1
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Ma M, Powell D, Nassar M, Teckoe J, Markl D, Zeitler JA. Impact of immediate release film coating on the disintegration process of tablets. J Control Release 2024; 373:533-546. [PMID: 39032576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical tablets are often coated with a layer of polymeric material to protect the drug from environmental degradation, facilitate the packaging process, and enhance patient compliance. However, the detailed effects of such coating layers on drug release are not well understood. To investigate this, flat-faced pure microcrystalline cellulose tablets with a diameter of 13 mm and a thickness between 1.5 mm to 1.6 mm were directly compressed, and a film coating layer with a thickness of 80 μm to 120 μm was applied to one face of these tablets. This tablet geometry and immediate release film coating were chosen as a model system to understand how the film coating interacts with the tablet core. The coating hydration and dissolution process was studied using terahertz pulsed imaging, while optical coherence tomography was used to capture further details on the swelling process of the polymer in the coated tablet. The study investigated the film coating polymer dissolution process and found the gelling of dissolving polymer restricted the capillary liquid transport in the core. These findings can help predict the dissolution of film coating within the typical range of thickness (30 μm to 40 μm) and potentially be extended to understand modified release coating formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Daniel Powell
- Centre for Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Marwa Nassar
- Colorcon Ltd, Flagship House, Victory Way, Dartford DA2 6QD, UK
| | - Jason Teckoe
- Colorcon Ltd, Flagship House, Victory Way, Dartford DA2 6QD, UK
| | - Daniel Markl
- Centre for Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK.
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2
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Lee J, Goodwin DJ, Dhenge RM, Nassar J, Zeitler JA. Calorimetric investigation on heat release during the disintegration process of pharmaceutical tablets. Int J Pharm 2024; 660:124315. [PMID: 38852747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The compendial USP〈701〉 disintegration test method offers a crucial pass/fail assessment for immediate release tablet disintegration. However, its single end-point approach provides limited insight into underlying mechanisms. This study introduces a novel calorimetric approach, aimed at providing comprehensive process profiles beyond binary outcomes. We developed a novel disintegration reaction calorimeter to monitor the heat release throughout the disintegration process and successfully obtained enthalpy change profiles of placebo tablets with various porosities. The formulation comprised microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), anhydrous lactose, croscarmellose sodium (CCS), and magnesium stearate (MgSt). An abrupt temperature rise was observed after introducing the disintegration medium to tablets, and the relationship between the heat rise time and the tablet's porosity was investigated. The calorimeter's sensitivity was sufficient to discern distinct heat changes among individual tablets, and the analysis revealed a direct correlation between the two. Higher porosity corresponded to shorter heat rise time, indicating faster disintegration rates. Additionally, the analysis identified a concurrent endothermic process alongside the anticipated exothermic phenomenon, potentially associated with the dissolution of anhydrous lactose. Since lactose is the only soluble excipient within the blend composition, the endothermic process can be attributed to the absorption of heat as lactose molecules dissolve in water. The findings from this study underscore the potential of utilising calorimetric methods to quantify the wettability of complex compounds and, ultimately, optimise tablet formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | | | | | - Joelle Nassar
- GSK Ware Research and Development, Park Road, Ware SG12 0DP, UK
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK.
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3
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Salish K, Thool P, Qin Y, Yawman PD, Zhang S, Mao C. A two-phase flow model simulating water penetration into pharmaceutical tablets. Int J Pharm 2024; 660:124383. [PMID: 38925240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of the study is introduce a two-phase flow model to simulate water penetration into pharmaceutical tablets. This model was built by integrating Darcy's law with the continuity principle, on the premise that water penetration was driven by capillary actions. Notably, this model concerned both the ingress of water (wetting phase) and simultaneous displacement of air (non-wetting phase). Due to the interference of the two fluids, the relative permeability and capillary pressure vary during water penetration. Evolution of these parameters was incorporated in the model. Calibration of the model by water penetration experiments of the microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) tablet yielded an average pore radius of 42 nm. This derived result was corroborated by FIB-SEM analysis revealing the presence of extensive microporosity within MCC particles with an average radius of ∼30 nm. Further validation was achieved through close resemblance between the simulated and experimental water penetration profiles of MCC tablets possessing different porosities. Overall, this study underscored the advantage of the two-phase flow model over single-phase flow models, by capturing the dependence of permeability and capillary pressure on water saturation. Therefore it holds promise for an enhanced description of water penetration into tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Salish
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Prajwal Thool
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Yuri Qin
- DigiM Solution LLC., 500 West Cummings Park, Suite 3650, Woburn, MA 01801, United States
| | - Phillip D Yawman
- DigiM Solution LLC., 500 West Cummings Park, Suite 3650, Woburn, MA 01801, United States
| | - Shawn Zhang
- DigiM Solution LLC., 500 West Cummings Park, Suite 3650, Woburn, MA 01801, United States
| | - Chen Mao
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States.
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4
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McGuckin MB, Hutton AR, Davis ER, Sabri AH, Ripolin A, Himawan A, Naser YA, Ghanma R, Greer B, McCarthy HO, Paredes AJ, Larrañeta E, Donnelly RF. Transdermal Delivery of Pramipexole Using Microneedle Technology for the Potential Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2512-2533. [PMID: 38602861 PMCID: PMC11080471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease primarily impacting neurons responsible for dopamine production within the brain. Pramipexole (PRA) is a dopamine agonist that is currently available in tablet form. However, individuals with PD commonly encounter difficulties with swallowing and gastrointestinal motility, making oral formulations less preferable. Microneedle (MN) patches represent innovative transdermal drug delivery devices capable of enhancing skin permeability through the creation of microconduits on the surface of the skin. MNs effectively reduce the barrier function of skin and facilitate the permeation of drugs. The work described here focuses on the development of polymeric MN systems designed to enhance the transdermal delivery of PRA. PRA was formulated into both dissolving MNs (DMNs) and directly compressed tablets (DCTs) to be used in conjunction with hydrogel-forming MNs (HFMNs). In vivo investigations using a Sprague-Dawley rat model examined, for the first time, if it was beneficial to prolong the application of DMNs and HFMNs beyond 24 h. Half of the patches in the MN cohorts were left in place for 24 h, whereas the other half remained in place for 5 days. Throughout the entire 5 day study, PRA plasma levels were monitored for all cohorts. This study confirmed the successful delivery of PRA from DMNs (Cmax = 511.00 ± 277.24 ng/mL, Tmax = 4 h) and HFMNs (Cmax = 328.30 ± 98.04 ng/mL, Tmax = 24 h). Notably, both types of MNs achieved sustained PRA plasma levels over a 5 day period. In contrast, following oral administration, PRA remained detectable in plasma for only 48 h, achieving a Cmax of 159.32 ± 113.43 ng/mL at 2 h. The HFMN that remained in place for 5 days demonstrated the most promising performance among all investigated formulations. Although in the early stages of development, the findings reported here offer a hopeful alternative to orally administered PRA. The sustained plasma profile observed here has the potential to reduce the frequency of PRA administration, potentially enhancing patient compliance and ultimately improving their quality of life. This work provides substantial evidence advocating the development of polymeric MN-mediated drug delivery systems to include sustained plasma levels of hydrophilic pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B. McGuckin
- School
of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron R.J. Hutton
- School
of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Ellie R. Davis
- School
of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Akmal H.B. Sabri
- School
of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasia Ripolin
- School
of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Achmad Himawan
- School
of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Yara A. Naser
- School
of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Rand Ghanma
- School
of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Brett Greer
- Institute
for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, United Kingdom
- The International
Joint Research Centre on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin
Road, Khong Luang ,Pathum
Thani12120, Thailand
| | - Helen O. McCarthy
- School
of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro J. Paredes
- School
of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Eneko Larrañeta
- School
of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan F. Donnelly
- School
of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
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5
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Zheng AY, Liau YW, Heng PWS, Chan LW. Elucidating the effect of salt incorporation in tablets on tablet disintegratability. Int J Pharm 2024; 651:123759. [PMID: 38163527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The disintegration of tablets plays a crucial role in facilitating drug release, and disintegrants are used in tablet formulations to promote the disintegration process. This study aimed to explore and understand the impact of salt incorporation on tablet disintegratability. The study was designed to modulate the microenvironment temperature of tablets through dissolution of salts incorporated in the formulation, with the aim to facilitate tablet disintegration. It was observed that the incorporation of salts generally prolonged tablet disintegration. The impact of incorporating salts on tablet properties was both concentration-dependent and multi-factorial. The observed effect of salts on tablet disintegration was likely influenced by a combination of factors, including different properties of the salts, enhanced solubility of components, the temperature difference between the tablet and the disintegration medium, the expansion of air resulting from increased microenvironment temperature, and the competition for water between salts and disintegrants. These factors collectively contributed to the overall impact of salts on tablet disintegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Yi Zheng
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yuan Wei Liau
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Paul Wan Sia Heng
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Lai Wah Chan
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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6
