1
|
Evaluation of the effects of riluzole on adult spinal cord‐derived neural stem/progenitor cells
in vitro
and
in vivo. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 47:140-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
|
2
|
Hachem LD, Mothe AJ, Tator CH. Effect of BDNF and Other Potential Survival Factors in Models of In Vitro Oxidative Stress on Adult Spinal Cord-Derived Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells. Biores Open Access 2015; 4:146-59. [PMID: 26309791 PMCID: PMC4497651 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2014.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) is a promising strategy in spinal cord injury (SCI). However, poor survival of transplanted stem cells remains a major limitation of this therapy due to the hostile environment of the injured cord. Oxidative stress is a hallmark in the pathogenesis of SCI; however, its effects on NSPCs from the adult spinal cord have yet to be examined. We therefore developed in vitro models of mild and severe oxidative stress of adult spinal cord-derived NSPCs and used these models to examine potential cell survival factors. NSPCs harvested from the adult rat spinal cord were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in vitro to induce oxidative stress. A mild 4 h exposure to H2O2 (500 μM) significantly increased the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species with minimal effect on viability. In contrast, 24 h of oxidative stress led to a marked reduction in cell survival. Pretreatment with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) for 48 h attenuated the increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species and enhanced survival. This survival effect was associated with a significant reduction in the number of apoptotic cells and a significant increase in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase. BDNF treatment had no effect on NSPC differentiation or proliferation. In contrast, cyclosporin A and thyrotropin-releasing hormone had minimal or no effect on NSPC survival. Thus, these models of in vitro oxidative stress may be useful for screening neuroprotective factors administered prior to transplantation to enhance survival of stem cell transplants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laureen D Hachem
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network , Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea J Mothe
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network , Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles H Tator
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network , Ontario, Canada . ; Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto , Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu S, Paule MG, Zhang X, Newport GD, Patterson TA, Apana SM, Berridge MS, Maisha MP, Slikker W, Wang C. Positron Emission Tomography with [(18)F]FLT Revealed Sevoflurane-Induced Inhibition of Neural Progenitor Cell Expansion in vivo. Front Neurol 2014; 5:234. [PMID: 25452743 PMCID: PMC4233913 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cell expansion is critical for normal brain development and an appropriate response to injury. During the brain growth spurt, exposures to general anesthetics, which either block the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor or enhance the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor type A can disturb neuronal transduction. This effect can be detrimental to brain development. Until now, the effects of anesthetic exposure on neural progenitor cell expansion in vivo had seldom been reported. Here, minimally invasive micro positron emission tomography (microPET) coupled with 3'-deoxy-3' [(18)F] fluoro-l-thymidine ([(18)F]FLT) was utilized to assess the effects of sevoflurane exposure on neural progenitor cell proliferation. FLT, a thymidine analog, is taken up by proliferating cells and phosphorylated in the cytoplasm, leading to its intracellular trapping. Intracellular retention of [(18)F]FLT, thus, represents an observable in vivo marker of cell proliferation. Here, postnatal day 7 rats (n = 11/group) were exposed to 2.5% sevoflurane or room air for 9 h. For up to 2 weeks following the exposure, standard uptake values (SUVs) for [(18)F]-FLT in the hippocampal formation were significantly attenuated in the sevoflurane-exposed rats (p < 0.0001), suggesting decreased uptake and retention of [(18)F]FLT (decreased proliferation) in these regions. Four weeks following exposure, SUVs for [(18)F]FLT were comparable in the sevoflurane-exposed rats and in controls. Co-administration of 7-nitroindazole (30 mg/kg, n = 5), a selective inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, significantly attenuated the SUVs for [(18)F]FLT in both the air-exposed (p = 0.00006) and sevoflurane-exposed rats (p = 0.0427) in the first week following the exposure. These findings suggested that microPET in couple with [(18)F]FLT as cell proliferation marker could be used as a non-invasive modality to monitor the sevoflurane-induced inhibition of neural progenitor cell proliferation in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuliang Liu
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR , USA
| | - Merle G Paule
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR , USA
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR , USA
| | - Glenn D Newport
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR , USA
| | - Tucker A Patterson
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR , USA
| | | | | | - Mackean P Maisha
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR , USA
| | - William Slikker
