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Schofield MM, Rzepski AT, Richardson-Solorzano S, Hammerstedt J, Shah S, Mirack CE, Herrick M, Parreno J. Targeting F-actin stress fibers to suppress the dedifferentiated phenotype in chondrocytes. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151424. [PMID: 38823166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Actin is a central mediator of the chondrocyte phenotype. Monolayer expansion of articular chondrocytes on tissue culture polystyrene, for cell-based repair therapies, leads to chondrocyte dedifferentiation. During dedifferentiation, chondrocytes spread and filamentous (F-)actin reorganizes from a cortical to a stress fiber arrangement causing a reduction in cartilage matrix expression and an increase in fibroblastic matrix and contractile molecule expression. While the downstream mechanisms regulating chondrocyte molecular expression by alterations in F-actin organization have become elucidated, the critical upstream regulators of F-actin networks in chondrocytes are not completely known. Tropomyosin (TPM) and the RhoGTPases are known regulators of F-actin networks. The main purpose of this study is to elucidate the regulation of passaged chondrocyte F-actin stress fiber networks and cell phenotype by the specific TPM, TPM3.1, and the RhoGTPase, CDC42. Our results demonstrated that TPM3.1 associates with cortical F-actin and stress fiber F-actin in primary and passaged chondrocytes, respectively. In passaged cells, we found that pharmacological TPM3.1 inhibition or siRNA knockdown causes F-actin reorganization from stress fibers back to cortical F-actin and causes an increase in G/F-actin. CDC42 inhibition also causes formation of cortical F-actin. However, pharmacological CDC42 inhibition, but not TPM3.1 inhibition, leads to the re-association of TPM3.1 with cortical F-actin. Both TPM3.1 and CDC42 inhibition, as well as TPM3.1 knockdown, reduces nuclear localization of myocardin related transcription factor, which suppresses dedifferentiated molecule expression. We confirmed that TPM3.1 or CDC42 inhibition partially redifferentiates passaged cells by reducing fibroblast matrix and contractile expression, and increasing chondrogenic SOX9 expression. A further understanding on the regulation of F-actin in passaged cells may lead into new insights to stimulate cartilage matrix expression in cells for regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sohan Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, USA
| | - Chloe E Mirack
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, USA
| | - Marin Herrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, USA
| | - Justin Parreno
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, USA.
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2
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Schofield MM, Rzepski A, Hammerstedt J, Shah S, Mirack C, Parreno J. Targeting F-actin stress fibers to suppress the dedifferentiated phenotype in chondrocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.08.570865. [PMID: 38106134 PMCID: PMC10723437 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.08.570865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Actin is a central mediator of the chondrocyte phenotype. Monolayer expansion of articular chondrocytes on tissue culture polystyrene, for cell-based repair therapies, leads to chondrocyte dedifferentiation. During dedifferentiation, chondrocytes spread and filamentous (F-)actin reorganizes from a cortical to a stress fiber arrangement causing a reduction in cartilage matrix expression and an increase in fibroblastic matrix and contractile molecule expression. While the downstream mechanisms regulating chondrocyte molecular expression by alterations in F-actin organization have become elucidated, the critical upstream regulators of F-actin networks in chondrocytes are not completely known. Tropomyosin (TPM) and the RhoGTPases are known regulators of F-actin networks. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the regulation of passaged chondrocyte F-actin stress fiber networks and cell phenotype by the specific TPM, TPM3.1, and the RhoGTPase, CDC42. Our results demonstrated that TPM3.1 associates with cortical F-actin and stress fiber F-actin in primary and passaged chondrocytes, respectively. In passaged cells, we found that TPM3.1 inhibition causes F-actin reorganization from stress fibers back to cortical F-actin and also causes an increase in G/F-actin. CDC42 inhibition also causes formation of cortical F-actin. However, CDC42 inhibition, but not TPM3.1 inhibition, leads to the re-association of TPM3.1 with cortical F-actin. Both TPM3.1 and CDC42 inhibition reduces nuclear localization of myocardin related transcription factor, which is known to suppress dedifferentiated molecule expression. We confirmed that TPM3.1 or CDC42 inhibition partially redifferentiates passaged cells by reducing fibroblast matrix and contractile expression, and increasing chondrogenic SOX9 expression. A further understanding on the regulation of F-actin in passaged cells may lead into new insights to stimulate cartilage matrix expression in cells for regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alissa Rzepski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware