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Loke YH, Chew YL, Janakiraman AK, Lee SK, Uddin ABMH, Goh CF, Kee PE, Ng HS, Ming LC, Liew KB. Development of a novel direct compressible co-processed excipient and its application for formulation of Mirtazapine orally disintegrating tablets. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2024; 50:36-44. [PMID: 38149637 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2023.2294095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) are designed to dissolve in the oral cavity within 3 min, providing a convenient option for patients as they can be taken without water. Direct compression is the most common method used for ODTs formulations. However, the availability of single composite excipients with desirable characteristics such as good compressibility, fast disintegration, and a good mouthfeel suitable for direct compression is limited. OBJECTIVE This research was proposed to develop a co-processed excipient composed of xylitol, mannitol, and microcrystalline cellulose for the formulation of ODTs. METHODS A total of 11 formulations of co-processed excipients with different ratios of ingredients were prepared, which were then compressed into ODTs, and their characteristics were thoroughly examined. The primary focus was on evaluating the disintegration time and hardness of the tablets, as these factors are important in ensuring the ODTs meet the desired criteria. The model drug, Mirtazapine was then incorporated into the chosen optimized formulation. RESULTS The results showed that the formulation comprised of 10% xylitol, 10% mannitol and 80% microcrystalline cellulose demonstrated the fastest disintegration time (1.77 ± 0.119 min) and sufficient hardness (3.521 ± 0.143 kg) compared to the other formulations. Furthermore, the drug was uniformly distributed within the tablets and fully released within 15 min. CONCLUSION Therefore, the developed co-processed excipients show great potential in enhancing the functionalities of ODTs, offering a promising solution to improve the overall performance and usability of ODTs in various therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hui Loke
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
| | - Yik-Ling Chew
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Siew-Keah Lee
- M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - A B M Helal Uddin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Choon Fu Goh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Phei Er Kee
- Centre for Research and Graduate Studies, University of Cyberjaya, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
| | - Hui Suan Ng
- UCSI-Cheras Low Carbon Innovation Hub Research Consortium, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia
| | - Kai Bin Liew
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
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7
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Grumann HD, Kleinebudde P. Effect of tableting temperature on tablet properties and dissolution behavior of heat sensitive formulations. Int J Pharm 2023; 648:123603. [PMID: 37967689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The tableting process involves the conversion of mechanical to thermal energy. This study evaluated the influence of temperature on the tableting behavior of formulations with different compositions. The tableting machine was equipped with a thermally controlled die to mimic the heat evolution from tableting on an industrial scale. Six formulations containing binders with a comparably low glass transition temperature were examined. Besides the polymer type and concentration, the filler was varied. Paracetamol was chosen as the model active pharmaceutical ingredient. The investigation included alterations in tabletability, disintegration and dissolution. Elevated temperatures led to an enhanced tabletability. The polymer type and concentration were decisive for the extent of alterations. The variation of the filler composition played a minor role due to the high melting points of its components. The results were confirmed in disintegration and dissolution studies. A high binding capacity and a low glass transition temperature resulted in a stronger delay of disintegration. The dissolution was sustained. Increased concentrations of the binding polymer enhanced the effect. If the tableting behavior of a formulation is changed by elevated temperatures during formulation development and production, a change of the binder type or concentration should be considered to ensure a reproducible tablet quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Dorothea Grumann
- Heinrich Heine University, Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Universitaetsstraße 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Kleinebudde
- Heinrich Heine University, Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Universitaetsstraße 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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8
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Kottlan A, Zirkl A, Geistlinger J, Machado Charry E, Glasser BJ, Khinast JG. Single-tablet-scale direct-compression: An on-demand manufacturing route for personalized tablets. Int J Pharm 2023; 643:123274. [PMID: 37507098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Today's pharmaceutical industry is facing various challenges. Two of them are issues with supply chain security and the increasing demand for personalized medicine. Both can be addressed by increasing flexibility and a more decentralized approach to pharmaceutical manufacturing. In this study, we present a setup that provides flexibility in terms of supplied raw materials and the product, i.e., a direct-compression setup for personalized tablets operating at a single-tablet-scale. The performance of the implemented single-tablet-scale technology for dosing and mixing was investigated. In addition, an analysis of the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of immediate release ibuprofen and loratadine tablets was performed. The developed dosing device achieved acceptance rates of > 90 % for doses ≥ 20 mg for various pharmaceutical powders. Regarding the vibratory mixing process, a dependency of the performance on the applied frequencies and acceleration was observed, with 100 Hz and ∼ 90 G performing best, yet still exhibiting varying mixing efficacies depending on the granular system. The tablets produced met U.S. Pharmacopeia requirements regarding mechanical stability and dissolution characteristics. Given these results, we consider the developed setup a proof of concept of a tool to provide personalized tablets to patients while minimizing the dependency on complex supply chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kottlan
- Institute for Process- and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Zirkl
- Institute for Process- and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jakob Geistlinger
- Institute for Process- and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eduardo Machado Charry
- Institute of Solid State Physics and NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16/III, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Benjamin J Glasser
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Johannes G Khinast
- Institute for Process- and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria; Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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9
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Tasnim S, Tipu MFK, Rana MS, Rahim MA, Haque M, Amran MS, Chowdhury AA, Chowdhury JA. Modification of Bulk Density, Flow Property and Crystallinity of Microcrystalline Cellulose Prepared from Waste Cotton. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5664. [PMID: 37629955 PMCID: PMC10456891 DOI: 10.3390/ma16165664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The most affordable type of tablet is the immediately compressible tablet, which uses microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), a popular pharmaceutical excipient, as a filler or binder. To make it compatible with different active drugs and excipients, we tried to change some physical properties of the MCC. In the current study, we used a chelating agent to pretreat the waste cotton before pulping, bleaching, and finally, hydrochloric acid degradation with a concentration of 2N at 100 °C temperature for 20 min to prepare MCC. The prepared MCC was treated with different concentrations of sodium hydroxide at room temperature or at -20 °C followed by precipitation with hydrochloric acid or ethanol with complete washing with distilled water till neutralization. Evaluation of the degree of polymerization (DP) and FT-IR spectrum confirm the identity of the microcrystalline cellulose. The DP was found to be 216. The bulk density of the unmodified MCC was 0.21 while that of modified MCC varied from 0.253 to 0.594. The modified MCC powder showed good flow properties compared to the unmodified MCC as evaluated by the Hausner index, Carr's index and the angle of repose. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the MCC revealed that the rod shape has been changed to an oval shape due to treatment with sodium hydroxide at -20 °C. The X-ray crystallographic (XRD) analysis indicated that the unmodified MCC and standard MCC showed the crystallinity index (CrI) value of 86.82% and 87.63%, respectively, while the value ranges from 80.18% to 60.7% among the modified MCC powder. The differences in properties of the MCC might be due to the variation of rearrangement of the cellulose chain among the MCC particles due to treatment with different concentrations of a base at different temperatures and precipitation environments. This has enabled us to prepare MCC with different properties which might be compatible with different drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Tasnim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Fazlul Karim Tipu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sohel Rana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abdur Rahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mithila Haque
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shah Amran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Asad Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Jakir Ahmed Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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10
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Lee J, Goodwin DJ, Dhenge RM, Nassar J, Bano G, Zeitler JA. Enhanced in-situ liquid transport investigation setup for pharmaceutical tablet disintegration analysis using terahertz radiation. Int J Pharm 2023; 635:122726. [PMID: 36812951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The disintegration process of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms commences on contact with the dissolution medium and continues with subsequent spontaneous imbibition of the medium in the tablet matrix. Identifying the location of the liquid front in situ during imbibition, therefore, plays a significant role in understanding and modelling the disintegration process. Terahertz pulsed imaging (TPI) technology can be used to investigate this process by its ability to penetrate and identify the liquid front in pharmaceutical tablets. However, previous studies were limited to samples suitable for a flow cell environment, i.e. flat cylindrical disk shapes; thus, most commercial tablets could only be measured with prior destructive sample preparation. This study presents a new experimental setup named open immersion to measure a wide range of pharmaceutical tablets in their intact form. Besides, a series of data processing techniques to extract subtle features of the advancing liquid front are designed and utilised, effectively increasing the maximum thickness of tablets that can be analysed. We used the new method and successfully measured the liquid ingress profiles for a set of oval convex tablets prepared from a complex eroding immediate-release formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel J Goodwin
- GSK Ware Research and Development, Park Road, SG12 0DP, Ware, UK
| | - Ranjit M Dhenge
- GSK Ware Research and Development, Park Road, SG12 0DP, Ware, UK
| | - Joelle Nassar
- GSK Ware Research and Development, Park Road, SG12 0DP, Ware, UK
| | - Gabriele Bano
- GSK Ware Research and Development, Park Road, SG12 0DP, Ware, UK
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS, Cambridge, UK.
