526-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) promotes the osteogenic differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), but the intrinsic relationship between BMP9 and ATRA keeps unknown. Herein, we investigated the effect of Cyp26b1, a critical enzyme of ATRA degradation, on the BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and unveiled possible mechanism through which BMP9 regulates the expression of Cyp26b1. METHODS ATRA content was detected with ELISA and HPLC-MS/MS. PCR, Western blot, and histochemical staining were used to assay the osteogenic markers. Fetal limbs culture, cranial defect repair model, and micro-computed tomographic were used to evaluate the quality of bone formation. IP and ChIP assay were used to explore possible mechanism. RESULTS We found that the protein level of Cyp26b1 was increased with age, whereas the ATRA content decreased. The osteogenic markers induced by BMP9 were increased by inhibiting or silencing Cyp26b1 but reduced by exogenous Cyp26b1. The BMP9-induced bone formation was enhanced by inhibiting Cyp26b1. The cranial defect repair was promoted by BMP9, which was strengthened by silencing Cyp26b1 and reduced by exogenous Cyp26b1. Mechanically, Cyp26b1 was reduced by BMP9, which was enhanced by activating Wnt/β-catenin, and reduced by inhibiting this pathway. β-catenin interacts with Smad1/5/9, and both were recruited at the promoter of Cyp26b1. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested the BMP9-induced osteoblastic differentiation was mediated by activating retinoic acid signalling, viadown-regulating Cyp26b1. Meanwhile, Cyp26b1 may be a novel potential therapeutic target for the treatment of bone-related diseases or accelerating bone-tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Tong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Pei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, The 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Ji'nan, 250013, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Ling Luo
- Taizhou Food Inspection Centre, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Tao Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ge He
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Hong Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Xuan Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai-Cheng He
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
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Haq N, Alshehri S, Alsarra IA, Alenazi M, Alwhaibi A, Shakeel F. Environmentally friendly stability-indicating HPLC method for the determination of isotretinoin in commercial products and solubility samples. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18405. [PMID: 37576265 PMCID: PMC10412884 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, an environmentally friendly "high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)" assay to quantify isotretinoin (ITN) in commercial products and solubility samples is designed and verified. A Nucleodur reverse-phase C18 column was used as the stationary phase to identify ITN. The ecologically friendly mobile phase was composed of ethyl acetate and ethanol (50:50 v/v), and it was delivered at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. ITN was measured at 354 nm in wavelength. The current HPLC method had a determination coefficient of 0.9994 and was linear in the 0.2-80 μg/g range. The current protocol for ITN measurement was also rapid (retention time = 2.78 min), accurate (%recoveries = 98.60-101.52), precise (% uncertainties = 0.71-0.98), and sensitive. According to the AGREE methodology, the current procedure received an outstanding greenness profile with an AGREE score of 0.76. By determining ITN in commercial products and solubility samples, the applicability of the current approach was proven. ITN was discovered to be present in 98.43% and 100.84%, respectively, of commercial capsule brands A and B. The ITN's solubility in numerous eco-friendly solvents was successfully measured. Under different stress conditions, the current approach was able to distinguish between its degradation products, demonstrating its stability-indicating characteristics. These findings indicated that ITN in procured capsules and solubility samples might be regularly tested by the suggested approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazrul Haq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A. Alsarra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Miteb Alenazi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alwhaibi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Triple chemical derivatization strategy assisted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for determination of retinoic acids in human serum. Talanta 2022; 245:123474. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Safari S, Amiri A, Badiei A. FRET probe for selective and sensitive detection of vitamin A by cadmium free quantum dots (ZnS). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 231:118062. [PMID: 32006912 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A as a powerful antioxidant plays an important role in human body functions including bone remodeling regulation, healthy immune system and cell growth reproduction. An accurate determination of vitamin A is taken into consideration because of its importance for human health. In this paper, we reported a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probe, MPS-capped ZnS QDs, for sensitive and selective detection of vitamin A. The colloidal MPS-capped ZnS QDs were prepared from Zinc acetate and sodium sulfide by employing 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) molecules as the stabilizer or capping agent at the pH condition of 10. The synthesized MPS-capped ZnS QDs were characterized by means of FT-IR, UV-Vis, DLS, and TEM techniques. The sensing behavior of MPS-capped ZnS QDs for selective and sensitive detection of vitamin A, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin E, vitamin K, vitamin H, vitamin D3 and vitamin C was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy. The detection mechanism involves photoinduced charge transfer from the surface of ZnS QDs to Vitamin resulting in the fluorescence quenching of ZnS QDs followed by nonradiative fluorescence resonance energy transfer. An excellent selectivity was observed for vitamin A versus other tested species. A linear relationship was observed between the fluorescence intensity of MPS-capped ZnS QDs and the concentration of vitamin A in the range of 3.33-36.66 μM with detection limit of 1.062 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Safari
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; School of Chemistry, Alborz Campus, University of Tehran, Alborz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Amiri
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Badiei
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Yeung KWY, Zhou GJ, Hilscherová K, Giesy JP, Leung KMY. Current understanding of potential ecological risks of retinoic acids and their metabolites in aquatic environments. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 136:105464. [PMID: 31926435 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In animals, retinoic acids (RAs), one of the main derivatives of vitamin A, are crucial for a variety of physiological processes. RAs, including all-trans-RA, 9-cis-RA, 13-cis-RA, and their corresponding metabolites (i.e., all-trans-4-oxo-RA, 9-cis-4-oxo-RA and 13-cis-4-oxo-RA) can be excreted through urination from humans and animals. Sewage treatment plants (STPs) are a significant source of RAs and 4-oxo-RAs into aquatic environments. RAs and 4-oxo-RAs can be identified and quantified by use of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RAs and 4-oxo-RAs have been reported in various environmental matrices including rivers, lakes, reservoirs and coastal marine environments as well as in sewage effluents discharged from STPs. Greater concentrations of RAs and 4-oxo-RAs have been observed during blooms of cyanobacteria and microalgae, suggesting that cyanobacteria and microalgae are natural sources of RAs and 4-oxo-RAs in aquatic environments. These potential sources of RAs and 4-oxo-RAs raise concerns about their concentrations and risks in aquatic environments because excessive intake of these chemicals can result in abnormal morphological development in animals. Teratogenic effects were observed in amphibians, fish embryos, gastropods, mammals and birds when exposed to RAs. This review summarizes sources, concentrations, adverse effects and ecological risks of RAs and 4-oxo-RAs in aquatic environments. An interim, predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of RAs (in terms of at-RA) for freshwater environments was determined to be 3.93 ng/L at-RA equivalents. Based on limited data on concentrations of RAs in freshwater ecosystems, their hazard quotients were found to range from zero to 16.41, depending on the environmental conditions of receiving waters. Ecological risks of RAs in marine environments are yet to be explored due to the paucity of data related to both their concentrations in marine environment and toxic potencies to marine species. This review updates current knowledge of RAs and 4-oxo-RAs in aquatic environments and calls for more studies on their concentrations and fate in aquatic environments, especially estuarine and coastal marine environments with a view to enabling a comprehensive assessment of their ecological risks around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Wan Yee Yeung