| | | | - Sohan Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware
| | - Chloe Mirack
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware
| | - Justin Parreno
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware
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3
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Scalzone A, Cerqueni G, Wang XN, Dalgarno K, Mattioli-Belmonte M, Ferreira-Duarte AM, Gentile P. A cytokine-induced spheroid-based in vitro model for studying osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1167623. [PMID: 37229489 PMCID: PMC10203413 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1167623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the lack of in vitro models faithfully reproducing the osteoarthritis (OA) disease on-set, this work aimed at manufacturing a reliable and predictive in vitro cytokine-based Articular Cartilage (AC) model to study OA progression. Cell spheroids of primary human fetal chondrocytes (FCs) and h-TERT mesenchymal stem cells differentiated chondrocytes (Y201-C) were analysed in terms of growth kinetics, cells proliferation and apoptosis over 10 days of culture, in healthy condition or in presence of cytokines (interleukin-1ß, -6 and TNF-α). Then, the spheroids were assembled into chondrospheres using a bottom-up strategy, to obtain an in vitro cytokines-induced OA model. The resulting chondrospheres were evaluated for gene expression and anabolic ECM proteins. Compared to the healthy environment, the simulated OA environment induced chondrocyte hyperproliferation and apoptotic pathway, decreased expression of anabolic ECM proteins, and diminished biosynthetic activity, resembling features of early-stage OA. These characteristics were observed for both Y201-C and HC at high and low concentrations of cytokines. Both HC and Y201-C demonstrated the suitability for the manufacturing of a scaffold-free in vitro OA model to facilitate studies into OA pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies. Our approach provides a faithful reproduction of early-stage osteoarthritis, demonstrating the ability of obtaining different disease severity by tuning the concentration of OA-related cytokines. Given the advantages in easy access and more reproducible performance, Y201-C may represent a more favourable source of chondrocytes for establishing more standardized protocols to obtain OA models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Scalzone
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle UponTyne, United Kingdom
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giorgia Cerqueni
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Xiao Nong Wang
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle UponTyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kenny Dalgarno
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle UponTyne, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Mattioli-Belmonte
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Piergiorgio Gentile
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle UponTyne, United Kingdom
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4
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Role of a small GTPase Cdc42 in aging and age-related diseases. Biogerontology 2023; 24:27-46. [PMID: 36598630 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-10008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A small GTPase, Cdc42 is evolutionarily one of the most ancient members of the Rho family, which is ubiquitously expressed and involved in a wide range of fundamental cellular functions. The crucial role of Cdc42 includes regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, cell polarity, morphology and migration, endocytosis and exocytosis, cell cycle, and proliferation in many different cell types. Many studies have provided compelling yet contradicting evidence that Cdc42 dysregulation plays an important role in cellular and tissue aging. Furthermore, Cdc42 is a critical factor in the development and progression of aging-related pathologies, such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders, diabetes type 2, and aging-related disorders of the joints and bones, and the inhibition of the Cdc42 demonstrates potentially significant therapeutic and anti-aging effects in animal models of aging and disease. However, regulation of Cdc42 expression and activity is very complex and depends on many factors, such as the origin and complexity of the tissues, hormonal status, etc. Therefore, this review is focused on current advances in understanding the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with Cdc42 activity and regulation of senescence in different cell types since they may provide a foundation for novel therapeutic strategies and targeted drugs to reverse the aging process and treat aging-associated disorders.
