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Lehman PA, Franz TJ. Observations on the Tritiated Water and TEWL Skin Integrity Tests: Relevance to In Vitro Permeation Testing (IVPT). Pharm Res 2024; 41:1149-1161. [PMID: 38720033 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03707-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The in vitro permeation test (IVPT) using ex vivo human skin is a sensitive and robust model system that has been vital in elucidating the fundamental parameters surrounding the absorption of both therapeutic agents and industrial chemicals through skin. FDA and OECD IVPT Guidances recommend that each skin section selected for study should be screened prior to use to ensure that the stratum corneum integrity is retained. Three methods are currently considered acceptable: 1) transepidermal water loss (TEWL), 2) electrical resistance, and 3) tritiated water (3H2O) absorption. METHODS A retrospective analysis of data from the authors' laboratory has been performed with the objective of addressing a number of questions regarding the 3H2O and TEWL integrity tests, and the population attributes of a large database consisting of 17,330 individual skin sections obtained from 459 skin donors. The applicability and usefulness of these tests, when compared to companion permeation data obtained from 25 topical drug products, has also been examined. RESULTS Both integrity tests found water permeability to be equal in White and Hispanic races but higher than in Blacks, 3H2O being more discriminating than TEWL. Male skin is more permeable than female and there is a slight decrease in permeability with advancing age in both groups. Correlation between 3H2O absorption and drug absorption revealed a minimal relationship between the two in most cases, the Pearson correlation coefficient ranging from -0.417 to 0.953. Additionally, drug outliers were not always identified with a failing integrity test. CONCLUSION The results call for a critical reexamination of the value of the 3H2O integrity test, and by extension, TEWL, for use in IVPT studies.
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Marwah MK, Shokr H, Sanchez-Aranguren L, Badhan RKS, Wang K, Ahmad S. Transdermal Delivery of a Hydrogen Sulphide Donor, ADT-OH Using Aqueous Gel Formulations for the Treatment of Impaired Vascular Function: an Ex Vivo Study. Pharm Res 2022; 39:341-352. [PMID: 35088236 PMCID: PMC8881439 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03164-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is an important signalling molecule involved in the regulation of several physiological and pathophysiological processes. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of transdermal delivery of ADT-OH, a H2S donor, by investigating the transdermal flux of aqueous gels loaded with penetration enhancers or liposomes. Furthermore, we explored the ability of permeated ADT-OH to promote angiogenesis and mitochondrial bioenergetics in HUVEC cells. METHODS Aqueous hypromellose gels (5% w/v) were prepared with up to 10% v/v propylene glycol (PG) or deformable liposomes with 0.025% w/w ADT-OH. ADT-OH permeation from formulations across excised murine skin into PBS was quantified over 24 h using HPLC-UV detection. Media was collected and applied to HUVEC cells to evidence ADT-OH functionality following permeation. Tube formation assays were performed as indicative of angiogenesis and mitochondrial oxygen consumption was evaluated using a Seahorse XF24. RESULTS Increasing the loading of PG caused an increase in ADT-OH permeation rate across skin and a decrease in dermal drug retention whereas liposomal gels produced a slow-release profile. Treatment of HUVEC's using conditioned media collected from the ADT-OH loaded permeation studies enhanced tube formation and the basal oxygen consumption rates after 30 min of treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that transdermal delivery of ADT-OH may provide a promising approach in the treatment of impaired vascular function. Gels prepared with 10% v/v PG have the potential for use in conditions requiring rapid H2S release whereas liposomal loaded gels for treatment requiring sustained H2S release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur Marwah
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hala Shokr
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
- Pharmacy Division, School of Health Sciences, Manchester University, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Raj Kumar Singh Badhan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Keqing Wang
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Shakil Ahmad
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
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Shinde M, Bali N, Rathod S, Karemore M, Salve P. Effect of binary combinations of solvent systems on permeability profiling of pure agomelatine across rat skin: a comparative study with statistically optimized polymeric nanoparticles. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:826-845. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1757697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Shinde
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Nikhil Bali
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Shahadev Rathod
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Megha Karemore
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Pramod Salve
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
