1
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Angelis YS, Sakellariou P, Fragkaki AG, Karnava S, Goula O, Kiousi P, Kioukia-Fougia N, Georgakopoulos C, Loui S, Chlapana F, Kletsas D. New long-standing metabolites of 17α-methyltestosterone are detected in HepG2 cell in vitro metabolic model and in human urine. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:604-615. [PMID: 37903531 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Novel metabolites of the anabolic androgenic steroid 17α-methyltestosterone have been detected in HepG2 cell in vitro metabolic model and in human urine. Their detection was accomplished through targeted gas chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry analysis that has been based on microscale synthesized standards. The related synthesis and the gas chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry characterization of the analytical standards are described. All newly presented metabolites have a fully reduced steroid A-ring with either an 17,17-dimethyl-18-nor-Δ13 structure or they have been further oxidized at position 16 of the steroid backbone. Metabolites with 17,17-dimethyl-18-nor-Δ13 structure may be considered as side products of phase II metabolic sulfation of the 17β-hydroxy group of methyltestosterone or its reduced tetrahydro-methyltestosterone metabolites 17α-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol and 17α-methyl-5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol that produce the known epimeric 17β-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17α-diol and 17β-methyl-5α-androstane-3α,17α-diol metabolites. The prospective of these new metabolites to increase detection time windows and improve identification was investigated by applying the World Anti-doping Agency TD2021IDCR criteria. The new metabolites, presented herein, complement the current knowledge on the 17α-methyltestosterone metabolism and in some cases can be used as additional long-term markers in the frame of sport doping drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiannis S Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Sakellariou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Argyro G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Karnava
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Goula
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Polyxeni Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Nassia Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | | | - Stella Loui
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Fotini Chlapana
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kletsas
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
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2
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Sakellariou P, Kiousi P, Petrou M, Angelis YS. Simultaneous quantitation and identification of intact Nandrolone phase II oxo-metabolites based on derivatization and inject LC-MS/(HRMS) methodology. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38581282 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Α sensitive and selective derivatization and inject method for the quantification of intact nandrolone phase II oxo-metabolites was developed and validated using liquid chromatography - (tandem high resolution) mass spectrometry (LC-MS/(HRMS)). For the derivatization, Girard's reagent T (GRT) was used directly in natural urine samples and the analysis of the metabolites of interest was performed by direct injection into LC-MS/(HRMS) system operating in positive ionization mode. Derivatization enabled the efficient detection of nandrolone oxo-metabolites, while at the same time producing intense product ions under collision-induced dissociation (CID) conditions that are related to metabolites of the steroid backbone and not to the conjugated moieties. Glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of nandrolone were chromatographically resolved and quantified in the same run in the range of 1-100 ng mL-1, while at the same time structure identification could be performed for each metabolite. Full validation of the method was performed according to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) International Standard for Laboratories (ISL). Nandrolone oxo-metabolites were quantified in two sets of urine samples, the first set consisted of real urine samples previously detected as negative and the second set consisted of urine samples collected from two excretion studies after nandrolone decanoate administration. The results for 19-norandrosterone glucuronide (19-NAG) and 19-noretiocholanolone glucuronide (19-NEG) were compared with those obtained by traditional gas chromatography - (tandem) mass spectrometry (GC-MS/[MS]) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Sakellariou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Polyxeni Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | | | - Yiannis S Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
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3
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Albertsdóttir AD, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P, Polet M. Evaluation of alternative gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric behaviour of trimethylsilyl-derivatives of non-hydrolysed sulfated anabolic steroids. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1344-1355. [PMID: 36843396 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated metabolites have shown to have potential as long-term markers (LTMs) of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse. The compatibility of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with trimethylsilyl (TMS)-derivatives of non-hydrolysed sulfated steroids has been demonstrated, where, after derivatisation, generally, two closely eluting isomers are formed that both have the same molecular ion [M-H2 SO4 ]•+ . Sulfated reference standards are in limited commercial availability, and therefore, the current knowledge of the GC-MS behaviour of these compounds is mainly based on sulfating and analysing the available standard reference material. This procedure can unfortunately not cover all of the current known LTMs as these are often not available as pure substance. Therefore, in theory, some metabolites could be missed as they exhibit alternative behaviour. To investigate the matter, in-house sulfated reference materials that bear resemblance to known sulfated LTMs were analysed on GC-MS in their TMS-derivatised non-hydrolysed state. The (alternative) gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric behaviour was mapped, evaluated and linked to the corresponding steroid structures. Afterwards, using fraction collection, known sulfated LTMs were isolated from excretion urine to confirm the observed findings. The categories that were selected were mono-hydroxy-diones, 17-methyl-3,17-diols and 17-keto-3,16-diols as these are commonly encountered AAS conformations. The ability to predict the GC-MS behaviour of non-hydrolysed sulfated AAS metabolites is the corner stone of finding new metabolites. This knowledge is also essential, for example, for understanding AAS detection analyses, for the mass spectrometric characterization of metabolites of new designer steroids or when one needs to characterize an unknown steroid structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Polet
