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Gholami M, Safari S, Ulloa L, Motaghinejad M. Neuropathies and neurological dysfunction induced by coronaviruses. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:380-396. [PMID: 33983506 PMCID: PMC8117458 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-00977-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During the recent years, viral epidemic due to coronaviruses, such as SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), Middle East Respiratory Coronavirus Syndrome (MERS), and COVID-19 (coronavirus disese-19), has become a global problem. In addition to causing cardiovascular and respiratory lethal dysfunction, these viruses can cause neurodegeneration leading to neurological disorders. Review of the current scientific literature reveals the multiple neuropathies and neuronal dysfunction associated with these viruses. Here, we review the major findings of these studies and discuss the main neurological sequels and outcomes of coronavirus infections with SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. This article analyzes and discusses the main mechanisms of coronavirus-induced neurodegeneration according to the current experimental and clinical studies. Coronaviruses can damage the nerves directly through endovascular dysfunctions thereby affecting nerve structures and synaptic connections. Coronaviruses can also induce neural cell degeneration indirectly via mitochondrial dysfunction inducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Thus, coronaviruses can cause neurological disorders by inducing neurovascular dysfunction affecting nerve structures and synaptic connections, and by inducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. While some of these mechanisms are similar to other RNA viruses, the neurotoxic mechanisms of COVID-19, MERS, and SARS-CoV viruses are unknown and need detailed clinical and experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Gholami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Safari
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, NC, 27710, Durham, USA.
| | - Majid Motaghinejad
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Escalera-Antezana JP, Rodriguez-Villena OJ, Arancibia-Alba AW, Alvarado-Arnez LE, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Clinical features of fatal cases of Chapare virus hemorrhagic fever originating from rural La Paz, Bolivia, 2019: A cluster analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 36:101589. [PMID: 32061859 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 2003 an emerging mammarenavirus (formerly arenaviruses) was discovered in Bolivia and named Chapare (CHAPV). It was associated with severe and fatal hemorrhagic fever, being similar in clinical features to Machupo (MACV). In mid-2019, CHAPV was the cause of a cluster of five cases, two of them laboratory confirmed, three of them fatal. Here, we report the main clinical findings, epidemiological features and the potential ecological aspects, of that cluster of cases in rural La Paz, Bolivia. METHODS For this observational, retrospective and cross-sectional study, information was obtained from the Hospitals and the Ministry of Health for the cases that were laboratory-diagnosed and related, during 2019. RT-PCR was used for the detection of the RNA of CHAPV in the blood samples. RESULTS Two cases were RT-PCR + for CHAPV. The median age of patients was 42 y-old (IQR 25-45), four out of five were male. All patients were hospitalized, admitted to the ICU and had fever, upper digestive hemorrhage, with two of them, presenting ARDS, and requiring mechanical ventilation. Three patients died (case fatality rate, CFR 60%). CONCLUSIONS Mammarenaviruses led to a high fatality rate. These cases occurred in areas with suitable ecoepidemiological conditions for rodent-borne diseases, including CHAPV infection. Socioenvironmental and occupational factors in rural areas of Bolivia may contribute with the risk of zoonotic spillover and transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omar J Rodriguez-Villena
- Emergency Department and Emergency Medical Residency Program Coordination, Hospital Obrero N1, Caja Nacional de Salud, La Paz, Bolivia
| | | | | | - D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Incubator in Zoonosis (SIZOO), Biodiversity and Ecosystem Conservation Research Group (BIOECOS), Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J Rodríguez-Morales
- Universidad Franz Tamayo/UNIFRANZ, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.