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Carrer V, Alonso C, Pont M, Zanuy M, Córdoba M, Espinosa S, Barba C, Oliver MA, Martí M, Coderch L. Effect of propylene glycol on the skin penetration of drugs. Arch Dermatol Res 2019; 312:337-352. [PMID: 31786711 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-019-02017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Propylene glycol (PG) has been used in formulations as a co-solvent and/or to enhance drug permeation through the skin from topical preparations. Two skin in vitro permeation approaches are used to determine the effect of PG on drug penetration. The in vitro Skin-PAMPA was performed using 24 actives applied in aqueous buffer or PG. PG modulates permeability by increasing or diminishing it in the compounds with poor or high permeability, respectively. Percutaneous absorption using pigskin on Franz diffusion cells was performed on seven actives and their commercial formulations. The commercial formulations evaluated tend to have a lower permeability than their corresponding PG solutions but maintain the compound distribution in the different strata: stratum corneum, epidermis and dermis. The results indicate the enhancer properties of PG for all compounds, especially for the hydrophilic ones. Additionally, the Synchrotron-Based Fourier Transform Infrared microspectroscopy technique is applied to study the penetration of PG and the molecular changes that the vehicle may promote in the different skin layers. Results showed an increase of the areas under the curve indicating the higher amount of lipids in the deeper layers and altering the lipidic order of the bilayer structure to a more disordered lipid structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Carrer
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia-CSIC (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Alonso
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia-CSIC (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mercè Pont
- Almirall R&D Center, Ctra. Laureà Miró 408-410, 08980, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Zanuy
- Almirall R&D Center, Ctra. Laureà Miró 408-410, 08980, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Córdoba
- Almirall R&D Center, Ctra. Laureà Miró 408-410, 08980, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Espinosa
- Almirall R&D Center, Ctra. Laureà Miró 408-410, 08980, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Barba
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia-CSIC (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc A Oliver
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia-CSIC (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Martí
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia-CSIC (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luisa Coderch
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia-CSIC (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Lim SH, Sun Y, Thiruvallur Madanagopal T, Rosa V, Kang L. Enhanced Skin Permeation of Anti-wrinkle Peptides via Molecular Modification. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1596. [PMID: 29371611 PMCID: PMC5785486 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wrinkles can have a negative effect on quality of life and Botox is one of the most effective and common treatments. Argireline (Arg0), a mimetic of Botox, has been found to be safer than Botox and effective in reducing wrinkles, with efficacies up to 48% upon 4 weeks of twice daily treatment. However, the skin permeation of Arg0 is poor, due to its large molecular weight and hydrophilicity. Arg0 exists in zwitterionic form and this charged state hindered its skin permeation. Chemical modification of the peptide structure to reduce the formation of zwitterions may result in increased skin permeability. We investigated a total of 4 peptide analogues (Arg0, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3), in terms of skin permeation and wrinkle reduction. The 4 peptides were dissolved in various propylene glycol and water co-solvents. Enhanced human skin permeation was demonstrated by both Arg2 and Arg3 in vitro. On the other hand, the abilities of the 4 analogues to reduce wrinkle formation were also compared using primary human dental pulp stem cells derived neurons. By measuring the inhibition of glutamate release from the neurons in vitro, it was shown that Arg3 was the most effective, followed by Arg1, Arg0 and Arg2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seng Han Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | | | - Vinicius Rosa
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119083, Singapore