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Albertsdóttir AD, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P, Polet M. Detection time comparison of non-hydrolysed sulphated metabolites of metenolone, mesterolone and 17α-methyltestosterone analysed by four different mass spectrometric techniques. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:853-864. [PMID: 37055939 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The frequent detection of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) indicates their popularity among rule-breaking athletes. The so called long-term metabolites play a crucial role in their detection, and non-hydrolysed sulphated metabolites have gained renewed interest, as research has demonstrated their extended detection time compared to the more conventional markers (e.g., for metenolone and mesterolone). Their potential has been investigated using liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC- and GC-MS). However, due to their complementary nature, chances are that the most promising metabolite on one technique does not necessarily exhibit the same behaviour on the other and vice versa. Therefore, a comparison was carried out where as a trial model, metenolone, mesterolone and 17α-methyltestosterone were selected and the most likely long-term sulphated metabolites identified on four mass spectrometric instruments. Additionally, using a modified sample preparation procedure, comparison between conventional and non-hydrolysed sulphated metabolites between different GC-MS instruments was also included. When focusing on each individual marker, no cases were observed where a single metabolite provided a superior detection time on all instruments. Furthermore, for each AAS, there were incidences where a metabolite provided the best detection time on one instrument but could only be detected for a shorter period or not at all on other instruments. This demonstrates that metabolite detection windows and hence their added-value as target substance are unique and dependent on the analytical technique and not only on their pharmacokinetic behaviour. Consequently, in each case, a metabolite versus instrument evaluation is needed to maximise the probabilities of detecting doping offences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Polet
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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5
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Bressan C, Celma A, Alechaga É, Monfort N, Ventura R, Sancho JV. Effects of structural characteristics of (un)conjugated steroid metabolites in their collision cross section value. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1254:341128. [PMID: 37005032 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the collision cross section (CCS) value of 103 steroids (including unconjugated metabolites and phase II metabolites conjugated with sulfate and glucuronide groups) was determined by liquid chromatography coupled to traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry (LC-TWIMS). A time of flight (QTOF) mass analyzer was used to perform the analytes determination at high-resolution mass spectrometry. An electrospray ionization source (ESI) was used to generate [M+H]+, [M + NH4]+ and/or [M - H]- ions. High reproducibility was observed for the CCS determination in both urine and standard solutions, obtaining RSD lower than 0.3% and 0.5% in all cases respectively. CCS determination in matrix was in accordance with the CCS measured in standards solution showing deviations below 2%. In general, CCS values were directly correlated with the ion mass and allowed differentiating between glucuronides, sulfates and free steroids although differences among steroids of the same group were less significant. However, more specific information was obtained for phase II metabolites observing differences in the CCS value of isomeric pairs concerning the conjugation position or the α/β configuration, which could be useful in the structural elucidation of new steroid metabolites in the anti-doping field. Finally, the potential of IMS reducing interferences from the sample matrix was also tested for the analysis of a glucuronide metabolite of bolasterone (5β-androstan-7α,17α-dimethyl-3α,17β-diol-3-glucuronide) in urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bressan
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Celma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Élida Alechaga
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Monfort
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan Vicente Sancho
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
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6
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Göschl L, Gmeiner G, Gärtner P, Steinacher M, Forsdahl G. Detection of DHCMT long-term metabolite glucuronides with LC-MSMS as an alternative approach to conventional GC-MSMS analysis. Steroids 2022; 180:108979. [PMID: 35183566 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.108979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone (DHCMT) is one of the most detected illicit used anabolic-androgenic steroids in professional sports. Therefore, a fast and accurate analysis of this substance is of great importance for a constructive fight against doping abuse. The conventional method for the analysis of this drug, GC-MSMS, is very sensitive and selective but also very time- and resource-consuming. With the presented work, a new approach for simple detection with LC-HRMSMS without any sample preparation is introduced. The method is based on the direct analysis of two newly described phase-II metabolites of the DHCMT long-term metabolite 4-chloro-18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methyl-5β-androst-13-en-3α-ol (M3). LC-HRMSMS, GC-MSMS, fractionation and derivatization experiments are combined to identify and characterize for the first time two different glucuronide-acid conjugates of this metabolite in positive human urine samples. In addition, a third glucuronide metabolite was identified, however without isomeric structure determination. The detection of these metabolites is particularly interesting for confirmation analyses, as the method is rapid and requires little sample material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Göschl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria; Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Peter Gärtner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Steinacher
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guro Forsdahl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria; Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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7
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Jing J, Shan Y, Liu Z, Yan H, Xiang P, Chen P, Xu X. Automated online dried blood spot sample preparation and detection of anabolic steroid esters for sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1040-1052. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jing
- Shanghai Anti‐doping Laboratory Shanghai University of Sport Shanghai China
| | - Yuanhong Shan
- Shanghai Anti‐doping Laboratory Shanghai University of Sport Shanghai China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Department, Thermo Fisher Scientific Shanghai China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Peijie Chen
- Shanghai Anti‐doping Laboratory Shanghai University of Sport Shanghai China
