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Isaacs SR, Foskett DB, Maxwell AJ, Ward EJ, Faulkner CL, Luo JYX, Rawlinson WD, Craig ME, Kim KW. Viruses and Type 1 Diabetes: From Enteroviruses to the Virome. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071519. [PMID: 34361954 PMCID: PMC8306446 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For over a century, viruses have left a long trail of evidence implicating them as frequent suspects in the development of type 1 diabetes. Through vigorous interrogation of viral infections in individuals with islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes using serological and molecular virus detection methods, as well as mechanistic studies of virus-infected human pancreatic β-cells, the prime suspects have been narrowed down to predominantly human enteroviruses. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of evidence supporting the hypothesised role of enteroviruses in the development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. We also discuss concerns over the historical focus and investigation bias toward enteroviruses and summarise current unbiased efforts aimed at characterising the complete population of viruses (the “virome”) contributing early in life to the development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. Finally, we review the range of vaccine and antiviral drug candidates currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the prevention and potential treatment of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia R. Isaacs
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (S.R.I.); (D.B.F.); (A.J.M.); (E.J.W.); (C.L.F.); (J.Y.X.L.); (W.D.R.); (M.E.C.)
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Dylan B. Foskett
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (S.R.I.); (D.B.F.); (A.J.M.); (E.J.W.); (C.L.F.); (J.Y.X.L.); (W.D.R.); (M.E.C.)
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Anna J. Maxwell
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (S.R.I.); (D.B.F.); (A.J.M.); (E.J.W.); (C.L.F.); (J.Y.X.L.); (W.D.R.); (M.E.C.)
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Emily J. Ward
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (S.R.I.); (D.B.F.); (A.J.M.); (E.J.W.); (C.L.F.); (J.Y.X.L.); (W.D.R.); (M.E.C.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Clare L. Faulkner
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (S.R.I.); (D.B.F.); (A.J.M.); (E.J.W.); (C.L.F.); (J.Y.X.L.); (W.D.R.); (M.E.C.)
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Jessica Y. X. Luo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (S.R.I.); (D.B.F.); (A.J.M.); (E.J.W.); (C.L.F.); (J.Y.X.L.); (W.D.R.); (M.E.C.)
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - William D. Rawlinson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (S.R.I.); (D.B.F.); (A.J.M.); (E.J.W.); (C.L.F.); (J.Y.X.L.); (W.D.R.); (M.E.C.)
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Faculty of Science, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Maria E. Craig
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (S.R.I.); (D.B.F.); (A.J.M.); (E.J.W.); (C.L.F.); (J.Y.X.L.); (W.D.R.); (M.E.C.)
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ki Wook Kim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (S.R.I.); (D.B.F.); (A.J.M.); (E.J.W.); (C.L.F.); (J.Y.X.L.); (W.D.R.); (M.E.C.)