| | - Lifeng Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Pharmacy and Bank Building A15, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Al-Amin M, Cao J, Naeem M, Banna H, Kim MS, Jung Y, Chung HY, Moon HR, Yoo JW. Increased therapeutic efficacy of a newly synthesized tyrosinase inhibitor by solid lipid nanoparticles in the topical treatment of hyperpigmentation. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:3947-3957. [PMID: 27980392 PMCID: PMC5144896 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s123759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation caused by melanin overproduction is a major skin disorder in humans. Inhibition of tyrosinase, a key regulator of melanin production, has been used as an effective strategy to treat hyperpigmentation. In this study, we investigated the use of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as a highly effective and nontoxic means to deliver a newly synthesized potent tyrosinase inhibitor, MHY498, and to target melanocytes through the skin. MHY498-loaded SLNs (MHY-SLNs) were prepared by an oil-in-water emulsion solvent-evaporation method, and their morphological and physicochemical properties were characterized. MHY-SLNs showed a prolonged drug-release profile and higher skin permeation than that of MHY solution. In an in vivo evaluation of antimelanogenic activity, MHY-SLNs showed a prominent inhibitory effect against ultraviolet B-induced melanogenesis, resulting in no change in the skin color of C57BL/6 mouse, compared with that observed in an MHY solution-treated group and an untreated control group. The antimelanogenic effect of MHY-SLNs was further confirmed through Fontana-Masson staining. Importantly, MHY-SLNs did not induce any toxic effects in the L929 cell line. Overall, these data indicate that MHY-SLNs show promise in the topical treatment of hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Al-Amin
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jiafu Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hasanul Banna
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Yunjin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
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7
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Hadgraft J, Lane ME. Advanced topical formulations (ATF). Int J Pharm 2016; 514:52-57. [PMID: 27260130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Topical formulations aim to target the skin for a variety of cosmetic, protective or therapeutic needs. Despite the use of creams and ointments over the millennia, the bioavailability of actives from topical preparations remains quite low, often not exceeding 1-2% of the applied dose. In this review we examine the reasons underlying the poor performance of topical preparations. We also outline a rational approach, based on Fick's laws of diffusion, to develop advanced topical formulations. Methodologies which are currently used in research and development are critically examined and the importance of understanding the fate of the vehicle as well as the active is emphasised. Advanced topical formulation development will also be facilitated by emerging and sophisticated analytical techniques that are able to probe real time delivery of actives to the skin. A good understanding of the underlying physical chemistry of both the formulation and the skin is crucial in the development of optimised topical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hadgraft
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Majella E Lane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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8
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On the Variation of Water Diffusion Coefficient in Stratum Corneum With Water Content. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1141-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3549(15)00173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Miller MA, Kasting GB. A Spreadsheet-Based Method for Simultaneously Estimating the Disposition of Multiple Ingredients Applied to Skin. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2047-2055. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Mohammed D, Hirata K, Hadgraft J, Lane ME. Influence of skin penetration enhancers on skin barrier function and skin protease activity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 51:118-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Lane ME. Skin penetration enhancers. Int J Pharm 2013; 447:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Maximum transepidermal flux for similar size phenolic compounds is enhanced by solvent uptake into the skin. J Control Release 2011; 154:50-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Harada SI, Horisawa E, Kano S, Sugibayashi K. Formulation study of topically applied O/W lotion containing vitamin D3 derivative, focusing on skin permeability of the drug. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 37:917-25. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2010.550299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Bounoure F, Lahiani Skiba M, Besnard M, Arnaud P, Mallet E, Skiba M. Effect of iontophoresis and penetration enhancers on transdermal absorption of metopimazine. J Dermatol Sci 2008; 52:170-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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BARRY BW, MEYER MC. ASSESSMENT OF THE SPREADABILITY OF OFFICIAL PHARMACEUTICAL CREAMS AND OINTMENTS USING THE MASTER CURVE CONCEPT. J Texture Stud 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4603.1975.tb01419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Leichtnam ML, Rolland H, Wüthrich P, Guy RH. Formulation and evaluation of a testosterone transdermal spray. J Pharm Sci 2006; 95:1693-702. [PMID: 16795012 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The long-term goal is to develop a spray formulation for transdermal testosterone delivery, and to optimize the drug's skin permeability. Testosterone transport from a series of ethanol/propylene glycol (PG)/water formulations was assessed in vitro across hairless rat skin, and the optimal composition determined. The formulation was then modified for delivery from a mechanical spray, and