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guang-Jie Zhou
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Klára Hilscherová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Kenneth Mei Yee Leung
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (City University of Hong Kong), Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Dubey A, Rose RE, Jones DR, Saint-Jeannet JP. Generating retinoic acid gradients by local degradation during craniofacial development: One cell's cue is another cell's poison. Genesis 2018; 56:10.1002/dvg.23091. [PMID: 29330906 PMCID: PMC5818312 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a vital morphogen for early patterning and organogenesis in the developing embryo. RA is a diffusible, lipophilic molecule that signals via nuclear RA receptor heterodimeric units that regulate gene expression by interacting with RA response elements in promoters of a significant number of genes. For precise RA signaling, a robust gradient of the morphogen is required. The developing embryo contains regions that produce RA, and specific intracellular concentrations of RA are created through local degradation mediated by Cyp26 enzymes. In order to elucidate the mechanisms by which RA executes precise developmental programs, the kinetics of RA metabolism must be clearly understood. Recent advances in techniques for endogenous RA detection and quantification have paved the way for mechanistic studies to shed light on downstream gene expression regulation coordinated by RA. It is increasingly coming to light that RA signaling operates not only at precise concentrations but also employs mechanisms of degradation and feedback inhibition to self-regulate its levels. A global gradient of RA throughout the embryo is often found concurrently with several local gradients, created by juxtaposed domains of RA synthesis and degradation. The existence of such local gradients has been found especially critical for the proper development of craniofacial structures that arise from the neural crest and the cranial placode populations. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how local gradients of RA are established in the embryo and their impact on craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Dubey
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry
| | - Rebecca E. Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Drew R. Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
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7
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Machini WBS, Enache TA, Jorge SMA, Oliveira-Brett AM. Isotretinoin Oxidation and Electroanalysis in a Pharmaceutical Drug Using a Boron-doped Diamond Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. B. S. Machini
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences and Technology; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - T. A. Enache
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences and Technology; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - S. M. A. Jorge
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences and Technology; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP; 18618-000 Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - A. M. Oliveira-Brett
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences and Technology; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
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8
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Forchielli ML, Conti M, Patrono D, Mancini R, Pession A, Puggioli C, Bersani G. Potential intake of vitamins "A" and "D" through branded intravenous lipid emulsions: Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Clin Nutr 2016; 36:530-536. [PMID: 26880405 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
No data exist for vitamin A group and vitamin D2/D3 content in branded intravenous lipid emulsions (ILEs). Our goal is to evaluate and quantify their concentrations in different ILEs to assess whether they are clinically relevant. Analyses were carried out in triplicates on six ILEs: 1) 30% soybean oil-based, 2) 20% olive-soybean oil based, 3) 10 + 10% soybean - MCT coconut oil based, 4) 20% soybean-olive-MCT-fish oil based, 5) 20% soybean-MCT-fish oil based and 6) 10% pure fish oil based, respectively. Retinol group (vitamin A) and ergo-chole-calciferol (vitamin D2/D3) were analyzed and quantified by a quali-quantitative Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method after potassium hydroxide alkaline hydrolysis, hexane extraction, reverse phase-liquid chromatography and specific multiple-reaction-monitoring (MRM) detection. On average, measured retinol content was in the range of 200-1000 μg/L in ILEs (1,2, and 3), whereas it was higher (1000-2000 μg/L) in the ILEs containing fish-oil. Vitamin D content was in the range of 1-10 μg/L in the fish-oil based ILEs, but undetectable in those ILEs containing purely vegetable oils. This study shows that vitamin A and D contents are variably present in ILEs based on their different lipid sources. Both contents should be explicitly mentioned in the products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Conti
- Centralized Analysis Laboratory, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Patrono
- Centralized Analysis Laboratory, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Mancini
- Centralized Analysis Laboratory, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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9
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Wang J, Yoo HS, Obrochta KM, Huang P, Napoli JL. Quantitation of retinaldehyde in small biological samples using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2015; 484:162-8. [PMID: 26045160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method to quantify all-trans-retinal in biological samples of limited size (15-35mg), which is especially advantageous for use with adipose. To facilitate recovery, retinal and the internal standard 3,4-didehydroretinal were derivatized in situ into their O-ethyloximes. UHPLC resolution combined with high sensitivity and specificity of MS/MS allowed quantification of retinal-O-ethyloximes with a 5-fmol lower limit of detection and a linear range from 5fmol to 1pmol. This assay revealed that extraocular concentrations of retinal range from approximately 2 to 40pmol/g in multiple tissues-the same range as all-trans-retinoic acid. All-trans-retinoic acid has high affinity (kd⩽0.4nM) for its nuclear receptors (RARα, -β, and -γ), whereas retinal has low (if any) affinity for these receptors, making it unlikely that these retinal concentrations would activate RAR. We also show that the copious amount of vitamin A used in chow diets increases retinal in adipose depots 2- to 5-fold relative to levels in adipose of mice fed a vitamin A-sufficient diet, as recommended for laboratory rodents. This assay also is proficient for quantifying conversion of retinol into retinal in vitro and, therefore, provides an efficient method to study metabolism of retinol in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Wang
- Graduate Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hong Sik Yoo