| | - Xin Xu
- Shanghai Anti‐doping Laboratory Shanghai University of Sport Shanghai China
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8
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Göschl L, Gmeiner G, Gärtner P, Stadler G, Enev V, Thevis M, Schänzer W, Guddat S, Forsdahl G. Stanozolol-N-glucuronide metabolites in human urine samples as suitable targets in terms of routine anti-doping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1668-1677. [PMID: 34089570 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The exogenous anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) stanozolol stays one of the most detected substances in professional sports. Its detection is a fundamental part of doping analysis, and the analysis of this steroid has been intensively investigated for a long time. This contribution to the detection of stanozolol doping describes for the first time the unambiguous proof for the existence of 17-epistanozolol-1'N-glucuronide and 17-epistanozolol-2'N-glucuronide in stanozolol-positive human urine samples due to the access to high-quality reference standards. Examination of excretion study samples shows large detection windows for the phase-II metabolites stanozolol-1'N-glucuronide and 17-epistanozolol-1'N-glucuronide up to 12 days and respectively up to almost 28 days. In addition, we present appropriate validation parameters for the analysis of these metabolites using a fully automatic method online solid-phase extraction (SPE) method already published before. Limits of identification (LOIs) as low as 100 pg/ml and other validation parameters like accuracy, precision, sensitivity, robustness, and linearity are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Göschl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Peter Gärtner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Stadler
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentin Enev
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sven Guddat
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Guro Forsdahl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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9
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Kiousi P, Fragkaki AG, Kioukia-Fougia N, Angelis YS. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry behavior of Girard's reagent T derivatives of oxosteroid intact phase II metabolites for doping control purposes. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1822-1834. [PMID: 33942526 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Intact phase II steroid metabolites have poor product ion mass spectra under collision-induced dissociation (CID) conditions. Therefore, we present herein the liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/(MS)) behavior of intact phase II metabolites of oxosteroids after derivatization. Based on the fact that Girard's reagent T (GRT), as derivatization reagent, was both convenient and efficient in terms of the enhancement in the ionization efficiency and the production of diagnostic product ions related to the steroid moiety, the latter was preferably selected between methoxamine and hydroxylamine upon the model compounds of androsterone glucuronide and androsterone sulfate. Sixteen different glucuronides and 29 sulfate conjugated metabolites of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs), available either as pure reference materials or synthesized/extracted from administration studies, were derivatized with GRT, and their product ion spectra are presented. Product ion spectra include in all cases high number of product ions that in some cases are characteristic for certain structures of the steroid backbone. More specifically, preliminary results have shown major differences in fragmentation pattern for 17α/17β-isomers of the sulfate conjugates, but limited differentiation for 17α/17β-isomers of glucuronide conjugates and for 3α/3β- and 5α/5β-stereoisomers of both sulfate and glucuronide conjugates. Further to the suggestion of the current work, application on mesterolone administration studies confirmed-according to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) TD2015IDCR-the presence of seven intact phase II metabolites, one glucuronide and six sulfates with use of LC-ESI-MS/(MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Argyro G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Nassia Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Yiannis S Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
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Martinez-Brito D, Notarianni ML, Iannone M, de la Torre X, Botrè F. Validation of steroid sulfates deconjugation for metabolic studies. Application to human urine samples. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2020; 106:106938. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2020.106938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Zheng J, Ye C, Wang P, Liu Y, Yang H, Liu H. Quantitative analysis of total methenolone in animal source food by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:148-155. [PMID: 32852087 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Methenolone, an anabolic androgenic steroid, has been applied to improve the quality and protein content of meat in animal husbandry. However, the usage of methenolone in sports is banned for its doping effects. Several methods have been reported to monitor the content of methenolone in serum and urine samples, but a highly sensitive detection system has not been developed for the determination of methenolone in animal source food due to its constituent complexity. In this study, a novel detection system was developed to quantify the contents of both free and conjugated methenolone in animal source food including pork, beef, mutton, milk, and eggs by using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) coupled with delicate pretreatment procedures. The conjugated methenolone in the above food samples was released by dual enzyme digestion, and the total methenolone was extracted by 1% formic acid in acetonitrile, followed by the purification using a PRiME HLB column or QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) salt. The compound d3 -methyltestosterone was used as an internal standard to minimize matrix interference. Finally, a wide linear range (0.5-20 μg/kg), low limit of detection (LOD) (0.3 μg/kg), good precision (<7% relative standard deviation), and high recovery (>90%) were obtained in the study of method validation. In summary, this analytical method provides a practicable monitoring tool for the quantification of methenolone in animal source food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Ye
- Wuhan Customs Technology Center, Wuhan Customs District P.R. China, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Wuhan Customs Technology Center, Wuhan Customs District P.R. China, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huabing Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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12
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Sakellariou P, Kiousi P, Fragkaki AG, Lyris E, Petrou M, Georgakopoulos C, Angelis YS. Alternative markers for Methylnortestosterone misuse in human urine. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1544-1553. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Sakellariou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" Neratziotissis & Amaryssias Artemidos Str Athens 15123 Greece