from an aerosol containing a high percentage of propellant. Drug transport was greatest from a saturated solution in 1:1:1 ethanol/PG/water (1.7 +/- 0.2 microg/cm(2) . h); five spray formulations were then tested, but only 1:1 ethanol/PG achieved a comparable flux. Increasing the % ethanol in the mixture increased evaporation rate but did not alter testosterone delivery. Formulation as an aerosol produced primarily unstable vehicles (phase separation, crystallization). Only 3:1 ethanol/PG remained stable, but no significant improvement in drug transport was observed (testosterone precipitated rapidly at the skin surface). The 1:1:1 ethanol/PG/water saturated solution suggested that some penetration enhancement was possible. Eliminating water to improve sprayability identified 1:1 ethanol/PG as a vehicle, which might allow transient supersaturation (and improved delivery). However, this effect was not improved by using a pressurized aerosol due to instability. Finally, testosterone fluxes were 5 to 10-fold lower than those required for useful transdermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Leichtnam
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, quai E. Ansermet, Switzerland
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Wagner H, Kostka KH, Adelhardt W, Schaefer UF. Effects of various vehicles on the penetration of flufenamic acid into human skin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2004; 58:121-9. [PMID: 15207545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2003] [Revised: 01/09/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of various vehicles (polyacrylate gels and wool alcohol ointments) on the penetration of flufenamic acid into excised human skin was investigated. Physico-chemical properties of the formulations were examined and discussed. Penetration data was gathered using two different in vitro test systems: the Saarbruecken penetration model (SB-M) and the Franz diffusion cell (FD-C). With wool alcohol ointments, drug concentration in the formulation was the decisive parameter for drug liberation and penetration. The incorporation of water into wool alcohol ointment led to increased drug amounts within the deeper skin layers (DSL), especially after longer incubation times. The drug concentration within the stratum corneum (SC) was not influenced by the bleeding effect of lipophilic, liquid components of the various wool alcohol ointments. With polyacrylate gels different results for liberation and penetration were observed. These results could be related to the effects of the drug concentration within the formulation and the penetration enhancers incorporated into the gels. Especially the effects of penetration enhancers clearly illustrated that liberation experiments do not predict the situation in the skin, but make experiments with a biological barrier essential. The high water content of the gels led to hydration of the skin specimen for the SB-M and the FD-C and therefore, in contrast to previous findings, comparable data were obtained in the penetration studies with both models. Furthermore, the quasi steady-state drug amount in the SC could be calculated for all formulations using an equation derived from a Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The data from both test systems were linearly correlated to each other. In addition, a direct linear relationship between the SC drug amount and the drug amount in the DSL was found as long as the quasi steady-state drug amount in the SC was not reached. A combination of all results might offer the chance to reduce the costs and to simplify the development of a new drug formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Wagner
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
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18
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Panchagnula R, Salve PS, Thomas NS, Jain AK, Ramarao P. Transdermal delivery of naloxone: effect of water, propylene glycol, ethanol and their binary combinations on permeation through rat skin. Int J Pharm 2001; 219:95-105. [PMID: 11337170 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the solvent systems water, ethanol (EtOH), propylene glycol (PG) and their binary combinations was studied on the ex vivo permeation profile of the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone, through rat skin. Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic studies were done to investigate the effect of enhancers on the biophysical properties of the stratum corneum (SC), in order to understand the mechanism of permeation enhancement of naloxone by the solvent systems used. The flux of naloxone was found to increase with increasing concentrations of EtOH, upto 66% in water, and PG upto 50% in water. The maximum flux of 32.85 microg cm(-2) h(-1) was found with 33% PG in EtOH. The FT-IR spectra of SC treated with EtOH showed peak broadening at 2920 cm(-1) at all concentrations of EtOH studied indicating that EtOH increases the translational freedom (mobility) of lipid acyl chains. Theoretical blood levels well above the therapeutic concentration of naloxone can be achieved with the solvent system comprising 33% PG in EtOH and hence, provides flexibility in choice of patch size depending on the addiction status of the patient to be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Panchagnula
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Sector 67, Phase-X, 160062, Punjab, Mohali, India.
