1
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He Y, Orlet J, Cunio O, Thompson L, Jones MT. Sensitive and rapid analysis of plasmid DNA topology isoforms by capillary gel electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence in uncoated capillary. Electrophoresis 2024. [PMID: 38415778 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The work describes the use of SYBR Gold to improve the detection sensitivity of plasmid DNA topoisomers by capillary gel electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence in an uncoated capillary. The impact of different dyes, including ethidium bromide, SYBR Green and SYBR Gold, was compared based on detection and separation of DNA plasmid topoisomers. Use of SYBR Gold enabled improvement of detection sensitivity by 15-fold while maintaining good separation resolution of the different topoisomers. The baseline dropped with the use SYBR Gold but was overcome by the employment of a capillary with longer ineffective length (40 vs. 20 cm). Separation resolution and reproducibility were impacted by the concentration of SYBR Gold and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. With the use of a short capillary (10 cm effective length and 50 cm total length), fast separations of supercoiled, linear, open circular, and other isoforms were accomplished within 8 min. Appropriate capillary cleaning with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide/0.1 M hydrochloric acid and capillary storage with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid ensured good separation reproducibility of 217 runs during an extended period of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - John Orlet
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Olivia Cunio
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Lawrence Thompson
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael T Jones
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
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2
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Meudt M, Pannek M, Glogowski N, Higel F, Thanisch K, Knape MJ. CE methods for charge variant analysis of mAbs and complex format biotherapeutics. Electrophoresis 2024. [PMID: 38233206 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Charge heterogeneity analysis of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and complex formats, such as bispecifics, is crucial for therapeutic applications. In this study, we developed two capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based methods, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (iCIEF), for analyzing a broad spectrum of mAbs and complex mAb formats. For CZE, we introduced a new buffer system and optimized the background electrolyte (BGE) with an alternative dynamic coating agent and a superior polymeric additive. The pH of the BGE was increased, leading to enhanced resolution of high pI and complex format mAbs. In iCIEF, we identified an ampholyte combination offering a highly linear pH gradient and covering a suitable pH range. We also investigated alternatives to denaturing stabilizers and found that non-detergent sulfobetaine 195 exhibited excellent properties for iCIEF applications. These optimized methods provide a framework for the charge heterogeneity analysis of therapeutic mAbs and complex formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Meudt
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Pannek
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
- Rentschler Biopharma SE, Laupheim, Germany
| | - Nina Glogowski
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Fabian Higel
- Global CMC Experts NBE, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Katharina Thanisch
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Matthias J Knape
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
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3
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Krebs F, Zagst H, Stein M, Ratih R, Minkner R, Olabi M, Hartung S, Scheller C, Lapizco-Encinas BH, Sänger-van de Griend C, García CD, Wätzig H. Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: Method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications-Updated and completely revised edition. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1279-1341. [PMID: 37537327 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
This review is in support of the development of selective, precise, fast, and validated capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods. It follows up a similar article from 1998, Wätzig H, Degenhardt M, Kunkel A. "Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications," pointing out which fundamentals are still valid and at the same time showing the enormous achievements in the last 25 years. The structures of both reviews are widely similar, in order to facilitate their simultaneous use. Focusing on pharmaceutical and biological applications, the successful use of CE is now demonstrated by more than 600 carefully selected references. Many of those are recent reviews; therefore, a significant overview about the field is provided. There are extra sections about sample pretreatment related to CE and microchip CE, and a completely revised section about method development for protein analytes and biomolecules in general. The general strategies for method development are summed up with regard to selectivity, efficiency, precision, analysis time, limit of detection, sample pretreatment requirements, and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finja Krebs
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Holger Zagst
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Matthias Stein
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Ratih Ratih
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Robert Minkner
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Mais Olabi
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Sophie Hartung
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Christin Scheller
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Cari Sänger-van de Griend
- Kantisto BV, Baarn, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carlos D García
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
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4
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Wiesner R, Zagst H, Lan W, Bigelow S, Holper P, Hübner G, Josefsson L, Lancaster C, Lo L, Lößner C, Lu H, Neusüß C, Rüttiger C, Schlecht J, Schürrle P, Selsam A, van der Burg D, Wang SC, Zhu Y, Wätzig H, Sänger-van de Griend C. An interlaboratory capillary zone electrophoresis-UV study of various monoclonal antibodies, instruments, and ε-aminocaproic acid lots. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1247-1257. [PMID: 37079448 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Capillary zone electrophoresis ultraviolet (CZE-UV) has become increasingly popular for the charge heterogeneity determination of mAbs and vaccines. The ε-aminocaproic acid (eACA) CZE-UV method has been used as a rapid platform method. However, in the last years, several issues have been observed, for example, loss in electrophoretic resolution or baseline drifts. Evaluating the role of eACA on the reported issues, various laboratories were requested to provide their routinely used eACA CZE-UV methods, and background electrolyte compositions. Although every laboratory claimed to use the He et al. eACA CZE-UV method, most methods actually deviate from He's. Subsequently, a detailed interlaboratory study was designed wherein two commercially available mAbs (Waters' Mass Check Standard mAb [pI 7] and NISTmAb [pI 9]) were provided to each laboratory, along with two detailed eACA CZE-UV protocols for a short-end, high-speed, and a long-end, high-resolution method. Ten laboratories participated each using their own instruments, and commodities, showing excellence method performance (relative standard deviations [RSDs] of percent time-corrected main peak areas from 0.2% to 1.9%, and RSDs of migration times from 0.7% to 1.8% [n = 50 per laboratory], analysis times in some cases as short as 2.5 min). This study clarified that eACA is not the main reason for the abovementioned variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Wiesner