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-9382-9096
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Sarmiento L, Medina A, Aziz K, Anagandula M, Cabrera-Rode E, Fex M, Frisk G, Cilio CM. Differential effects of three echovirus strains on cell lysis and insulin secretion in beta cell derived lines. J Med Virol 2015; 88:971-8. [PMID: 26629879 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In an earlier study, infection of human pancreatic islets with epidemic strains of echovirus (E4, E16, E30), with proven but differently ability to induce islet autoimmunity, resulted either in a severe damage (i.e., E16 and E30) or proceeded without visible changes in infected islets (i.e., E4). In this study, the ability of these strains to replicate in beta cells and the consequence of such an infection for beta cell lysis and beta cell function was studied in the pancreatic beta cell lines INS-1, MIN6, and NIT-1. The strains of E16 and E30 did replicate in INS1, MIN6, and NIT1 cells and resulted in a pronounced cytopathic effect within 3 days following infection. By contrast, E4 replicated in all examined insulinoma cells with no apparent cell destruction. The insulin release in response to high glucose stimulation was hampered in all infected cells (P < 0.05) when no evidence of cytolysis was present; however, the adverse effect of E16 and E30 on insulin secretion appeared to be higher than that of the E4 strain. The differential effects of echovirus infection on cell lysis, and beta cell function in the rodent insulinoma INS1, MIN6, and NIT 1 cells reflect those previously obtained in primary human islets and support the notion that the insulin-producing beta cells can harbor a non-cytopathic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sarmiento
- Cellular Autoimmunity Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Anya Medina
- Unit of Diabetes and Celiac Disease, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Kosrat Aziz
- Cellular Autoimmunity Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Mahesh Anagandula
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eduardo Cabrera-Rode
- Department of Immunology and Genetics on Diabetes, National Institute of Endocrinology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Malin Fex
- Unit of Diabetes and Celiac Disease, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Gun Frisk
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Corrado M Cilio
- Cellular Autoimmunity Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from genetic predisposition and environmental factors leading to the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Recently, a rapid increase in the incidence of childhood T1D has been observed worldwide; this is too fast to be explained by genetic factors alone, pointing to the spreading of environmental factors linked to the disease. Enteroviruses (EVs) are perhaps the most investigated environmental agents in relationship to the pathogenesis of T1D. While several studies point to the likelihood of such correlation, epidemiological evidence in its support is inconclusive or in some instances even against it. Hence, it is still unknown if and how EVs are involved in the development of T1D. Here we review recent findings concerning the biology of EV in beta cells and the potential implications of this knowledge for the understanding of beta cell dysfunction and autoimmune destruction in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Petzold
- />Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr.74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- />German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michele Solimena
- />Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr.74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- />German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- />Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Knoch
- />Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr.74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- />German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
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Harris KG, Coyne CB. Death waits for no man--does it wait for a virus? How enteroviruses induce and control cell death. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:587-96. [PMID: 25172372 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are the most common human viral pathogens. They cause a variety of pathologies, including myocarditis and meningoencephalopathies, and have been linked to the onset of type I diabetes. These pathologies result from the death of cells in the myocardium, central nervous system, and pancreas, respectively. Understanding the role of EVs in inducing cell death is crucial to understanding the etiologies of these diverse pathologies. EVs both induce and delay host cell death, and their exquisite control of this balance is crucial for their success as human viral pathogens. Thus, EVs are tightly involved with cell death signaling pathways and interact with host cell signaling at multiple points. Here, we review the literature detailing the mechanisms of EV-induced cell death. We discuss the mechanisms by which EVs induce cell death, the signaling pathways involved in these pathways, and the strategies by which EVs antagonize cell death pathways. We also discuss the role of cell death in both the resulting pathology in the host and in the facilitation of viral spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine G Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States.
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5