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR , USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR , USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dong C, Anand KJS. Developmental neurotoxicity of ketamine in pediatric clinical use. Toxicol Lett 2013; 220:53-60. [PMID: 23566897 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is widely used as an anesthetic, analgesic, and sedative in pediatric clinical practice and it is also listed as an illicit drug by most countries. Recent in vivo and in vitro animal studies have confirmed that ketamine can induce neuronal cell death in the immature brain, resulting from widespread neuronal apoptosis. These effects can disturb normal development further altering the structure and functions of the brain. Our recent studies further indicate that ketamine can alter neurogenesis from neural stem progenitor cells in the developing brain. Taken together, these findings identify a novel complication associated with ketamine use in premature infants, term newborns, and pregnant women. Recent data on the developmental neurotoxicity of ketamine are reviewed with proposed future directions for evaluating the safety of ketamine in these patient populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxuan Dong
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High doses or prolonged exposure to ketamine increase neuronal apoptosis in the developing brain, although effects on neural stem progenitor cells remain unexplored. This study investigated dose- and time-dependent responses to ketamine on cell death and neurogenesis in cultured rat fetal cortical neural stem progenitor cells. DESIGN Laboratory-based study. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECT Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS Neural stem progenitor cells were isolated from the cortex of Sprague-Dawley rat fetuses on embryonic day 17. In dose-response experiments, cultured neural stem progenitor cells were exposed to different concentrations of ketamine (0-100 µM) for 24 hrs. In time-course experiments, neural stem progenitor cells cultures were exposed to 10 µM ketamine for different durations (0-48 hrs). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Apoptosis and necrosis in neural stem progenitor cells were assessed using activated caspase-3 immunostaining and lactate dehydrogenase assays, respectively. Proliferative changes in neural stem progenitor cells were detected using bromo-deoxyuridine incorporation and Ki67 immunostaining. Neuronal differentiation was assessed using Tuj-1 immunostaining. Cultured neural stem progenitor cells were resistant to apoptosis and necrosis following all concentrations and durations of ketamine exposure tested. Ketamine inhibited proliferation with decreased numbers of bromo-deoxyuridine-positive cells following ketamine exposure to 100 µM for 24 hrs (p<.005) or 10 µM for 48 hrs (p< .01), and reduced numbers of Ki67-positive cells following exposure to ketamine concentration>10 µM for 24 hrs (p<.001) or at 10 µM for 48 hrs (p<.01). Ketamine enhanced neuronal differentiation, with all ketamine concentrations increasing Tuj-1-positive neurons (p<.001) after 24-hrs of exposure. This also occurred with all exposures to 10 µM ketamine for >8 hrs (p<.001). CONCLUSIONS Clinically relevant concentrations of ketamine do not induce cell death in neural stem progenitor cells via apoptosis or necrosis. Ketamine alters the proliferation and increases the neuronal differentiation of neural stem progenitor cells isolated from the rat neocortex. These studies imply that ketamine exposure during fetal or neonatal life may alter neurogenesis and subsequent brain development.
Collapse
|
6
|
He XB, Yi SH, Rhee YH, Kim H, Han YM, Lee SH, Lee H, Park CH, Lee YS, Richardson E, Kim BW, Lee SH. Prolonged membrane depolarization enhances midbrain dopamine neuron differentiation via epigenetic histone modifications. Stem Cells 2012; 29:1861-73. [PMID: 21922608 DOI: 10.1002/stem.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Understanding midbrain dopamine (DA) neuron differentiation is of importance, because of physiological and clinical implications of this neuronal subtype. We show that prolonged membrane depolarization induced by KCl treatment promotes DA neuron differentiation from neural precursor cells (NPCs) derived from embryonic ventral midbrain (VM). Interestingly, the depolarization-induced increase of DA neuron yields was not abolished by L-type calcium channel blockers, along with no depolarization-mediated change of intracellular calcium level in the VM-derived NPCs (VM-NPCs), suggesting that the depolarization effect is due to a calcium-independent mechanism. Experiments with labeled DA neuron progenitors indicate that membrane depolarization acts at the differentiation fate determination stage and promotes the expression of DA phenotype genes (tyrosine hydroxylase [TH] and DA transporter [DAT]). Recruitment of Nurr1, a transcription factor crucial for midbrain DA neuron development, to the promoter of TH gene was enhanced by depolarization, along with increases of histone 3 acetylation (H3Ac) and trimethylation of histone3 on lysine 4 (H3K4m3), and decreases of H3K9m3 and H3K27m3 in the consensus Nurr1 binding regions of TH promoter. Depolarization stimuli on differentiating VM-NPCs also induced dissociation of methyl CpG binding protein 2 and related repressor complex molecules (repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor corepressor and histone deacetylase 1) from the CpG sites of TH and DAT promoters. Based on these findings, we suggest that membrane depolarization promotes DA neuron differentiation by opening chromatin structures surrounding DA phenotype genes and inhibiting the binding of corepressors, thus allowing transcriptional activators such as Nurr1 to access DA neuron differentiation gene promoter regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Biao He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yu D, Neeley WL, Pritchard CD, Slotkin JR, Woodard EJ, Langer R, Teng YD. Blockade of peroxynitrite-induced neural stem cell death in the acutely injured spinal cord by drug-releasing polymer. Stem Cells 2009; 27:1212-22. [PMID: 19418456 DOI: 10.1002/stem.