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Mariano M. General aspects of powder rheology applied to pharmaceutical formulations. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103976. [PMID: 38580163 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Powder flowability is crucial in the pharmaceutical industry, strongly affecting solid dosage processing. Classical experimental techniques offer straightforward results for the rapid screening of formulations during development. However, they fail to describe powder properties under consolidation. Complex techniques, such as shear cell, accurately assess fundamental properties of particulate samples under realistic conditions, enabling prediction of their flow. Ideally, a combination of experimental methods should be used to comprehensively assess powder flowability, ensuring consistent product performance. Moreover, researchers and analytical scientists must have a solid understanding of powder rheology to effectively interpret acquired data. In this review, common techniques, experimental protocols, and typical results observed in a pharmaceutical context are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Mariano
- Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, SETU, Waterford, Ireland.
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Janssen PH, Bisharat LM, Bastiaansen M. Complexities related to the amorphous content of lactose carriers. Int J Pharm X 2023; 6:100216. [PMID: 37953972 PMCID: PMC10632108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the amount of amorphous content in lactose is low, its impact on the performance of a dry powder inhalation formulation might be high. Many formulators and regulatory agencies believe that the levels of amorphous content should be controlled once there is a relationship with the final product performance. This is however not an easy task. The current paper elaborates on multiple challenges and complexities that are related to the control of the amorphous content in lactose. The definition and quantification methods of amorphous lactose are reviewed, as well as challenges related to thermodynamic instability. Additionally, current monographs and recent position papers considering this parameter are discussed to provide an overview of the regulatory landscape. Development of a control strategy is recommended, provided that the amorphous content at a specific moment in the process has shown to have an impact on the performance of the dry powder inhaler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline H.M. Janssen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Bio pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands
- DFE Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Klever Str. 187, Goch 47574, Germany
| | - Lorina M.N. Bisharat
- DFE Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Klever Str. 187, Goch 47574, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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Walther FJ, Waring AJ, Otieno M, DiBlasi RM. Efficacy, dose-response, and aerosol delivery of dry powder synthetic lung surfactant treatment in surfactant-deficient rabbits and premature lambs. Respir Res 2022; 23:78. [PMID: 35379243 PMCID: PMC8978426 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dry powder (DP) synthetic lung surfactant may be an effective means of noninvasive delivery of surfactant therapy to premature infants supported with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) in low-resource settings. METHODS Four experimental DP surfactant formulations consisting of 70% of phospholipids (DPPC:POPG 7:3), 3% Super Mini-B (SMB) or its sulfur-free derivate B-YL as SP-B peptide mimic, 25% of lactose or trehalose as excipient, and 2% of NaCl were formulated using spray drying. In vitro surface activity was confirmed with captive bubble surfactometry. Surfactant particle size was determined with a cascade impactor and inhaled dose was quantified using a spontaneously breathing premature lamb lung model supported with CPAP. In vivo surfactant efficacy was demonstrated in three studies. First, oxygenation and lung compliance were monitored after intratracheal instillation of resuspended DP surfactant in intubated, ventilated, lavaged, surfactant-deficient juvenile rabbits. In dose-response studies, ventilated, lavaged, surfactant-deficient rabbits received 30, 60, 120 or 240 mg/kg of DP B-YL:Lactose or B-YL:Trehalose surfactant by aerosol delivery with a low flow aerosol chamber via their endotracheal tube. Noninvasive aerosolization of DP B-YL:Trehalose surfactant via nasal prongs was tested in spontaneous breathing premature lambs supported with nCPAP. Intratracheal administration of 200 mg/kg of Curosurf®, a liquid porcine surfactant, was used as a positive control. RESULTS Mass median aerosol diameter was 3.6 μm with a geometric standard deviation of 1.8. All four experimental surfactants demonstrated high surface efficacy of intratracheal instillation of a bolus of ~ 100 mg/kg of surfactant with improvement of oxygenation and lung compliance. In the dose-response studies, rabbits received incremental doses of DP B-YL:Lactose or B-YL:Trehalose surfactant intratracheally and showed an optimal response in oxygenation and lung function at a dose of 120-240 mg/kg. Aerosol delivery via nasal prongs of 1 or 2 doses of ~ 100 mg/kg of B-YL:Trehalose surfactant to premature lambs supported with nCPAP resulted in stabilization of spontaneous breathing and oxygenation and lung volumes comparable to the positive control. CONCLUSION These studies confirm the clinical potential of DP synthetic lung surfactant with B-YL peptide as a SP-B mimic to alleviate surfactant deficiency when delivered as a liquid bolus or as an aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans J Walther
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 W Carson Street, Torrance, CA, 90502-2006, USA.
| | - Alan J Waring
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 W Carson Street, Torrance, CA, 90502-2006, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Monicah Otieno
- Department of Translational Discovery, Nonclinical Development, Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Robert M DiBlasi
- Respiratory Therapy Department, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
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Bardoliwala D, Patel V, Misra A, Sawant K. Systematic development and characterization of inhalable dry powder containing Polymeric Lipid Hybrid Nanocarriers co-loaded with ABCB1 shRNA and docetaxel using QbD approach. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Stankovic-Brandl M, Zellnitz S, Wirnsberger P, Kobler M, Paudel A. The Influence of Relative Humidity and Storage Conditions on the Physico-chemical Properties of Inhalation Grade Fine Lactose. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 23:1. [PMID: 34791545 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are favorable devices for the delivery of dry formulations to the lungs; still, they largely fail to deliver higher doses of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) to the lower airways. Addition of fine particles of excipient (fines) to the blend of API and carrier was shown to improve aerosolization performance. Lactose monohydrate is ubiquitous excipient used for this purpose. Lactose exists in a thermodynamically stable crystalline form; however, processes like milling, sieving, or even mixing may induce alteration of crystalline structure and introduce amorphous domains, which could further affect the physico-chemical properties of the material. Therefore, the aim of this work is a detailed characterization of two commercially available types of inhalation grade fine lactose powders (Inhalac 400 and Inhalac 500) prepared using different air-jet milling parameters, with a focus on impact of storage conditions on material properties. We found that the different milling parameters resulted in variable particle size distribution (PSD), and thus surface areas, variable initial amorphous content, cohesivity, flowability, and moisture sorption of materials. In addition, exposure of fine powders to higher humidity reduced the amorphous content present in the materials, but also affected agglomeration tendency and dispersion behavior of both powders. We believe the obtained findings to be important for the aerosolization performance of carrier-based DPIs containing fines and thus need to be duly considered during formulation development.