- Graduate Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kristin M Obrochta
- Graduate Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Priscilla Huang
- Graduate Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joseph L Napoli
- Graduate Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Jones JW, Pierzchalski K, Yu J, Kane MA. Use of fast HPLC multiple reaction monitoring cubed for endogenous retinoic acid quantification in complex matrices. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3222-30. [PMID: 25704261 DOI: 10.1021/ac504597q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), an essential active metabolite of vitamin A, controls numerous physiological processes. In addition to the analytical challenges owing to its geometric isomers, low endogenous abundance, and often localized occurrence, nonspecific interferences observed during liquid chromatography (LC) multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) quantification methods have necessitated lengthy chromatography to obtain accurate quantification free of interferences. We report the development and validation of a fast high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) multiplexing multiple reaction monitoring cubed (MRM(3)) assay for selective and sensitive quantification of endogenous RA from complex matrices. The fast HPLC separation was achieved using an embedded amide C18 column packed with 2.7 μm fused-core particles which provided baseline resolution of endogenous RA isomers (all-trans-RA, 9-cis-RA, 13-cis-RA, and 9,13-di-cis-RA) and demonstrated significant improvements in chromatographic efficiency compared to porous particle stationary phases. Multiplexing technology further enhanced sample throughput by a factor of 2 by synchronizing parallel HPLC systems to a single mass spectrometer. The fast HPLC multiplexing MRM(3) assay demonstrated enhanced selectivity for endogenous RA quantification in complex matrices and had comparable analytical performance to robust, validated LC-MRM methodology for RA quantification. The quantification of endogenous RA using the described assay was validated on a number of mouse tissues, nonhuman primate tissues, and human plasma samples. The combined integration of fast HPLC, MRM(3), and multiplexing yields an analysis workflow for essential low-abundance endogenous metabolites that has enhanced selectivity in complex matrices and increased throughput that will be useful in efficiently interrogating the biological role of RA in larger study populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jace W Jones
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Keely Pierzchalski
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Jianshi Yu
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Maureen A Kane
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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11
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Torabi B, Shemirani F. A new approach to highly sensitive determination of retinoic acid isomers by preconcentration with CdSe quantum dots. Talanta 2014; 120:34-9. [PMID: 24468339 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Unusual amounts of retinoic acid (RA) isomers play an important role in abnormal morphological development of mammals; such as rat embryos. Each isomer of RA has a unique function in first steps of embryonic life. In the current study, a new method for preconcentration and simultaneous determination of all-trans retinoic acid, 13-cis retinoic acid, 9-cis retinoic acid and 9,13-di-cis retinoic acid in rat whole rudimentary embryo culture (RWEC) has been developed. RA isomers were extracted from samples by conjugation to appropriate amount of surface modified CdSe quantum dots (QDs) prior to HPLC/UV determination. In order to quickly release of the analytes with unchanged form, separated RA-QD conjugation were irradiated by intensive near infrared wavelength (NIR). Low energy NIR irradiation results in maintaining the primary forms of RA isomers during the release. The conjugation and release mechanisms were described and experimental parameters were investigated in detail. Under optimized conditions, the method was linear in the range of 0.040-34.600 pmol g(-1) for all-trans RA (R(2)=0.9996), 0.070-34.200 pmol g(-1) for 13-cis RA (R(2)=0.9992), 0.050-35.300 pmol g(-1) for 9,13-di-cis RA (R(2)=0.9998) and 0.050-32.900 pmol g(-1) for 9-cis RA (R(2)=0.9990). The present method can be useful for retinoic acid monitoring in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Torabi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University College of Science, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Shemirani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University College of Science, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Peng JB, Luo CH, Wang YC, Huang WH, Chen Y, Zhou HH, Tan ZR. Validation of a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of all-trans retinoic acid in human plasma and its application to a bioequivalence study. Molecules 2014; 19:1189-200. [PMID: 24445345 PMCID: PMC6270799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19011189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive, reliable and specific LC-MS-MS method was developed and validated for the identification and quantitation of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in human plasma. Acitretin was used as the internal standard (IS). After liquid-liquid extraction of 500 μL plasma with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), ATRA and the IS were chromatographed on a HyPURITY C18 column (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 5 μm) with the column temperature set at 40 °C. The mobile phase was consisted of 40% phase A (MTBE–methanol–acetic acid, 50:50:0.5, v/v) and 60% phase B (water–methanol–acetic acid, 50:50:0.5, v/v) with a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The API 4000 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was operated in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode via the positive electrospray ionization interface using the transition m/z 301.4 → 123.1 for ATRA and m/z 326.9 → 177.1 for IS, respectively. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.45–217.00 ng/mL (r ≥ 0.999) with a lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 0.45 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precisions values were below 8% relative standard deviation and the accuracy was from 98.98% to 106.19% in terms of relative error. The validated method was successfully applied in a bioequivalence study of ATRA in Chinese healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Bo Peng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
| | - Chen-Hui Luo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
| | - Yi-Cheng Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
| | - Yao Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
| | - Zhi-Rong Tan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
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13
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Viñas P, Bravo-Bravo M, López-García I, Hernández-Córdoba M. Quantification of β-carotene, retinol, retinyl acetate and retinyl palmitate in enriched fruit juices using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1275:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Wu X, Jiang J, Hu J. Determination and occurrence of retinoids in a eutrophic lake (Taihu Lake, China): cyanobacteria blooms produce teratogenic retinal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:807-814. [PMID: 23256639 DOI: 10.1021/es303582u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Besides retinoic acids (RAs), some retinoids such as retinal (RAL) and retinol (ROH), which are considered as RA precursors in vertebrates, are also reported to be teratogenic agents. In this study we investigated four RA precursors including RAL, ROH, retinyl palmitate, and β-carotene in the eutrophic Taihu Lake, China, by developing a sensitive analytical method. RAL and β-carotene were widely detected in natural cyanobacteria blooms and lake water. Intracellular concentrations of RAL and β-carotene in blooms were 9.4 to 6.9 × 10(3) and 3.4 to 1.8 × 10(5) ng L(-1), respectively, and their concentrations in lake water were up to 1.4 × 10 ng L(-1) (RAL) and 9.8 × 10(2) ng L(-1) (β-carotene). The good correlation between intracellular concentrations of RAL and RAs implied that RAL was involved in the production of RAs by cyanobacteria blooms. Further examination of 39 cyanobacteria and algae species revealed that most species could produce RAL and β-carotene. The greatest amount of RAL was found in Chlamydomonas sp. (FACHB-715; 1.9 × 10(3) ng g(-1) dry weight). As the main cyanobacteria in Taihu Lake, many Microcystis species could produce high amounts of RAL and were thought to greatly contribute to the production of RAL measured in the blooms. Productions of RAL and β-carotene by cyanobacteria were associated with species, origin location, and growth stage. The results in this study present the existence of a potential risk to aquatic animals living in a eutrophic environment from a high concentration of RAL in cyanobacteria blooms and also provide a clue for further investigating the mechanism underlying the biosynthetic pathway of RAs in cyanobacteria and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Wu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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15