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Reiss CS. Innate Immunity in Viral Encephalitis. NEUROTROPIC VIRAL INFECTIONS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7153449 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33189-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol Shoshkes Reiss
- Departments of Biology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York USA
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Kolokoltsova OA, Yun NE, Paessler S. Reactive astrogliosis in response to hemorrhagic fever virus: microarray profile of Junin virus-infected human astrocytes. Virol J 2014; 11:126. [PMID: 25015256 PMCID: PMC4113780 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arenavirus Junin is the causative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Limited information is available concerning the pathogenesis of this human disease, especially the pathogenesis of acute and late neurological symptoms. METHODS In our study we present for the first time cDNA microarray profile of human astrocytes infected with the virulent strain of Junin virus. Transcriptional profiling was confirmed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and cytokine/chemokine/growth factor assay. RESULTS We demonstrated the impact of virus infection on immune/inflammatory response/interferon signaling and apoptosis. Pro-apoptotic response and amplification with time of pro-inflammatory cascade of human astrocytes suggested neurodegenerative dysfunctional reactive astrogliosis in response to Junin virus infection. CONCLUSION Our results suggest potential pathogenic role of astroglial cells in the development of neurological symptoms and late neurological syndrome during Argentine hemorrhagic fever.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology, Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Hussmann KL, Vandergaast R, Zheng K, Hoover LI, Fredericksen BL. Structural proteins of West Nile virus are a major determinant of infectious particle production and fitness in astrocytes. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1991-2003. [PMID: 24920724 PMCID: PMC4135089 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.065474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis for the increased resistance of astrocytes to a non-neuropathogenic strain of West Nile virus (WNV), WNV-MAD78, compared with the neuropathogenic strain WNV-NY remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that the reduced susceptibility of astrocytes to WNV-MAD78 is due to a combination of both cellular activities as well as viral determinants. Analyses of the viral particle indicated that astrocyte-derived WNV-MAD78 particles were less infectious than those of WNV-NY. Additionally, inhibition of cellular furin-like proteases increased WNV-MAD78 infectious particle production in astrocytes, suggesting that high levels of furin-like protease activity within these cells acted in a cell- and strain-specific manner to inhibit WNV-MAD78 replication. Moreover, analysis of recombinant viruses indicated that the structural proteins of WNV-MAD78 were responsible for decreased particle infectivity and the corresponding reduction in infectious particle production compared with WNV-NY. Thus, the composition of the WNV virion was also a major determinant for viral fitness within astrocytes and may contribute to WNV propagation within the central nervous system. Whether the WNV-MAD78 structural genes reduce virus replication and particle infectivity through the same mechanism as the cellular furin-like protease activity or whether these two determinants function through distinct pathways remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Hussmann
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Rianna Vandergaast
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kang Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Lisa I Hoover
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Brenda L Fredericksen
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Terry RL, Getts DR, Deffrasnes C, van Vreden C, Campbell IL, King NJC. Inflammatory monocytes and the pathogenesis of viral encephalitis. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:270. [PMID: 23244217 PMCID: PMC3560265 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are a heterogeneous population of bone marrow-derived cells that are recruited to sites of infection and inflammation in many models of human diseases, including those of the central nervous system (CNS). Ly6Chi/CCR2hi inflammatory monocytes have been identified as the circulating precursors of brain macrophages, dendritic cells and arguably microglia in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; Alzheimer’s disease; stroke; and more recently in CNS infection caused by Herpes simplex virus, murine hepatitis virus, Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and West Nile virus. The precise differentiation pathways and functions of inflammatory monocyte-derived populations in the inflamed CNS remains a contentious issue, especially in regard to the existence of monocyte-derived microglia. Furthermore, the contributions of monocyte-derived subsets to viral clearance and immunopathology are not well-defined. Thus, understanding the pathways through which inflammatory monocytes migrate to the brain and their functional capacity within the CNS is critical to inform future therapeutic strategies. This review discusses some of the key aspects of inflammatory monocyte trafficking to the brain and addresses the role of these cells in viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael L Terry
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Blackburn Circuit, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
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Giusti CJD, Alberdi L, Frik J, Ferrer MF, Scharrig E, Schattner M, Gomez RM. Galectin-3 is upregulated in activated glia during Junin virus-induced murine encephalitis. Neurosci Lett 2011; 501:163-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Zhu X, Hill RA, Dietrich D, Komitova M, Suzuki R, Nishiyama A. Age-dependent fate and lineage restriction of single NG2 cells. Development 2011; 138:745-53. [PMID: 21266410 DOI: 10.1242/dev.047951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