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19
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Ross1 JS, Shah JC. Reduction in skin permeation of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) by altering the skin/vehicle partition coefficient. J Control Release 2000; 67:211-21. [PMID: 10825555 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(00)00210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Reported adverse side effects after using N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET)-containing mosquito repellent products appear to be the result of significant absorption of DEET through human skin. The overall objective was to develop formulations of DEET with significantly reduced permeation using the basic principles and model of skin permeation based on Fick's laws of diffusion at steady state. Ternary phase diagrams of DEET with water and semipolar solvents, ethanol, PG and PEG 400, showed an increase in the aqueous solubility of DEET. This resulted in a linear decline in octanol/water PC with an increase in the concentration of the solvent. Permeation of DEET across human skin was studied from vehicles containing various amounts of PG and PEG 400 using an infinite dose technique and Franz diffusion cell. DEET's flux reduced with increasing PG concentration and the flux from 90% PG was 9.9+/-2.1 microg/cm(2) h, 6-fold lower than flux of pure DEET control, 63.2+/-24.5 microg/cm(2) h. Flux was reduced 6-fold from 60% PEG 400 solution, and permeation of DEET was totally prevented from 90% PEG 400 which was very viscous. However, a combination of 60% PEG 400 with 30% PG not only reduced permeation 9-fold but was suitable as a vehicle for formulation. The decrease in flux and permeability of DEET with increasing concentration of solvent appeared to be a direct result of decrease in skin/vehicle PC and octanol/water PC. This study clearly demonstrates that alternative formulations can be developed for DEET aimed at reduced permeation and toxicity unlike the current formulations some of which contain ethanol which has been shown to enhance permeation of DEET. A similar approach can be used for developing formulations of other industrial and occupational agents to prevent their skin permeation when a user may be exposed to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Ross1
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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20
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Yamane MA, Williams AC, Barry BW. Terpene penetration enhancers in propylene glycol/water co-solvent systems: effectiveness and mechanism of action. J Pharm Pharmacol 1995; 47:978-89. [PMID: 8932680 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1995.tb03282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of propylene glycol/water co-solvent systems and terpene penetration enhancers (1,8-cineole, menthone, (+)-limonene and nerolidol) on the absorption rate of the model hydrophilic permeant, 5-fluorouracil, were investigated using excised human skin. Similar fluxes for 5-fluorouracil were obtained from saturated enhancer-free co-solvent systems. Co-application of each terpene with the drug, both at saturation, in propylene glycol co-solvent systems increased drug flux significantly. Terpene activity depended on the propylene glycol content in the vehicles. Maximum fluxes were obtained from formulations containing the terpenes in 80% propylene glycol systems (highest concentration used), which when normalized to the flux from the pure vehicles yielded enhancement ratios of about 24, 21, 4 and 18, with 1,8-cineole, menthone, (+)-limonene and nerolidol, respectively. Combining the permeation studies with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and partitioning experiments revealed that increased lipid disruption is probably an important mechanism involved in the enhancing ability of formulations containing 1,8-cineole, menthone and nerolidol. This was clearly demonstrated by applying thermodynamic principles to interpret DSC results. This approach has indicated that these terpenes are probably able to disrupt stratum corneum lipids at physiological temperature as manifested by reductions in the entropy changes associated with the lipid-related transitions, particularly T2, the first major lipid transition. Additionally, increased drug partitioning contributed to the effect of the high propylene glycol content formulations. (+)-Limonene, as interpreted from DSC results, produced a freezing point-depression effect on stratum corneum lipids, suggesting little interaction with lipids at skin temperature; its small enhancement effect may involve phase separation of the oil in stratum corneum lipids. Terpenes in co-solvent systems such as propylene glycol/water at appropriate propylene glycol content might thus be useful vehicles for the delivery of drugs from topical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Yamane
- Postgraduate Studies in Pharmaceutical Technology, The School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
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Effect of presence and type of lipophilic compound on the in vitro diffusion of clonazepam from hydrophilic ointment bases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0031-6865(95)00018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kasting GB, Francis WR, Roberts GE. Skin penetration enhancement of triprolidine base by propylene glycol. J Pharm Sci 1993; 82:551-2. [PMID: 8360837 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600820525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Abstract