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Holger Zagst
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wenkui Lan
- Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Göran Hübner
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | | | | | - Lili Lo
- Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Huixin Lu
- Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Carolin Rüttiger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Schürrle
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Alexander Selsam
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Debbie van der Burg
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Kantisto BV, Baarn, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shao-Chun Wang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Yunxiao Zhu
- Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cari Sänger-van de Griend
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Kantisto BV, Baarn, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Schlecht J, Jooß K, Moritz B, Kiessig S, Neusüß C. Two-Dimensional Capillary Zone Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry: Intact mAb Charge Variant Separation Followed by Peptide Level Analysis Using In-Capillary Digestion. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4059-4066. [PMID: 36800441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of charge heterogeneity is an essential pillar for pharmaceutical development and quality control of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The highly selective and commonly applied capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method containing high amounts of ε-aminocaproic acid (EACA) provides a detailed and robust charge heterogeneity profile of intact mAb variants. Nevertheless, the exact location of protein modifications within these charge profiles remains ambiguous. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is a promising tool for this purpose; however, EACA is incompatible with electrospray. In this context, we present a two-dimensional CZE-CZE-MS system to combine efficient charge variant separation of intact mAbs with subsequent peptide analysis after in-capillary digestion of selected charge variants. The first dimension is based on a generic CZE(EACA) method in a fused silica capillary. In the second dimension, a neutral-coated capillary is used for in-capillary reduction and digestion with Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) and pepsin, followed by CZE separation and MS/MS-characterization of the resulting peptides. The setup is demonstrated using stressed and nonstressed mAbs where peaks of basic, main, and acidic variants were transferred in a heart-cut fashion, digested, and characterized on the peptide level. Sequence coverages of more than 90% were obtained for heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) for four different mAbs, including low-abundance variants (<2% of the main peak). Frequently observed modifications (deamidation, oxidation, etc.) could be detected and localized. This study demonstrates a proof-of-concept for identification and localization of protein modifications from CZE charge heterogeneity profiles and, in this way, is expected to support the development and quality control testing of protein pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schlecht
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstrasse 1, 73430 Aalen, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kevin Jooß
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bernd Moritz
- F. Hoffmann La-Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstraße 124, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Kiessig
- F. Hoffmann La-Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstraße 124, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Neusüß
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstrasse 1, 73430 Aalen, Germany
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6
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Alhazmi HA, Albratty M. Analytical Techniques for the Characterization and Quantification of Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:291. [PMID: 37259434 PMCID: PMC9967501 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a fast-growing class of biopharmaceuticals. They are widely used in the identification and detection of cell makers, serum analytes, and pathogenic agents, and are remarkably used for the cure of autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, or malignancies. The successful application of therapeutic mAbs is based on their ability to precisely interact with their appropriate target sites. The precision of mAbs rely on the isolation techniques delivering pure, consistent, stable, and safe lots that can be used for analytical, diagnostic, or therapeutic applications. During the creation of a biologic, the key quality features of a particular mAb, such as structure, post-translational modifications, and activities at the biomolecular and cellular levels, must be characterized and profiled in great detail. This implies the requirement of powerful state of the art analytical techniques for quality control and characterization of mAbs. Until now, various analytical techniques have been developed to characterize and quantify the mAbs according to the regulatory guidelines. The present review summarizes the major techniques used for the analyses of mAbs which include chromatographic, electrophoretic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical methods in addition to the modifications in these methods for improving the quality of mAbs. This compilation of major analytical techniques will help students and researchers to have an overview of the methodologies employed by the biopharmaceutical industry for structural characterization of mAbs for eventual release of therapeutics in the drug market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A. Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Dumoncel RFP, Xavier B, Cardoso Júnior CDA, da Silva FS, Motta LGJ, Cavalheiro TN, Dalmora SL. Analysis of Denosumab by a Validated CZE Method and Determination of Sialic Acids by the RP-HPLC Method. J Chromatogr Sci 2023; 61:177-185. [PMID: 35279712 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method was developed and validated to quantitate the monoclonal antibody denosumab (DmAb) and its charge variants in pharmaceutical products, demonstrating excellent precision, linearity and accuracy. Separations were obtained with migration times of 11.3 min for DmAb and the calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.95-20 mg/mL. The analytical comparability of seven batches of Prolia® showed mean differences of the estimated content/potencies of 1.87% lower, and 0.84 and 1.21% higher compared with the size-exclusion and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC and RP-HPLC) methods and the osteoclast antiproliferative bioassay, respectively, with non-significant differences (P > 0.05). An RP-HPLC method with fluorescence detection (RP-HPLC-F), performed on a Kinetex® EVO C18 column (5 μm, 100 Å, 250 mm × 4.6 mm), was optimized to determine the levels of sialic acids of DmAb biomolecules, giving mean concentrations of 0.16 and 0.17 μg N-acetylneuraminic acid/mg DmAb for Prolia® and Xgeva® pharmaceutical products, respectively. The results demonstrated the capability of each one of the methods, and their use in combination constitutes a strategy to monitor instability, thereby assuring the quality and the batch-to-batch consistency of the biotechnology-derived medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Ferreira Perobelli Dumoncel