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11
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Helmy WA, Ragab TIM, Salama BM, Basha M, Shamma R, Abd El-Rahman SS, Shawky H. Novel naringin tablet formulations of agro-resides based nano/micro crystalline cellulose with neuroprotective and Alzheimer ameliorative potentials. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123060. [PMID: 36632961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to prepare micro/nanocrystalline cellulose-loaded naringin (NAR) tablets and evaluate their neuro-protective/therapeutic potentials in Alzheimer's disease (AD) model. Micro/nanocellulose was prepared from different agro-wastes, and the different cellulose preparations were then used to formulate eight oral tablets of naringin micro/nanoparticles by direct compression. AD-like symptoms were induced in adult male Sprague Dawley rats by co-administration of 150 mg/kg AlCl3 and 300 mg/kg D-galactose (oral administration/one week), and NAR tablets were assessed for neuroprotective/therapeutic potentials in terms of behavioral changes, levels of neurodegenerative and inflammatory markers, brain redox status, neurotransmitter tones, and cortex/hippocampus histopathological alterations. NAR treatments have significantly reversed the neurotoxic effect of AlCl3 as demonstrated by improved spatial and cognitive memory functions and promoted antioxidant defense mechanisms in treated AD animals. Also, the neurodegeneration was markedly restrained as reflected by marked histopathological enhancement, and prevention/amelioration of neuropsychiatric disorders, besides the restorative effect on dysregulated neurotransmitters tone. Both NAR tablet forms showed an overall higher ameliorative effect compared to the DPZ reference drug. The formulated tablets represent promising neuroprotective/therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa A Helmy
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tamer I M Ragab
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Bassem M Salama
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona Basha
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rehab Shamma
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr Eleni St., Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Heba Shawky
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
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12
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Tranová T, Loskot J, Navrátil O, Brniak W, Mužíková J. Effect of co-processed excipient type on properties of orodispersible tablets containing captopril, tramadol, and domperidone. Int J Pharm 2023; 636:122838. [PMID: 36921743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
An important feature of orodispersible tablets (ODTs) is the convenient administration of the drugs, in some cases, faster onset of action, stability maintenance, and dose precision. This work focused on the preparation of ODTs containing mannitol-based co-processed excipients Prosolv® ODT G2, Ludiflash® and Parteck® ODT in combination with tramadol, captopril, and domperidone by direct compression. Prosolv® ODT G2 showed high energy of plastic deformation due to the content of microcrystalline cellulose. Parteck® ODT provided compact tablets due to the content of granulated mannitol. All drugs decreased tensile strength, increased friability, prolonged disintegration time, and decreased the porosity of tablets. Tablets containing Prosolv® ODT G2 with captopril, domperidone, and tramadol; and Parteck® ODT with domperidone met the requirements for ODTs production, i.e., friability ≤ 1% and disintegration time ≤ 180 s, fast wetting time, high water absorption ratio, and adequate tensile strength. The disintegration time was tested using both the pharmacopeial method and the BJKSN-13 apparatus. The results indicate the significant difference between these methods, with the disintegration time being longer when tested with the BJKSN-13 instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Tranová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Loskot
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Navrátil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 3,166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Witold Brniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jitka Mužíková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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13
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Fernández-García R, Walsh D, O'Connell P, Slowing K, Raposo R, Paloma Ballesteros M, Jiménez-Cebrián A, Chamorro-Sancho MJ, Bolás-Fernández F, Healy AM, Serrano DR. Can amphotericin B and itraconazole be co-delivered orally? Tailoring oral fixed-dose combination coated granules for systemic mycoses. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 183:74-91. [PMID: 36623752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of invasive fungal infections have increased significantly over the last few years, leading to a global health problem due to the lack of effective treatments. Amphotericin B (AmB) and itraconazole (ITR) are two antifungal drugs with different mechanisms of action. In this work, AmB and ITR have been formulated within granules to elicit an enhanced pharmacological effect, while enhancing the oral bioavailability of AmB. A Quality by Design (QbD) approach was utilised to prepare fixed-dose combination (FDC) granules consisting of a core containing AmB with functional excipients, such as inulin, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), chitosan, sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) and Soluplus® and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), coated with a polymeric layer containing ITR with Soluplus® or a combination of Poloxamer 188 and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose-acetyl succinate (HPMCAS). A Taguchi design of experiments (DoE) with 7 factors and 2 levels was carried out to understand the key factors impacting on the physicochemical properties of the formulation followed by a Box-Behnken design with 3 factors in 3 levels chosen to optimise the formulation parameters. The core of the FDC granules was obtained by wet granulation and later coated using a fluidized bed. In vitro antifungal efficacy was demonstrated by measuring the inhibition halo against different species of Candida spp., including C. albicans (24.19-30.48 mm), C. parapsilosis (26.38-27.84 mm) and C. krusei (11.48-17.92 mm). AmB release was prolonged from 3 to 24 h when the AmB granules were coated. In vivo in CD-1 male mice studies showed that these granules were more selective towards liver, spleen and lung compared to kidney (up to 5-fold more selective in liver, with an accumulation of 8.07 µg AmB/g liver after twice-daily 5 days administration of granules coated with soluplus-ITR), resulting in an excellent oral administration option in the treatment of invasive mycosis. Nevertheless, some biochemical alterations were found, including a decrease in blood urea nitrogen (∼17 g/dl) and alanine aminotransferase (<30 U/l) and an increase in the levels of bilirubin (∼0.2 mg/dl) and alkaline phosphatase (<80 U/l), which could be indicative of a liver failure. Once-daily regimen for 10 days can be a promising therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Fernández-García
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Walsh
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Peter O'Connell
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Karla Slowing
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafaela Raposo
- Seccion Departamental de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Paloma Ballesteros
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Francisco Bolás-Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anne Marie Healy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Dolores R Serrano
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Li VYC, Udugama B, Kadhiresan P, Chan WCW. Sequential Reagent Release from a Layered Tablet for Multistep Diagnostic Assays. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17102-17111. [PMID: 36454606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic assays are commonly performed in multiple steps, where reagents are added at specific times and concentrations into a reaction chamber. The reagents require storage, preparation, and addition in the correct sequence and amount. These steps rely on trained technicians and instrumentation to perform each task. The reliance on such resources hinders the use of these diagnostic assays by lay users. We developed a tablet that can sequentially introduce prequantified lyophilized diagnostic reagents at specific time points for a multistep assay. We designed the tablet to have multiple layers using cellulose-grade polymers, such as microcrystalline cellulose and hydroxypropyl cellulose. Our formulation allows each layer to dissolve at a controlled rate to introduce reagents into the solution sequentially. The release rate is controlled by modulating the compression force or chemical formulation of the layer. Controlling the reagent release time is important because different assays have specific times when reagents need to be added. As proof of concept, we demonstrated two different assays with our tablet system. Our tablet detected nucleic acid target (tpp47 gene from Treponema pallidum) and nitrite ions in an aqueous sample without user intervention. Our multilayer tablets can simplify multistep assay processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Y C Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada.,Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Buddhisha Udugama
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada.,Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Pranav Kadhiresan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada.,Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Warren C W Chan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada.,Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.,Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 14 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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15
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Zheng AY, Heng PWS, Chan LW. Tablet Disintegratability: Sensitivity of Superdisintegrants to Temperature and Compaction Pressure. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2725. [PMID: 36559221 PMCID: PMC9781198 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tablet disintegration is an important pre-requisite for drug dissolution and absorption. The disintegration test is typically conducted at 37 °C, but the intragastric temperature may vary due to meals or fever. This study investigated the effects of temperature and compaction pressure on tablet disintegratability to gain deeper insights into superdisintegrant sensitivity and function. Tablets with either sodium starch glycolate or crospovidone as disintegrant were prepared at various compaction pressures and subjected to the disintegration test using different medium temperatures. Preheating of tablets was also employed to establish instant temperature equilibrium between the tablet and the disintegration medium. Liquid penetration and disintegration were faster as the medium temperature increased or compaction pressure decreased. Swelling or strain recovery disintegrants exhibited similar sensitivity to variations in the medium temperature. Preheating of the tablets resulted in slower disintegration, but this effect was reversible upon cooling, hence the slower disintegration was unlikely to be attributed to changes in the disintegrant physical state. The temperature difference between the tablet and the disintegration medium likely affected the rate of fluid flow into tablets and influenced disintegration. Understanding disintegrant temperature sensitivity would help to avoid unacceptable fluctuations in disintegration due to temperature variations. The temperature difference effect could also be harnessed to boost disintegrant performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Yi Zheng
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Paul Wan Sia Heng
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Lai Wah Chan
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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16
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Effect of starch, cellulose and povidone based superdisintegrants in a QbD-based approach for the development and optimization of Nitazoxanide orodispersible tablets: Physicochemical characterization, compaction behavior and in-silico PBPK modeling of its active metabolite Tizoxanide. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Studying the dissolution of immediate release film coating using terahertz pulsed imaging. Int J Pharm 2022; 630:122456. [PMID: 36503850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Coated tablets introduce complexity to the dissolution process, even with readily soluble immediate release coating layers. Therefore, a more detailed understanding of the physical steps involved in the dissolution process can improve the efficiency of formulation and process design. The current study uses terahertz pulsed imaging to visualise the hydration process of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) tablet cores that were film coated with an immediate release coating formulation upon exposure to the dissolution medium. Film coated tablets that were prepared from three levels of core porosity (10%, 20% and 30%) and with coating thickness in the range of 30μm to 250μm were investigated. It was possible to resolve and quantify the distinct stages of wetting of the coating layer, swelling of the MCC particles at the core surface, and dissolution of the coating layer followed by the ingress of dissolution media into the tablet core. The liquid transport process through the coating layer was highly consistent and scalable. The penetration rate through the coating layer and the tablet core both strongly depended on coating thickness and core porosity.