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Ali R, Campos B, Dyckhoff G, Haefeli WE, Herold-Mende C, Burhenne J. Quantification of retinoid concentrations in human serum and brain tumor tissues. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 725:57-66. [PMID: 22502612 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid signaling is essential for central nervous system (CNS) differentiation and appears to be impaired in tumors. Thus far, there are no established methods to quantify relevant retinoids (all-trans-retinoic acid, 9-cis-retinoic acid, 13-cis retinoic acid, and retinol) in human brain tumors. We developed a single step extraction and quantification procedure for polar and apolar retinoids in normal tissue, lipid-rich brain tumor tissues, and serum. This quantification procedure is based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode-array detection (DAD) using all-trans-acitretin as an internal standard and extraction by liquid-liquid partition with ethyl acetate and borate buffer at pH 9. Recovery with this extraction procedure was higher than earlier (two-step) liquid-liquid extraction procedures based on hexane, NaOH, and HCl. The overall quantification procedure was validated according to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines and fulfilled all criteria of accuracy, precision, selectivity, recovery, and stability. The overall method accuracy varied between -5.6% and +5.4% for serum and -3.8% and +6.2% for tissues, and overall precision ranged from 3.1% to 6.9% for serum and 2.1% to 8.3% for tissues (%CV batch-to-batch). The lower limit of quantification for all compounds in tumor tissue (and serum) was 3.9 ng g(-1) (ng mL(-1)). Using this assay, photodegradation of the retinoids was evaluated and endogenous polar and apolar retinoids were quantified in sera and brain tumor tissues of patients and compared with serum and tonsil tissue concentrations of controls. It may thus serve as a suitable method for the characterization of retinoid uptake and metabolism in the respective compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadan Ali
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Arnold SLM, Amory JK, Walsh TJ, Isoherranen N. A sensitive and specific method for measurement of multiple retinoids in human serum with UHPLC-MS/MS. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:587-598. [PMID: 22192917 PMCID: PMC3276483 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d019745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinol (vitamin A) circulates at 1-4 μM concentration and is easily measured in serum. However, retinol is biologically inactive. Its metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), is believed to be responsible for biological effects of vitamin A, and hence the measurement of retinol concentrations is of limited value. A UHPLC-MS/MS method using isotope-labeled internal standards was developed and validated for quantitative analysis of endogenous RA isomers and metabolites. The method was used to measure retinoids in serum samples from 20 healthy men. In the fed state, the measured concentrations were 3.1 ± 0.2 nM for atRA, 0.1 ± 0.02 nM for 9-cisRA, 5.3 ± 1.3 nM for 13-cisRA, 0.4 ± 0.4 nM for 9,13-dicisRA, and 17.2 ± 6.8 nM for 4oxo-13-cisRA. The concentrations of the retinoids were not significantly different when measured after an overnight fast (3.0 ± 0.1 nM for atRA, 0.09 ± 0.01 nM for 9-cisRA, 3.9 ± 0.2 nM for 13-cisRA, 0.3 ± 0.1 nM for 9,13-dicisRA, and 11.9 ± 1.6 nM for 4oxo-13-cisRA). 11-cisRA and 4OH-RA were not detected in human serum. The high sensitivity of the MS/MS method combined with the UHPLC separation power allowed detection of endogenous 9-cisRA and 4oxo-atRA for the first time in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L M Arnold
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - John K Amory
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Thomas J Walsh
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
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17
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Santos JJ, Toma SH, Lalli PM, Riccio MF, Eberlin MN, Toma HE, Araki K. Exploring the coordination chemistry of isomerizable terpyridine derivatives for successful analyses of cis and trans isomers by travelling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry. Analyst 2012; 137:4045-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35320b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Kane MA. Analysis, occurrence, and function of 9-cis-retinoic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:10-20. [PMID: 21983272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic conversion of vitamin A (retinol) into retinoic acid (RA) controls numerous physiological processes. 9-cis-retinoic acid (9cRA), an active metabolite of vitamin A, is a high affinity ligand for retinoid X receptor (RXR) and also activates retinoic acid receptor (RAR). Despite the identification of candidate enzymes that produce 9cRA and the importance of RXRs as established by knockout experiments, in vivo detection of 9cRA in tissue was elusive until recently when 9cRA was identified as an endogenous pancreas retinoid by validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methodology. This review will discuss the current status of the analysis, occurrence, and function of 9cRA. Understanding both the nuclear receptor-mediated and non-genomic mechanisms of 9cRA will aid in the elucidation of disease physiology and possibly lead to the development of new retinoid-based therapeutics. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Retinoid and Lipid Metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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19
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Hou L, Yao J, Zhou J. Simultaneous LC–MS Analysis of Paclitaxel and Retinoic Acid in Plasma and Tissues from Tumor-Bearing Mice. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-010-1903-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Wu X, Hu J, Jia A, Peng H, Wu S, Dong Z. Determination and occurrence of retinoic acids and their 4-oxo metabolites in Liaodong Bay, China, and its adjacent rivers. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2010; 29:2491-2497. [PMID: 20886503 DOI: 10.1002/etc.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acids (RAs) and their metabolites play an important role in abnormal morphological development and are speculated to be a possible cause for the increased rates of deformities in wild frog populations. In the current study, a method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was developed for simultaneously analyzing all-trans-RA (at-RA), 13-cis-RA (13c-RA), 9-cis-RA (9c-RA), and their 4-oxo metabolites, all-trans-4-oxo-RA (at-4-oxo-RA), 13-cis-4-oxo-RA (13c-4-oxo-RA), and 9-cis-4-oxo-RA (9c-4-oxo-RA) in wastewaters and surface waters. Method detection limits were matrix dependent, ranging from 0.02 to 0.37 ng/L. The method was used to investigate the occurrence of RAs and 4-oxo-RAs in Liaodong Bay and its adjacent rivers. Of these six retinoids, at-RA, 13c-RA, at-4-oxo-RA, and 13c-4-oxo-RA were detected in river waters at detection frequencies of 100%, 92%, 48.6%, and 21.6%, and concentrations of 0.05 to 1.23 ng/L, less than 0.03 to 0.41 ng/L, less than 0.02 to 1.00 ng/L, and less than 0.06 to 0.81 ng/L, respectively. Retinoic acids were detected for the first time in the aquatic environment and were found to be more persistent than 4-oxo-RAs. The hazard quotient for mortality of frog embryos caused by induction by retinoids detected in the current study was then estimated, and the value was calculated to be 0.09. No retinoid was detected in seawaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Wu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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21