NG2-expressing glia (NG2 cells, polydendrocytes) appear in the embryonic brain, expand perinatally, and persist widely throughout the gray and white matter of the mature central nervous system. We have previously reported that NG2 cells generate oligodendrocytes in both gray and white matter and a subset of protoplasmic astrocytes in the gray matter of the ventral forebrain and spinal cord. To investigate the temporal changes in NG2 cell fate, we generated NG2creER™BAC transgenic mice, in which tamoxifen-inducible Cre is expressed in NG2 cells. Cre induction at embryonic day 16.5, postnatal day (P) 2, P30 and P60 in mice that were double transgenic for NG2creER™BAC and the Cre reporter revealed that NG2 cells in the postnatal brain generate only NG2 cells or oligodendrocytes, whereas NG2 cells in the embryonic brain generate protoplasmic astrocytes in the gray matter of the ventral forebrain in addition to oligodendrocytes and NG2 cells. Analysis of cell clusters from single NG2 cells revealed that more than 80% of the NG2 cells in the P2 brain give rise to clusters consisting exclusively of oligodendrocytes, whereas the majority of the NG2 cells in the P60 brain generate clusters that contain only NG2 cells or a mixture of oligodendrocytes and NG2 cells. Furthermore, live cell imaging of single NG2 cells from early postnatal brain slices revealed that NG2 cells initially divide symmetrically to produce two daughter NG2 cells and that differentiation into oligodendrocytes occurred after 2-3 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3156, USA
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Gómez RM, Jaquenod de Giusti C, Sanchez Vallduvi MM, Frik J, Ferrer MF, Schattner M. Junín virus. A XXI century update. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:303-11. [PMID: 21238601 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 12/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Junín virus of the Arenaviridae family is the etiological agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever, a febrile syndrome causing hematological and neurological symptoms. We review historical perspectives of current knowledge on the disease, and update information related to the virion and its potential pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M Gómez
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Institute, CONICET-UNLP, calle 49 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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Kolokoltsova OA, Yun NE, Poussard AL, Smith JK, Smith JN, Salazar M, Walker A, Tseng CTK, Aronson JF, Paessler S. Mice lacking alpha/beta and gamma interferon receptors are susceptible to junin virus infection. J Virol 2010; 84:13063-7. [PMID: 20926559 PMCID: PMC3004311 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01389-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Junin virus (JUNV) causes a highly lethal human disease, Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Previous work has demonstrated the requirement for human transferrin receptor 1 for virus entry, and the absence of the receptor was proposed to be a major cause for the resistance of laboratory mice to JUNV infection. In this study, we present for the first time in vivo evidence that the disruption of interferon signaling is sufficient to generate a disease-susceptible mouse model for JUNV infection. After peripheral inoculation with virulent JUNV, adult mice lacking alpha/beta and gamma interferon receptors developed disseminated infection and severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Kolokoltsova
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Nadezda E. Yun
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Allison L. Poussard
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Jennifer K. Smith
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Jeanon N. Smith
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Milagros Salazar
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Aida Walker
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Chien-Te K. Tseng
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Judith F. Aronson
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Abstract
Advances in free radical research show that reactive oxygen and nitrogen oxide species, for example superoxide, nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite, play an important role in the pathogenesis of different viral infections, including dengue virus. The pathogenic mechanism of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is complicated and is not clearly understood. The hallmarks of the dengue disease, the antibody‐dependent enhancement, the shift from T‐helper type 1 (Th1) to Th2 cytokine response and the cytokine tsunami resulting in vascular leakage can now be explained much better with the knowledge gained about NO and peroxynitrite. This paper makes an effort to present a synthesis of the current opinions to explain the pathogenesis of DHF/shock syndrome with NO on centre stage.
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Herrera RA, Oved JH, Reiss CS. Disruption of IFN-gamma- mediated antiviral activity in neurons: the role of cannabinoids. Viral Immunol 2008; 21:141-52. [PMID: 18570588 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2007.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) has potent antiviral activity in neurons which is affected by the production of nitric oxide (NO). This study examines the interactions between cannabinoid receptor-1 (CB(1)), IFNgamma-induced pathways, and inhibition of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) replication in neuronal cells. CB(1) is abundantly expressed in neurons of the CNS and the NB41A3 neuroblastoma cell line. CB(1) activation of NB41A3 cells by the synthetic cannabinoid, WIN55,212-2, is associated with an inhibition of Ca(2+) mobilization, leading to diminished nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-1 activity and the production of NO, in vitro. This ultimately results in antagonism of IFN-gamma-mediated antiviral activity and enhanced viral replication. Therefore, activation of cells expressing CB(1) by endogenous (or exogenous) ligands may contribute to decreased inflammation and to increased viral replication in neurons and disease in the CNS.