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Ylipaasto P, Smura T, Gopalacharyulu P, Paananen A, Seppänen-Laakso T, Kaijalainen S, Ahlfors H, Korsgren O, Lakey JRT, Lahesmaa R, Piemonti L, Oresic M, Galama J, Roivainen M. Enterovirus-induced gene expression profile is critical for human pancreatic islet destruction. Diabetologia 2012; 55:3273-83. [PMID: 22983635 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Virally induced inflammatory responses, beta cell destruction and release of beta cell autoantigens may lead to autoimmune reactions culminating in type 1 diabetes. Therefore, viral capability to induce beta cell death and the nature of virus-induced immune responses are among key determinants of diabetogenic viruses. We hypothesised that enterovirus infection induces a specific gene expression pattern that results in islet destruction and that such a host response pattern is not shared among all enterovirus infections but varies between virus strains. METHODS The changes in global gene expression and secreted cytokine profiles induced by lytic or benign enterovirus infections were studied in primary human pancreatic islet using DNA microarrays and viral strains either isolated at the clinical onset of type 1 diabetes or capable of causing a diabetes-like condition in mice. RESULTS The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-1-α, IL-1-β and TNF-α) that also mediate cytokine-induced beta cell dysfunction correlated with the lytic potential of a virus. Temporally increasing gene expression levels of double-stranded RNA recognition receptors, antiviral molecules, cytokines and chemokines were detected for all studied virus strains. Lytic coxsackievirus B5 (CBV-5)-DS infection also downregulated genes involved in glycolysis and insulin secretion. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The results suggest a distinct, virus-strain-specific, gene expression pattern leading to pancreatic islet destruction and pro-inflammatory effects after enterovirus infection. However, neither viral replication nor cytotoxic cytokine production alone are sufficient to induce necrotic cell death. More likely the combined effect of these and possibly cellular energy depletion lie behind the enterovirus-induced necrosis of islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ylipaasto
- Intestinal Viruses Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
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6
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Colli ML, Nogueira TC, Allagnat F, Cunha DA, Gurzov EN, Cardozo AK, Roivainen M, Op de beeck A, Eizirik DL. Exposure to the viral by-product dsRNA or Coxsackievirus B5 triggers pancreatic beta cell apoptosis via a Bim / Mcl-1 imbalance. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002267. [PMID: 21977009 PMCID: PMC3178579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in type 1 diabetes (T1D) incidence in recent decades is probably related to modifications in environmental factors. Viruses are among the putative environmental triggers of T1D. The mechanisms regulating beta cell responses to viruses, however, remain to be defined. We have presently clarified the signaling pathways leading to beta cell apoptosis following exposure to the viral mimetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and a diabetogenic enterovirus (Coxsackievirus B5). Internal dsRNA induces cell death via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. In this process, activation of the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) promotes eIF2α phosphorylation and protein synthesis inhibition, leading to downregulation of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (Mcl-1). Mcl-1 decrease results in the release of the BH3-only protein Bim, which activates the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Indeed, Bim knockdown prevented both dsRNA- and Coxsackievirus B5-induced beta cell death, and counteracted the proapoptotic effects of Mcl-1 silencing. These observations indicate that the balance between Mcl-1 and Bim is a key factor regulating beta cell survival during diabetogenic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maikel L. Colli
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tatiane C. Nogueira
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florent Allagnat
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel A. Cunha
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Esteban N. Gurzov
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alessandra K. Cardozo
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Merja Roivainen
- Intestinal Viruses Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Op de beeck
- Virology Unit, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Decio L. Eizirik
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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7
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Bozym RA, Patel K, White C, Cheung KH, Bergelson JM, Morosky SA, Coyne CB. Calcium signals and calpain-dependent necrosis are essential for release of coxsackievirus B from polarized intestinal epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:3010-21. [PMID: 21737691 PMCID: PMC3164450 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-02-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B (CVB), a member of the enterovirus family, targets the polarized epithelial cells lining the intestinal tract early in infection. Although the polarized epithelium functions as a protective barrier, this barrier is likely exploited by CVB to promote viral entry and subsequent egress. Here we show that, in contrast to nonpolarized cells, CVB-infected polarized intestinal Caco-2 cells undergo nonapoptotic necrotic cell death triggered by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-dependent calcium release. We further show that CVB-induced cellular necrosis depends on the Ca(2+)-activated protease calpain-2 and that this protease is involved in CVB-induced disruption of the junctional complex and rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton. Our study illustrates the cell signaling pathways hijacked by CVB, and perhaps other viral pathogens, to promote their replication and spread in polarized cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Bozym