- Faculty of Biology, Schoole of Science National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimioupolis, Zografou Athens 15771 Greece
| | - Polyxeni Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" Neratziotissis & Amaryssias Artemidos Str Athens 15123 Greece
| | - Argyro G. Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" Neratziotissis & Amaryssias Artemidos Str Athens 15123 Greece
| | - Emmanouil Lyris
- Novartis Technical Operations, Biotechnology & Aseptics, Sandoz GmbH, Schaftenau site Biochemiestrasse 10, Bau 531, 6336 Langkampfen Langkampfen AT Austria
| | - Michael Petrou
- Cyprus Anti‐Doping Authority Makarion Athletic Center Avenue, Engomi Nicosia CY 2400 Cyprus
| | | | - Yiannis S. Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" Neratziotissis & Amaryssias Artemidos Str Athens 15123 Greece
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Albertsdóttir AD, Van Gansbeke W, Coppieters G, Balgimbekova K, Van Eenoo P, Polet M. Searching for new long‐term urinary metabolites of metenolone and drostanolone using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with a focus on non‐hydrolysed sulfates. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1041-1053. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Gilles Coppieters
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Kyzylkul Balgimbekova
- The Athletes' Anti‐Doping Laboratory, Committee for Sport and Physical Education, Ministry of Culture and Sport of the Republic of Kazakhstan Almaty Kazakhstan
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Michael Polet
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
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14
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Siddiqui M, Atia-tul-Wahab, Jabeen A, Wang Y, Wang W, Atta-ur-Rahman, Choudhary MI. Whole-cell fungal-mediated structural transformation of anabolic drug metenolone acetate into potent anti-inflammatory metabolites. J Adv Res 2020; 24:69-78. [PMID: 32195009 PMCID: PMC7076145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven new derivatives, 6α-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5α-androst-1-en-17-yl acetate (2), 6α,17β-dihydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5α-androst-1-en (3), 7β-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5α-androst-1-en-17-yl acetate (4), 15β,20-dihydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5α-androst-1-en-17-yl acetate (5), 15β-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5α-androst-1-en-17-yl acetate (6), 12β,17β-dihydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-dien (11), and 7β,15β,17β-trihydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5α-androst-1-en (14), along with six known metabolites, 17β-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-dien (7), 17β-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5α-androst-1-en (8), 17β-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5β-androst-1-en (9), 1-methyl-5β-androst-1-en-3,17-dione (10), 1-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-dien-3,17-dione (12), and 17β-hydroxy-1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3-one (13) of metenolone acetate (1), were synthesized through whole-cell biocatalysis with Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus alliaceous, Fusarium lini, and Cunninghamella elegans. Atamestane (12), an aromatase inhibitor, was synthesized for the first time via F. lini-mediated transformation of 1 as the major product. Hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and reduction were occurred during biocatalysis. Study indicated that F. lini was able to catalyze dehydrogenation reactions selectively. Structures of compounds 1-14 were determined through NMR, HRFAB-MS, and IR spectroscopic data. Compounds 1-14 were identified as non-cytotoxic against BJ human fibroblast cell line (ATCC CRL-2522). Metabolite 5 (81.0 ± 2.5%) showed a potent activity against TNF-α production, as compared to the substrate 1 (62.5 ± 4.4%). Metabolites 2 (73.4 ± 0.6%), 8 (69.7 ± 1.4%), 10 (73.2 ± 0.3%), 11 (60.1 ± 3.3%), and 12 (71.0 ± 7.2%), also showed a good inhibition of TNF-α production. Compounds 3 (IC50 = 4.4 ± 0.01 µg/mL), and 5 (IC50 = 10.2 ± 0.01 µg/mL) showed a significant activity against T-cell proliferation. Identification of selective inhibitors of TNF-α production, and T-cell proliferation is a step forward towards the development of anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahwish Siddiqui
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Atia-tul-Wahab
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Almas Jabeen
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Yan Wang
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People’s Republic of China
| | - Atta-ur-Rahman
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - M. Iqbal Choudhary
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Campus C, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
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15
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Göschl L, Gmeiner G, Enev V, Kratena N, Gärtner P, Forsdahl G. Development and validation of a simple online‐SPE method coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of stanozolol‐N‐glucuronides in urine samples. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1031-1040. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Göschl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH Seibersdorf Austria
- Department of Pharmacy University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH Seibersdorf Austria
| | - Valentin Enev
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Technical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Nicolas Kratena
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Technical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Peter Gärtner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Technical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Guro Forsdahl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH Seibersdorf Austria
- Department of Pharmacy University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
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16
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Martinez‐Brito D, Torre X, Colamonici C, Curcio D, Botrè F. 7‐keto‐DHEAmetabolism in humans. Pitfalls in interpreting the analytical results in the antidoping field. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1629-1643. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI Rome Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine“Sapienza” University of Rome Rome Italy
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17