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18
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Pradeep HK, Patel DH, Onkarappa HS, Pratiksha CC, Prasanna GD. Role of nanocellulose in industrial and pharmaceutical sectors - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 207:1038-1047. [PMID: 35364203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural residues serves as the critical component to replace synthetic polymeric materials in the coming future. Agricultural residues can be used to obtain cellulose by delignification followed by bleaching. Further, cellulose is converted into nanocellulose by various methods. Nanocellulose is used in multiple pharmaceutical applications as a polymer in hydrogels, transdermal drug delivery systems, aerogels, wound healing dressing materials, as superdisintegrants in fast dissolving tablets, emulgel, microparticles, gels, foams, thickening agents, stabilizers, cosmetics, medical implants, tissue engineering, liposomes, food and composites, etc. This review provides detailed knowledge about the nature of nanocellulose regarding its high surface area, high polymerization, loading, and binding capacity of hydrophilic and hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredients and significance of various applications of nanocellulose. Biocompatible and non-toxic, it makes it an ideal material for applications in the biomedical field. A significant advantage is a biocompatibility, which is non-toxic for many biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Pradeep
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Parul Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
| | - Dipti H Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Parul Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - H S Onkarappa
- Department of Chemistry, GM Institute of Technology, Davanagere, Karnataka, India
| | - C C Pratiksha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, GM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Davanagere, Karnataka, India
| | - G D Prasanna
- Department of Physics, Davangere University, Davanagere, Karnataka, India
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19
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Technical insight into potential functional-related characteristics (FRCs) of sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium and crospovidone. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Visualising liquid transport through coated pharmaceutical tablets using Terahertz pulsed imaging. Int J Pharm 2022; 619:121703. [PMID: 35351529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dissolution of pharmaceutical tablets is a complex process, especially for coated tablets where layered structures form an additional barrier for liquid transport into the porous tablet matrix. A better understanding of the role of the coating structure in the mass transport processes that govern drug release, starting with the wetting of the coating layer by the dissolution medium, can benefit the formulation design and optimisation of the production. For this study, terahertz pulsed imaging was used to investigate how dissolution medium can penetrate coated tablets. In order to focus on the fundamental process, the model system for this proof-of-principle study consisted of tablet cores made from pure microcrystalline cellulose compacted to a defined porosity coated with Opadry II, a PVA-based immediate release coating blend. The coating was applied to a single side of flat-faced tablets using vacuum compression moulding. It was possible to resolve the hydration of the coating layer and the subsequent liquid ingress into the dry tablet core. The analysis revealed a discontinuity in density at the interface between coating and core, where coating polymer could enter the pore space at the immediate surface of the tablet cores during the coating process. This structure affected the liquid transport of the dissolution medium into the core. We found evidence for the formation of a gel layer upon hydration of the coating polymer. The porosity of the tablet core impacted the quality of coating and thus affected its dissolution performance (r = 0.6932 for the effective liquid penetration rate RPeff and the core porosity). This study established a methodology and can facilitate a more in-depth understanding of the role of coating on tablet dissolution.
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21
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Zhao H, Zhao L, Lin X, Shen L. An update on microcrystalline cellulose in direct compression: Functionality, critical material attributes, and co-processed excipients. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 278:118968. [PMID: 34973783 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is one of the most popular cellulose derivatives in the pharmaceutical industry. Thanks to its outstanding tabletability, MCC is generally included in direct compression (DC) tablet formulations containing poor-tabletability active pharmaceutical ingredients. Nowadays, numerous grades of MCC from various brands are accessible for pharmaceutical manufacturers, leading to variability in MCC properties. Hence, it seems to be worthy and urgent to evaluate the influences of MCC variability on tablet quality and to identify critical material attributes (CMAs) based on the idea of Quality by Control. Besides, MCC-based co-processed excipients can effectively combine the functions of the filler, binder, disintegrant, lubricant, glidant, or flavor, and thus have drawn extensive interest. In this review, we focused specifically on the recent advances and development of MCC on DC tableting, including the functions in tablet formulations, potential CMAs, and MCC-based co-possessed excipients, therefore providing a reference for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1200, Cai-lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Lijie Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1200, Cai-lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Xiao Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1200, Cai-lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Lan Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1200, Cai-lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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22
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Ruhil S, Dahiya M, Kaur H, Singh J. New insights into the disintegration mechanism and disintegration profiling of rapidly disintegrating tablets (RDTs) by thermal imaging. Int J Pharm 2022; 611:121283. [PMID: 34775042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In current studies, the disintegration process of tablets has been studied by thermal imaging. The study covers two major aspects; first, new revelations in the mechanism of tablet disintegration, and second, the development of disintegration test as a multi-point test by new thermometric and non-thermometric methods. The study has been carried out on fexofenadine rapidly disintegrating tablets (FEX RDTs) in a dark room cabinet fitted with a Fluke thermal imager and using water as the disintegration medium. The studies exhibit the existence of endothermic peaks during the early penetration of water in FEX RDTs. These endotherms are prominent at the starting point when the disintegration has just started, or the tablet has been just exposed to the water. Such endotherms have not been reported earlier for tablets and can be considered as a part of the wicking mechanism during disintegration. In later stages, when the water has completely wet the tablet, the endotherms are superimposed by exotherms. The endotherms or exotherms have also been used as a measurement of disintegration in the form of a new thermometric parameter, "area under temperature curve" (AUTC). Non-thermometric disintegration profiling by residual and subtraction methods is also performed. Among these, disintegration by the residual method, i.e., disintegration (residual) is newly introduced. In the end, the principal component analysis (PCA) describes the relationship between various disintegration methods, particle size distribution, and dissolution. PCA reveals that AUTC is the best method for studying the disintegration behavior of FEX RDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarda Ruhil
- Post-Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (formerly College of Pharmacy), University of Health Sciences, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Monika Dahiya
- Post-Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (formerly College of Pharmacy), University of Health Sciences, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Harmeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Jasbir Singh
- Post-Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (formerly College of Pharmacy), University of Health Sciences, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India.
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23
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Anuschek M, Bawuah P, Zeitler JA. Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy for powder compact porosity and pore shape measurements: An error analysis of the anisotropic bruggeman model. Int J Pharm X 2021; 3:100079. [PMID: 34027385 PMCID: PMC8120941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2021.100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is a novel technique which has been applied for pore structure analysis and porosity measurements. For this, mainly the anisotropic Bruggeman (AB-EMA) model is applied to correlate the effective refractive index (n eff) of a tablet and the porosity as well as to evaluate the pore shape based on the depolarisation factor L. This paper investigates possible error sources of the AB-EMA for THz-TDS based tablet analysis. The effect of absorption and tablet anisotropy - changes of pore shape with porosity and density distribution - have been investigated. The results suggest that high tablet absorption has a negligible effect on the accuracy of the AB-EMA. In regards of tablet anisotropy the accuracy of the porosity determination is not impaired significantly. However, density distribution and variations in the pore shape with porosity resulted in an unreliable extraction of the tablet pore shape. As an extension of the AB-EMA a new concept was introduced to convert the model into bounds for L. This new approach was found useful to investigate tablet pore shape but also the applicability of the AB-EMA for an unknown set of data.