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Probing Critical Physical Properties of Lactose-Polyethylene Glycol Microparticles in Pulmonary Delivery of Chitosan Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101581. [PMID: 34683876 PMCID: PMC8538302 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery of chitosan nanoparticles is met with nanoparticle agglomeration and exhalation. Admixing lactose-based microparticles (surface area-weighted diameter~5 μm) with nanoparticles mutually reduces particle agglomeration through surface adsorption phenomenon. Lactose-polyethylene glycol (PEG) microparticles with different sizes, morphologies and crystallinities were prepared by a spray drying method using varying PEG molecular weights and ethanol contents. The chitosan nanoparticles were similarly prepared. In vitro inhalation performance and peripheral lung deposition of chitosan nanoparticles were enhanced through co-blending with larger lactose-PEG microparticles with reduced specific surface area. These microparticles had reduced inter-microparticle interaction, thereby promoting microparticle–nanoparticle interaction and facilitating nanoparticles flow into peripheral lung.
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Tse JY, Koike A, Kadota K, Uchiyama H, Fujimori K, Tozuka Y. Porous particles and novel carrier particles with enhanced penetration for efficient pulmonary delivery of antitubercular drugs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 167:116-126. [PMID: 34363979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to design dry powder inhaler formulations using a hydrophilic polymeric polysaccharide, phytoglycogen (PyG), as a multi-functional additive that increases the phagocytic activity of macrophage-like cells and enhances pulmonary delivery of drugs. The safety and usefulness of PyG were determined using in vitro cell-based studies. Dry powder inhaler formulations of an antitubercular drug, rifampicin, were fabricated by spray drying with PyG. The cytotoxicity, effects on phagocytosis, particle size, and morphology were evaluated. The aerosolization properties of the powder formulations were evaluated using an Andersen cascade impactor (ACI). Scanning electron microscope images of the particles on each ACI stage were captured to observe the deposition behavior. PyG showed no toxicity in A549, Calu-3, or RAW264.7 cell lines. At concentrations of 0.5 and 1 g/L, PyG facilitated the cellular uptake of latex beads and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes in RAW264.7 cells. Formulations with outstanding inhalation potential were produced. The fine particle fraction (aerodynamic size 2-7 µm) of the porous particle batch reached nearly 60%, whereas in the formulation containing wrinkled carrier particles, the extra-fine particle fraction (aerodynamic particle size < 2 μm) was 25.0% ± 1.7%. The deposition of porous and wrinkled particles on individual ACI stages was distinct. The inclusion of PyG dramatically improved the inhalation performance of porous and wrinkled powder formulations. These easily inhaled immunostimulatory carrier particles may advance the state of research by enhancing the therapeutic effect and alveolar delivery of antitubercular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yee Tse
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Atsushi Koike
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kadota
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
| | - Hiromasa Uchiyama
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Ko Fujimori
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tozuka
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
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A triple combination 'nano' dry powder inhaler for tuberculosis: in vitro and in vivo pulmonary characterization. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:1520-1531. [PMID: 34041715 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation route of drug delivery is the most favorable for pulmonary infections wherein direct drug delivery is desired to the lungs. Tuberculosis is one such infection suffering from poor therapeutic efficacy because of low patient compliance due to high drug dosing and lengthy treatment protocols. The current research work was undertaken to develop a dry powder inhaler (DPI) for administration of three first-line antitubercular antibiotics directly to the lungs to improve the treatment rates. Nanoformulations of isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and rifampicin were prepared, spray-dried to obtain a dry powder system, and blended with inhalation grade lactose to develop the DPI. The DPI was evaluated for its flow properties, pulmonary deposition, dissolution profile, and stability. The DPI possessed excellent flow properties with a fine particle fraction of 45% and a mass median aerodynamic diameter of approximately 5 µm indicating satisfactory lung deposition. In vitro drug release exhibited a sustained release of the formulations. In vivo studies showed a prolonged deposition in the lung at elevated concentrations compared to oral therapy. Stability studies proved that the formulation remained stable at accelerated and long-term stability conditions. The DPI could complement the existing oral therapy in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy in patients.