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Dong L, Shion H, Davis RG, Terry-Penak B, Castro-Perez J, van Breemen RB. Collision cross-section determination and tandem mass spectrometric analysis of isomeric carotenoids using electrospray ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:9014-21. [PMID: 20939506 PMCID: PMC3035728 DOI: 10.1021/ac101974g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are natural pigments with provitamin A and antioxidant activities. Biosynthesized in plants as their all-trans isomers, carotenoids isomerize in solution and in humans to multiple cis isomers which can have different bioavailabilities and functions. Since separation and characterization of isomeric carotenoids using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is time-consuming, the potential for ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) to resolve and characterize carotenoid isomers rapidly without chromatography was investigated using traveling-wave ion mobility spectrometry on a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The all-trans isomers of lycopene and β-carotene were separated by several milliseconds from the cis-isomers which were detected as partially overlapping peaks. The collision cross-section values of these carotenoid isomers were determined using IM-MS to be 180 and 236 Å(2) for cis-lycopene and all-trans-lycopene, and 181 and 225 Å(2) for cis-β-carotene and all-trans-β-carotene, respectively. Collision-induced dissociation MS/MS of ion mobility-resolved isomers indicated that cis and all-trans carotenoid isomers can be distinguished by their fragmentation patterns. Previous MS/MS studies of cis- and all trans-carotenoids had suggested that they produced identical tandem mass spectra, but this appears to have been the result of isomerization during ionization. Introduction of specific cis or trans isomers by infusion or HPLC resulted in cis/trans isomerization in the ion source during electrospray, and the relative levels of cis carotenoids forming in the ion source compared to the all-trans isomers were temperature dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Henry Shion
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757
| | - Roderick G. Davis
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Brent Terry-Penak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612
| | | | - Richard B. van Breemen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612
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22
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Abstract
Numerous physiological processes require retinoids, including development, nervous system function, immune responsiveness, proliferation, differentiation, and all aspects of reproduction. Reliable retinoid quantification requires suitable handling and, in some cases, resolution of geometric isomers that have different biological activities. Here we describe procedures for reliable and accurate quantification of retinoids, including detailed descriptions for handling retinoids, preparing standard solutions, collecting samples and harvesting tissues, extracting samples, resolving isomers, and detecting with high sensitivity. Sample-specific strategies are provided for optimizing quantification. Approaches to evaluate assay performance also are provided. Retinoid assays described here for mice also are applicable to other organisms including zebrafish, rat, rabbit, and human and for cells in culture. Retinoid quantification, especially that of retinoic acid, should provide insight into many diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cancer.
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23
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Abstract
This protocol describes a highly sensitive and selective method to quantify retinoids using normal-phase HPLC with online APCI MS(N). The retinoids are key regulators of gene expression, retinol being oxidized via a retinaldehyde intermediate to retinoic acid (RA) which activates specific nuclear receptors, the signalling of which is turned off by oxidative inactivation of the ligand to 4-oxo-RA and other metabolites. Many of these retinoids are present only transiently at low concentrations in tissues and during analysis are labile to heat, light, and oxygen. HPLC with online APCI MS(N) provides a rapid technique to quantify these retinoids simultaneously. Techniques to extract the retinoids and prevent their degradation are described, with an emphasis on transcriptionally active RA. RA controls patterning of gene expression in the embryo, organizing embryonic morphology in the central nervous system. Similarly, a patterned distribution of RA controls function of the adult CNS, a tissue particularly difficult to analyse for RA because of its high lipid content. To understand how these patterns are organized in the brain and change over time, it is essential to determine the concentration of RA in small areas of tissues, and techniques of exquisite sensitivity are indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Evans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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24
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Kane M, Chen N, Sparks S, Napoli J. Quantification of endogenous retinoic acid in limited biological samples by LC/MS/MS. Biochem J 2009; 388:363-9. [PMID: 15628969 PMCID: PMC1186726 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report a sensitive LC (liquid chromatography)/MS/MS assay using selected reaction monitoring to quantify RA (retinoic acid), which is applicable to biological samples of limited size (10-20 mg of tissue wet weight), requires no sample derivatization, provides mass identification and resolves atRA (all-trans-RA) from its geometric isomers. The assay quantifies over a linear range of 20 fmol to 10 pmol, and has a 10 fmol limit of detection at a signal/noise ratio of 3. Coefficients of variation are: instrumental, 0.5-2.9%; intra-assay, 5.4+/-0.4%; inter-assay 8.9+/-1.0%. An internal standard (all-trans-4,4-dimethyl-RA) improves accuracy by confirming extraction efficiency and revealing handling-induced isomerization. Tissues of 2-4-month-old C57BL/6 male mice had atRA concentrations of 7-9.6 pmol/g and serum atRA of 1.9+/-0.6 pmol/ml (+/-S.E.M.). Tissue 13-cis-RA ranged from 2.9 to 4.2 pmol/g, and serum 13-cis-RA was 1.2+/-0.3 pmol/ml. CRBP (cellular retinol-binding protein)-null mouse liver had atRA approximately 30% lower than wild-type (P<0.05), but kidney, testis, brain and serum atRA were similar to wild-type. atRA in brain areas of 12-month-old female C57BL/6 mice were (+/-S.E.M.): whole brain, 5.4+/-0.4 pmol/g; cerebellum, 10.7+/-0.3 pmol/g; cortex, 2.6+/-0.4 pmol/g; hippocampus, 8.4+/-1.2 pmol/g; striatum, 15.3+/-4.7 pmol/g. These data provide the first analytically robust quantification of atRA in animal brain and in CRBP-null mice. Direct measurements of endogenous RA should have a substantial impact on investigating target tissues of RA, mechanisms of RA action, and the relationship between RA and chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, U.S.A
| | - Na Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, U.S.A
| | - Susan Sparks
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, U.S.A
| | - Joseph L. Napoli
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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25