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5
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Scalzone A, Cerqueni G, Wang XN, Ferreira-Duarte A, Dalgarno K, Mattioli-Belmonte M, Gentile P. An In Vitro Engineered Osteochondral Model as Tool to Study Osteoarthritis Environment. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202030. [PMID: 36300892 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint degenerative pathology characterized by mechanical and inflammatory damages affecting synovium, articular cartilage (AC), and subchondral bone (SB). Several in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo models are developed to study OA, but to date the identification of specific pharmacological targets seems to be hindered by the lack of models with predictive capabilities. This study reports the development of a biomimetic in vitro model of AC and SB interface. Gellan gum methacrylated and chondroitin sulfate/dopamine hydrogels are used for the AC portion, whereas polylactic acid functionalized with gelatin and nanohydroxyapatite for the SB. The physiological behavior of immortalized stem cells (Y201s) and Y201s differentiated in chondrocytes (Y201-Cs), respectively, for the SB and AC, is demonstrated over 21 days of culture in vitro in healthy and pathological conditions, whilst modeling the onset of cytokines-induced OA. The key metrics are: lower glycosaminoglycans production and increased calcification given by a higher Collagen X content, in the AC deep layer; higher expression of pro-angiogenic factor (vegf) and decreased expression of osteogenic markers (coll1, spp1, runx2) in the SB. This novel approach provides a new tool for studying the development and progression of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Scalzone
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Giorgia Cerqueni
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60126, Italy
| | - Xiao-Nong Wang
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Ana Ferreira-Duarte
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Kenny Dalgarno
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Monica Mattioli-Belmonte
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60126, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Gentile
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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Hodgkinson T, Amado IN, O'Brien FJ, Kennedy OD. The role of mechanobiology in bone and cartilage model systems in characterizing initiation and progression of osteoarthritis. APL Bioeng 2022. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0068277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hodgkinson
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Isabel N. Amado
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fergal J. O'Brien
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials Bio-Engineering Research Centre (AMBER), Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oran D. Kennedy
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials Bio-Engineering Research Centre (AMBER), Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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7
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The Role of Synovial Membrane in the Development of a Potential In Vitro Model of Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052475. [PMID: 35269618 PMCID: PMC8910122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of in vitro models able to plausibly represent the inflammation microenvironment of knee osteoarthritis (OA). We analyzed the molecules released from OA tissues (synovial membrane, cartilage, infrapatellar fat pad) and investigated whether the stimulation of human synovial fibroblasts (SFs), with synthetic cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α or IFN-γ) or conditioned media (CM) from OA tissues, influence the SFs’ response, in the sense of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and degradative enzymes modulation. Human SFs were obtained from OA synovial membranes. SFs and their CM were analyzed for biomarkers, proliferation rate, protein profile and gene expression, before and after stimulation. Real-time PCR and multiplex assays quantified OA-related gene expression and biomolecule production. Unlike other activators, CM from OA synovial membrane (CM-SM), significantly up-regulated all genes of interest (IL-6, IL-8, MMP-1, MMP-3, RANTES, MCP-1, TSG-6, YKL-40) in SFs. Multiplex immunoassay analysis showed that levels of OA-related cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, MCP 1, IL-1Ra), chemokine (RANTES) and growth factor (VEGF), produced by CM-SM stimulated SFs, increased significantly compared to non-stimulated SFs. Molecules released from the SM from OA patients induces OA-like changes in vitro, in specific OA synovial populations (SFs). These findings promote the use and establish a compelling in vitro model that simulates the versatility and complexity of the OA disease. This model, in the future, will allow us to study new cell therapies or test drugs by reducing or avoiding animal models.
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8
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Snider C, Grant D, Grant SA. Investigation of an injectable gold nanoparticle extracellular matrix. J Biomater Appl 2021; 36:1289-1300. [PMID: 34672227 DOI: 10.1177/08853282211051586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) is a progressive articular degenerative disease that degrades articular cartilage and stimulates apoptosis in chondrocyte cells. An injectable decellularized, extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold, that might be able to combat the effects of PTOA, was developed where the ECM was conjugated with 20 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and supplemented with curcumin and hyaluronic acid (HA). Porcine diaphragm ECM was decellularized and homogenized; AuNPs were conjugated using chemical crosslinking followed by mixing with curcumin and/or HA. Injection force testing and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were utilized to characterize the ECM scaffolds. In vitro testing with L929 murine fibroblasts, equine synovial fibroblasts, and Human Chondrocytes were used to determine biocompatibility, reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduction, and chondroprotective ability. The results demonstrated that conjugation of 20 nm AuNPs to the ECM was successful without significantly altering the physical properties as noted in the low injection force. In vitro work provided evidence of biocompatibility with a propensity to reduce intracellular ROS and an ability to mitigate apoptosis of chondrocyte cells stimulated with IL-1β, a known apoptosis inducing cytokine. It was concluded that an injectable AuNP-ECM may have the ability to mitigate inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colten Snider
- Department of Bioengineering, 14716University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - David Grant
- Department of Bioengineering, 14716University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sheila A Grant