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Rashid MA, Muneer S, Wang T, Alhamhoom Y, Rintoul L, Izake EL, Islam N. Puerarin dry powder inhaler formulations for pulmonary delivery: Development and characterization. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249683. [PMID: 33848310 PMCID: PMC8043385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims at developing and characterizing the puerarin dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations for pulmonary delivery. The inhalable particles size (<2 μm) was accomplished by micronization and its morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The puerarin-excipient interaction in powder mixtures was analyzed by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman confocal microscopy, X-Ray powder Diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) methods. Using a Twin stage impinger (TSI), the in-vitro aerosolization of the powder formulations was carried out at a flow rate of 60 L/min and the drug was quantified by employing a validated HPLC method. No significant interactions between the drug and the excipients were observed in the powder formulations. The fine particle fraction (FPF) of the drug alone was 4.2% which has increased five to six-fold for the formulations with aerosolization enhancers. Formulation containing lactose as large carriers produced 32.7% FPF, which further increased with the addition of dispersibility enhancers, leucine and magnesium stearate (40.8% and 41.2%, respectively). The Raman and FTIR techniques are very useful tool for understanding structural integrity and stability of the puerarin in the powder formulations. The puerarin was found to be compatible with the excipients used and the developed DPI formulation may be considered as an efficient formulation for pulmonary delivery for the management of various diseases at a very low dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdur Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: (NI); (MAR)
| | - Saiqa Muneer
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tony Wang
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institution for Future Environment, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yahya Alhamhoom
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Llew Rintoul
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institution for Future Environment, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emad L. Izake
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nazrul Islam
- Queensland University of Technology, Pharmacy Discipline, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Tier 2 Research Centre, Centre for Immunology and Infection, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (NI); (MAR)
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Spherical agglomerates of lactose as potential carriers for inhalation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 159:11-20. [PMID: 33358941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report here on spherical lactose agglomerates as potential carriers for inhalation applications. Micromeritic properties of three spherical lactose agglomerates (SA-A, SA-B, SA-C) and a standard lactose inhalation grade carrier (Lactohale 100; LH100) were evaluated and compared. Ordered mixtures with micronized salbutamol sulfate as the model active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and lactose carriers at two drug loadings (2 wt%, 5 wt%) were prepared, and in-vitro aerosolization performance was assessed. The spherical crystallization process led to particles with tailored micromeritic properties. These had larger specific surface area and greater fine fraction < 10 µm, compared to LH100, due to their coarse morphology. Their properties were reflected in the flowability parameters, where two types of spherical agglomerates of lactose showed more cohesive behavior compared to the other lactose grades. Blend uniformity showed improved homogeneous distribution of the API at higher drug load. In-vitro aerosolization tests showed that the spherical agglomerates of lactose enhanced the dose of API, compared to LH100. SA-B and SA-C showed significantly higher fine particle fractions at low drug load compared to the others, whereas overall, the largest fine particle fraction was for SA-B at high drug load. The carrier material attributes related to particle size, specific surface area, compressibility, flowability (cohesion, flow function), and air permeability were critical for aerosolization performance.
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Rasul RM, Tamilarasi Muniandy M, Zakaria Z, Shah K, Chee CF, Dabbagh A, Rahman NA, Wong TW. A review on chitosan and its development as pulmonary particulate anti-infective and anti-cancer drug carriers. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 250:116800. [PMID: 33049807 PMCID: PMC7434482 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan, as a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer, is characterized by anti-microbial and anti-cancer properties. It lately has received a widespread interest for use as the pulmonary particulate backbone materials of drug carrier for the treatment of infectious disease and cancer. The success of chitosan as pulmonary particulate drug carrier is a critical interplay of their mucoadhesive, permeation enhancement and site/cell-specific attributes. In the case of nanocarriers, various microencapsulation and micro-nano blending systems have been devised to equip them with an appropriate aerodynamic character to enable efficient pulmonary aerosolization and inhalation. The late COVID-19 infection is met with acute respiratory distress syndrome and cancer. Chitosan and its derivatives are found useful in combating HCoV and cancer as a function of their molecular weight, substituent type and its degree of substitution. The interest in chitosan is expected to rise in the next decade from the perspectives of drug delivery in combination with its therapeutic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhisy Mohd Rasul
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, 42300, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M Tamilarasi Muniandy
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, 42300, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zabliza Zakaria
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, 42300, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kifayatullah Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Chin Fei Chee
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ali Dabbagh
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Noorsaadah Abd Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tin Wui Wong
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, 42300, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Sino-Malaysia Molecular Oncology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Delivery Joint Research Centre, Medical College, Yangzhou University. China.
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Aloum F, Al Ayoub Y, Mohammad M, Obeed M, Paluch K, Assi K. Ex vivo and in vitro evaluation of the influence of the inhaler device and formulation on lung deposition of budesonide. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Micron-size lactose manufactured under high shear and its dispersion efficiency as carrier for Salbutamol Sulphate. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Della Bella A, Müller M, Danani A, Soldati L, Bettini R. Effect of Lactose Pseudopolymorphic Transition on the Aerosolization Performance of Drug/Carrier Mixtures. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11110576. [PMID: 31689975 PMCID: PMC6920796 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Physico-chemical properties of lactose are key factors in adhesive mixtures used as dry powder inhaler (DPI). Despite the abundant literature on this topic, the effect of the polymorphism and pseudo-polymorphism of lactose has been seldom investigated and discussed although often lactose used in DPI is subjected to unit operations, which may alter its solid-state properties. Here, we studied the aerosolization performance of salbutamol sulphate (SS) or budesonide (BUD) formulations by investigating the effect of lactose pseudopolymorphism in ternary (coarse lactose/fine lactose/drug) and binary (coarse lactose/drug) mixtures. An improvement of the aerosolization performance of SS formulations with the increase of the amount of fine micronized lactose up to 30% (fine particle fraction (FPF) = 57%) was observed. Micronized lactose contained hygroscopic anhydrous α-lactose, which converted to α-lactose monohydrate at ambient conditions. This implied that the positive effect of fines on the aerosolization performance decreased and eventually disappeared with the formulation aging. Positive effect on SS deposition was observed also with binary mixtures with anhydrous lactose, whereas the opposite occurred with budesonide-containing formulations. The collected data demonstrated the crucial role of the carrier crystal form on the positive effect of fines on the deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Müller
- Micro-Sphere S.A., Ponte Cremenaga, 6996 Monteggio, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Danani
- Istituto Delle Molle di Studi Sull'Intelligenza Artificiale, Scuola Universitaria Professionale Della Svizzera Italiana, 6928 Manno, Switzerland.