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Angotti M, Hartmann RW, Kirby AJ, Simons C, Nicholls PJ, Sewell RDE, Smith HJ. Effect of 2-(4-aminophenylmethyl)-6-hydroxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one on all-transand 13-cis-retinoic acid levels in plasma quantified by high perfomance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 20:219-26. [PMID: 16119191 DOI: 10.1080/14756360400008889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the titled tetralone as a retinoic acid metabolism blocking agent (RAMBA) in vivo in comparison with ketoconazole, a well known cytochrome P450 inhibitor, was studied. Development of a HPLC/MS/MS method for the quantification of retinoic acid levels extracted from rat plasma was used to demonstrate that ketoconazole and the tetralone (100 mg/kg) enhanced the endogenous plasma concentration of retinoic acid. Levels of retinoid were raised from a control value of 0.11 to 0.15 and 0.17 ng/mL after treatment with tetralone and ketoconazole respectively showing that the tetralone and ketoconazole lead to comparable effects, indicating an inhibitory activity of the tetralone on retinoic acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Angotti
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Universität des Saarlandes, PO Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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26
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Kane MA, Folias AE, Napoli JL. HPLC/UV quantitation of retinal, retinol, and retinyl esters in serum and tissues. Anal Biochem 2008; 378:71-9. [PMID: 18410739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report robust HPLC/UV methods for quantifying retinyl esters (RE), retinol (ROL), and retinal (RAL) applicable to diverse biological samples with lower limits of detection of 0.7, 0.2, and 0.2 pmol, respectively, and linear ranges greater than 3 orders of magnitude. These assays function well with small, complex biological samples (10-20mg tissue). Coefficients of variation range from 5.9 to 10.0% (intraday) and from 5.9 to 11.0% (interday). Quantification of endogenous RE, ROL, and RAL in mouse serum and tissues (liver, kidney, adipose, muscle, spleen, testis, skin, brain, and brain regions) reveals utility. Ability to discriminate spatial concentrations of ROL and RE is illustrated with C57BL/6 mouse brain loci (hippocampus, cortex, olfactory bulb, thalamus, cerebellum, and striatum). We also developed a method to distinguish isomeric forms of ROL to investigate precursors of retinoic acid. The ROL isomer assay has limits of detection between 3.5 and 4.5 pmol and has a linear range and coefficient of variation similar to those of the ROL/RE and RAL assays. The assays described here provide for sensitive and rigorous quantification of endogenous RE, ROL, and RAL to elucidate retinoid homeostasis in disease states such as Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A Kane
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Kane MA, Folias AE, Wang C, Napoli JL. Quantitative profiling of endogenous retinoic acid in vivo and in vitro by tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2008; 80:1702-8. [PMID: 18251521 PMCID: PMC4086453 DOI: 10.1021/ac702030f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We report an improved tandem mass spectrometric assay for retinoic acid (RA) applicable to in vitro and in vivo biological samples. This liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) assay for direct RA quantification is the most sensitive to date, with a 62.5 attomol lower limit of detection and a linear range spanning greater than 4 orders of magnitude (from 250 attomol to 10 pmol). This assay resolves all-trans-RA (atRA) from its endogenous geometric isomers, is applicable to samples of limited size (10-20 mg of tissue), and functions with complex biological matrixes. Coefficients of variation are as follows: instrumental, < or =2.6%; intraday, 5.2% +/- 0.7%; interday, 6.7% +/- 0.9%. In vitro capabilities are demonstrated by quantification of endogenous RA and RA production (from retinol) in primary cultured astrocytes. Quantification of endogenous atRA and its geometric isomers in 129SV mouse serum and tissues (liver, kidney, adipose, muscle, spleen, testis, and brain) reveals in vivo utility of the assay. The ability to discriminate spatial concentrations of RA in vivo is illustrated with C57BL/6 mouse brain loci (hippocampus, cortex, olfactory bulb, thalamus, cerebellum, and striatum), as well as with Lewis rat proximal/distal mammary gland regions during various morphological stages: virgin, early pregnancy (e7), late pregnancy (e20), lactating (day 4), involuting day 1, and involuting day 11. This assay provides the sensitivity necessary for direct, endogenous RA quantification necessary to elucidate RA function, e.g., in neurogenesis, morphogenesis, and the contribution of altered RA homeostasis to diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, 119 Morgan Hall, MC#3104, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - Alexandra E. Folias
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, 119 Morgan Hall, MC#3104, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, 119 Morgan Hall, MC#3104, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - Joseph L. Napoli
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, 119 Morgan Hall, MC#3104, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
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28
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Gundersen TE, Bastani NE, Blomhoff R. Quantitative high-throughput determination of endogenous retinoids in human plasma using triple-stage liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:1176-86. [PMID: 17330217 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A high-throughput ultrasensitive analytical method based on liquid chromatography with positive ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) coupled to tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC/MS/MS) was developed for the determination of all-trans-4-oxo-retinoic acid (at4oxoRA), 13-cis-4-oxo-retinoic acid (13c4oxoRA), 13-cis-retinoic acid (13cRA), all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) and all-trans-retinol (atROH) in human plasma. A stable isotope of atRA was used as internal standard (IS). The analytes and IS were isolated from 100 microL plasma by acetonitrile mono-phase extraction (MPE) performed in black 96-well microtiterplates. A 100 microL injection was focused on-column and chromatographed on an Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 rapid-resolution high-throughput (RRHT) column with 1.8-microm particles (4.6 mmx50 mm) maintained at 60 degrees C. The initial mobile phase composition was acetonitrile/water/formic acid (10:90:0.1, v/v/v) delivered at 1.8 mL/min. Elution was accomplished by a fast gradient to acetonitrile/methanol/formic acid (90:10:0.1, v/v/v). The method had a chromatographic total run time of 7 min. An Applied Biosystems 4000 Q TRAP linear tandem mass spectrometer equipped with a heated nebulizer (APCI) ionization source was operated in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with the precursor-to-product ion transitions m/z 315.4-->297 (4-oxo-retinoic acids), 301.2-->205 (retinoic acids), 305.0-->209 (IS) and 269.2-->93 (retinol) used for quantification. The assay was fully validated and found to have acceptable accuracy, precision, linearity, sensitivity and selectivity. The mean extraction recoveries from spiked plasma samples were 80-105% for the various retinoids at three different levels. The intra-day accuracy of the assay was within 8% of nominal and intra-day precision was better than 8% coefficient of variance (CV) for retinoic acids. Inter-day precision results for quality control samples run over a 12-day period alongside clinical samples showed mean precision better than 12.5% CV. The limit of quantification was in the range of 0.1-0.2 ng/mL and the mass limit of detection (mLOD) was in the range 1-4 pg on column for the retinoic acids. The assay has been successfully applied to the analysis of 1700 plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Gundersen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1046 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Mirza N, Fishman M, Fricke I, Dunn M, Neuger AM, Frost TJ, Lush RM, Antonia S, Gabrilovich DI. All-trans-retinoic acid improves differentiation of myeloid cells and immune response in cancer patients. Cancer Res 2006; 66:9299-307. [PMID: 16982775 PMCID: PMC1586106 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal dendritic cell differentiation and accumulation of immature myeloid suppressor cells (ImC) is one of the major mechanisms of tumor escape. We tested the possibility of pharmacologic