- Department of Bioengineering, 14716University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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9
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Articular Chondrocyte Phenotype Regulation through the Cytoskeleton and the Signaling Processes That Originate from or Converge on the Cytoskeleton: Towards a Novel Understanding of the Intersection between Actin Dynamics and Chondrogenic Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063279. [PMID: 33807043 PMCID: PMC8004672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have assembled a complex picture, in which extracellular stimuli and intracellular signaling pathways modulate the chondrocyte phenotype. Because many diseases are mechanobiology-related, this review asked to what extent phenotype regulators control chondrocyte function through the cytoskeleton and cytoskeleton-regulating signaling processes. Such information would generate leverage for advanced articular cartilage repair. Serial passaging, pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling (TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8), growth factors (TGF-α), and osteoarthritis not only induce dedifferentiation but also converge on RhoA/ROCK/Rac1/mDia1/mDia2/Cdc42 to promote actin polymerization/crosslinking for stress fiber (SF) formation. SF formation takes center stage in phenotype control, as both SF formation and SOX9 phosphorylation for COL2 expression are ROCK activity-dependent. Explaining how it is molecularly possible that dedifferentiation induces low COL2 expression but high SF formation, this review theorized that, in chondrocyte SOX9, phosphorylation by ROCK might effectively be sidelined in favor of other SF-promoting ROCK substrates, based on a differential ROCK affinity. In turn, actin depolymerization for redifferentiation would “free-up” ROCK to increase COL2 expression. Moreover, the actin cytoskeleton regulates COL1 expression, modulates COL2/aggrecan fragment generation, and mediates a fibrogenic/catabolic expression profile, highlighting that actin dynamics-regulating processes decisively control the chondrocyte phenotype. This suggests modulating the balance between actin polymerization/depolymerization for therapeutically controlling the chondrocyte phenotype.
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10
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Gao X, Sun Y, Li X. Identification of key gene modules and transcription factors for human osteoarthritis by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:2479-2490. [PMID: 31572500 PMCID: PMC6755469 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent causes of joint disease. However, the pathological mechanisms of OA have remained to be completely elucidated, and further investigation into the underlying mechanisms of OA development and the identification of novel therapeutic targets are urgently required. In the present study, the dataset GSE114007 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and the identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), the microarray data were further analyzed to identify hub genes, key transcription factors (TFs) and pivotal signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of OA. A total of 1,898 genes were identified to be differentially expressed between OA samples and normal samples. Based on WGCNA, the present study identified 5 hub modules closely associated with OA, and the potential key TFs for hub modules were further explored based on CisTargetX. The results demonstrated that B-Cell Lymphoma 6, Myelin Gene Expression Factor 2, Activating Transcription Factor 3, CCAAT Enhancer Binding Protein γ, Nuclear Factor Interleukin-3-Regulated, FOS Like Antigen-2, FOS-Like Antigen-1, Fos Proto-Oncogene, JunD Proto-Oncogene, Transcription Factor CP2 Like 1, RELA proto-oncogene NF-kB subunit, SRY-box transcription factor 3, V-Ets Avian Erythroblastosis Virus E26 Oncogene Homolog 2, Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 and REL proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit were the potential key TFs. In addition, osteoclast differentiation, FoxO, MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways were revealed to be imperative for the pathogenesis of OA, as these 4 pivotal signaling pathways were observed to be tightly linked through 4 key TFs Fos Proto-Oncogene, JUN, JunD Proto-Oncogene and MYC, and 4 DEGs Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Growth Arrest and DNA Damage Inducible α, Growth Arrest and DNA Damage Inducible β and Cyclin D1. The present study identified a set of potential key genes and signaling pathways, and provided an important opportunity to advance the current understanding of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
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11
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Hall AC. The Role of Chondrocyte Morphology and Volume in Controlling Phenotype-Implications for Osteoarthritis, Cartilage Repair, and Cartilage Engineering. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2019; 21:38. [PMID: 31203465 PMCID: PMC6571082 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-019-0837-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Articular chondrocytes are exclusively responsible for the turnover of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of hyaline cartilage. However, chondrocytes are phenotypically unstable and, if they de-differentiate into hypertrophic or fibroblastic forms, will produce a defective and weak matrix. Chondrocyte volume and morphology exert a strong influence over phenotype and a full appreciation of the factors controlling chondrocyte phenotype stability is central to understanding (a) the mechanisms underlying the cartilage failure in osteoarthritis (OA), (b) the rationale for hyaline cartilage repair, and (c) the strategies for improving the engineering of resilient cartilage. The focus of this review is on the factors involved in, and the importance of regulating, chondrocyte morphology and volume as key controllers of chondrocyte phenotype. RECENT FINDINGS The visualisation of fluorescently-labelled in situ chondrocytes within non-degenerate and mildly degenerate cartilage, by confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM) and imaging software, has identified the marked heterogeneity of chondrocyte volume and morphology. The presence of chondrocytes with cytoplasmic processes, increased volume, and clustering suggests important early changes to their phenotype. Results from experiments more closely aligned to the normal physico-chemical environment of in situ chondrocytes are emphasising the importance of understanding the factors controlling chondrocyte morphology and volume that ultimately affect phenotype. An appreciation of the importance of chondrocyte volume and morphology for controlling the chondrocyte phenotype is advancing at a rapid pace and holds particular promise for developing strategies for protecting the chondrocytes against deleterious changes and thereby maintaining healthy and resilient cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Hall
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9XD, UK.