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Key Words
-
ϵ
˜
eff
, Effective complex dielectric permittivity
-
ϵ
˜
s
, Complex dielectric permittivity of the solid fract
-
n
˜
, Complex refractive index
- AB-EMA, Anisotropic Bruggemen model
- API, Active pharmaceutical ingredient
- Anisotropy
- Bruggeman model
- D, Tablet diameter
- Density distribution
- H, Tablet thickness
- Ibu, Ibuprofen formulation
- L, Depolarisation factor
- L1, Depolarisation factor at the lowest porosity
- Lac, Lactose
- Lfit, Estimation of the depolarisation factor based on a fitting model
- Ll/u, Lower/upper bound of the depolarisation factor
- Lmax/min, Maximal/minimal depolarisation factor in the simulation of a tablet set
- M, Tablet mass
- MCC, Microcrystalline cellulose
- Pharmaceutical tablet
- Pore structure
- RMSE, Root-mean squared error
- THz-TDS, Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
- Terahertz
- a1, Gradient of the depolarisation factor as a function of porosity
- a2, Y-intercept of the depolarisation factor as a function of porosity
- c, Speed of light
- f, Porosity
- f1, Lowest porosity in a set of tablets
- n, Refractive index
- neff, 1, Effective refractive index at the lowest porosity
- neff, Effective refractive index
- neff, l/u, Lower/upper Wiener bound for neff
- neff, l/u, Lower/upper margin for ns
- ns, Intrinsic refractive index of the solid fraction
- ns, c, ns estimated with accounting for absorption
- ns, fit, Estimation of the intrinsic refractive index based on a fitting model
- p, Polar axis of a spheroid, parallel to the wavevector
- q, r, Equatorial axes of a spheroid, perpendicular to the wavevector
- tablename Str, Starch
- αeff, Effective absorption coefficient
- κ, Extinction coefficient
- κeff, Effective extinction coefficient
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Anuschek
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstraße, Munich, Germany
| | - Prince Bawuah
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK
| | - J. Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK
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24
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Lenz J, Finke JH, Bunjes H, Kwade A, Juhnke M. Tablet formulation development focusing on the functional behaviour of water uptake and swelling. Int J Pharm X 2021; 3:100103. [PMID: 34805969 PMCID: PMC8581513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2021.100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional behaviour of tablets is strongly influenced by their manufacturing process and the choice of excipients. Water uptake and swelling are prerequisites for tablet disintegration, dispersion and hence active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) dissolution. High proportions of polymeric excipients in tablets, which are typically used as API carriers in amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), may be challenging due to the formation of a gelling polymer network (GPN). In this study, systematic investigations into the formulation development of tablets containing polymeric and other excipients are performed by water uptake and swelling analysis. The impact of tablet composition and porosity as well as pH of the test medium are investigated. The pH affects the analysis results for Eudragit L100-55 and Eudragit EPO. HPMC and Kollidon VA64 inhibit water uptake and swelling of tablets due to the formation of a GPN. High tablet porosity, coarse particle size of the polymer and the addition of fillers and disintegrants can reduce the negative impact of a GPN on tablet performance. The application of lubricants slows down the analysed processes. Water uptake and swelling data are fitted to an empirical model obtaining four characteristic parameters to facilitate the simple quantitative assessment of varying tablet formulations and structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lenz
- Novartis Pharma AG, Fabrikstrasse 2, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Henrik Finke
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Partikeltechnik, Volkmaroder Strasse 5, D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik - PVZ, Franz-Liszt-Strasse 35a, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heike Bunjes
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik - PVZ, Franz-Liszt-Strasse 35a, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Arno Kwade
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Partikeltechnik, Volkmaroder Strasse 5, D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik - PVZ, Franz-Liszt-Strasse 35a, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Juhnke
- Novartis Pharma AG, Fabrikstrasse 2, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Application of a liquisolid technique to cannabis sativa extract compacts: Effect of liquid vehicles on the dissolution enhancement and stability of cannabinoids. Int J Pharm 2021; 612:121277. [PMID: 34774694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the application of liquisolid technique to enhance cannabinoid dissolution from Cannabis sativa L. (CS) compacts. Effects of five vehicles, namely, volatile (ethanol) and nonvolatile (caprylocaproyl macrogolglycerides, polyethylene glycol 400, oleoyl macrogolglycerides and polysorbate 20) liquids, on tablet properties, dissolution and stability were investigated. The viscid oleoresin CS extract was mixed with vehicles before being transformed into free-flowing powder by the use of microcrystalline cellulose and colloidal silica as carrier and coating materials. Liquid vehicles had a nonsignificant effect on liquid load factor of CS extract. CS liquisolid compacts had acceptable tableting properties in terms of weight variation, friability, hardness, content uniformity and disintegration time. Different vehicles affected the hardness, disintegration, and wettability of CS compacts and thus the dissolution behaviors of cannabinoids to different extents. Dissolutions of cannabinoids from CS compacts were rate-limited by the disintegration process. Liquisolid formulations using nonvolatile liquids with low polarity or high hydrophilic-lipophilic balance yielded more than 90% cannabinoid dissolution. Stability studies revealed nonsignificant changes in tablet characteristics, cannabinoid content and dissolutions of CS compacts when stored at 5 ± 3 °C for 3 months. This work presents a general concept of how to successfully formulate CS extract with cannabinoid dissolution enhancement characteristics.
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Blaesi AH, Saka N. Solid-solution fibrous dosage forms for immediate delivery of sparingly-soluble drugs: Part 2. 3D-micro-patterned dosage forms. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 129:110211. [PMID: 34579874 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In part 1, we have investigated drug release by solid-solution single fibers comprising a sparingly water-soluble drug (ibuprofen) and a highly water-soluble dual excipient (low-molecular-weight hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and polyoxyl stearate (POS)). In this part, fibrous dosage forms of the same formulation are prepared by 3D-micro-patterning, tested, and modeled. Upon immersion in a small volume of dissolution fluid, the dosage forms rapidly swelled and formed a low-viscosity medium, which subsequently dissolved. The dissolution time increased slightly with volume fraction of the fibers, φs, in the solid dosage form, but was less than 25 minutes even up to φs = 0.65. After dosage form dissolution, the fluid was supersaturated by a factor of two; the drug concentration then gradually decreased to solubility. The solubility was proportional to the concentration of POS, and was enhanced by a factor of six at φs = 0.65 (the most densely-packed dosage form). Theoretical models suggest that the dissolution fluid percolates the contiguous void space almost immediately, and the HPMC-POS fibers expand isotropically as water diffuses in. Because the void space remains contiguous in isotropic expansion, the dissolution fluid continues to percolate through and diffuse into the fibers. Thus, even the densely-packed dosage forms form a low-viscosity medium that deforms and dissolves rapidly. Consequently, the solid-solution fibrous dosage forms enable enhanced release rate, supersaturation, and solubility of sparingly-soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron H Blaesi
- Enzian Pharmaceutics Aron H. Blaesi, CH-7078 Lenzerheide, Switzerland; Enzian Pharmaceutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Nannaji Saka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Dominik M, Vraníková B, Svačinová P, Elbl J, Pavloková S, Prudilová BB, Šklubalová Z, Franc A. Comparison of Flow and Compression Properties of Four Lactose-Based Co-Processed Excipients: Cellactose ® 80, CombiLac ®, MicroceLac ® 100, and StarLac ®. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1486. [PMID: 34575562 PMCID: PMC8467879 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of co-processed excipients (CPEs) represents a novel approach to the preparation of orally disintegrating tablets by direct compression. Flow, consolidation, and compression properties of four lactose-based CPEs-Cellactose® 80, CombiLac®, MicroceLac® 100, and StarLac®-were investigated using different methods, including granulometry, powder rheometry, and tablet compaction under three pressures. Due to the similar composition and the same preparation technique (spray drying), the properties of CPEs and their compacts were generally comparable. The most pronounced differences were observed in flowability, undissolved fraction after 3 min and 24 h, energy of plastic deformation (E2), ejection force, consolidation behavior, and compact friability. Cellactose® 80 exhibited the most pronounced consolidation behavior, the lowest values of ejection force, and high friability of compacts. CombiLac® showed excellent flow properties but insufficient friability, except for compacts prepared at the highest compression pressure (182 MPa). MicroceLac® 100 displayed the poorest flow properties, lower ejection forces, and the best mechanical resistance of compacts. StarLac® showed excellent flow properties, the lowest amounts of undissolved fraction, the highest ejection force values, and the worst compact mechanical resistance. The obtained results revealed that higher compression pressures need to be used or further excipients have to be added to all tested materials in order to improve the friability and tensile strength of formed tablets, except for MicroceLac® 100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dominik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.D.); (J.E.); (S.P.)
| | - Barbora Vraníková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (B.V.); (P.S.); (Z.Š.)
| | - Petra Svačinová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (B.V.); (P.S.); (Z.Š.)
| | - Jan Elbl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.D.); (J.E.); (S.P.)
| | - Sylvie Pavloková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.D.); (J.E.); (S.P.)
| | - Barbora Blahová Prudilová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Křížkovského 511/8, CZ-771 47 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Zdeňka Šklubalová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (B.V.); (P.S.); (Z.Š.)
| | - Aleš Franc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.D.); (J.E.); (S.P.)