| | - Luciano Soldati
- Micro-Sphere S.A., Ponte Cremenaga, 6996 Monteggio, Switzerland.
| | - Ruggero Bettini
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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Microstructural characterization of carrier-based dry powder inhalation excipients: Insights and guidance. Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118482. [PMID: 31260786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in development of dry powder inhalation (DPI) products raises a need for development of standard testing methods and specifications for DPI excipients. The pharmaceutical industry, meanwhile, yet lacks compendial guidance on this topic. Despite of the complexity of interactions taking place in DPI systems and the large number and variety of interplaying factors, understanding of key determinants of performance (critical quality attributes) of DPI excipients have considerably developed over the past years. In light of the current knowledge in this area, this article provides technical guidance and insights on testing and quality control of carrier-based-DPI excipients. These excipients are, typically, blends of coarse, carrier particles and fine, performance-modulating particles. The article explores techniques used for measurement of key microstructural attributes, namely the particle size distribution, the porosity and the particle surface roughness, the particle shape, rheological properties, and the permeability, of these excipients. The technical relevance of each measurement to the functionality of the excipients is critically discussed. In this regard, caveats concerning use of some measurements and data analysis procedures are raised. The guidance lends itself for compendial adoption.
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Zellnitz S, Roblegg E, Pinto J, Fröhlich E. Delivery of Dry Powders to the Lungs: Influence of Particle Attributes from a Biological and Technological Point of View. Curr Drug Deliv 2019; 16:180-194. [PMID: 30360739 DOI: 10.2174/1567201815666181024143249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dry powder inhalers are medical devices used to deliver powder formulations of active pharmaceutical ingredients via oral inhalation to the lungs. Drug particles, from a biological perspective, should reach the targeted site, dissolve and permeate through the epithelial cell layer in order to deliver a therapeutic effect. However, drug particle attributes that lead to a biological activity are not always consistent with the technical requirements necessary for formulation design. For example, small cohesive drug particles may interact with neighbouring particles, resulting in large aggregates or even agglomerates that show poor flowability, solubility and permeability. To circumvent these hurdles, most dry powder inhalers currently on the market are carrier-based formulations. These formulations comprise drug particles, which are blended with larger carrier particles that need to detach again from the carrier during inhalation. Apart from blending process parameters, inhaler type used and patient's inspiratory force, drug detachment strongly depends on the drug and carrier particle characteristics such as size, shape, solid-state and morphology as well as their interdependency. This review discusses critical particle characteristics. We consider size of the drug (1-5 µm in order to reach the lung), solid-state (crystalline to guarantee stability versus amorphous to improve dissolution), shape (spherical drug particles to avoid macrophage clearance) and surface morphology of the carrier (regular shaped smooth or nano-rough carrier surfaces for improved drug detachment.) that need to be considered in dry powder inhaler development taking into account the lung as biological barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zellnitz
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Joana Pinto
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria.,Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Modeling the performance of carrier-based dry powder inhalation formulations: Where are we, and how to get there? J Control Release 2018; 279:251-261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Lee HJ, Lee HG, Kwon YB, Kim JY, Rhee YS, Chon J, Park ES, Kim DW, Park CW. The role of lactose carrier on the powder behavior and aerodynamic performance of bosentan microparticles for dry powder inhalation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 117:279-289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Shalash AO, Khalafallah NM, Molokhia AM, Elsayed MMA. The Relationship Between the Permeability and the Performance of Carrier-Based Dry Powder Inhalation Mixtures: New Insights and Practical Guidance. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:912-922. [PMID: 29063377 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0898-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The permeability of a powder bed reflects its particle size distribution, shape, packing, porosity, cohesivity, and tensile strength in a manner relevant to powder fluidization. The relationship between the permeability and the performance of carrier-based dry powder inhalation (DPI) mixtures has, however, aroused controversy. The current study sought to gain new insights into the relationship and to explore its potential applications. We studied eight lactose materials as DPI carriers. The carriers covered a broad permeability range of 0.42-13.53 D and moreover differed in particle size distribution, particle shape, crystal form, and/or porosity. We evaluated the performance of inhalation mixtures of each of these carriers and fluticasone propionate after aerosolization from an Aerolizer®, a model turbulent-shear inhaler, at a flow rate of 60 L/min. Starting from the high permeability side, the inhalation mixture performance increased as the carrier permeability decreased until optimum performance was reached at permeability of ~ 3.2 D. Increased resistance to air flow strengthens aerodynamic dispersion forces. The inhalation mixture performance then decreased as the carrier permeability further decreased. Very high resistance to air flow restricts powder dispersion. The permeability accounted for effects of carrier size, shape, and macroporosity on the performance. We confirmed the relationship by analysis of two literature permeability-performance datasets, representing measurements that differ from ours in terms of carrier grades, drug, technique used to determine permeability, turbulent-shear inhaler, and/or aerosolization flow rate. Permeability provides useful information that can aid development of DPI mixtures for turbulent-shear inhalers. A practical guidance is provided.