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna Xavier
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Clóvis Dervil Appratto Cardoso Júnior
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Francielle Santos da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Luís Gustavo Jung Motta
- Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Thaís Neuhaus Cavalheiro
- Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Luiz Dalmora
- Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
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8
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Recent capillary electrophoresis applications for upstream and downstream biopharmaceutical process monitoring. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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9
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van der Burg D, Wätzig H, Sänger-van de Griend CE. Method development for quantitative monitoring of monoclonal antibodies in upstream cell-culture process samples with limited sample preparation - An evaluation of various capillary coatings. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:96-106. [PMID: 36239141 PMCID: PMC10099398 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become an important class of biopharmaceuticals used for the treatment of various diseases. Their quantification during the manufacturing process is important. In this work, a capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method was developed for the monitoring of the mAb concentration during cell-culture processes. CZE method development rules are outlined, particularly discussing various capillary coatings, such as a neutral covalent polyvinyl alcohol coating, a dynamic successive multiple ionic-polymer coating, and dynamic coatings using background electrolyte additives such as triethanolamine (T-EthA) and triethylamine. The dynamic T-EthA coating resulted in most stable electro-osmotic flows and most efficient peak shapes. The method is validated over the range 0.1-10 mg/ml, with a linear range of 0.08-1.3 mg/ml and an extended range of 1-10 mg/ml by diluting samples in the latter concentration range 10-fold in water. The intraday precision and accuracy were 2%-12% and 88%-107%, respectively, and inter-day precision and accuracy were 4%-9% and 93%-104%, respectively. The precision and accuracy of the lowest concentration level (0.08 mg/ml) were slightly worse and still well in scope for monitoring purposes. The presented method proved applicable for analysing in-process cell-culture samples from different cell-culture processes and is possibly well suited as platform method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie van der Burg
- Kantisto BV, Baarn, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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10
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Legrand P, Dembele O, Alamil H, Lamoureux C, Mignet N, Houzé P, Gahoual R. Structural identification and absolute quantification of monoclonal antibodies in suspected counterfeits using capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2699-2712. [PMID: 35099584 PMCID: PMC8802745 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03913-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent a major category of biopharmaceutical products which due to their success as therapeutics have recently experienced the emergence of mAbs originating from different types of trafficking. We report the development of an analytical strategy which enables the structural identification of mAbs in addition to comprehensive characterization and quantification in samples in potentially counterfeit samples. The strategy is based on the concomitant use of capillary zone electrophoresis analysis (CZE-UV), size exclusion chromatography coupled to multi-angle light scattering (SEC-MALS) and liquid chromatography hyphenated to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This analytical strategy was applied to the investigation of different samples having unknown origins seized by the authorities, and potentially incorporating an IgG 4 or an IgG 1. The results achieved from the different techniques demonstrated to provide orthogonal and complementary information regarding the nature and the structure of the different mAbs. Therefore, they allowed to conclude unequivocally on the identification of the mAbs in the potentially counterfeit samples. Finally, a LC-MS/MS quantification method was developed which specificity was to incorporate a different mAbs labeled with stable isotopes as internal standard. The LC-MS/MS quantification method was validated and thus demonstrated the possibility to use common peptides with the considered IgG in order to achieve limit of quantification as low as 41.4 nM. The quantification method was used to estimate the concentration in the investigated samples using a single type of internal standard and experimental conditions, even in the case of mAbs with no stable isotope labeled homologues available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Legrand
- Faculté de Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS UMR8258, Inserm U1022, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Département Recherche Et Développement Pharmaceutique, Agence Générale Des Equipements Et Produits de Santé (AGEPS), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Oumar Dembele
- Faculté de Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS UMR8258, Inserm U1022, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Héléna Alamil
- Faculté de Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS UMR8258, Inserm U1022, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Lamoureux
- Service Commun de Laboratoire DGCCRF-DGCCI (SCL), Laboratoire de Paris, Massy, France
| | - Nathalie Mignet
- Faculté de Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS UMR8258, Inserm U1022, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Houzé
- Faculté de Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS UMR8258, Inserm U1022, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Toxicologie Biologique, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Rabah Gahoual
- Faculté de Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS UMR8258, Inserm U1022, Université de Paris, Paris, France. .,Unité de Technologies Biologiques Et Chimiques Pour La Santé (UTCBS), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, 4, avenue de l'observatoire, 75270, Cedex 06, Paris, France.