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Blaesi AH, Saka N. The role of excipient molecular weight in drug release by fibrous dosage forms with close packing and high drug loading. Int J Pharm 2021; 606:120009. [PMID: 33246051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the role of excipient molecular weight in drug release by close-packed, highly drug-loaded fibrous dosage forms is investigated. Three dosage forms with 87 wt% ibuprofen drug, and 13 wt% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) excipient of molecular weights 10, 26, and 86 kg/mol were prepared by wet 3D-patterning and drying. Upon immersion in a dissolution fluid, the dosage form with 10 kg/mol excipient fragmented and dissolved within 10 minutes. The dosage form with 26 kg/mol excipient fragmented slower, and dissolved in 60 minutes. The dosage form with 86 kg/mol excipient, however, did not fragment at all. Instead, a thick, highly viscous mass was formed that eroded slowly, in 500 minutes. Theoretical models suggest that the dissolution fluid rapidly percolates the inter-fiber void space, and a capillary pressure develops in the pores of the fibers. The fluid then diffuses into the fiber walls, and they transition to a viscous suspension. If the molecular weight of the excipient is small (~10 kg/mol), the viscosity is low and the suspension fragments and dissolves rapidly. If the molecular weight is moderate (~30 kg/mol), the fragmentation and dissolution rates are slower. If the molecular weight is large (~100 kg/mol), a thick, highly viscous mass is formed from which drug release is very slow. Thus, by appropriate choice of the molecular weight of the excipient, a wide range of drug release rates by close-packed, highly drug-loaded fibrous dosage forms can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron H Blaesi
- Enzian Pharmaceutics Aron H. Blaesi, CH-7078 Lenzerheide, Switzerland; Enzian Pharmaceutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Nannaji Saka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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29
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Kokott M, Lura A, Breitkreutz J, Wiedey R. Evaluation of two novel co-processed excipients for direct compression of orodispersible tablets and mini-tablets. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 168:122-130. [PMID: 34474110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric, geriatric, and other patients who suffer from swallowing difficulties represent a special patient group, where an increased need in appropriate formulation development is required. To overcome these mostly swallowability linked issues, orodispersible tablets (ODTs) and orodispersible mini-tablets (ODMTs) can be seen as a suitable alternative to improve compliance. Orodispersible tablets are oral solid dosage forms which rapidly disintegrate after contact with saliva, leaving a liquid dispersion, which can be easily swallowed. To fulfil the required quality criteria and optimize the formulations regarding tensile strength and disintegration time, co-processed excipients (CPE) based on mannitol are frequently used in the manufacturing of orodispersible tablets. This study aimed to systematically compare two new CPEs, namely Granfiller-D® and Hisorad® and evaluate their potential in future OD(M)T formulations with already marketed products. The performance of the CPEs was examined in combination with three different APIs. Disintegration time, sufficient mechanical strength and content uniformity for low dosed formulation were chosen as main quality aspects. Conventionally sized tablets (9 mm) with 50% drug load of ibuprofen and paracetamol were produced with each CPE. Low dosed OD(M)Ts with a drug load of 4% enalapril maleate were manufactured to study content uniformity. Large differences were visible in the formulations containing ibuprofen and only Hisorad® allowed to compress ODT fulfilling the specifications of Ph.Eur. and FDA regarding disintegration times (180 s and 30 s, respectively). For the poorly binding model drug paracetamol, none of the studied excipients showed a satisfactory performance, with maximum tensile strengths < 1 MPa. To reach content uniformity in low dosed ODMTs, Ludiflash® seems to be the most preferable alternative, as the formulation showed the lowest acceptance values (AV) according to Ph.Eur. (<4) as well as the smallest coefficient of variation (CV) in API content (CV < 2%). In conclusion, the study revealed that none CPE is the ideal choice for all approaches, but different CPEs should be selected dependent on different challenges during formulation development of OD(M)Ts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Kokott
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University, Universitaetsstr. 1, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany.
| | - Ard Lura
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University, Universitaetsstr. 1, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Jörg Breitkreutz
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University, Universitaetsstr. 1, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Raphael Wiedey
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University, Universitaetsstr. 1, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany.
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So C, Narang AS, Mao C. Modeling the Tablet Disintegration Process Using the Finite Difference Method. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3614-3622. [PMID: 34233152 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to present the finite difference method (FDM) and demonstrate its utility in modeling mass transport processes that are pharmaceutically relevant. In particular, diffusion processes are ideally suited for FDM because the governing equation, Fick's second law of diffusion, can be readily solved using FDM over a finite space and time. The method entails the mesh creation, space and time discretization, and solving Fick's second law at each node using finite difference-based numerical schemes. We applied FDM to study tablet disintegration, in which the tablet water uptake was simulated with an effective water diffusion coefficient; the tablet disintegration was controlled by a designated critical water content parameter, beyond which the node is treated as being disintegrated from the tablet. The resulting simulation agreed with the experimental tablet disintegration behaviors, under both disintegration-controlled and water uptake-controlled conditions. This study highlighted the unique advantage of FDM, capable of providing spatial-temporal information on water uptake and evolution of tablet size and shape during tablet disintegration, which was otherwise not available using other methods. The FDM method enabled more in-depth tablet disintegration studies. The model also has the potential to be calibrated and incorporated in tablet formulation DoE studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi So
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Ajit S Narang
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Chen Mao
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States.
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Dong R, DiNunzio JC, Regler BP, Wasylaschuk W, Socia A, Zeitler JA. Insights into the Control of Drug Release from Complex Immediate Release Formulations. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:933. [PMID: 34201663 PMCID: PMC8308816 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of water transport into tablets, and how it can be controlled by the formulation as well as the tablet microstructure, are of central importance in order to design and control the dissolution and drug release process, especially for immediate release tablets. This research employed terahertz pulsed imaging to measure the process of water penetrating through tablets using a flow cell. Tablets were prepared over a range of porosity between 10% to 20%. The formulations consist of two drugs (MK-8408: ruzasvir as a spray dried intermediate, and MK-3682: uprifosbuvir as a crystalline drug substance) and NaCl (0% to 20%) at varying levels of concentrations as well as other excipients. A power-law model is found to fit the liquid penetration exceptionally well (average R2>0.995). For each formulation, the rate of water penetration, extent of swelling and the USP dissolution rate were compared. A factorial analysis then revealed that the tablet porosity was the dominating factor for both liquid penetration and dissolution. NaCl more significantly influenced liquid penetration due to osmotic driving force as well as gelling suppression, but there appears to be little difference when NaCl loading in the formulation increases from 5% to 10%. The level of spray dried intermediate was observed to further limit the release of API in dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqiao Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK;
| | - James C. DiNunzio
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA; (J.C.D.); (B.P.R.); (W.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Brian P. Regler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA; (J.C.D.); (B.P.R.); (W.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Walter Wasylaschuk
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA; (J.C.D.); (B.P.R.); (W.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Adam Socia
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA; (J.C.D.); (B.P.R.); (W.W.); (A.S.)
| | - J. Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK;
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Markl D, Maclean N, Mann J, Williams H, Abbott A, Mead H, Khadra I. Tablet disintegration performance: Effect of compression pressure and storage conditions on surface liquid absorption and swelling kinetics. Int J Pharm 2021; 601:120382. [PMID: 33812971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The disintegration process of pharmaceutical tablets is a crucial step in the oral delivery of a drug. Tablet disintegration does not only refer to the break up of the interparticle bonds, but also relates to the liquid absorption and swelling behaviour of the tablet. This study demonstrates the use of the sessile drop method coupled with image processing and models to analyse the surface liquid absorption and swelling kinetics of four filler combinations (microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)/mannitol, MCC/lactose, MCC/dibasic calcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA) and DCPA/lactose) with croscarmellose sodium as a disintegrant. Changes in the disintegration performance of these formulations were analysed by quantifying the effect of compression pressure and storage condition on characteristic liquid absorption and swelling parameters. The results indicate that the disintegration performance of the MCC/mannitol and MCC/lactose formulations are driven by the liquid absorption behaviour. For the MCC/DCPA formulation, both liquid absorption and swelling characteristics affect the disintegration time, whereas DCPA/lactose tablets is primarily controlled by swelling characteristics of the various excipients. The approach discussed in this study enables a rapid (<1 min) assessment of characteristic properties that are related to tablet disintegration to inform the design of the formulation, process settings and storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Markl
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK; EPSRC Centre for Continuous Manufacturing & Advanced Crystallisation, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Natalie Maclean
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - James Mann
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Helen Williams
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Alexander Abbott
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Heather Mead
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Berardi A, Bauhuber S, Sawafta O, Warnke G. Alginates as tablet disintegrants: Understanding disintegration mechanisms and defining ranges of applications. Int J Pharm 2021; 601:120512. [PMID: 33766641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Alginates are biopolymers that have been investigated for their use in food and medical fields. Minimal information is available regarding their potential application as tablet superdisintegrants. Here we studied the disintegration action of sodium alginate (SA), calcium alginate (CA) and alginic acid (AA). Initially, we characterised the swelling and wicking abilities and the disintegration mechanism of pure disintegrants. We found that the liquid uptake of both CA and AA is more swelling-driven in phosphate buffer and more wicking-driven in hydrochloric acid and water. CA acts by shape-recovery, AA by a combination of swelling and shape-recovery mechanisms. SA cannot be used as disintegrant due to gelling. In the second part of the paper, the disintegration time of formulations with different physico-chemical properties and different alginate concentrations (i.e. 4% and 10%) was measured, thus delivering a direct readout for the ranges of application of alginates as tablets disintegrants. The main observations are: i) CA and AA often provide very rapid disintegration, similarly to the superdisintegrants used as controls; ii) the action of CA is more susceptible to the medium conditions than AA; iii) CA underperforms in hard tablets containing a binder; iv) both CA and AA have slightly slower disintegration than other superdisintegrants in tablets containing a hydrophobic component. While the suitability of CA as a disintegrant is formulation- and medium- dependent, AA appears as a promising tablet superdisintegrant, particularly for the development of uncomplicated hydrophilic formulations for the nutraceutical and supplement industry, where natural ingredients are favoured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Berardi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan.