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Patil S, Mahadik A, Nalawade P, More P. Crystal engineering of lactose using electrospray technology: carrier for pulmonary drug delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:2085-2091. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1371733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharvil Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India
| | - Abhijeet Mahadik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India
| | - Pradeep Nalawade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India
| | - Priyesh More
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Defense Institute of Advanced Technology, Pune, India
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Dry powder inhaler performance of spray dried mannitol with tailored surface morphologies as carrier and salbutamol sulphate. Int J Pharm 2017; 524:351-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kadota K, Nishimura T, Nakatsuka Y, Kubo K, Tozuka Y. Assistance for Predicting Deposition of Tranilast Dry Powder in Pulmonary Airways by Computational Fluid Dynamics. J Pharm Innov 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-017-9285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Kou X, Chan LW, Sun CC, Heng PWS. Preparation of slab-shaped lactose carrier particles for dry powder inhalers by air jet milling. Asian J Pharm Sci 2017; 12:59-65. [PMID: 32104314 PMCID: PMC7032214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry powder inhalers are often formulated by attaching micronized drug particles onto carrier particles, which are generally lactose. In this study, commercially available lactose was air jet milled to produce unique slab-like coarse carrier particles, which have larger and rougher surfaces compared to other commercially available lactose. Two key processing factors, i.e., classifier speed and jet milling pressure, were systematically investigated. The largest fraction of slab-like particles in the resulting powder was obtained at a classifier speed of 3000 rpm. The slab-like coarse carrier particles are expected to exhibit superior performance than commercial lactose due to their unique surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Kou
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lai Wah Chan
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Changquan Calvin Sun
- Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Corresponding author. Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, 9-127B Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. Fax: 001-612-626-2125.
| | - Paul Wan Sia Heng
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Corresponding author. GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore. Fax: +65 6779 1554.
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Kaialy W. On the effects of blending, physicochemical properties, and their interactions on the performance of carrier-based dry powders for inhalation - A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 235:70-89. [PMID: 27291646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Blending drug and carrier powders to produce homogeneous drug-carrier adhesive mixtures is a key step in the production of dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations. Although the blending conditions can result in different conclusions or probably change the outcome of a study entirely if being selected differently, there is a scarcity of data on the influence of blending processes on the physicochemical properties of bulk powder formulations and the follow-on effects on DPI performance. This paper provides an overview of the interactions between variables related to blending conditions (e.g. blending equipment, time, speed and sequence as well as environmental humidity) and powder physicochemical properties (e.g. size distribution, shape distribution, density, anomeric composition, electrostatic charge, surface, and bulk properties), and their effects on the performance of adhesive mixtures for inhalation in terms of drug content homogeneity, drug-carrier adhesion, and drug aerosolisation behaviour. The relevance of carrier payload, batch size and segregation was also discussed. Challenges and future directions were identified. This review therefore contributes towards a better understanding of the blending process, powder physicochemical properties, and their interlinked effects on the fundamental understanding of adhesive mixtures for inhalation. The knowledge gained is essential to ensure optimum blending and thereby controlled functionality of DPIs.
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Peng T, Lin S, Niu B, Wang X, Huang Y, Zhang X, Li G, Pan X, Wu C. Influence of physical properties of carrier on the performance of dry powder inhalers. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:308-18. [PMID: 27471671 PMCID: PMC4951591 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) offer distinct advantages as a means of pulmonary drug delivery and have attracted much attention in the field of pharmaceutical science. DPIs commonly contain micronized drug particles which, because of their cohesiveness and strong propensity to aggregate, have poor aerosolization performance. Thus carriers with a larger particle size are added to address this problem. However, the performance of DPIs is profoundly influenced by the physical properties of the carrier, particularly their particle size, morphology/shape and surface roughness. Because these factors are interdependent, it is difficult to completely understand how they individually influence DPI performance. The purpose of this review is to summarize and illuminate how these factors affect drug–carrier interaction and influence the performance of DPIs.
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Key Words
- API, active pharmaceutical ingredient
- CLF, coarse lactose fines
- Carrier
- DPI, dry powder inhaler
- Dry powder inhaler
- ED, emission dose
- ER, elongation ratio
- FLF, fine lactose fines
- FPF, fine particle fraction
- FR, flatness ratio
- Fshape, shape factor
- Fsurface, surface factor
- MFV, minimum fluidization velocity
- Morphology
- PDD, pulmonary drug delivery
- Particle size
- Performance
- RO, roundness
- Surface roughness
- dae, aerodynamic diameter
- pMDI, pressurized metered-dose inhaler
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shiqi Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Boyi Niu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ying Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xuejuan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ge Li
- Guangzhou Neworld Pharm. Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 51006, China
| | - Xin Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Corresponding authors at: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China. Tel.: +86 20 39943427/+86 20 39943117; fax: +86 20 39943115.School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Research Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Corresponding authors at: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China. Tel.: +86 20 39943427/+86 20 39943117; fax: +86 20 39943115.School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
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Pirozynski M, Sosnowski TR. Inhalation devices: from basic science to practical use, innovative vs generic products. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:1559-1571. [PMID: 27267298 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1198774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inhalation therapy is a convenient method of treating respiratory diseases. The key factors required for inhalation are the preparation of drug carriers (aerosol particles) allowing reproducible dosing during administration. These technical challenges are accomplished with a variety of inhalation devices (inhalers) and medicinal formulations, which are optimized to be easily converted into inhalable aerosols. Areas covered: This review is focused on the most important, but often overlooked, effects, which are required for the reliable and reproducible inhalable drug administration. The effects of patient-related issues that influence inhalation therapy, such as proper selection of inhalers for specific cases is discussed. We also discuss factors that are the most essential if generic inhalation product should be considered equivalent to the drugs with the clinically confirmed efficacy. Expert opinion: Proper device selection is crucial in clinical results of inhalation therapy. The patients' ability to coordinate inhalation with actuation, generation of optimal flow through the device, use of optimal inspiratory volume, all produces crucial effects on disease control. Also the severity of the disease process effects proper use of inhalers. Interchanging of inhalers can produce potentially conflicting problem regarding efficacy and safety of inhalation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pirozynski
- a Allergy and Pulmonology Department , Postgraduate Center for Medical Education , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Tomasz R Sosnowski
- b Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering , Warsaw University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland
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Rajabnezhad S, Casettari L, Lam JK, Nomani A, Torkamani MR, Palmieri GF, Rajabnejad MR, Darbandi MA. Pulmonary delivery of rifampicin microspheres using lower generation polyamidoamine dendrimers as a carrier. POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Mathematical approach for understanding deagglomeration behaviour of drug powder in formulations with coarse carrier. Asian J Pharm Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Shalash AO, Molokhia AM, Elsayed MM. Insights into the roles of carrier microstructure in adhesive/carrier-based dry powder inhalation mixtures: Carrier porosity and fine particle content. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 96:291-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Feasibility of highly branched cyclic dextrin as an excipient matrix in dry powder inhalers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 79:79-86. [PMID: 26360838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the feasibility of highly branched cyclic dextrin (HBCD) as an excipient matrix in dry powder inhalers (DPIs). The fine particles of HBCD and HBCD/active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) were prepared by spray-drying an ethanol-aqueous solution containing HBCD. The particle size of spray-dried HBCD itself was approximately 3.0μm with a wrinkled shape. Solid-state fluorescence emission spectroscopy of 1-naphthoic acid (1-NPA) showed that it was dispersed in a molecular dispersion/solid solution, if the model compound of 1-NPA was spray-dried with HBCD. Powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry indicate that 1-NPA was in the amorphous state after spray-drying with HBCD, which is confirmed by the fluorescence measurements, 1-NPA could be incorporated into HBCD. When the antimycobacterial agent, rifampicin, was spray-dried with HBCD for the purpose of pulmonary administration, the emitted dose and fine-particle fraction of the spray-dried particles of rifampicin with HBCD were 95.7±1.7% and 39.5±5.7%, respectively. The results indicated that HBCD possessed a high potential as an excipient in DPIs, not only by molecular association of API molecules with HBCD, but also by that of API fine crystals.