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Hernández-Mesa M, Monteau F, Le Bizec B, Dervilly-Pinel G. Potential of ion mobility-mass spectrometry for both targeted and non-targeted analysis of phase II steroid metabolites in urine. Anal Chim Acta X 2019; 1:100006. [PMID: 33117973 PMCID: PMC7587051 DOI: 10.1016/j.acax.2019.100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the commercialization of hybrid ion mobility-mass spectrometers and their integration in traditional LC-MS workflows provide new opportunities to extend the current boundaries of targeted and non-targeted analyses. When coupled to LC-MS, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) provides a novel characterization parameter, the so-called averaged collision cross section (CCS, Ω), as well as improves method selectivity and sensitivity by the separation of isobaric and isomeric molecules and the isolation of the analytes of interest from background noise. In this work, we have explored the potential and advantages of this technology for carrying out the determination of phase II steroid metabolites (i.e. androgen and estrogen conjugates, including glucuronide and sulfate compounds; n = 25) in urine samples. These molecules have been selected based on their relevance in the fields of chemical food safety and doping control, as well as in metabolomics studies. The influence of urine matrix on the CCS of steroid metabolites was evaluated in order to give more confidence to current CCS databases and support its use as complementary information to retention time (Rt) and mass spectra for compound identification. Samples were only diluted 10-fold with aqueous formic acid (0.1%, v/v) prior analysis. Only an almost insignificant effect of adult bovine urine matrix on the CCS of certain steroid metabolites was observed in comparison with calve urine matrix, which is a less complex sample. In addition, high accuracy was achieved for CCS measurements carried out over four months (ΔCCS < 1.3% for 99.8% of CCS measurements; n = 1806). Interestingly, it has been observed that signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio could be improved at least 2 or 7-fold when IMS is combined with LC-MS. In addition to the separation of isomeric steroid pairs (i.e. etiocholanolone glucuronide and epiandrosterone glucuronide, as well as 19-noretiocholanolone glucuronide and 19-norandrosterone glucuronide), steroid-based ions were also separated in the IMS dimension from co-eluting matrix compounds that presented similar mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). Finally, based on CCS measurements and as a proof of concept, 17α-boldenone glucuronide has been identified as one of the main metabolites resulted from boldione administration to calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykel Hernández-Mesa
- Laboratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRA UMR 1329, UBL, Nantes, F-44307, France
| | - Fabrice Monteau
- Laboratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRA UMR 1329, UBL, Nantes, F-44307, France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Laboratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRA UMR 1329, UBL, Nantes, F-44307, France
| | - Gaud Dervilly-Pinel
- Laboratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRA UMR 1329, UBL, Nantes, F-44307, France
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18
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Špánik I, Machyňáková A. Recent applications of gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:163-179. [PMID: 29111584 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical method that combines excellent separation power of gas chromatography with improved identification based on an accurate mass measurement. These features designate gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry as the first choice for identification and structure elucidation of unknown volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds. Gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry quantitative analyses was previously focused on the determination of dioxins and related compounds using magnetic sector type analyzers, a standing requirement of many international standards. The introduction of a quadrupole high-resolution time-of-flight mass analyzer broadened interest in this method and novel applications were developed, especially for multi-target screening purposes. This review is focused on the development and the most interesting applications of gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry towards analysis of environmental matrices, biological fluids, and food safety since 2010. The main attention is paid to various approaches and applications of gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry for non-target screening to identify contaminants and to characterize the chemical composition of environmental, food, and biological samples. The most interesting quantitative applications, where a significant contribution of gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry over the currently used methods is expected, will be discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Špánik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Machyňáková
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
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19
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Esquivel A, Matabosch X, Kotronoulas A, Balcells G, Joglar J, Ventura R. Ionization and collision induced dissociation of steroid bisglucuronides. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:759-769. [PMID: 28732133 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies on steroid metabolism are of utmost importance to improve the detection capabilities of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) misuse in sports drug testing. In humans, glucuronoconjugates are the most abundant phase II metabolites of AAS. Bisglucuronidation is a reaction where two separated functional groups on the same molecule are conjugated with glucuronic acid. These metabolites have not been studied in depth for steroids and could be interesting markers for doping control. The aim of the present work was to study the ionization and collision-induced dissociation of steroid bisglucuronides to be able to develop mass spectrometric analytical strategies for their detection in urine samples after AAS administration. Because steroid bisglucuronides are not commercially available, 19 of them were qualitatively synthesized to study their mass spectrometric behavior. Bisglucuronides ionized as [M+NH4 ]+ in positive mode, and as [M-H]- and [M-2H]2- in negative mode. The most specific product ions of steroid bisglucuronides in positive mode resulted from the neutral losses of 387 and 405 Da (corresponding to [M+NH4 -NH3 -2gluc-H2 O]+ and [M+NH4 -NH3 -2gluc-2H2 O]+ , respectively, being "gluc" a dehydrated glucuronide moiety), and in negative mode, the fragmentation of [M-2H]2- showed ion losses of m/z 175 and 75 (gluc- and HOCH2 CO2- , respectively). On the basis of the common behavior, a selected reaction monitoring method was developed to detect bisglucuronide metabolites in urine samples. As a proof of concept, urines obtained after administration of norandrostenediol were studied, and a bisglucuronide metabolite was detected in those urines. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the analytical strategy to detect bisglucuronide metabolites in urine samples, and the formation of these metabolites after administration of AAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argitxu Esquivel
- Barcelona Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Matabosch
- Barcelona Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aristotelis Kotronoulas
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurocience Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georgina Balcells