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic impact of neural stem cells (NSCs) for acute spinal cord injury (SCI) has been limited by the rapid loss of donor cells. Neuroinflammation is likely the cause. As there are close temporal-spatial correlations between the inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase expression and the donor NSC death after neurotrauma, we reasoned that NO-associated radical species might be the inflammatory effectors which eliminate NSC grafts and kill host neurons. To test this hypothesis, human NSCs (hNSCs: 5 x 10(4) to 2 x 10(6) per milliliter) were treated in vitro with "plain" medium, 20 microM glutamate, or donors of NO and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-); 100 and 400 microM of spermine or DETA NONOate, and SIN-1, respectively). hNSC apoptosis primarily resulted from SIN-1 treatment, showing ONOO(-)-triggered protein nitration and the activation of p38 MAPK, cytochrome c release, and caspases. Therefore, cell death following post-SCI (p.i.) NO surge may be mediated through conversion of NO into ONOO(-). We subsequently examined such causal relationship in a rat model of dual penetrating SCI using a retrievable design of poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) scaffold seeded with hNSCs that was shielded by drug-releasing polymer. Besides confirming the ONOO(-)-induced cell death signaling, we demonstrated that cotransplantation of PLGA film embedded with ONOO(-) scavenger, manganese (III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin, or uric acid (1 micromol per film), markedly protected hNSCs 24 hours p.i. (total: n = 10). Our findings may provide a bioengineering approach for investigating mechanisms underlying the host microenvironment and donor NSC interaction and help formulate strategies for enhancing graft and host cell survival after SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dou Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, The Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Niidome T, Morimoto N, Iijima S, Akaike A, Kihara T, Sugimoto H. Mechanisms of cell death of neural progenitor cells caused by trophic support deprivation. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 548:1-8. [PMID: 16965769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell death of neural progenitor cells is the primary problem limiting the value of neural progenitor cell-based therapy for central nervous system disorders. However, little is known about the mechanism of cell death of neural progenitor cells. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of cell death of a multipotent cell line, MEB5, caused by deprivation of epidermal growth factor (EGF). When EGF was removed from the culture medium, the total number of viable MEB5 cells reduced, and nuclear condensation and elevation of caspase-3-like enzyme activity were observed in MEB5 cells. Treatment with a broad-range caspase inhibitor reduced cell death in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that MEB5 cells undergo caspase-mediated apoptotic cell death caused by EGF deprivation. We also investigated the effects of glutamate receptor antagonists, antioxidants and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor on EGF deprivation-induced cell death. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonists, alpha-amino-3-hydrozy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptor antagonist and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor failed to reduce cell death. In contrast, two antioxidants with different chemical structures reduced cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. The production of reactive oxygen species was detected in MEB5 cells after EGF deprivation by monitoring dichlorodihydrofluorescein fluorescence as a marker of reactive oxygen species-related radicals. Our results suggest that oxidative stress triggers caspase-mediated apoptosis of neural progenitor cells by trophic support deprivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiro Niidome
- Department of Neuroscience for Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brazel CY, Nuñez JL, Yang Z, Levison SW. Glutamate enhances survival and proliferation of neural progenitors derived from the subventricular zone. Neuroscience 2005; 131:55-65. [PMID: 15680691 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular glutamate levels increase as a consequence of perinatal hypoxia/ischemia, causing the death of neurons and oligodendrocytes. Precursors in the subventricular zone (SVZ) also die following perinatal hypoxia/ischemia; therefore we hypothesized that glutamate would stimulate the death of neural precursors. Here we demonstrate using calcium imaging that SVZ derived neural stem/progenitor cells respond to both ionotropic and metabotropic excitatory amino acids. Therefore, we tested the effects of high levels of glutamate receptor agonists on the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of SVZ derived neural stem/progenitor cells in vitro. We show that high levels of glutamate, up to 1 mM, are not toxic to neural precursor cultures. In fact, stimulation of either the kainate receptor or group 2 metabotropic glutamate receptors (group 2 mGluR) reduces basal levels of apoptosis and increases neural precursor proliferation. Furthermore, group 2 mGluR activation expands the number of multipotent progenitor cells present in these cultures while maintaining equivalent mature cell production. We conclude that the glutamate released following perinatal hypoxia/ischemia may act to acutely promote the proliferation of multipotent precursors in the subventricular zone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Y Brazel