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Kunal Patel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Carl White
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064
| | - King-Ho Cheung
- Department of Physiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jeffrey M. Bergelson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Stefanie A. Morosky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Carolyn B. Coyne
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
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8
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Frisk G, Hansson T, Dahlbom I, Tuvemo T. A unifying hypothesis on the development of type 1 diabetes and celiac disease: gluten consumption may be a shared causative factor. Med Hypotheses 2008; 70:1207-9. [PMID: 18249499 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a hypothesis of the aetiology of the increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D). This together with the global increased incidence of celiac disease (CD) and that these increases cannot be explained by genetic factors suggest a common environmental factor for these two diseases. Even though enterovirus (EV) infections are believed to trigger T1D and gluten is the trigger of CD, the increasing intake of gluten containing products all over the world could be the trigger for both diseases directly and indirectly. It has been shown that the duration of exposure to gluten is related to the prevalence of T1D. It has also been shown that T1D patients at onset have an inflammatory reaction in the gut. Hence, early diagnose of CD followed by elimination of dietary gluten will lead to a decreased incidence of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Frisk
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Akademiska Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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9
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Elshebani A, Olsson A, Westman J, Tuvemo T, Korsgren O, Frisk G. Effects on isolated human pancreatic islet cells after infection with strains of enterovirus isolated at clinical presentation of type 1 diabetes. Virus Res 2006; 124:193-203. [PMID: 17169456 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus (EV) infections have been associated with the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). They may cause beta-cell destruction either by cytolytic infection of the cells or indirectly by triggering the autoimmune response. Evidence for EV involvement have been presented in several studies, EV-IgM antibodies have been reported in T1D patients, EV-RNA has been found in the blood from T1D patients at onset, and EV have been isolated from newly diagnosed T1D. Our aim was to study infections with EV isolates from newly diagnosed T1D patients in human pancreatic islets in vitro. Two of them (T1 and T2) originated from a mother and her son diagnosed with T1D on the same day, the other two (A and E) were isolated from a pair of twins at the time of diagnosis of T1D in one of them. Isolated human pancreatic islets were infected and viral replication, viability and degree of cytolysis as well as insulin release in response to high glucose were measured. All four EV isolates replicated in the islet cells and virus particles and virus-induced vesicles were seen in the cytoplasm of the beta-cells. The isolates varied in their ability to induce cytolysis and to cause destruction of the islets and infection with two of the isolates (T1 and A) caused more pronounced destruction of the islets. Infection with the isolate from the healthy twin boy (E) was the least cytolytic. The ability to secrete insulin in response to high glucose was reduced in all infected islets as early as 3 days post infection, before any difference in viability was observed. To conclude, strains of EV isolated from T1D patients at clinical presentation of T1D revealed beta-cell tropism, and clearly affected the function of the beta-cell. In addition, the infection caused a clear increase in the number of dead cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Elshebani
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Salako MA, Carter MJ, Kass GEN. Coxsackievirus protein 2BC blocks host cell apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-3. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:16296-304. [PMID: 16608851 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m510662200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection may induce host cell death by apoptosis, but some DNA viruses are capable of preventing this process. RNA viruses were thought not to display anti-apoptotic activities, as their spread appears to benefit from a rapid induction of cell death. Here, we report an antiapoptotic activity in the Picornavirus Coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4). CVB4 infection of HeLa cells induced negligible apoptosis over a period of 10 h. However, infected cells developed resistance to drug-induced apoptosis using staurosporine and actinomycin D and to death receptor-induced apoptosis using tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Despite this resistance, the apoptotic machinery was nonetheless fully activated in these drug-treated infected cells because the levels of pro-caspase-3 processing to its active form were similar to control cells. However, the DEVDase (Asp-Glu-Val-Asp protease) activity of the processed caspase was significantly inhibited in the virus-infected staurosporine-treated cells compared with drug treatment alone. Likewise, extracts of CVB4-infected cells suppressed recombinant caspase-3 activity in vitro. Immunoprecipitation of activated caspase-3 from radiolabeled virus-infected cells revealed the co-precipitation of a 48-kDa protein that was tentatively identified as viral protein 2BC. Recombinant caspase-3 was found to co-precipitate with virus protein 2BC. Finally, when protein 2BC was expressed in HeLa cells, both staurosporine-induced apoptosis and in vitro caspase-3 DEVDase activity were significantly reduced. Taken together these data imply that CVB4 infection suppresses apoptosis through virus protein 2BC associating with caspase-3 and inhibiting its function. Thus, 2BC is the first reported RNA virus inhibitor of apoptosis protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Salako