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Hassoun M, Ho S, Muddle J, Buttini F, Parry M, Hammond M, Forbes B. Formulating powder-device combinations for salmeterol xinafoate dry powder inhalers. Int J Pharm 2015; 490:360-7. [PMID: 25987210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Using salmeterol xinafoate (SX) as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, the effects of carrier lactose particle type, total lactose fines content and device resistance on dry powder inhaler performance were investigated in vitro. To mimic drug levels in commercial preparations, interactive mixtures containing 0.58% w/w SX were prepared by low shear tumble mixing. Three types of milled inhalation grade lactose were used (Lactohale(®) LH 200, Respitose(®) ML006 and ML001) and the concentration of fine lactose (Lactohale(®) 300) added was varied. The in vitro deposition of each mixture was studied using a next generation impactor and inhaler devices exhibiting different resistances, Rotahaler(®)<Aerolizer(®)<Handihaler(®). Aerosol performance was evaluated based on the emitted dose (ED), mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) ± geometric standard deviation (GSD) and fine particle fraction (FPF). Increases of up to eight-fold in FPF were observed with increasing intrinsic fine lactose content. The addition of extra fine lactose increased the FPF further, although the effect diminished as more fines were added. The Aerolizer produced the best aerosol performance with any given powder blend, although suitable formulations were identified for each device as defined by the a priori success criteria: >80% ED and MMAD ± GSD between 1-5 μm. The results confirmed the factors under investigation to be important determinants of product performance, but demonstrated using realistic conditions how individual factor impact may be enhanced or mitigated by inter-dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Hassoun
- Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Shirlene Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Joanna Muddle
- Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Francesca Buttini
- Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK; Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Mark Parry
- Intertek-Melbourn Scientific Limited, Saxon Way, Melbourn SG8 6DN, UK
| | - Mark Hammond
- Intertek-Melbourn Scientific Limited, Saxon Way, Melbourn SG8 6DN, UK
| | - Ben Forbes
- Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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Parimaladevi P, Srinivasan K. Achievement of favorable uniform crystal size distribution of alpha-lactose monohydrate (α-LM) through swift cooling process. J FOOD ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zellnitz S, Schroettner H, Urbanetz NA. Influence of surface characteristics of modified glass beads as model carriers in dry powder inhalers (DPIs) on the aerosolization performance. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 41:1710-7. [PMID: 25632978 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.997246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of surface characteristics (surface roughness and specific surface area) of surface-modified glass beads as model carriers in dry powder inhalers (DPIs) on the aerosolization, and thus, the in vitro respirable fraction often referred to as fine particle fraction (FPF). By processing glass beads in a ball mill with different grinding materials (quartz and tungsten carbide) and varying grinding time (4 h and 8 h), and by plasma etching for 1 min, glass beads with different shades of surface roughness and increased surface area were prepared. Compared with untreated glass beads, the surface-modified rough glass beads show increased FPFs. The drug detachment from the modified glass beads is also more reproducible than from untreated glass beads indicated by lower standard deviations for the FPFs of the modified glass beads. Moreover, the FPF of the modified glass beads correlates with their surface characteristics. The higher the surface roughness and the higher the specific surface area of the glass beads the higher is the FPF. Thus, surface-modified glass beads make an ideal carrier for tailoring the performance of DPIs in the therapy of asthma and chronically obstructive pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zellnitz
- a Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH , Graz , Austria and
| | - Hartmuth Schroettner
- b Austrian Centre for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, TU Graz , Graz , Austria
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Vinodhini K, Srinivasan K. The role of a mixture of DMSO : water in the crystallization of α-lactose monohydrate (α-LM) single crystals with desired morphology. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce00001g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, DMSO–water solvent mixtures (from 10 to 90% v/v) were used for the growth of alpha-lactose monohydrate (α-LM) single crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Vinodhini
- Crystal Growth Laboratory
- Department of Physics
- School of Physical Sciences
- Bharathiar University
- Coimbatore-641 046, India
| | - K. Srinivasan
- Crystal Growth Laboratory
- Department of Physics
- School of Physical Sciences
- Bharathiar University
- Coimbatore-641 046, India
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35
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Zellnitz S, Schroettner H, Urbanetz NA. Surface modified glass beads as model carriers in dry powder inhalers—Influence of drug load on the fine particle fraction. POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hoppentocht M, Hagedoorn P, Frijlink H, de Boer A. Technological and practical challenges of dry powder inhalers and formulations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 75:18-31. [PMID: 24735675 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the 50 years following the introduction of the first dry powder inhaler to the market, several developments have occurred. Multiple-unit dose and multi-dose devices have been introduced, but first generation capsule inhalers are still widely used for new formulations. Many new particle engineering techniques have been developed and considerable effort has been put in understanding the mechanisms that control particle interaction and powder dispersion during inhalation. Yet, several misconceptions about optimal inhaler performance manage to survive in modern literature. It is, for example still widely believed that a flow rate independent fine particle fraction contributes to an inhalation performance independent therapy, that dry powder inhalers perform best at 4 kPa (or 60 L/min) and that a high resistance device cannot be operated correctly by patients with reduced lung function. Nevertheless, there seems to be a great future for dry powder inhalation. Many new areas of interest for dry powder inhalation are explored and with the assistance of new techniques like computational fluid dynamics and emerging particle engineering technologies, this is likely to result in a new generation of inhaler devices and formulations, that will enable the introduction of new therapies based on inhaled medicines.