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11
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Malburet C, Leclercq L, Cotte JF, Thiebaud J, Cottet H. Separation of three strains of polio virus by capillary zone electrophoresis and study of their interaction with aluminum oxyhydroxide. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1667:462838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Cao L, Fabry D, Lan K. Rapid and comprehensive monoclonal antibody Characterization using microfluidic CE-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 204:114251. [PMID: 34265486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The identification and control of monoclonal antibody (mAb) critical quality attributes (CQAs) is a key component of quality by design (QbD). In this work, rapid peptide mapping and native intact charge variants analysis have been developed to comprehensively characterize and monitor mAb CQAs using a microfluidic capillary electrophoresis - mass spectrometry (CE-MS) platform. The ultrafast peptide mapping simultaneously analyzed multiple CQAs, including protein primary structure, oxidation, deamidation, succinimide, C-terminal lysine (Lys) clipping, N-terminal cyclization, and glycosylation. The microfluidic CE-MS based peptide mapping acquired results comparable to conventional but lengthy liquid chromatography - MS (LC-MS) based approach. The native intact analysis resolved mAb charge variants with a comparable resolution as commonly achieved using capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF). Charge variants' identities were assigned based on characteristic mass shifts, knowledge learned from peptide mapping, and changes in electrophoretic mobility. Major mAb glycoforms of each charge variants were resolved and identified in the deconvoluted mass spectra. Furthermore, a model simulation was performed to reconstruct intact deconvoluted mass spectra using peptide mapping results. The reconstructed and experimentally determined intact deconvoluted mass spectra were highly correlated, suggesting that our data collected at the peptide level and intact level were consistent and highly comparable. Overall, the microfluidic CE-MS based peptide mapping and native intact charge variants analysis are high-throughput methods that have great potential to support biopharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cao
- CMC Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, UP 1400, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA.
| | - Daniel Fabry
- CMC Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, UP 1400, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Kevin Lan
- CMC Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, UP 1400, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
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13
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Villemet L, Cuchet A, Desvignes C, Sänger-van de Griend CE. Protein mapping of peanut extract with capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:1027-1034. [PMID: 33970506 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Protein separation can be achieved with different modes of capillary electrophoresis, such as with capillary gel electroporesis (CGE) or with capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). CZE protein mapping of peanut extract was approached in four different ways, combining neutral-coated or multilayer-coated capillaries with pHs well over or under the isoelectric point range of the proteins of interest. At acidic pHs, the mobility ranges of the major peanut allergens Ara h1, Ara h2, Ara h3, and Ara h6 were identified. Although the pH is a major factor in CZE separation, buffers with different compositions but with the same pH and ionic strength showed significantly different resolutions. Different components of the electrolyte were studied in a multifactorial design of experiment. CE-SDS and CZE proved to be suitable for protein mapping and we were able to distinguish different batches of peanut extract and burned peanut extract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cari E Sänger-van de Griend
- Kantisto BV, Baarn, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Dadouch M, Ladner Y, Bich C, Montels J, Morel J, Bechara C, Perrin C. In-capillary (electrophoretic) digestion-reduction-separation: A smart tool for middle-up analysis of mAb. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1648:462213. [PMID: 33991752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive characterization of physicochemical properties of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a critical process to ensure their quality, efficacy, and safety. For this purpose, mAb analysis at different levels (bottom-up, middle-up) is a common approach that includes rather complex multistep sample preparation (reduction, digestion). To ensure high analysis performance, the development of fully integrated methodologies is highly valuable. Capillary zone electrophoresis is a particularly well-adapted technique for the multistep implementation of analytical strategies from sample preparation to detection. This feature was employed to develop novel integrated methodologies for the analysis of mAb at the middle-up level. Multiple in-line reactions (simultaneous reduction and digestion) were performed for the first time in the separation capillary. Tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP) was used as an effective reducing agent under a broad pH range and IdeS (Immunoglobulin degrading enzyme from Streptococcus) as a highly specific enzyme for mAb digestion. Transverse diffusion of laminar flow profile (TDLFP) was applied for reactants mixing. Both in-line sample preparation and separation parameters were optimized under non-denaturing and denaturing conditions. The developed in-line methodologies provided good reproducibility and higher peak efficiencies comparing with off-line assays. They were successfully applied to different mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Dadouch
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yoann Ladner
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Claudia Bich
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Montels
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Morel
- Département de Rhumatologie, Université de Montpellier, Hôpital Lapeyronie, 34295 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
| | - Cherine Bechara
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| | - Catherine Perrin
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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15
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Hutanu A, Hauser PC, Moritz B, Kiessig S, Noël A, Stracke JO, Wild M, Schwarz MA. Methionine oxidation of proteins analyzed by affinity capillary electrophoresis in presence of silver(I) and gold(III) ions. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1209-1216. [PMID: 33651405 PMCID: PMC9291207 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage of biopharmaceuticals during manufacturing and storage is a key concern throughout pharmaceutical development. However, few simple and robust analytical methods are available for the determination of oxidation sites. Here, the potential of affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) in the separation of proteins with oxidized methionine (Met) residues is shown. Silver(I) and gold(I) ions have the attribute to selectively form complexes with thioethers over sulfoxides. The addition of these ions to the BGE leads to a selective complexation of Met residues and, thus, to a change of charge allowing separation of species according to the different oxidation states of Met. The mechanisms of these interactions are discussed and binding constants for peptides containing Met with silver(I) are calculated. Additionally, the proposed method can be used as an indicator of oxidative stress in large proteins. The presented technique is easily accessible, economical, and has rapid analysis times, adding new approaches to the analytical toolbox of Met sulfoxide detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Hutanu