- School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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Olsson A, Johansson U, Korsgren O, Frisk G. Inflammatory gene expression in Coxsackievirus B-4-infected human islets of Langerhans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 330:571-6. [PMID: 15796921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The event that triggers the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta-cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is still unknown. Enterovirus, especially Coxsackievirus, infections have long been associated with this disease. Cytokines and chemokines induced by an enterovirus infection may act to trigger the autoimmune reactions that produce T1DM. Gene expression was examined in isolated human islets infected with a Coxsackievirus-B4 (CBV-4) strain causing lytic infection (V89-4557) and in islets infected with a CBV-4 strain establishing persistent infection (VD2921). Microarray analysis indicated that infection with the CBV-4 strains resulted in specific induction of a number of inflammatory genes, including IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and RANTES. Importantly, the inflammatory genes induced by the CBV-4 infections differed in the two strains, with more cytokines being induced by the non-lytic CBV-4 strain than by the lytic strain. These cytokines and chemokines have the potential to rapidly induce inflammatory reactions when expressed in vivo and could contribute to the autoimmune reactions associated with the development of T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Olsson
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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12
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Berg AK, Elshebani A, Andersson A, Frisk G. dsRNA formed as an intermediate during Coxsackievirus infection does not induce NO production in a β-cell line with or without addition of IFN-γ. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 327:780-8. [PMID: 15649414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Virus infection is one environmental factor that has been implicated as a precipitating event initiating beta-cell damage during the development of type 1 diabetes. One aim of this study was to investigate how permissive an insulin-producing beta-cell line, RINm5F, is to enterovirus (EV) infections. A second aim was to study if the viral replicative intermediate, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), together with IFN-gamma results in nitric oxide (NO) production. Monolayer cultures of RINm5F cells were not permissive to infection with seven different strains of EV. However, when the growth pattern of the beta-cell line changed and the cells started to grow as free-floating RIN cell clusters (RCC), all EV strains replicated. Immunostaining for the Coxsackie-adenovirus-receptor (CAR) detected the protein on the free-floating RIN cell clusters, but not on the RINm5F cells cultured as a monolayer of beta-cells. This shows that the CAR expression can change and/or the CAR protein can be redistributed on the cell surface as a consequence of altered growth pattern thus allowing viral replication in a previously non-permissive beta-cell line. As expected, NO production was significantly increased (p<0.05) by addition of synthetic dsRNA and IFN-gamma to the RCC. In contrast, the dsRNA formed during virus infection with a Coxsackievirus B4 strain (E2) with or without addition of IFN-gamma did not induce NO production in these cells. This indicates that synthetic dsRNA does not mimic a real viral infection in that respect, and suggests an NO-independent mechanism for virus-induced beta-cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karin Berg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
Despite numerous studies examining the possible induction of apoptosis in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-infected cells, it remains unclear if PRRSV infection results in direct apoptotic induction. There is clear evidence that apoptotic cells are present in tissues from PRRSV-infected pigs. However, many of these studies have failed to show that the apoptotic cells are infected with PRRSV. This has led some investigators to propose that "bystander" cells, not infected cells, become apoptotic during PRRSV infection by a yet undetermined mechanism. Studies examining the induction of the apoptotic gene expression response to PRRSV infection are needed to determine if PRRSV replication triggers an apoptotic response. We have utilized microarray and semi-quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (sqRT-PCR) to evaluate apoptotic gene expression in PRRSV-infected MARC-145 cells. Twenty-six apoptosis-related genes were examined during the first 24 h of infection and found to be unaltered, indicating that apoptotic induction was not occurring in PRRSV-infected cells. Additionally, using detection of free nucleosomal complexes, we examined cells for both apoptotic and necrotic death resulting from PRRSV infection at varying multiplicities of infection. This study indicates that PRRSV-infected MARC-145 cells undergo necrosis at a much higher level than apoptosis, and increases with virus levels used to infect the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Miller
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (MARC), ARS, USDA, State Spur 18D, P.O. Box 166, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, USA
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