| | - Sonja Bauhuber
- Technical Competence Center, JRS PHARMA GmbH & Co. KG, 73494 Rosenberg, Germany
| | - Obada Sawafta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | - Gernot Warnke
- Technical Competence Center, JRS PHARMA GmbH & Co. KG, 73494 Rosenberg, Germany
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An improved method for the simultaneous determination of water uptake and swelling of tablets. Int J Pharm 2021; 595:120229. [PMID: 33484927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Water uptake and swelling of tablets are processes occurring during active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) release. Thereby, disintegration is promoted and the enhanced exposure of API surface area to the release medium facilitates API dissolution. An experimental set-up for the simultaneous and time-resolved determination of water uptake and swelling of tablets has been developed. Water uptake was determined with a balance and swelling was determined with a camera. To validate the gravimetrical analysis, real-time water uptake measurements with inert test specimens were performed. The standard deviation of these measurements was considered to depict precision. A complementary gravimetrical analysis was employed to determine accuracy. For both, precision and accuracy, a maximum deviation of 6% was found. An algorithm for the symmetry-based 3D volume reconstruction was applied to obtain volumes of the tablets from 2D images. X-ray micro computed tomography was used to validate the accuracy and the determined volumes were in good accordance within 6% deviation. A case study with binary formulations of a filler and disintegrants confirmed reproducibility and demonstrated the ability of the method to discriminate formulation characteristics, such as disintegrant type, composition and porosity for water uptake and swelling with the necessary temporal resolution.
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Maclean N, Walsh E, Soundaranathan M, Khadra I, Mann J, Williams H, Markl D. Exploring the performance-controlling tablet disintegration mechanisms for direct compression formulations. Int J Pharm 2021; 599:120221. [PMID: 33540006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The design and manufacture of tablets is a challenging process due to the complex interrelationships between raw material properties, the manufacturing settings and the tablet properties. An important factor in formulation and process design is the fact that raw material and tablet properties drive the disintegration and dissolution performance of the final drug product. This study aimed to identify the mechanisms which control tablet disintegration for 16 different immediate-release placebo formulations based on raw material and tablet properties. Each formulation consisted of two fillers (47% each), one disintegrant and a lubricant. Tablets were manufactured by direct compression using four different combinations of the fillers microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), mannitol, lactose and dibasic calcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA). The disintegration mechanism was primarily driven by the filler combination, where MCC/lactose tablets were identified as wettability controlled, MCC/mannitol tablets as dissolution controlled and DCPA-based tablets (MCC/DCPA and lactose/DCPA) as swelling controlled. A change of 2% in porosity for the wettability controlled tablets (MCC/lactose) caused a significant acceleration of the disintegration process (77% reduction of disintegration time), whereas for swelling controlled tablets (MCC/DCPA) the same porosity change did not considerably impact the disintegration process (3% change in disintegration time). By classifying these formulations, critical formulation and manufacturing properties can be identified to allow tablet performance to be optimised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Maclean
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Erin Walsh
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK; Future Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation Research Hub, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mithushan Soundaranathan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK; Future Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation Research Hub, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - James Mann
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Helen Williams
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Daniel Markl
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK; Future Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation Research Hub, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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36
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Al-Sharabi M, Markl D, Vivacqua V, Bawuah P, MacLean N, Bentley M, York AP, Marigo M, Huang K, Zeitler JA. Terahertz pulsed imaging as a new method for investigating the liquid transport kinetics of α-alumina powder compacts. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Lu X, Sun H, Chang T, Zhang J, Cui H. Terahertz detection of porosity and porous microstructure in pharmaceutical tablets: A review. Int J Pharm 2020; 591:120006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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38
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Queiroz ALP, Wood B, Faisal W, Farag F, Garvie-Cook H, Glennon B, Vucen S, Crean AM. Application of percolation threshold to disintegration and dissolution of ibuprofen tablets with different microcrystalline cellulose grades. Int J Pharm 2020; 589:119838. [PMID: 32890656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study presented was conducted to determine whether a percolation threshold value, previously determined for ibuprofen/microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) blends using percolation theory and compression data (Queiroz et al., 2019), could translate to tablet disintegration and dissolution data. The influence of MCC grade (air stream dried versus spray dried) on tablet disintegration and dissolution was also investigated. Complementary to conventional disintegration and dissolution testing, Raman imaging determined drug distribution within tablets, and in-line particle video microscopy (PVM) and focused-beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) monitored tablet disintegration. Tablets were prepared containing 0-30% w/w ibuprofen. Raman imaging confirmed the percolation threshold by quantifying the number and equivalent circular diameters of ibuprofen domains on tablet surfaces. Across the percolation threshold, a step change in dissolution behaviour occurred, and tablets containing air stream dried MCC showed slower disintegration rates compared to tablets containing spray dried MCC. Dissolution measurements confirmed experimentally a percolation threshold in agreement with that determined using percolation theory and compression data. An increase in drug domains, due to cluster formation, and less efficient tablet disintegration contributed to slower ibuprofen dissolution above the percolation threshold. Slower dissolution was measured for tablets containing air stream dried compared to spray dried MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza P Queiroz
- SSPC Pharmaceutical Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Barbara Wood
- SSPC Pharmaceutical Research Centre, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; APC Ltd, Cherrywood Business Park, Loughlinstown, Co Dublin, Ireland
| | - Waleed Faisal
- SSPC Pharmaceutical Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Pharmacy, Minia University, Al Minyā, Egypt
| | - Fatma Farag
- SSPC Pharmaceutical Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Pharmacy, Minia University, Al Minyā, Egypt
| | - Hazel Garvie-Cook
- Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire GL12 8JR, UK
| | - Brian Glennon
- SSPC Pharmaceutical Research Centre, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; APC Ltd, Cherrywood Business Park, Loughlinstown, Co Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sonja Vucen
- SSPC Pharmaceutical Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Abina M Crean
- SSPC Pharmaceutical Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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39
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Temperature: An overlooked factor in tablet disintegration. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 151:105388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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40
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Skelbæk-Pedersen AL, Al-Sharabi M, Vilhelmsen TK, Rantanen J, Zeitler JA. Effect of particle size and deformation behaviour on water ingress into tablets. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119645. [PMID: 32679259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug release performance of tablets is often highly dependent on disintegration, and water ingress is typically the rate-limiting step of the disintegration process. Water ingress into tablets is known to be highly influenced by the microstructure of the tablet, particularly tablet porosity. Initial particle size distribution of the formulation and the predominant powder deformation behaviour during compression are expected to impact such microstructure, making both factors important to investigate in relation to water ingress into tablets. Two size fractions (<125 and 355-500 µm) of plastically deforming microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and fragmenting di-calcium phosphate (DCP) were compressed into tablets with porosities ranging from 5 to 30% (with 5% increments). The total porosity of the tablets was measured using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and liquid transport into these tablets was quantified using a flow cell coupled to terahertz pulsed imaging. It was found that tablets compressed from large MCC particles resulted in slower water ingress compared to tablets prepared from small MCC particles. In contrast, no difference in liquid transport kinetics was observed for tablets prepared across both size fractions of DCP particles. These results highlight the complex interplay between material characteristics, the process induced microstructure, and the liquid transport process that ultimately determines the drug release performance of the tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Linnet Skelbæk-Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Oral Pilot and Process Development, Måløv, Denmark; Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mohammed Al-Sharabi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Al-Sharabi M, Markl D, Mudley T, Bawuah P, Karttunen AP, Ridgway C, Gane P, Ketolainen J, Peiponen KE, Rades T, Zeitler JA. Simultaneous investigation of the liquid transport and swelling performance during tablet disintegration. Int J Pharm 2020; 584:119380. [PMID: 32407939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fast disintegrating tablets have commonly been used for fast oral drug delivery to patients with swallowing difficulties. The different characteristics of the pore structure of such formulations influence the liquid transport through the tablet and hence affect the disintegration time and the release of the drug in the body. In this work, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and terahertz pulsed imaging were used as promising analytical techniques to quantitatively analyse the impact of the structural properties on the liquid uptake and swelling rates upon contact with the dissolution medium. Both the impact of porosity and formulation were investigated for theophylline and paracetamol based tablets. The drug substances were either formulated with functionalised calcium carbonate (FCC) with porosities of 45% and 60% or with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) with porosities of 10% and 25%. The terahertz results reveal that the rate of liquid uptake is clearly influenced by the porosity of the tablets with a faster liquid transport observed for tablets with higher porosity, indicating that the samples exhibit structural similarity in respect to pore connectivity and pore size distribution characteristics in respect to permeability. The swelling of the FCC based tablets is fully controlled by the amount of disintegrant, whereas the liquid uptake is driven by the FCC material and the interparticle pores created during compaction. The MCC based formulations are more complex as the MCC significantly contributes to the overall tablet swelling. An increase in swelling with increasing porosity is observed in these tablets, which indicates that such formulations are performance-limited by their ability to take up liquid. Investigating the effect of the microstructure characteristics on the liquid transport and swelling kinetics is of great importance for reaching the next level of understanding of the drug delivery, and, depending on the surface nature of the pore carrier function, in turn controlling the performance of the drug mainly in respect to dissolution in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Sharabi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Daniel Markl
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, G4 0RE Glasgow, UK; EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, G1 1RD Glasgow, UK
| | - Theona Mudley
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Prince Bawuah
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Anssi-Pekka Karttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Promis Centre, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cathy Ridgway
- Omya International AG, Forschackerstrasse 6, CH 4622 Egerkingen, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Gane
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jarkko Ketolainen
- School of Pharmacy, Promis Centre, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai-Erik Peiponen
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK.