- Pharma Technical Development Europe (Biologics) Analytics, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter C Hauser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Moritz
- Pharma Technical Development Europe (Biologics) Analytics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Kiessig
- Pharma Technical Development Europe (Biologics) Analytics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Noël
- Pharma Technical Development Europe (Biologics) Analytics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan O Stracke
- Pharma Technical Development Europe (Biologics) Analytics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Wild
- Pharma Technical Development Europe (Biologics) Analytics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria A Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Business Unit Biopharmaceuticals, Solvias AG, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
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16
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Yüce M, Sert F, Torabfam M, Parlar A, Gürel B, Çakır N, Dağlıkoca DE, Khan MA, Çapan Y. Fractionated charge variants of biosimilars: A review of separation methods, structural and functional analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1152:238189. [PMID: 33648647 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The similarity between originator and biosimilar monoclonal antibody candidates are rigorously assessed based on primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures, and biological functions. Minor differences in such parameters may alter target-binding, potency, efficacy, or half-life of the molecule. The charge heterogeneity analysis is a prerequisite for all biotherapeutics. Monoclonal antibodies are prone to enzymatic or non-enzymatic structural modifications during or after the production processes, leading to the formation of fragments or aggregates, various glycoforms, oxidized, deamidated, and other degraded residues, reduced Fab region binding activity or altered FcR binding activity. Therefore, the charge variant profiles of the monoclonal antibodies must be regularly and thoroughly evaluated. Comparative structural and functional analysis of physically separated or fractioned charged variants of monoclonal antibodies has gained significant attention in the last few years. The fraction-based charge variant analysis has proved very useful for the biosimilar candidates comprising of unexpected charge isoforms. In this report, the key methods for the physical separation of monoclonal antibody charge variants, structural and functional analyses by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and surface plasmon resonance techniques were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meral Yüce
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Sert
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey; ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Milad Torabfam
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Parlar
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Büşra Gürel
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilüfer Çakır
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey; ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu E Dağlıkoca
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mansoor A Khan
- Texas A&M Health Sciences Centre, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yılmaz Çapan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey; Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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17
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Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies by Capillary Electrophoresis: Sample Preparation, Separation, and Detection. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are dominating the biopharmaceutical field due to the fact of their high specificity in the treatment of diverse diseases. Nevertheless, mAbs are very complex glycoproteins exhibiting several macro- and microheterogeneities that may affect their safety, quality, and efficacy. This complexity is very challenging for mAbs development, formulation, and quality control. To tackle the quality issue, a combination of multiple analytical approaches is necessary. In this perspective, capillary electrophoresis has gained considerable interest over the last decade due to the fact of its complementary features to chromatographic approaches. This review provides an overview of the strategies of mAbs and derivatives analysis by capillary electrophoresis hyphenated to ultraviolet, fluorescence, and mass spectrometry detection. The main sample preparation approaches used for mAb analytical characterization (i.e., intact, middle-up/down, and bottom-up) are detailed. The different electrophoretic modes used as well as integrated analysis approaches (sample preparation and separation) are critically discussed.
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18
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Goyon A, McDonald D, Fekete S, Guillarme D, Stella C. Development of an innovative salt-mediated pH gradient cation exchange chromatography method for the characterization of therapeutic antibodies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1160:122379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Pérez-Robles R, Cuadros-Rodríguez L, Salmerón-García A, Cabeza-Barrera J, Navas N. Intact charge variant analysis of ziv-aflibercept by cationic exchange liquid chromatography as a proof of concept: Comparison between volatile and non-volatile salts in the mobile phase. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 185:113233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Schmailzl J, Vorage MW, Stutz H. Intact and middle-down CIEF of commercial therapeutic monoclonal antibody products under non-denaturing conditions. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1109-1117. [PMID: 32250465 PMCID: PMC7317833 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A two‐step CIEF with chemical mobilization was developed for charge profiling of the therapeutic mAb rituximab under non‐denaturing separation conditions. CIEF of the intact mAb was combined with a middle‐down approach analyzing Fc/2 and F(ab´)2 fragments after digest with a commercial cysteine protease (IdeS). CIEF methods were optimized separately for the intact mAb and its fragments due to their divergent pIs. Best resolution was achieved by combining Pharmalyte (PL) 8–10.5 with PL 3–10 for variants of intact rituximab and of F(ab´)2 fragments, respectively, whereas PL 6.7–7.7 in combination with PL 3–10 was used for Fc/2 variants. Charge heterogeneity in Fc/2 dominates over F(ab´)2. In addition, a copy product of rituximab, and adalimumab were analyzed. Both mAbs contain additional alkaline C‐terminal lysine variants as confirmed by digest with carboxypeptidase B. The optimized CIEF methods for intact mAb and Fc/2 were tested for their potential as platform approaches for these mAbs. The CIEF method for Fc/2 was slightly adapted in this process. The pI values for major intact mAb variants were determined by adjacent pI markers resulting in 9.29 (rituximab) and 8.42 (adalimumab). In total, seven to eight charge variants could be distinguished for intact adalimumab and rituximab, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcel W Vorage