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12
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Abstract
Osteochondral (OC) lesions are a major cause of chronic musculoskeletal pain and functional disability, which reduces the quality of life of the patients and entails high costs to the society. Currently, there are no effective treatments, so in vitro and in vivo disease models are critically important to obtain knowledge about the causes and to develop effective treatments for OC injuries. In vitro models are essential to clarify the causes of the disease and the subsequent design of the first barrier to test potential therapeutics. On the other hand, in vivo models are anatomically more similar to humans allowing to reproduce the pattern and progression of the lesion in a controlled scene and offering the opportunity to study the symptoms and responses to new treatments. Moreover, in vivo models are the most suitable preclinical model, being a fundamental and a mandatory step to ensure the successful transfer to clinical trials. Both in vitro and in vitro models have a number of advantages and limitation, and the choice of the most appropriate model for each study depends on many factors, such as the purpose of the study, handling or the ease to obtain, and cost, among others. In this chapter, we present the main in vitro and in vivo OC disease models that have been used over the years in the study of origin, progress, and treatment approaches of OC defects.
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13
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Delve E, Parreno J, Co V, Wu PH, Chong J, Di Scipio M, Kandel RA. CDC42 regulates the expression of superficial zone molecules in part through the actin cytoskeleton and myocardin-related transcription factor-A. J Orthop Res 2018. [PMID: 29537109 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease that initially manifests as loss of the superficial zone (SZ) of articular cartilage. SZ chondrocytes (SZC) differ in morphology from other chondrocytes as they are elongated and oriented parallel to the tissue surface. Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) and tenascin C (TNC) are molecules expressed by SZC, which have been shown to be chondroprotective. Identification of the signalling pathway(s) regulating expression of SZ molecules may lead to a therapeutic target that can be used to delay or prevent the onset of OA. The hypothesis of this study is that expression of SZ molecules are regulated in part, by the CDC42-actin-myocardin-related transcription factor-A (MRTF-A) signaling pathway. SZC from bovine metacarpal-phalangeal joints were isolated and grown in monolayer culture. Each target in the CDC42-actin-MRTF-A pathway was inhibited and the effect on cell shape, actin cytoskeleton status, and expression of PRG4 and TNC were determined. Treatment with the CDC42 inhibitor ML141 decreased PRG4 and TNC expression, and correlated with increased cell circularity and G-/F-actin ratio. PRG4 and TNC expression were differentially regulated by actin depolymerizing agents, latrunculin B and cytochalasin D. Chemical inhibition of MRTF-A resulted in decreased expression of both PRG4 and TNC; however, specific knockdown by small interfering RNA only decreased expression of TNC indicating that TNC, but not PRG4, is regulated by MRTF-A. Although PRG4 and TNC expression are both regulated by CDC42 and actin, it appears to occur through different downstream signaling pathways. Further study is required to elucidate the pathway regulating PRG4. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2421-2430, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Delve
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Justin Parreno
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Vivian Co
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario
| | - Po-Han Wu
- The Department of Human Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Jasmine Chong
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Matteo Di Scipio
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Rita A Kandel
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario
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14
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Hu X, Ji X, Yang M, Fan S, Wang J, Lu M, Shi W, Mei L, Xu C, Fan X, Hussain M, Du J, Wu J, Wu X. Cdc42 Is Essential for Both Articular Cartilage Degeneration and Subchondral Bone Deterioration in Experimental Osteoarthritis. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:945-958. [PMID: 29314205 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cdc42, a member of Rho family small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), is critical for cartilage development. We investigated the roles of Cdc42 in osteoarthritis and explored the potential mechanism underlying Cdc42-mediated articular cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone deterioration. Cdc42 is highly expressed in both articular cartilage and subchondral bone in a mouse osteoarthritis model with surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) in the knee joints. Specifically, genetic disruption of Cdc42, knockdown of Cdc42 expression, or inhibition of Cdc42 activity robustly attenuates the DMM-induced destruction, hypertrophy, high expression of matrix metallopeptidase-13 and collagen X, and activation of Stat3 in articular cartilages. Notably, genetic disruption of