regulation of myeloid cell differentiation using all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). Eighteen patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma were treated with ATRA followed by s.c. interleukin 2 (IL-2). Eight healthy individuals comprised a control group. As expected, the cancer patients had substantially elevated levels of ImC. We observed that ATRA dramatically reduced the number of ImC. This effect was observed only in patients with high plasma concentration of ATRA (>150 ng/mL), but not in patients with lower ATRA concentrations (<135 ng/mL). Effects of ATRA on the proportions of different dendritic cell populations were minor. However, ATRA significantly improved myeloid/lymphoid dendritic cell ratio and the ability of patients' mononuclear cells to stimulate allogeneic T cells. This effect was associated with significant improvement of tetanus-toxoid-specific T-cell response. During the IL-2 treatment, the ATRA effect was completely eliminated. To assess the role of IL-2, specimens from 15 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who had been treated with i.v. IL-2 alone were analyzed. In this group also, IL-2 significantly reduced the number and function of dendritic cells as well as T-cell function. These data indicate that ATRA at effective concentrations eliminated ImC, improved myeloid/lymphoid dendritic cell ratio, dendritic cell function, and antigen-specific T-cell response. ATRA treatment did not result in significant toxicity and it could be tested in therapeutic combination with cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dmitry I. Gabrilovich
- * - address for correspondence: Dmitry I. Gabrilovich, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, MRC 2067, 12902 Magnolia Dr. Tampa, FL 33612, Ph. 813-903-6863, FAX 813-745-1328;
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Rühl R. Method to determine 4-oxo-retinoic acids, retinoic acids and retinol in serum and cell extracts by liquid chromatography/diode-array detection atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2497-504. [PMID: 16862622 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid isomers, 4-oxo-retinoic acid isomers and retinol are present in the serum of mammals. In this study a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation, sample preparation and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method was established for quick and easy sample preparation and sensitive determination of retinoids such as all-trans-4-oxo-retinoic acid, 13-cis-4-oxo-retinoic acid, 13-cis-retinoic acid, 9-cis-retinoic acid, all-trans-retinoic acid and retinol in serum and cell extracts. Serum samples were simply treated with three times the volume of isopropanol, dried under vacuum, taken up in the HPLC solvent and immediately put into the autosampler for an automated single-run HPLC analysis. With this MS/MS method we were able to detect 7 pg and quantify 20 pg of all-trans-retinoic acid, 4-oxo-all-trans-retinoic acid and retinol directly on-column and were able to determine a concentration as low as 0.2 ng/mL in ethanolic standards and in biological samples. This method allows ultra-sensitive detection, excellent selectivity and a very simple sample preparation to determine retinoic acids, 4-oxo-retinoic acids and retinol in serum and cell extracts for the study of endogenous retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Rühl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
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Abstract
Methods for retinoid analysis in tissue include direct spectrophotometry or fluorometry and retinoid responsive reporter constructs in the form of cell reporter assays or transgenic reporter animals, but chromatographic methods dominate and posses several superior features in quantitative analysis. The multitude of extraction protocols used can coarsely be divided into manual liquid-liquid extraction protocols and semi- or fully automated solid phase extraction-based protocols. Liquid chromatographic separation in reversed phase dominates although normal phase is also used. Detection is mainly performed with UV detectors although electrochemical and fluorescence detection is also used. Mass spectrometry in combination with LC is more often used in retinoid analysis and is likely to dominate in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Gundersen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Li H, Tyndale ST, Heath DD, Letcher RJ. Determination of carotenoids and all-trans-retinol in fish eggs by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 816:49-56. [PMID: 15664333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel method was developed for the combined determination of carotenoids and retinoids in fish eggs, which incorporates prior analyte isolation using liquid-liquid partitioning to minimize analyte degradation, and fraction analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray (positive)-quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-ESI(+)-MS; SIM or MRM modes). Eggs from Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were used as the model fish egg matrix. The methodology was assessed and validated for beta-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and beta-cryptoxanthin (molecular ion radicals [M](+)), canthaxanthin and astaxanthin ([M+Na](+) adducts) and all-trans-retinol ([(M+H)-H(2)O](+)). Using replicate egg samples (n=5) spiked with beta-cryptoxanthin and beta-carotene before and after extraction, matrix-sourced ESI(+) enhancement was observed as evidenced by comparable %matrix effect and %process efficiency values for beta-cryptoxanthin and beta-carotene of 114-119%. In aquaculture-raised eggs from adult Chinook salmon astaxanthin, all-trans-retinol, lutein and canthaxanthin were identified and determined at concentrations of 4.12, 1.06, 0.12 and 0.45 microg/g (egg wet weight), respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report on a method for LC-MS determination of carotenoids and retinoids in a fish egg matrix, and the first carotenoid-specific determination in any fish egg sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Li
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ont., Canada N9B 3P4
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Heudi O, Trisconi MJ, Blake CJ. Simultaneous quantification of Vitamins A, D3 and E in fortified infant formulae by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1022:115-23. [PMID: 14753777 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the simultaneous quantification of Vitamins A, D3 and E in fortified infant formulae has been developed using isocratic normal-phase liquid chromatography with positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS). Food products were saponified and the vitamins were extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE) on a Chromabond XTR cartridge. Quantification of Vitamins D3 and E were performed with Vitamin D2 and 5,7-dimethyltocol (DMT) as internal standards (IS), respectively while no IS was used for Vitamin A. Detection of the vitamins was made in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. MS calibration curves were linear between 0.15 and 12 mg/l for Vitamin A, 5-400 microg/l for Vitamin D3 and 0.25-20 mg/l for Vitamin E with regression coefficient r2 > 0.996 and the limits of detection were below 1.4 ng. The repeatability (CV) obtained on a reference dietetic infant formula was 2.3% for Vitamin A, 2.6% for Vitamin E and 5.9% for Vitamin D3. The between-day variations (CV) over 6 days were in the ranges of 2.4-6.9% for the three vitamins. The mean recoveries from a reference infant formula spiked with all three vitamins ranged from 96 to 105% with a relative standard error less than 9%. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by analyzing a set of infant formula and infant cereals; similar results were obtained with the LC-MS method and reference HPLC methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Heudi