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hanno Stutz
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools in the Characterization of Biosimilars, Salzburg, Austria
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21
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Lapteva M, Sallam MA, Goyon A, Guillarme D, Veuthey JL, Kalia YN. Non-invasive targeted iontophoretic delivery of cetuximab to skin. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:589-602. [PMID: 32067504 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1731470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background: Cetuximab (CTX) is a glycosylated anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody of great interest in the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancers. Its intravenous administration is associated with severe side effects. This is the first report on the noninvasive iontophoretic-targeted topical delivery of CTX to skin.Methods: Iontophoretic transport of CTX (0.5 mA/cm2) was studied as a function of formulation pH (4, 5.5 and 7) and duration of current application (2, 4 and 8 h). CTX cutaneous biodistribution was determined; electrotransport mechanisms and penetration pathways were investigated.Results: Electrophoretic mobility measurements of CTX isoforms and co-iontophoresis of acetaminophen at each pH demonstrated that CTX electrotransport was due to electroosmosis: despite an ~8-fold reduction in charge, CTX skin deposition was greater at pH 7 than pH 4 (8.974 ± 1.952 and 0.482 ± 0.165 μg/mm3) - consistent with the increased electroosmotic flow at pH 7. Iontophoresis of an Alex488-CTX conjugate showed that skin penetration occurred by the intercellular and follicular routes. Therapeutic concentrations of CTX in the viable epidermis, upper dermis and lower dermis were achieved following iontophoresis for 2, 4 and 8 h, respectively.Conclusion: The results demonstrate the topical delivery of a 152 kDa monoclonal antibody into skin in a targeted, controlled and entirely noninvasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lapteva
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marwa A Sallam
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Alexandre Goyon
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yogeshvar N Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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Hutanu A, Kiessig S, Bathke A, Ketterer R, Riner S, Olaf Stracke J, Wild M, Moritz B. Application of affinity capillary electrophoresis for charge heterogeneity profiling of biopharmaceuticals. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:3014-3022. [PMID: 31560789 PMCID: PMC6900010 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Charge heterogeneity profiling is important for the quality control (QC) of biopharmaceuticals. Because of the increasing complexity of these therapeutic entities [1], the development of alternative analytical techniques is needed. In this work, flow-through partial-filling affinity capillary electrophoresis (FTPFACE) has been established as a method for the analysis of a mixture of two similar monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The addition of a specific ligand results in the complexation of one mAb in the co-formulation, thus changing its migration time in the electric field. This allows the characterization of the charged variants of the non-shifted mAb without interferences. Adsorption of proteins to the inner capillary wall has been circumvented by rinsing with guanidine hydrochloride before each injection. The presented FTPFACE approach requires only very small amounts of ligands and provides complete comparability with a standard CZE of a single mAb.
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23
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Insights from capillary electrophoresis approaches for characterization of monoclonal antibodies and antibody drug conjugates in the period 2016–2018. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1122-1123:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Chen G, Gerrior A, Hale G, Ghosh R. Feasibility study of the fractionation of monoclonal antibody charge variants using a cuboid packed-bed device. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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25
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Sänger–van de Griend CE. CE‐SDS method development, validation, and best practice—An overview. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2361-2374. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cari E. Sänger–van de Griend
- Kantisto BV Baarn The Netherlands
- Faculty of PharmacyDepartment of Medicinal ChemistryUppsala University Uppsala Sweden
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26
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Kahle J, Zagst H, Wiesner R, Wätzig H. Comparative charge-based separation study with various capillary electrophoresis (CE) modes and cation exchange chromatography (CEX) for the analysis of monoclonal antibodies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 174:460-470. [PMID: 31228849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Charge heterogeneity is an important critical quality attribute for the analysis of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). For this, (imaged) capillary isoelectric focusing ((i)cIEF), ion exchange chromatography (IEC) and, recently, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) are the predominantly used techniques. In order to investigate which one is most suitable to answer a specific analytical question, here, the four aforementioned separation techniques were systematically evaluated using NISTmAb and Infliximab as test molecules. The performance parameters (precision, separation efficiency, linearity and sensitivity) were determined under comparable conditions. Moreover, important aspects for daily routine such as speed and ease of use were considered. Each technique has its own pros and cons. The (i)cIEF methodology is distinguished by its excellent separation efficiency. In addition, the native fluorescence mode in icIEF is a good tool to analyze small sample amounts (LOQ: 2.8 mg/l for Infliximab). Nevertheless, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) still has superior precision. CZE, and also micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), have emerged as further interesting alternatives. For all techniques, variations connected to the sample preparation strongly influence precision. Looking at the relative standard deviation (RSD) values of the relative peak areas, all techniques provide acceptable performance (RSD: 0.6-1.6%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kahle
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Holger Zagst
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Rebecca Wiesner
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany; PVZ: Center of Pharmaceutical Process Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany.