Cdc42, knockdown of Cdc42 expression or inhibition of Cdc42 activity significantly restored the increased numbers of mesenchymal stem cells, osteoprogenitors, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and neovascularized vessels, the increased bone mass, and the activated Erk1/2, Smad1/5 and Smad2 in subchondral bone of DMM-operated mice. Mechanistically, Cdc42 mediates interleukin-1β-induced interleukin-6 production and subsequent Jak/Stat3 activation to regulate chondrocytic inflammation, and also lies upstream of Erk/Smads to regulate subchondral bone remodeling during transform growth factor-β1 signaling. Cdc42 is apparently required for both articular cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone deterioration of osteoarthritis, thus, interventions targeting Cdc42 have potential in osteoarthritic therapy. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xing Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengting Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shihao Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jirong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meiping Lu
- Department of Rheumatology of t, he Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liu Mei
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengyun Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueying Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Musaddique Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Du
- Department of Orthopedics of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junsong Wu
- Department of Orthopedics of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ximei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Yuan Y, Chen Y, Zhou Z, Jiao Y, Li C, Zheng Y, Lin Y, Xiao J, Chen Z, Cao P. Association between chronic inflammation and latent infection of Propionibacterium acnes in non-pyogenic degenerated intervertebral discs: a pilot study. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2017; 27:2506-2517. [PMID: 29086028 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-017-5363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Propionibacterium acnes may be considered a new pathogeny for disc degeneration, but its pathological role has remained unclear. This study was designed to determine whether the latent infection of P. acnes was associated with chronic inflammation in degenerated intervertebral discs via quantification of the levels of a series of cytokines and neutrophils. METHODS Here, 76 degenerated intervertebral discs were harvested from patients with lower back pain and/or sciatica. Discs with and without P. acnes infection were distinguished and identified using anaerobic culture combined with 16S rDNA PCR and histological examination. Then, cytokines of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and IP-10, and the numbers of neutrophils were quantified and compared. The severity of disc degeneration and the prevalence of Modic changes were also evaluated between discs with and without P. acnes. RESULTS After anaerobic culture and PCR examination, 15 intervertebral discs were placed in the P. acnes-positive group. Another 15 discs were selected from the remaining bacteria-free samples and formed a matched P. acnes-negative group. IL-8, MIP-1α, MCP-1, IP-10, TNF-α, and neutrophils were much higher in P. acnes-positive group than that in the matched P. acnes-negative group. However, only IL-8, MIP-1α, and neutrophils were statistically significant. Furthermore, 7 of 15 P. acnes-positive samples were histologically positive and a subgroup analysis suggested that both histological and PCR-positive samples had the highest concentrations of cytokines of IL-8, MIP-1α, TNF-α, and MCP-1 and the greatest numbers of neutrophils. PCR-positive but histologically negative samples showed the second-greatest, and matched P. acnes-negative samples showed the fewest. However, the difference was only statistically significant between samples found positive under both histology and PCR and samples found negative for P. acnes. Finally, P. acnes-positive group had significantly lower height of intervertebral discs and there was a trend with higher proportion of Modic changes in P. acnes-positive group, but without statistical results. CONCLUSIONS Latent P. acnes infection was associated with chronic inflammation in degenerated intervertebral discs, especially in the samples with visible bacteria in histology, which manifested as increased numbers of cytokines and neutrophils. Discs with P. acnes infection had much severer disc degeneration and P. acnes-associated chronic inflammation may be the reason.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Zezhu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yucheng Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changwei Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuehuan Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yazhou Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Xiao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Functions of Rho family of small GTPases and Rho-associated coiled-coil kinases in bone cells during differentiation and mineralization. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:1009-1023. [PMID: 28188861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of Rho-associated coiled-coil kinases (ROCKs) are effectors of Rho family of small GTPases. ROCKs have multiple functions that include regulation of cellular contraction and polarity, adhesion, motility, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, maturation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). SCOPE OF THE REVIEW Here, we focus on the action of RhoA and RhoA effectors, ROCK1 and ROCK2, in cells related to tissue mineralization: mesenchymal stem cells, chondrocytes, preosteoblasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, lining cells and osteoclasts. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The activation of the RhoA/ROCK pathway promotes stress fiber formation and reduces chondrocyte and osteogenic differentiations, in contrast to that in mesenchymal stem cells which stimulated the osteogenic and the chondrogenic differentiation. The effects of Rac1 and Cdc42 in promoting chondrocyte hypertrophy and of Rac1, Rac2 and Cdc42 in osteoclast are discussed. In addition, members of the Rho family of GTPases such Rac1, Rac2, Rac3 and Cdc42, acting upstream of ROCK and/or other protein effectors, may compensate the actions of RhoA, affecting directly or indirectly the actions of ROCKs as well as other protein effectors. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE ROCK activity can trigger cartilage degradation and affect bone formation, therefore these kinases may represent a possible therapeutic target to treat osteoarthritis and osseous diseases. Inhibition of Rho/ROCK activity in chondrocytes prevents cartilage degradation, stimulate mineralization of osteoblasts and facilitate bone formation around implanted metals. Treatment with osteoprotegerin results in a significant decrease in the expression of Rho GTPases, ROCK1 and ROCK2, reducing bone resorption. Inhibition of ROCK signaling increases osteoblast differentiation in a topography-dependent manner.
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17
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Özcan E, Işıl Saygun N, Serdar MA, Umut Bengi V, Kantarcı A. Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy Reduces Saliva Adipokine and Matrix Metalloproteinase Levels in Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2016; 87:934-43. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.160046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Flynn S, Ross KA, Hannon CP, Yasui Y, Newman H, Murawski CD, Deyer TW, Do HT, Kennedy JG. Autologous Osteochondral Transplantation for Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus. Foot Ankle Int 2016; 37:363-72. [PMID: 26666678 DOI: 10.1177/1071100715620423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous osteochondral transplantation (AOT) is used to treat osteochondral lesions (OCLs) of the talus, typically reserved for lesions greater than 150 mm(2). Few studies exist examining the functional and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes following this procedure. The purpose of this study was to investigate functional and MRI outcomes, including quantitative T2 mapping following AOT. METHODS Eighty-five consecutive patients who underwent AOT were identified. Functional outcomes were assessed pre- and postoperatively using the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS). The Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (MOCART) score was used to assess cartilage incorporation. Quantitative T2 MRI relaxation time of graft tissue and adjacent normal cartilage values were recorded in a subset of 61 patients. The mean clinical follow-up was 47.2 months, with mean MRI follow-up of 24.8 months. RESULTS Mean FAOS improved pre- to postoperatively from 50 to 81 (P < .001). The mean MOCART score was 85.8. Lesion size was negatively correlated with MOCART score (r = -0.36, P = .004). Superficial T2 values in graft tissue were higher than control tissue (42.0 vs 35.8, P < .001). Deep T2 values in graft tissue were similar to the control values (30.9 vs 30.0, P = .305). Functional outcomes were similar in patients irrespective of whether they had previous microfracture or concomitant procedures. CONCLUSION AOT was an effective treatment for large OCLs of the talus in the current study. MOCART scoring indicated good structural integrity of the graft. Quantitative T2 mapping suggests that graft tissue may not always mirror native hyaline cartilage. The long-term implications of this are not yet known. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seán Flynn
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keir A Ross
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Youichi Yasui
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Huong T Do
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Johnson CI, Argyle DJ, Clements DN. In vitro models for the study of osteoarthritis. Vet J 2015; 209:40-9. [PMID: 26831151 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent disease of most mammalian species and is a significant cause of welfare and economic morbidity in affected individuals and populations. In vitro models of osteoarthritis are vital to advance research into the causes of the disease, and the subsequent design and testing of potential therapeutics. However, a plethora of in vitro models have been used by researchers but with no consensus on the most appropriate model. Models attempt to mimic factors and conditions which initiate OA, or dissect the pathways active in the disease. Underlying uncertainty as to the cause of OA and the different attributes of isolated cells and tissues used mean that similar models may produce