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Pozner RG, Collado S, Jaquenod de Giusti C, Ure AE, Biedma ME, Romanowski V, Schattner M, Gómez RM. Astrocyte response to Junín virus infection. Neurosci Lett 2008; 445:31-5. [PMID: 18771707 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study of experimental murine encephalitis induced by Junín virus (JV), an arenavirus, we showed increased expression of iNOS by unidentified cells, concomitant with the astrocyte reaction. The specific inhibition of iNOS was associated with greater mortality but lower astrocytosis, suggesting that the protective role of nitric oxide (NO) synthesized by iNOS was related to enhanced astrocyte activation, representing a beneficial cellular response to virus-induced central nervous system damage. In the present work, cultured astrocytes were used to study whether JV infection could trigger iNOS expression and assess its eventual relationship with viral replication, glial fibrilary acidic protein (GFAP) expression levels and the presence of apoptosis. We found that JV infection of astrocytes did not induce apoptosis but produced both increased iNOS synthesis, detected by immunocytochemistry and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, and increased NO, which was indirectly measured by nitrite/nitrate levels. These changes occurred early relative to the increases in GFAP expression, as detected by immunocytochemistry, FACS analysis and RT-PCR. The fact that iNOS inhibition abolished enhanced GFAP expression in infected monolayers suggests that NO was directly involved. In addition, iNOS inhibition enhanced virus replication. Together with data from confocal microscopy, these results suggest that JV induces iNOS expression in infected astrocytes and that the resulting NO has an important role both in reducing viral replication and in enhancing subsequent astrocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G Pozner
- Thrombosis 1 Laboratory, Haematological Research Institute, National Academy of Medicine, Pacheco de Melo 3081, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Yang J, Tugal D, Reiss CS. The role of the proteasome-ubiquitin pathway in regulation of the IFN-gamma mediated anti-VSV response in neurons. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 181:34-45. [PMID: 16959328 PMCID: PMC1764816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacologic inhibition of the proteasome resulted in increased NOS-1 protein levels and increased NO production by neuronal cells. This correlated with an increased antiviral effect of IFN-gamma against the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) replication in vitro. We also observed that a regulatory protein, Protein Inhibitor of NOS-1 (PIN) was down-regulated by IFN-gamma treatment, and more ubiquitinated PIN accumulated in IFN-gamma treated neurons. In cells of the reticuloendothelial system, IFN-gamma treatment induces the expression of a set of low molecular weight MHC-encoded proteins (LMPs), which replace the beta-subunit of the proteasome complex during the proteasome neosynthesis, resulting in a complex termed the immunoproteasome. LMP2, -7, and -10 were induced and the immunoproteasome was generated by IFN-gamma treatment in neuronal cells. Importantly, we observed that IFN-gamma induced inhibition of VSV protein synthesis was not dependent on ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carol Shoshkes Reiss
- Department of Biology and
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003
- NYU Cancer Institute and Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Dr. Carol Shoshkes Reiss, Biology Department, Silver Center Room 1009, M/s 5181, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003-6688. E-mail address:
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Abstract
Elevated levels of NO produced within the central nervous system (CNS) are associated with the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative human diseases such as multiple sclerosis, HIV dementia, brain ischemia, trauma, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Resident glial cells in the CNS (astroglia and microglia) express inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and produce high levels of NO in response to a wide variety of proinflammatory and degenerative stimuli. Although pathways resulting in the expression of iNOS may vary in two different glial cells of different species, the intracellular signaling events required for the expression of iNOS in these cells are slowly becoming clear. Various signaling cascades converge to activate several transcription factors that control the transcription of iNOS in glial cells. The present review summarizes different results and discusses current understandings about signaling mechanisms for the induction of iNOS expression in activated glial cells. A complete understanding of the regulation of iNOS expression in glial cells is expected to identify novel targets for therapeutic intervention in NO-mediated neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramendra N Saha
- Department of Oral Biology, Section of Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, 68583, USA
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Goody RJ, Hoyt CC, Tyler KL. Reovirus infection of the CNS enhances iNOS expression in areas of virus-induced injury. Exp Neurol 2005; 195:379-90. [PMID: 16004984 PMCID: PMC2367058 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Revised: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated as a contributor to the host's innate defense against viral infections including those affecting the CNS. Reovirus infection of the CNS is a classic experimental system for understanding the pathogenesis of neurotropic viral infection. Infection with serotype 3 strains is associated with perturbations in various cellular signaling pathways including NF-kappaB and NO plays a regulatory role in many of these same pathways. We therefore examined whether NO production is dysregulated following reovirus serotype 3 strain Abney (T3A) infection of the mouse CNS. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was significantly higher in brain homogenates from T3A-infected animals compared to mock infected. Increased NOS activity correlated with inducible NOS (iNOS) expression in brain homogenates of T3A-infected animals. Expression of iNOS was confined to areas of viral infection and injury. T3A infection of primary neuronal and glial cultures was also associated with enhanced expression of iNOS. Immunocytochemical studies of primary glial cultures demonstrated that, in addition to its known neuronotropism, T3A was also capable of infecting immature microglial cells. T3A infection did not alter expression of either neuronal or endothelial NOS isoforms in neuronal or glial cultures or in mouse brain. The NO donor S-Nitroso-N-acetyl penicillamine (SNAP) significantly inhibited T3A growth in neuronal cultures, conversely the NOS inhibitor N-omega-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) augmented viral growth. Our findings provide the first evidence of reovirus-induced iNOS expression and the first demonstration that NO inhibits mammalian reovirus replication, suggesting that NO may play an antiviral role during reovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Goody
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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