- Stem Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Gerontology Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sánchez A, Factor VM, Espinoza LA, Schroeder IS, Thorgeirsson SS. In vitro differentiation of rat liver derived stem cells results in sensitization to TNFalpha-mediated apoptosis. Hepatology 2004; 40:590-9. [PMID: 15349897 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stem cells are activated after liver damage and have a critical role in tissue homeostasis and repair. Characterization of molecular and cellular events accompanying the expansion and differentiation of liver stem cells is essential for understanding the basic biology of stem cells and for facilitating clinical application of the stem cells. We assessed whether in vitro differentiation of putative hepatic progenitor (rat liver epithelial [RLE]) cells toward hepatocytic lineage affects the response to TNFalpha-mediated cytotoxicity, a common determinant of liver injury. The data show that 50% of differentiated cells underwent apoptosis after 6 hours of TNFalpha treatment whereas control RLE cells were resistant. Both cell types displayed mitochondrial depolarization and release of cytochrome c but the TNFalpha treatment resulted in activation of caspases 9 and 3 and the execution of apoptosis only in differentiated RLE cells. Apoptotic death was associated with increased ROS production and depletion of glutathione. Antioxidants completely prevented both glutathione depletion and apoptosis induced by TNFalpha in differentiated RLE cells. Conversely, glutathione-depleting agents sensitized control RLE cells to TNFalpha induced apoptosis. In conclusion, efficient antioxidant defense system involving glutathione renders hepatic progenitor cells resistant to TNFalpha-mediated apoptosis and acquisition of sensitivity to death stimuli is an implicit feature of the differentiation process. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the HEPATOLOGY website (http://interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0270-9139/suppmat/index.html).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aránzazu Sánchez
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4258, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ryu JK, Kim J, Cho SJ, Hatori K, Nagai A, Choi HB, Lee MC, McLarnon JG, Kim SU. Proactive transplantation of human neural stem cells prevents degeneration of striatal neurons in a rat model of Huntington disease. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 16:68-77. [PMID: 15207263 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2003] [Revised: 11/26/2003] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the effectiveness of transplantation of human neural stem cells into adult rat striatum prior to induction of striatal damage with the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP). Systemic 3-NP administration caused widespread neuropathological deficits similar to ones found in Huntington disease (HD) including impairment in motor function (rotarod balance test) and extensive degeneration of neuron-specific nuclear antigen (NeuN)(+) neurons, calbindin(+) neurons and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)(+) striatal neurons. Animals receiving intrastriatal implantation of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) 1 week before 3-NP treatments exhibited significantly improved motor performance and reduced damage to striatal neurons compared with control sham injections. In contrast, transplantation of hNSCs at 12 h after the initial 3-NP administration did not lead to any improvement in motor performance or protect striatal neurons from the 3-NP-induced toxicity. These results indicate that the presence of grafted hNSCs before 3-NP treatment is required for host striatal neuronal protection and enhanced motor function. Immunoreactivity of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was found in vitro in cultured hNSCs and in vivo in grafted NSCs with expression and secretion of BDNF demonstrated by RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, dot-blot, and ELISA analyses. Thus, protective effects of proactive transplantation of hNSCs may be due, in part, to effects mediated by BDNF. The findings in this work have particular relevance to a rat model of HD in that proactive transplanted hNSCs protect host striatal neurons against neuronal injury and improve motor impairment induced by 3-NP toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae K Ryu
- Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Althaus HH. Remyelination in multiple sclerosis: a new role for neurotrophins? PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 146:415-32. [PMID: 14699977 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(03)46026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common neurological disease, which affects young adults. Its course is unpredictable and runs over decades. It is considered as an autoimmune disease, and is neuropathologically characterized by demyelination, variable loss of oligodendroglial cells, and axonal degeneration. Demyelination provides a permitting condition for axonal degeneration, which seems to be causative of permanent neurological deficits. Hence, the current treatment, which works preferentially immunmodulatory, should be complemented by therapeutics, which improves remyelination not only for restoring conduction velocity but also for preventing an irreversible axonal damage. One strategy to achieve this aim would be to promote remyelination by stimulating oligodendroglial cells remaining in MS lesions. While central nervous system neurons were already known to respond to neurotrophins (NT), interactions with glial cells became apparent more recently. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that NT influence proliferation, differentiation, survival, and regeneration of mature oligodendrocytes and oligodendroglial precursors in favor of a myelin repair. Two in vivo models provided direct evidence that NT can improve remyelination. In addition, their neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory role would support a repair. Hence, a wealth of data point to NT as promising therapeutical candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Althaus
- Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, RU Neural Regeneration, H.-Reinstr. 3, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|