differing results and can differ from the naturally occurring disease. This review article assesses a selection of the in vitro models currently used in OA research, and considers the merits of each. Particular focus is placed on the more prevalent cytokine stimulation and load-based models. A brief review of the mechanism of these models is given, with their relevance to the naturally occurring disease. Most in vitro models have used supraphysiological loads or cytokine concentrations (compared with the natural disease) in order to impart a timely response from the cells or tissue assessed. Whilst models inducing OA-like pathology with a single stimulus can answer important biological questions about the behaviour of cells and tissues, the development of combinatorial models encompassing different physiological and molecular aspects of the disease should more accurately reflect the pathogenesis of the naturally occurring disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig I Johnson
- The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - David J Argyle
- The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Dylan N Clements
- The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
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Interleukin 6 mediates selected effects of Notch in chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:1766-73. [PMID: 23954701 PMCID: PMC3795792 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Notch receptors determine cell fate by regulating transcription, an event mediated by the Notch intracellular domain (NICD), which is generated by proteolysis brought about by Notch-ligand interactions. Since Notch activation or exposure to interleukin (Il)6 have similar effects in chondrocytes, we explored whether interleukin 6 (Il6) contributes to the mechanisms of Notch action in these cells. METHOD NICD was overexpressed in primary chondrocytes from Rosa(Notch) mice, where the Rosa26 promoter precedes a loxP-flanked STOP cassette followed by the NICD coding sequence. Cells were infected with adenoviral vectors expressing Cre to induce NICD or green fluorescent protein (GFP) as control. Gene expression was determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Il6 protein concentration in the culture media was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To test the mechanisms of Notch action on Il6 expression, cells were transfected with a fragment of the Il6 promoter or control vector pGL3, or transcriptionally arrested with 5,6-dichloro-1-β-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole. Il6 was inhibited with a neutralizing antibody, whereas a normal immunoglobulin G (IgG) was used as control. RESULTS NICD induced Il6 mRNA and protein, and transactivated the Il6 promoter without affecting Il6 mRNA stability. Il6 neutralization had no impact on gene expression under basal conditions, and did not modify the effects of NICD on sex determining region-Y-related high mobility group-box gene (Sox)9, collagen type II α1 (Col2a1) and collagen type X α1 (Col10a1) expression. Conversely, Il6 neutralization opposed aggrecan (Acan) suppression and prevented matrix metalloprotease (Mmp)13 induction by NICD. CONCLUSION Il6 mediates suppression of Acan and induction of Mmp13 expression by Notch in chondrocytes.
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21
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Tsuchida AI, Bekkers JEJ, Beekhuizen M, Vonk LA, Dhert WJA, Saris DBF, Creemers LB. Pronounced biomaterial dependency in cartilage regeneration using nonexpanded compared with expanded chondrocytes. Regen Med 2013; 8:583-95. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We aimed to investigate freshly isolated compared with culture-expanded chondrocytes with respect to early regenerative response, cytokine production and cartilage formation in response to four commonly used biomaterials. Materials & methods: Chondrocytes were both directly and after expansion to passage 2, incorporated into four biomaterials: Polyactive™, Beriplast®, HyStem® and a type II collagen gel. Early cartilage matrix gene expression, cytokine production and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and DNA content in response to these biomaterials were evaluated. Results: HyStem induced more GAG production, compared with all other biomaterials (p ≤ 0.001). Nonexpanded cells did not always produce more GAGs than expanded chondrocytes, as this was biomaterial-dependent. Cytokine production and early gene expression were not predictive for final regeneration. Conclusion: For chondrocyte-based cartilage treatments, the biomaterial best supporting cartilage matrix production will depend on the chondrocyte differentiation state and cannot be predicted from early gene expression or cytokine profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika I Tsuchida
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joris EJ Bekkers
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Beekhuizen
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucienne A Vonk
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter JA Dhert
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël BF Saris
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- MIRA Institute, Tissue Regeneration, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Laura B Creemers
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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