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Zamanipoor MH, Mancera RL. The emerging application of ultrasound in lactose crystallisation. Trends Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Preparation and characterization of physically modified glass beads used as model carriers in dry powder inhalers. Int J Pharm 2013; 447:132-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Traini D, Scalia S, Adi H, Marangoni E, Young PM. Polymer coating of carrier excipients modify aerosol performance of adhered drugs used in dry powder inhalation therapy. Int J Pharm 2012; 438:150-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kaialy W, Nokhodchi A. Freeze-dried mannitol for superior pulmonary drug delivery via dry powder inhaler. Pharm Res 2012; 30:458-77. [PMID: 23070603 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To show for the first time the superior dry powder inhaler (DPI) performance of freeze dried mannitol in comparison to spray dried mannitol and commercial mannitol. METHODS Different mannitol powders were sieved to collect 63-90 μm particles and then analyzed in terms of size, shape, surface morphology, solid state, density, flowability. Salbutamol sulphate-mannitol aerosol formulations were evaluated in terms of homogeneity, SS-mannitol adhesion, and in vitro aerosolization performance. RESULTS Freeze dried mannitol demonstrated superior DPI performance with a fine particle fraction believed to be highest so far reported in literature for salbutamol sulphate under similar protocols (FPF = 46.9%). To lesser extent, spray dried mannitol produced better aerosolization performance than commercial mannitol. Freeze dried mannitol demonstrated elongated morphology, α-+β-+δ- polymorphic forms, and poor flowability whereas spray dried mannitol demonstrated spherical morphology, α-+β- polymorphic forms, and excellent flowability. Commercial mannitol demonstrated angular morphology, β- polymorphic form, and good flowability. Freeze dried mannitol demonstrated smoother surface than spray dried mannitol which in turn demonstrated smoother surface than commercial mannitol. FPF of SS increased as mannitol powder porosity increase. CONCLUSIONS Freeze drying under controlled conditions can be used as a potential technique to generate aerodynamically light mannitol particles for superior DPI performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Kaialy
- Chemistry and Drug Delivery Group, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, ME4 4TB, Kent, UK.
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Kaialy W, Alhalaweh A, Velaga SP, Nokhodchi A. Influence of lactose carrier particle size on the aerosol performance of budesonide from a dry powder inhaler. POWDER TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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El-Gendy N, Huang S, Selvam P, Soni P, Berkland C. Development of Budesonide Nanocluster Dry Powder Aerosols: Formulation and Stability. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3445-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Rahimpour Y, Hamishehkar H. Lactose engineering for better performance in dry powder inhalers. Adv Pharm Bull 2012; 2:183-7. [PMID: 24312791 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2012.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry powder inhaler (DPI) is generally formulated as a powder mixture of coarse carrier particles and micronized drug with aerodynamic diameters of 1-5 μm. Carrier particles are used to improve drug particle flowability, thus improving dosing accuracy, minimizing the dose variability compared with drug alone and making them easier to handle during manufacturing operations. Lactose is the most common and frequently used carrier in DPIs formulations and nowadays various inhalation grades of lactose with different physico-chemical properties are available on the market. Therefore, the purpose of this manuscript is to review evolution of lactose as a carrier in inhalable formulations, their production and the impact of its physico-chemical properties on drug dispersion. This review offers a perspective on the current reported studies to modify lactose for better performance in DPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Rahimpour
- Biotechnology Research Center and Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Littringer EM, Mescher A, Schroettner H, Achelis L, Walzel P, Urbanetz NA. Spray dried mannitol carrier particles with tailored surface properties--the influence of carrier surface roughness and shape. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 82:194-204. [PMID: 22595133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the performance of mannitol carrier particles of tailored surface roughness in dry powder inhaler formulations. Carrier particles of different surface roughness were prepared by spray drying of aqueous mannitol solutions at different outlet temperatures at a pilot-scale spray dryer. However, the carrier particles did not only change in surface roughness but also in shape. This is why the impact of carrier shape on the performance of carrier based dry powder inhalates was evaluated also. The highest fine particle fraction (FPF), that is the amount of active pharmaceutical substance, delivered to the deep lung, is achieved when using rough, spherical carrier particles (FPF=29.23 ± 4.73%, mean arithmetic average surface roughness (mean R(a))=140.33 ± 27.75 nm, aspect ratio=0.925). A decrease of surface roughness (mean R(a)=88.73 ± 22.25 nm) leads to lower FPFs (FPF=14.62 ± 1.18%, aspect ratio=0.918). The FPF further decreases when irregular shaped particles are used. For those particles, the micronized active accumulates within the cavities of the carrier surface during the preparation of the powder mixtures. Upon inhalation, the cavities may protect the active from being detached from the carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Littringer
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria.