A temperature-composition diagram of systems containing the nonionic surfactant polyoxethylene (20) isohexadecyl ether (1) and water was established. Three different anisotropic areas existed over the concentration range 33-80% of 1. Release of salicylic acid from liquid crystalline phases of 1 into aqueous buffer across lipoidal barriers was also studied. Rates of transfer as a function of percent loading from a neat mesophase containing 37% of 1 and also from systems with different molecular packing were determined. Apparent activation energies of transfer from an ordered solvent containing 37% of 1 and from an isotropic medium of the same chemical composition were found to be 33.3 and 9.4 kcal/mol, respectively. These findings suggest a pronounced effect of medium structure on the interfacial resistance of the barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Ibrahim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman
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Malzfeldt E, Lehmann P, Goerz G, Lippold BC. Influence of drug solubility in the vehicle on clinical efficacy of ointments. Arch Dermatol Res 1989; 281:193-7. [PMID: 2774647 DOI: 10.1007/bf00456392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In a bilateral paired comparison (randomized double-blind study) 31 dermatitis patients (atopic and contact dermatitis) were tested with two ointments containing 0.0056% betamethasone-17-benzoate. One ointment was applied on each side of the body. The topical formulations differed in their solution capacities for the drug by a factor of about 50 (solution-type: high mutual affinity between drug and vehicle; suspension-type: low affinity). The different antiinflammatory effects were studied visually by assessing five symptoms: erythema, scaling, infiltration, lichenification, and excoriation. On the 5th day, 73% of the patients showed significant differences between the sides in favor of the suspension-type ointment (Wilcoxon test). Blanching tests on 30 volunteers confirmed the result. The in vitro drug release, however, was faster with the solution-type ointment. The efficacy of an ointment can be increased greatly, if the solution capacity for the drug is low, and thus the partition coefficient between the stratum corneum (barrier of the skin) and the vehicle is high. As long as the barrier is not damaged completely, the difference in drug release is not the determining factor for the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Malzfeldt
- Department of Dermatology, University of Düsseldorf, FRG
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Guy RH, Guy AH, Maibach HI, Shah VP. The bioavailability of dermatological and other topically administered drugs. Pharm Res 1986; 3:253-62. [PMID: 24271707 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016303216873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The literature addressing determination of the bioavailability of dermatological and other topically administered drugs has been reviewed. The various methods employed, their advantages and drawbacks, have been identified and evaluated. The state of the art and the success of topical bioavailability assessment are discussed in the light of the information presented. It is concluded that, although current methodology ensures the responsible use of topical medicaments, the techniques are, on the whole, quantitatively inadequate. A number of recommendations are proposed as possible improvements to the approaches now undertaken, and specific measurements for drugs in different therapeutic categories are suggested. The ultimate objective of this survey is to catalyze the establishment of straightforward, objective, quantitative, and reproducible methods to evaluate topical bioavailability and to reduce significantly, thereby, the incidence of bioinequivalence and pharmacological inactivity observed following drug dosing to the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Guy
- Departments of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143
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Effect of propylene glycol, Azone and n-decylmethyl sulphoxide on skin permeation kinetics of 5-fluorouracil. Int J Pharm 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(85)90188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Pope DG. Physico-chemical and formulation-induced veterinary drug-product bioinequivalencies. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1984; 7:85-112. [PMID: 6379204 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1984.tb00885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Southwell D, Barry BW, Woodford R. Variations in permeability of human skin within and between specimens. Int J Pharm 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(84)90145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Di Colo G, Carelli V, Giannaccini B, Serafini MF, Bottari F. Vehicle effects in percutaneous absorption: in vitro study of influence of solvent power and microscopic viscosity of vehicle on benzocaine release from suspension hydrogels. J Pharm Sci 1980; 69:387-91. [PMID: 7373530 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600690406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The release through silicone rubber membranes of benzocaine suspended in carbomer hydrogels containing different concentrations of low molecular weight polysols (ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, and sorbitol) was studied to establish general principles and procedures for control of the effects on percutaneous absorption caused by changes in drug solubility and/or diffusivity in the vehicle. The effect of the additives on the release is expressed in terms of the relative released amount, i.e., the ratio, Q/Qw, of the amount of drug released from each additive-containing gel to the amount released at the same time from the additive-free gel. The experimental Q/Qw values are correlated with values calculated by a simple equation involving known or readily measurable parameters such as the drug concentration in the gel, the drug solubility in the pure liquid phase, and the viscosity of this phase. Derivation of such a relationship from a known equation describing the vehicle-controlled relase of suspended drugs was possible because an inverse proportionality was observed between drug diffusivity in the gels and the viscosity of the respective solvents. This relationship is interpreted with respect to current theories on drug diffusion in diluted gels.