- Department of Quality Assurance, Nestle Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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Xiao H, Kaltashov IA, Eyles SJ. Indirect assessment of small hydrophobic ligand binding to a model protein using a combination of ESI MS and HDX/ESI MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2003; 14:506-515. [PMID: 12745220 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(03)00135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Direct mass spectrometric characterization of interactions between proteins and small hydrophobic ligands often poses a serious problem due to the complex instability in the gas phase. We have developed a method that probes the efficacy of ligand-protein interactions indirectly by monitoring changes in protein flexibility. The latter is assessed quantitatively using a combination of charge state distribution analysis and amide hydrogen exchange under both native and mildly denaturing conditions. The method was used to evaluate binding of a model protein cellular retinoic acid binding protein I to its natural ligand all-trans retinoic acid (RA), isomers 13-cis- and 9-cis-RA, and retinol, yielding the following order of ligand affinities: All-trans RA > 9-cis RA > 13-cis RA, with no detectable binding of retinol. This order is in agreement with the results of earlier fluorimetric titration studies. Furthermore, binding energy of the protein to each of retinoic acid isomers was determined based on the measured hydrogen exchange kinetics data acquired under native conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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Abstract
We present a reliable, highly sensitive, and versatile method for the simultaneous determination of endogenous polar (acidic) and apolar (retinol, retinal, and retinyl esters) retinoids in various biological matrices. Following a single liquid extraction of retinoids from tissues or plasma with isopropanol, polar retinoids are separated from apolar retinoids and neutral lipids via automated solid-phase extraction using an aminopropyl phase. After vacuum concentration to dryness and reconstitution of the residue in appropriate solvents, the obtained fractions are injected onto two different high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-systems. Polar retinoids are analyzed on a RP18 column (2.1mm ID) using a buffered gradient composed of methanol and water and on-column-focusing large-volume injection. Apolar retinoids are separated on a normal-bore RP18 column using a nonaqueous gradient composed of acetonitrile, chloroform, and methanol. Both HPLC systems are coupled with UV detection, and retinoids are quantitated against appropriate internal standards. The method was validated with regard to recovery, precision, robustness, selectivity, and analyte stability. Using 400 microl serum or 200mg tissue, the limits of detection for all-trans-retinoic acid were 0.15ng/ml or 0.3ng/g, respectively. The corresponding values for retinol were 1.2ng/ml or 2.4ng/g, respectively. This method was successfully applied to mouse, rat, and human tissue and serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten K Schmidt
- Department of Food Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
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Prins GS, Chang WY, Wang Y, van Breemen RB. Retinoic acid receptors and retinoids are up-regulated in the developing and adult rat prostate by neonatal estrogen exposure. Endocrinology 2002; 143:3628-40. [PMID: 12193579 DOI: 10.1210/en.2002-220184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to estrogens during the neonatal period interrupts rat prostatic development by reducing branching morphogenesis and by blocking epithelial cells from entering a normal differentiation pathway. Upon aging, ventral prostates exhibit extensive hyperplasia, dysplasia, and massive lymphocytic infiltrate, suggesting that neonatal estrogens may predispose the prostate gland to precancerous lesions. Vitamin A (retinol) and their derivatives (retinoic acids) are known key developmental regulators that bind and activate retinoic acid receptors (RARs). To evaluate whether neonatal estrogenization alters the sensitivity of the developing rat prostate to retinoids, RARalpha, -beta, and -gamma cellular localization and protein levels were analyzed over the course of development and into adulthood by immunocytochemistry and Western analysis, whereas mRNA levels were measured using RT-PCR. In addition, intraprostatic retinol and retinoic acid levels were quantitated on d 10 and 90 using HPLC-mass spectroscopy. Male rats were given 25 micro g estradiol benzoate or oil on d 1, 3, and 5 of life, and prostatic complexes were removed on d 6, 10, 15, 30, and 90. The RARs localized to distinct cell populations: RARbeta was expressed within basal epithelial cells, RARalpha was localized to differentiated luminal epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells, and RARgamma was expressed within periductal stromal cells. Over the normal course of development, total protein and mRNA levels for the RARs declined, so that the adult prostate possessed the lowest amounts of RAR. Exposure to estrogens during the neonatal period resulted in an immediate and sustained increase in RARalpha levels and in the number of cells that expressed RARbeta, whereas RARgamma levels were unaffected. Western analysis confirmed that total prostatic RAR protein levels were significantly increased, whereas RT-PCR demonstrated that RARalpha and RARbeta mRNA levels were markedly elevated in response to estrogenic exposure. The total prostatic retinol content was tripled by estrogenic exposure on d 10 and 90, indicating that the ability to retain retinoids within the prostate was permanently increased. Intraprostatic levels of 9-cis- and all-trans-retinoic acid levels were reduced on d 10, whereas 13-cis-retinoic acid levels were increased in response to estrogens. In the adult prostates of rats exposed neonatally to estrogen, total retinoic acid levels were doubled due to significant increases in both 9-cis- and 13-cis-retinoic acids compared with those in control prostates. In summary, levels of specific RARs and their activating ligands are increased in the prostate gland after neonatal estrogenic exposure, and this effect is permanent throughout the life of the animal. Thus, we hypothesize that alterations in morphogenesis as well as dysplasia in the adult prostate may be mediated in part through augmentation of transcriptional signals in the retinoid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail S Prins
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Retinoic acid (RA) mediates most of the biological effects of vitamin A that are essential for vertebrate survival. It acts through binding to receptors that belong to the nuclear receptor transcription factor superfamily (Mangelsdorf et al. 1994). It is also a highly potent vertebrate teratogen. To determine the function and effects of endogenous and exogenous RA, it is important to have a highly specific, sensitive, accurate, and precise analytical procedure. Current analyses of RA and other retinoids are labor intensive, of poor sensitivity, have limited specificity, or require compatibility with RA reporter cell lines (Chen et al. 1995. BIOCHEM: Pharmacol. 50: 1257-1264; Creech Kraft et al. 1994. BIOCHEM: J. 301: 111-119; Lanvers et al. 1996. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Appl. 685: 233-240; Maden et al. 1998. DEVELOPMENT 125: 4133-4144; Wagner et al. 1992. DEVELOPMENT 116: 55-66). This paper describes an HPLC/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry product ion scan (HPLC/MS(n)) procedure for the analysis of retinoids that employs atmospheric pressure chemical ionization MS. The retinoids are separated by normal-phase column chromatography with a linear hexane-isopropanol-dioxane gradient. Each retinoid is detected by a unique series of MS(n) functions set at optimal collision-induced dissociation energy (30% to 32%) for all MS(n) steps. The scan events are divided into three segments, based on HPLC elution order, to maximize the mass spectrometer duty cycle. The all-trans, 9-cis, and 13-cis RA isomers are separated, if desired, by an isocratic hexane-dioxane-isopropanol mobile phase. This paper describes an HPLC/MS(n) procedure possessing high sensitivity and specificity for retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter McCaffery
- University of Massachusetts, E.K. Shriver Center, Waltham, MA, USA.
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Bibliography. Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:1164-1171. [PMID: 11747111 DOI: 10.1002/jms.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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