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42
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Tran PHL, Tran TTD. Recent Strategic Developments in the Use of Superdisintegrants for Drug Delivery. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:701-709. [PMID: 31969094 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200122124621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Improving drug bioavailability in the pharmaceutical field is a challenge that has attracted substantial interest worldwide. The controlled release of a drug can be achieved with a variety of strategies and novel materials in the field. In addition to the vast development of innovative materials for improving therapeutic effects and reducing side effects, the exploration of remarkable existing materials could encourage the discovery of diverse approaches for adapted drug delivery systems. Recently, superdisintegrants have been proposed for drug delivery systems as alternative approaches to maximize the efficiency of therapy. Although superdisintegrants are well known and used in solid dosage forms, studies on strategies for the development of drug delivery systems using superdisintegrants are lacking. Therefore, this study reviews the use of superdisintegrants in controlled drug release dosage formulations. This overview of superdisintegrants covers developed strategies, types (including synthetic and natural materials), dosage forms and techniques and will help to improve drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thao T D Tran
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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43
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pH-Dependent Site Specific Dissolution Improvement by Expansion Isolation Layers in Erythromycin Enteric Coated Tablets. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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44
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Svačinová P, Vraníková B, Dominik M, Elbl J, Pavloková S, Kubalák R, Kopecká P, Franc A. Comprehensive study of co-processed excipients F- Melts®: Flow, viscoelastic and compacts properties. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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45
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Cunha-Filho M, Teixeira MT, Santos-Rosales V, Sa-Barreto LL, Marreto RN, Martin-Pastor M, García-González CA, Landin M. The subdivision behavior of polymeric tablets. Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118554. [PMID: 31336153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The subdivision behavior of polymeric tablets produced with the well-known polymers Soluplus® (SOL), polyvinyl pyrrolidone co-vinyl acetate (PVPVA) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) was evaluated in this study. The polymeric tablets were submitted to different post-treatments (aging, thermal and exposure to compressed gaseous carbon dioxide) and its mechanical, spectroscopic and microstructure properties were assessed. SOL tablets showed the best results for tablet subdivision, particularly, the mean mass variation (3.9%) was significantly lower than the other two polymeric tablets (7.2% and 9.1% for PVPVA and HPMC, respectively), and showed better results than common tablets produced from powder matrices (7-14%). SOL tablets were also more sensitive to the different post-treatments applied, which reduced the mass loss and friability from 1.5% and 0.8%, respectively, to values close to zero and without altering their porosity. The thermal treatment of PVPVA tablets, in turn, also led to similar subdivision results, with mass loss of 0.3% and friability of 0.02%. In contrast, the granules of HPMC presented compaction difficulties making its tablets unsuitable for the subdivision process, even after additional post-treatment. Polymeric matrices with uniform internal structure and appropriate mechanical strength are the key to a better adaptation for the tablet subdivision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcilio Cunha-Filho
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasília (UnB), 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Maíra T Teixeira
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasília (UnB), 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Víctor Santos-Rosales
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Agrupación Estratégica de Materiales (AeMAT) and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Livia L Sa-Barreto
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasília (UnB), 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ricardo N Marreto
- Laboratory of Nanosystems and Drug Delivery Devices (NanoSYS), School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Manuel Martin-Pastor
- Unidad de Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, RIAIDT, CACTUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos A García-González
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Agrupación Estratégica de Materiales (AeMAT) and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mariana Landin
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Agrupación Estratégica de Materiales (AeMAT) and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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46
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Zakowiecki D, Hess T, Banach G, Paszkowska J, Garbacz G. Effect of intra- and extragranular addition of highly porous tribasic calcium phosphate on properties of immediate release acyclovir formulation – Comparison with commercial tablets using compendial and biorelevant dissolution methods. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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47
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Luo Q, Wu M, Sun Y, Lv J, Zhang Y, Cao H, Wu D, Lin D, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Qin W, Chen H. Optimizing the Extraction and Encapsulation of Mucilage from Brasenia Schreberi. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E822. [PMID: 31067742 PMCID: PMC6571674 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucilage from Brasenia schreberi (BS) exhibits various biological activities, including antialgal, antibacterial, soluble-fiber properties, and excellent lubricating behavior. Thus, the extraction and wide use of mucilage in the food industry are crucial. In this study, the high-speed shear-assisted extraction of mucilage from BS was optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: Extraction temperature of 82 °C, extraction time of 113 min, liquid-solid ratio of 47 mL/g, and shear speed of 10,000 rpm. Under these conditions, the actual yield of BS mucilage was 71.67%, which highly matched the yield (73.44%) predicted by the regression model. Then, the BS mucilage extract was powdered to prepare the capsule, and the excipients of the capsule were screened using a single-factor test to improve the disintegration property and flowability. The final capsule formulation, which consisted of: 39% BS mucilage powder (60 meshes); 50% microcrystalline cellulose (60 meshes) as the filler; both 10% sodium starch glycolate and PVPP XL-10 (3:1, 60 meshes) as the disintegrant; both 1% colloidal silicon dioxide and sodium stearyl fumarate (1:1, 100 meshes) as the glidant by weight; were used for preparing the weights of a 320 mg/grain of capsule with 154.7 ± 0.95 mg/g polysaccharide content. Overall, the optimized extraction process had a high extraction rate for BS mucilage and the capsule formulation was designed reasonably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingying Luo
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Min Wu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yanan Sun
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Junxia Lv
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hongfu Cao
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Dingtao Wu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Derong Lin
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qing Zhang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yuntao Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Wen Qin
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China.
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48
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Anzilaggo D, O’Reilly Beringhs A, Pezzini BR, Sonaglio D, Stulzer HK. Liquisolid systems: Understanding the impact of drug state (solution or dispersion), nonvolatile solvent and coating material on simvastatin apparent aqueous solubility and flowability. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 175:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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49
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Effect of lignin on the release rate of acetylsalicylic acid tablets. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 124:354-359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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50
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Yokoyama R, Kimura G, Schlepütz CM, Huwyler J, Puchkov M. Modeling of Disintegration and Dissolution Behavior of Mefenamic Acid Formulation Using Numeric Solution of Noyes-Whitney Equation with Cellular Automata on Microtomographic and Algorithmically Generated Surfaces. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E259. [PMID: 30513888 PMCID: PMC6321502 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Manufacturing parameters may have a strong impact on the dissolution and disintegration of solid dosage forms. In line with process analytical technology (PAT) and quality by design approaches, computer-based technologies can be used to design, control, and improve the quality of pharmaceutical compacts and their performance. In view of shortcomings of computationally intensive finite-element or discrete-element methods, we propose a modeling and simulation approach based on numerical solutions of the Noyes-Whitney equation in combination with a cellular automata-supported disintegration model. The results from in vitro release studies of mefenamic acid formulations were compared to calculated release patterns. In silico simulations with our disintegration model showed a high similarity of release profile as compared to the experimental evaluation. Furthermore, algorithmically created virtual tablet structures were in good agreement with microtomography experiments. We conclude that the proposed computational model is a valuable tool to predict the influence of material attributes and process parameters on drug release from tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiji Yokoyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH4056 Basel, Switzerland.
- Formulation R&D Center, CMC R&D Division, SHIONOGI & CO., LTD., Hyogo 660-0813, Japan.
| | - Go Kimura
- Formulation R&D Center, CMC R&D Division, SHIONOGI & CO., LTD., Hyogo 660-0813, Japan.
| | | | - Jörg Huwyler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Maxim Puchkov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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