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Abstract
Working independently, eight investigators evaluated the clinical effectiveness of fluocinonide 0.05% in a three-week double-blind paired comparison trial of 240 patients. Half the investigators compared fluocinonide emollient cream with betamethasone valerate 0.1% cream in the treatment of atopic dermatitis, while the remaining four compared the study drug with triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% cream in the treatment of psoriasis. Statistical analysis showed clinical responses favored fluocinonide p = 0.021 (Wilcoxon Signed Rank) for the atopic dermatitis group and p = 0.001 (Wilcoxon Signed Rank) for the psoriasis group.
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Turi JS, Danielson D, Woltersom JW. Effects of polyoxypropylene 15 stearyl ether and propylene glycol on percutaneous penetration rate of diflorasone diacetate. J Pharm Sci 1979; 68:275-80. [PMID: 423113 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600680306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical models for percutaneous penetration are described, and a diffusion apparatus useful in the evaluation of transport kinetics of drugs applied to skin is discussed. Experimental data are presented for: (a) the flux of diflorasone diacetate through hairless mouse skin, (b) the percutaneous penetration profile of propylene glycol, (c) the effects of vehicle concentrations of polyoxypropylene 15 stearyl ether and propylene glycol on the percutaneous flux of diflorasone diacetate, (d) skin--vehicle partition coefficients of diflorasone diacetate, (e) the solubility profile of diflorasone diacetate as a function of solvent concentration, and (f) the alteration of the skin's resistance to the penetration of diflorasone diacetate due to propylene glycol. Excess solvent in a vehicle caused a decrease in the percutaneous flux of diflorasone diacetate. Formulations containing 0.05 and 0.1% diflorasone diacetate had similar penetration rates when the solvent concentration was optimized for each percentage of diflorasone diacetate.
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Abstract
The use of in vitro preparations of human skin to study percutaneous absorption is widespread. Yet, up to the present time, little has been done to systematically validate this model and demonstrate the extent to which it mimicks in vivo absorption. In this study, the permeability of 12 organic compounds has been evaluated in excised skin and the results compared to those obtained previously by others in living man. With special emphasis being given here to duplicating in vivo conditions, it was possible to demonstrate an excellent qualitative agreement between the two methods. In all cases, the absorption pattern determined in vitro rather precisely paralleled the pattern which was obtained in vivo. Quantitative agreement between the two sets of data was less than perfect, although the in vitro method adequately distinguished compounds of low permeability from those of high permeability and ranked then in approximately the same order found in vivo. This systematic comparison of in vitro with in vivo data was clearly shown how accurately in vitro absorption studies can reflect the living state.
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Kaidbey KH, Kligman AM. Assay of topical corticosteroids by suppression of experimental inflammation in humans. J Invest Dermatol 1974; 63:292-7. [PMID: 4850664 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12680178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Ostrenga J, Steinmetz C, Poulsen B. Significance of vehicle composition. I. Relationship between topical vehicle composition, skin penetrability, and clinical efficacy. J Pharm Sci 1971; 60:1175-9. [PMID: 5127090 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600600812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Ostrenga J, Haleblian J, Poulsen B, Ferrell B, Mueller N, Shastri S. Vehicle design for a new topical steroid, fluocinonide. J Invest Dermatol 1971; 56:392-9. [PMID: 5556528 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12261282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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