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Developing an efficient and reliable dry powder inhaler for pulmonary drug delivery – A review for multidisciplinary researchers. Med Eng Phys 2012; 34:409-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2011.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Advanced microscopy techniques to assess solid-state properties of inhalation medicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:369-82. [PMID: 22120022 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Efficient control and characterisation of the physico-chemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients for orally inhaled drug products (OIDPs) are critical to successful product development. Control and reduction of risk require the introduction of a material science based approach to product development and the use of advanced analytical tools in understanding how the solid-state properties of the input materials influence structure and product functionality. The key issues to be addressed, at a microscopic scale, are understanding how the critical quality attributes of input materials influence surface, interfacial and particulate interactions within OIDPs. This review offers an in-depth discussion on the use of advanced microscopy techniques in characterising of the solid-state properties of particulate materials for OIDPs. The review covers the fundamental principles of the techniques, instrumentation types, data interpretation and specific applications in relation to the product development of OIDPs.
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Kou X, Chan LW, Steckel H, Heng PW. Physico-chemical aspects of lactose for inhalation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:220-32. [PMID: 22123598 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
A dry powder inhaler (DPI) is a dosage form that consists of a powder formulation in a device which is designed to deliver an active ingredient to the respiratory tract. It has been extensively investigated over the past years and several aspects relating to device and particulate delivery mechanisms have been the focal points for debate. DPI formulations may or may not contain carrier particles but whenever a carrier is included in a commercial formulation, it is almost invariably lactose monohydrate. Many physicochemical properties of the lactose carrier particles have been reported to affect the efficiency of a DPI. A number of preparation methods have been developed which have been claimed to produce lactose carriers with characteristics which lead to improved deposition. Alongside these developments, a number of characterization methods have been developed which have been reported to be useful in the measurement of key properties of the particulate ingredients. This review describes the various physicochemical characteristics of lactose, methods of manufacturing lactose particulates and their characterization.
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Lactose characteristics and the generation of the aerosol. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:233-56. [PMID: 21616107 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The delivery efficiency of dry-powder products for inhalation is dependent upon the drug formulation, the inhaler device, and the inhalation technique. Dry powder formulations are generally produced by mixing the micronised drug particles with larger carrier particles. These carrier particles are commonly lactose. The aerosol performance of a powder is highly dependent on the lactose characteristics, such as particle size distribution and shape and surface properties. Because lactose is the main component in these formulations, its selection is a crucial determinant of drug deposition into the lung, as interparticle forces may be affected by the carrier-particle properties. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to review the various grades of lactose, their production, and the methods of their characterisation. The origin of their adhesive and cohesive forces and their influence on aerosol generation are described, and the impact of the physicochemical properties of lactose on carrier-drug dispersion is discussed in detail.
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Maas SG, Schaldach G, Littringer EM, Mescher A, Griesser UJ, Braun DE, Walzel PE, Urbanetz NA. The impact of spray drying outlet temperature on the particle morphology of mannitol. POWDER TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kaialy W, Alhalaweh A, Velaga SP, Nokhodchi A. Effect of carrier particle shape on dry powder inhaler performance. Int J Pharm 2011; 421:12-23. [PMID: 21945739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterise the aerosolisation properties of salbutamol sulphate (SS) from dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations containing different carrier products. The difference in the elongation ratio (ER) of the different carriers was highlighted. Different set of carriers, namely commercial mannitol (CM), commercial lactose (CL), cooling crystallised mannitol (CCM), acetone crystallised mannitol (ACM) and ethanol crystallised mannitol (ECM) were used and inspected in terms of size, shape, density, crystal form, flowability, and in vitro aerosolisation performance using Multi Stage Liquid Impinger (MSLI) and Aerolizer inhaler device. Solid-state and morphological characterization showed that CM product was in pure β-form having particles with smaller ER (CM: ER=1.62 ± 0.04) whereas ACM and ECM mannitol particles were in pure α form with higher ER (ACM: ER=4.83 ± 0.18, ECM: ER=5.89 ± 0.19). CCM product crystallised as mixtures of β-form and δ-form and showed the largest variability in terms of particle shape, size, and DPI performance. Linear relationships were established showing that carrier products with higher ER have smaller bulk density (D(b)), smaller tap density (D(t)), higher porosity (P), and poorer flow properties. In vitro aerosolisation assessments showed that the higher the ER of the carrier particles the greater the amounts of SS delivered to lower airway regions indicating enhanced DPI performance. Yet, DPI performance enhancement by increasing carrier ER reached a "limit" as increasing carrier ER from 4.83±0.18 (ACM) to 5.89±0.19 (ECM) did not significantly alter fine particle fraction (FPF) of SS. Also, carrier particles with higher ER were disadvantageous in terms of higher amounts of SS remained in inhaler device (drug loss) and deposited on throat. Linear relationship was established (r(2)=0.87) showing that the higher the carrier ER the lower the drug emission (EM) upon inhalation. Moreover, poorer flowability for carrier products with higher ER is disadvantageous in terms of DPI formulation dose metering and processing on handling scale. In conclusion, despite that using carrier particles with higher ER can considerably increase the amounts of drug delivered to lower airway regions; this enhancement is restricted to certain point. Also, other limitations should be taken into account including higher drug loss and poorer flowability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Kaialy
- Chemistry and Drug Delivery Group, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, ME4 4TB, Kent, UK
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