- Barcelona Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Joglar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Barcelona Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Abushareeda W, Lyris E, Kraiem S, Wahaibi AA, Alyazidi S, Dbes N, Lommen A, Nielen M, Horvatovich PL, Alsayrafi M, Georgakopoulos C. Gas chromatographic quadrupole time-of-flight full scan high resolution mass spectrometric screening of human urine in antidoping analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1063:74-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Polet M, Van Gansbeke W, Geldof L, Deventer K, Van Eenoo P. Identification and characterization of novel long‐term metabolites of oxymesterone and mesterolone in human urine by application of selected reaction monitoring GC‐CI‐MS/MS. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1673-1684. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polet
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Technologiepark 30 B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Technologiepark 30 B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Lore Geldof
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Technologiepark 30 B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Technologiepark 30 B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Technologiepark 30 B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
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22
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Chavan BB, Kalariya PD, Nimbalkar RD, Garg P, Srinivas R, Kumar Talluri MVN. Identification and characterization of fluvastatin metabolites in rats by UHPLC/Q-TOF/MS/MS and in silico toxicological screening of the metabolites. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:296-314. [PMID: 28295913 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports the in vivo and in vitro identification and characterization of metabolites of fluvastatin, the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In vitro studies were conducted by incubating the drug with human liver microsomes and rat liver microsomes. In vivo studies were carried out by administration of the drug in the form of suspension to the Sprague-Dawley rats followed by collection of urine, faeces and blood at different time points up to 24 h. Further, samples were prepared by optimized sample preparation method, which includes freeze liquid extraction, protein precipitation and solid phase extraction. The extracted and concentrated samples were analysed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadruple time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 15 metabolites were observed in urine, which includes hydroxyl, sulphated, desisopropyl, dehydrogenated, dehydroxylated and glucuronide metabolites. A few of the metabolites were also present in faeces and plasma samples. In in vitro studies, a few metabolites were observed that were also present in in vivo samples. All the metabolites were characterized using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadruple time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry in combination with accurate mass measurement. Finally, in silico toxicity studies indicated that some of the metabolites show or possess carcinogenicity and skin sensitization. Several metabolites that were identified in rats are proposed to have toxicological significance on the basis of in silico evaluation. However, these metabolites are of no human relevance. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasaheb B Chavan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, IDPL R&D Campus, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500 037, India
| | - Pradipbhai D Kalariya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, IDPL R&D Campus, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500 037, India
| | - Rakesh D Nimbalkar
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Prabha Garg
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - R Srinivas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, IDPL R&D Campus, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500 037, India
- National Center for Mass Spectrometry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500607, India
| | - M V N Kumar Talluri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, IDPL R&D Campus, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500 037, India
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23
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Kozlik P, Tircova B. Development of the fast, simple and fully validated high performance liquid chromatographic method with diode array detector for quantification of testosterone esters in an oil-based injectable dosage form. Steroids 2016; 115:34-39. [PMID: 27521801 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Counterfeit steroids are available on the black market, ultimately to consumers who believe they are buying a legitimate pharmaceutical item from the labeled company. In many cases, counterfeit steroids can contain lower doses or some products can be overdosed. This can unwittingly expose users to a significant health risks. The mixture of testosterone propionate, phenylpropionate, isocaproate and decanoate in an oil-based injectable dosage form belongs to the one of the most misused illicit drugs by a variety of athletes. This study developed a new, fast, simple and reliable HPLC method combined with a simple sample preparation step to determine testosterone propionate, phenylpropionate, isocaproate and decanoate in an oil-based injectable dosage form without the use of sophisticated and expensive instrumentation. The developed analytical procedure provides high throughput of samples where LC analysis takes only 6min and sample preparation of oil matrix in one step takes approximately 10min with precision ranging from 1.03 to 3.38% (RSD), and accuracy (relative error %) within ±2.01%. This method was found to be precise, linear, accurate, sensitive, selective and robust for routine application in screening of commercial pharmaceutical products based on content of mentioned testosterone esters in their oil-based injectable dosage form for counterfeit drugs. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of nine samples of commercial testosterone mixtures purchased from various sources and will be further used as an effective screening method for determination of previously mentioned testosterone esters in samples confiscated by Institute of Forensic Science (Slovakia) during the illegal trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kozlik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Tircova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Matej Bel University in Banska Bystrica, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
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24
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Balcells G, Gómez C, Garrostas L, Pozo ÓJ, Ventura R. Sulfate metabolites as alternative markers for the detection of 4-chlorometandienone misuse in doping control. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:983-993. [PMID: 27686240 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sulfate metabolites have been described as long-term metabolites for some anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). 4-chlorometandienone (4Cl-MTD) is one of the most frequently detected AAS in sports drug testing and it is commonly detected by monitoring metabolites excreted free or conjugated with glucuronic acid. Sulfation reactions of 4Cl-MTD have not been studied. The aim of this work was to evaluate the sulfate fraction of 4Cl-MTD metabolism by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to establish potential long-term metabolites valuable for doping control purposes. 4Cl-MTD was administered to two healthy male volunteers and urine samples were collected up to 8 days after administration. A theoretical selected reaction monitoring (SRM) method working in negative mode was developed. Ion transitions were based on ionization and fragmentation behaviour of sulfate metabolites as well as specific neutral losses (NL of 15 Da and NL of 36 Da) of compounds with related chemical structure. Six sulfate metabolites were detected after the analysis of excretion study samples. Three of the identified metabolites were characterized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Results showed that five out of the six identified sulfate metabolites were detected in urine up to the last collected samples from both excretion studies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Balcells
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Gómez
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research Unit, The National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit for Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorena Garrostas
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Óscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Analytical progresses of the World Anti-Doping Agency Olympic laboratories: a 2016 update from London to Rio. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:2265-2279. [PMID: 27665839 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games, the biggest event in human sports, was held in Rio de Janeiro with more than 10,500 athletes from 206 countries over the world competing for the highest of sports honors, an Olympic medal. With the hope that the Olympic ideal accompanies all aspects of the XXXI Olympiad, WADA accredited antidoping laboratories use the spearhead of analytical technology as a powerful tool in the fight against doping. This review summarizes the main analytical developments applied in antidoping testing methodology combined with the main amendments on the WADA regulations regarding analytical testing starting from the 2012 London Olympics until the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.
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26
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Doping control container for urine stabilization: a pilot study. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:699-712. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Rzeppa S, Viet L. Analysis of sulfate metabolites of the doping agents oxandrolone and danazol using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1029-1030:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Marcos J, Pozo OJ. Current LC-MS methods and procedures applied to the identification of new steroid metabolites. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 162:41-56. [PMID: 26709140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The study of the metabolism of steroids has a long history; from the first characterizations of the major metabolites of steroidal hormones in the pre-chromatographic era, to the latest discoveries of new forms of excretions. The introduction of mass spectrometers coupled to gas chromatography at the end of the 1960's represented a major breakthrough for the elucidation of new metabolites. In the last two decades, this technique is being complemented by the use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In addition of becoming fundamental in clinical steroid determinations due to its excellent specificity, throughput and sensitivity, LC-MS has emerged as an exceptional tool for the discovery of new steroid metabolites. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the current LC-MS procedures used in the quest of novel metabolic products of steroidal hormones and exogenous steroids. Several aspects regarding LC separations are first outlined, followed by a description of the key processes that take place in the mass spectrometric analysis, i.e. the ionization of the steroids in the source and the fragmentation of the selected precursor ions in the collision cell. The different analyzers and approaches employed together with representative examples of each of them are described. Special emphasis is placed on triple quadrupole analyzers (LC-MS/MS), since they are the most commonly employed. Examples on the use of precursor ion scan, neutral loss scan and theoretical selected reaction monitoring strategies are also explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Marcos
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Toxicology Department, Labco Diagnostics, Verge de Guadalupe 18, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Detection and characterization of clostebol sulfate metabolites in Caucasian population. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1022:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Esquivel A, Pozo OJ, Garrostas L, Balcells G, Gómez C, Kotronoulas A, Joglar J, Ventura R. LC-MS/MS detection of unaltered glucuronoconjugated metabolites of metandienone. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:534-544. [PMID: 27237125 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the direct detection of glucuronoconjugated metabolites of metandienone (MTD) and their detection times. Metabolites resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis were also evaluated. Based on the common mass spectrometric behaviour of steroid glucuronides, three liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) strategies were applied for the detection of unpredicted and predicted metabolites: precursor ion scan (PI), neutral loss scan (NL), and theoretical selected reaction monitoring (SRM) methods. Samples from four excretion studies of MTD were analyzed for both the detection of metabolites and the establishment of their detection times. Using PI and NL methods, seven metabolites were observed in post-administration samples. SRM methods allowed for the detection of 13 glucuronide metabolites. The detection times, measured by analysis with an SRM method, were between 1 and 22 days. The metabolite detected for the longest time was 18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methyl-5β-androsta-1,4,13-triene-3-one-17-glucuronide. One metabolite was resistant to hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase; however it was only detected in urine up to four days after administration. The three glucuronide metabolites with the highest retrospectivity were identified by chemical synthesis or mass spectrometric data, and although they were previously reported, this is the first time that analytical data of the intact phase II metabolites are presented for some of them. The LC-MS/MS strategies applied have demonstrated to be useful for detecting glucuronoconjugated metabolites of MTD, including glucuronides resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis which cannot be detected by conventional approaches. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argitxu Esquivel
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Garrostas
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georgina Balcells
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Gómez
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aristotelis Kotronoulas
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas ((IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Joglar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas ((IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Walpurgis K, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:7-29. [PMID: 26767774 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of improving anti-doping efforts is predicated on several different pillars, including, amongst others, optimized analytical methods. These commonly result from exploiting most recent developments in analytical instrumentation as well as research data on elite athletes' physiology in general, and pharmacology, metabolism, elimination, and downstream effects of prohibited substances and methods of doping, in particular. The need for frequent and adequate adaptations of sports drug testing procedures has been incessant, largely due to the uninterrupted emergence of new chemical entities but also due to the apparent use of established or even obsolete drugs for reasons other than therapeutic means, such as assumed beneficial effects on endurance, strength, and regeneration capacities. Continuing the series of annual banned-substance reviews, literature concerning human sports drug testing published between October 2014 and September 2015 is summarized and reviewed in reference to the content of the 2015 Prohibited List as issued by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), with particular emphasis on analytical approaches and their contribution to enhanced doping controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory, United Medix Laboratories, Höyläämötie 14, 00380, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
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He G, Yang S, Lu J, Xu Y. New long term metabolite in human urine for metenolone misuse by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Steroids 2016; 105:1-11. [PMID: 26519767 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, metenolone metabolic profiles were investigated. Metenolone was administered to one healthy male volunteer. Liquid-liquid extraction and direct-injection were applied to processing urine samples. Urinary extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOFMS) using full scan and product ion scan with accurate mass measurement for the first time. Due to the lack of useful fragment ion for structural elucidation, GC-MS instrumentation was employed to obtain structural details of the trimethylsilylated phase I metabolite released after hydrolysis, and the EI mass spectrum was always informative in steroidal structure studies owing to more useful fragment ions than the ESI mass spectrum. 16 metabolites including 6 glucuronide and 9 unreported sulfate conjugates were characterized and tentatively identified. All the metabolites were evaluated in terms of how long they could be detected. The sulfate conjugate S6 (1-methylen-5α-androst-3,17-dione-2ξ-sulfate) was considered to be a new long term metabolite for metenolone misuse that could be detected 40 days by liquid-liquid extraction and up to 30 days by direct-injection analysis after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genye He
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100029, PR China; Sport Science College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jianghai Lu
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Youxuan Xu
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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Kiousi P, Angelis YS, Fragkaki AG, Abushareeda W, Alsayrafi M, Georgakopoulos C, Lyris E. Markers of mesterolone abuse in sulfate fraction for doping control in human urine. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:1409-1419. [PMID: 26634976 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the direct detection of mesteroloe sulfo-conjugated metabolites by liquid chromatography/quadrupole/time of flight mass spectrometry (LC/Q/TOFMS) with special focus on evaluation of their retrospective detectability and their structure elucidation. A comparison of their long-term detectability, with the mesterolone main metabolite (1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one) excreted in glucuronide fraction and detected by gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS), is also presented. Studies on mesterolone were performed with samples obtained from two excretion studies after single oral administration of Proviron© by healthy volunteers. Potential sulfate metabolites were detected in post administration samples after liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with ethyl acetate and LC/TOFMS analysis, in negative mode. Twelve mesterolone sulfate metabolites from the first excretion study and nine from the second were subsequently confirmed by LC/Q/TOFMS. Finally, six mesterolone sulfate metabolites were considered important taking into account their abundance and long-term detectability, encoded as M1, M2, M4, M5, M6 and M7. The proposed mesterolone sulfate metabolites M1, M2, M4 and M5 (excreted as sulfates) have the same retrospectivity with the main mesterolone metabolite, excreted in glucuronide fraction. For metabolite characterization, LC fractionation was performed. The metabolites were identified and characterized by GC/MS, after solvolysis and derivatization. Combined mass spectra data from trimethyl-silyl (TMS), TMS-enolTMS and methoxime-TMS derivatives were taken into account for the characterization of these metabolites. It was concluded that M1 is 1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3β-ol-17 one, M2 is 1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3α-ol-17 one, M4 is 1α-methyl-5a-androstan-3β, 16z-diol-17-one, M5 is 1α-methyl-5α-androstan-17z,4ξ-diol-3one, M6 is 1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3z,6z-diol-17-one and M7 is 4z-hydroxy-1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3,17-dione.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - Y S Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - A G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - W Abushareeda
- Anti-Doping Laboratory of Qatar, PO Box 27775, Doha, Qatar
| | - M Alsayrafi
- Anti-Doping Laboratory of Qatar, PO Box 27775, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - E Lyris
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
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35
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Current status and recent advantages in derivatization procedures in human doping control. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2537-56. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatization is one of the most important steps during sample preparation in doping control analysis. Its main purpose is the enhancement of chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of analytes in the full range of laboratory doping control activities. Its application is shown to broaden the detectable range of compounds, even in LC–MS analysis, where derivatization is not a prerequisite. The impact of derivatization initiates from the stage of the metabolic studies of doping agents up to the discovery of doping markers, by inclusion of the screening and confirmation procedures of prohibited substances in athlete's urine samples. Derivatization renders an unlimited number of opportunities to advanced analyte detection.
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