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27
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Giorgetti J, Lechner A, Del Nero E, Beck A, François YN, Leize-Wagner E. Intact monoclonal antibodies separation and analysis by sheathless capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2019; 25:324-332. [PMID: 30351978 DOI: 10.1177/1469066718807798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry coupling is a growing technique in biopharmaceutics characterization. Assessment of monoclonal antibodies is well known at middle-up and bottom-up levels to obtain information about the sequence, post-translational modifications and degradation products. Intact protein analysis is an actual challenge to be closer to the real protein structure. At this level, actual techniques are time consuming or cumbersome processes. In this work, a 20 minutes separation method has been developed to optimize characterization of intact monoclonal antibodies. Thus, separation has been done on a positively charged coated capillary with optimized volatile background electrolyte and sample buffer. Three world-wide health authorities approved monoclonal antibodies have been used to set up a rapid and ease of use method. Intact trastuzumab, rituximab and palivizumab isoforms have been partially separated with this method in less than 20 minutes under denaturing conditions. For each monoclonal antibody, 2X-glycosylated and 1X-glycosylated structures have been identified and separated. Concerning basic and acidic variants, potential aspartic acid isomerization modification and asparagine deamidation have been observed. Accurate mass determination for high-mass molecular species remains a challenge, but the progress in intact monoclonal antibodies separation appears very promising for biopharmaceutics characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Giorgetti
- 1 Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS) UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Antony Lechner
- 1 Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS) UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elise Del Nero
- 1 Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS) UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Beck
- 2 Centre d'immunologie Pierre Fabre, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Yannis-Nicolas François
- 1 Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS) UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emmanuelle Leize-Wagner
- 1 Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS) UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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28
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Xu Y, Wang D, Mason B, Rossomando T, Li N, Liu D, Cheung JK, Xu W, Raghava S, Katiyar A, Nowak C, Xiang T, Dong DD, Sun J, Beck A, Liu H. Structure, heterogeneity and developability assessment of therapeutic antibodies. MAbs 2018; 11:239-264. [PMID: 30543482 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1553476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention has been paid to developability assessment with the understanding that thorough evaluation of monoclonal antibody lead candidates at an early stage can avoid delays during late-stage development. The concept of developability is based on the knowledge gained from the successful development of approximately 80 marketed antibody and Fc-fusion protein drug products and from the lessons learned from many failed development programs over the last three decades. Here, we reviewed antibody quality attributes that are critical to development and traditional and state-of-the-art analytical methods to monitor those attributes. Based on our collective experiences, a practical workflow is proposed as a best practice for developability assessment including in silico evaluation, extended characterization and forced degradation using appropriate analytical methods that allow characterization with limited material consumption and fast turnaround time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingda Xu
- a Protein Analytics , Adimab , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- b Analytical Department , Bioanalytix, Inc ., Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Bruce Mason
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tony Rossomando
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Ning Li
- d Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Dingjiang Liu
- e Formulation Development , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Jason K Cheung
- f Pharmaceutical Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Wei Xu
- g Analytical Method Development , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Smita Raghava
- h Sterile Formulation Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- i Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Pennington , NJ , USA
| | - Christine Nowak
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tao Xiang
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Diane D Dong
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Joanne Sun
- k Product development , Innovent Biologics , Suzhou Industrial Park , China
| | - Alain Beck
- l Analytical chemistry , NBEs, Center d'immunologie Pierre Fabre , St Julien-en-Genevois Cedex , France
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
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29
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Kahle J, Wätzig H. Determination of protein charge variants with (imaged) capillary isoelectric focusing and capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2492-2511. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kahle
- Technische Universität Braunschweig; Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Technische Universität Braunschweig; Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Braunschweig Germany
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30
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Goyon A, Francois YN, Colas O, Beck A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. High-resolution separation of monoclonal antibodies mixtures and their charge variants by an alternative and generic CZE method. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2083-2090. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Goyon
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Geneva; University of Lausanne; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Yannis Nicolas Francois
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS) UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS); Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
| | - Olivier Colas
- IRPF; Center of Immunology Pierre Fabre; Saint-Julien-en-Genevois; France
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF; Center of Immunology Pierre Fabre; Saint-Julien-en-Genevois; France
| | - Jean Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Geneva; University of Lausanne; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Geneva; University of Lausanne; Geneva Switzerland
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31
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Development of a capillary zone electrophoresis method to quantify E. coli l-asparaginase and its acidic variants. Talanta 2018; 182:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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Turner A, Schiel JE. Qualification of NISTmAb charge heterogeneity control assays. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2079-2093. [PMID: 29423598 PMCID: PMC5830499 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0816-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The NISTmAb is a monoclonal antibody Reference Material from the National Institute of Standards and Technology; it is a class-representative IgG1κ intended serve as a pre-competitive platform for harmonization and technology development in the biopharmaceutical industry. The publication series of which this paper is a part describes NIST's overall control strategy to ensure NISTmAb quality and availability over its lifecycle. In this paper, the development and qualification of methods for monitoring NISTmAb charge heterogeneity are described. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) assays were optimized and evaluated as candidate assays for NISTmAb quality control. CIEF was found to be suitable as a structural characterization assay yielding information on the apparent pI of the NISTmAb. CZE was found to be better suited for routine monitoring of NISTmAb charge heterogeneity and was qualified for this purpose. This paper is intended to provide relevant details of NIST's charge heterogeneity control strategy to facilitate implementation of the NISTmAb as a test molecule in the end user's laboratory. Graphical Abstract Representative capillary zone electropherogram of the NIST monoclonal antibody (NISTmAb). The NISTmAb is a publicly available research tool intended to facilitate advancement of biopharmaceutical analytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Turner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Medimmune, LLC, 55 Watkins Mill Rd, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - John E Schiel
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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33
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Dai J, Lamp J, Xia Q, Zhang Y. Capillary Isoelectric Focusing-Mass Spectrometry Method for the Separation and Online Characterization of Intact Monoclonal Antibody Charge Variants. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2246-2254. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O.
Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jared Lamp
- CMP Scientific, Corporation, 760 Parkside Avenue, Suite 211, Brooklyn, New York 11226, United States
| | - Qiangwei Xia
- CMP Scientific, Corporation, 760 Parkside Avenue, Suite 211, Brooklyn, New York 11226, United States
| | - Yingru Zhang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O.
Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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34
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Moritz B, Locatelli V, Niess M, Bathke A, Kiessig S, Entler B, Finkler C, Wegele H, Stracke J. Optimization of capillary zone electrophoresis for charge heterogeneity testing of biopharmaceuticals using enhanced method development principles. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:3136-3146. [PMID: 28887890 PMCID: PMC5765393 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CZE is a well-established technique for charge heterogeneity testing of biopharmaceuticals. It is based on the differences between the ratios of net charge and hydrodynamic radius. In an extensive intercompany study, it was recently shown that CZE is very robust and can be easily implemented in labs that did not perform it before. However, individual characteristics of some examined proteins resulted in suboptimal resolution. Therefore, enhanced method development principles were applied here to investigate possibilities for further method optimization. For this purpose, a high number of different method parameters was evaluated with the aim to improve CZE separation. For the relevant parameters, design of experiments (DoE) models were generated and optimized in several ways for different sets of responses like resolution, peak width and number of peaks. In spite of product specific DoE optimization it was found that the resulting combination of optimized parameters did result in significant improvement of separation for 13 out of 16 different antibodies and other molecule formats. These results clearly demonstrate generic applicability of the optimized CZE method. Adaptation to individual molecular properties may sometimes still be required in order to achieve optimal separation but the set screws discussed in this study [mainly pH, identity of the polymer additive (HPC versus HPMC) and the concentrations of additives like acetonitrile, butanolamine and TETA] are expected to significantly reduce the effort for specific optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Barbara Entler
- IMC Fachhochschule Krems, University of Applied SciencesKremsAustria
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35
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Tassi M, De Vos J, Chatterjee S, Sobott F, Bones J, Eeltink S. Advances in native high-performance liquid chromatography and intact mass spectrometry for the characterization of biopharmaceutical products. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:125-144. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tassi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
| | - Jelle De Vos
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
| | - Sneha Chatterjee
- Biomolecular & Analytical Mass Spectrometry; Antwerp University; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Frank Sobott
- Biomolecular & Analytical Mass Spectrometry; Antwerp University; Antwerp Belgium
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
| | - Jonathan Bones
- The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training (NIBRT); Dublin Ireland
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
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36
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High resolution separations of charge variants and disulfide isomers of monoclonal antibodies and antibody drug conjugates using ultra-high voltage capillary electrophoresis with high electric field strength. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1523:72-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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37
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Jooß K, Hühner J, Kiessig S, Moritz B, Neusüß C. Two-dimensional capillary zone electrophoresis–mass spectrometry for the characterization of intact monoclonal antibody charge variants, including deamidation products. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6057-6067. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0542-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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38
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Wang X, An Z, Luo W, Xia N, Zhao Q. Molecular and functional analysis of monoclonal antibodies in support of biologics development. Protein Cell 2017; 9:74-85. [PMID: 28733914 PMCID: PMC5777976 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0447-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics are playing an increasingly important role in the treatment or prevention of many important diseases such as cancers, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. Multi-domain mAbs are far more complex than small molecule drugs with intrinsic heterogeneities. The critical quality attributes of a given mAb, including structure, post-translational modifications, and functions at biomolecular and cellular levels, need to be defined and profiled in details during the developmental phases of a biologics. These critical quality attributes, outlined in this review, serve an important database for defining the drug properties during commercial production phase as well as post licensure life cycle management. Specially, the molecular characterization, functional assessment, and effector function analysis of mAbs, are reviewed with respect to the critical parameters and the methods used for obtaining them. The three groups of analytical methods are three essential and integral facets making up the whole analytical package for a mAb-based drug. Such a package is critically important for the licensure and the post-licensure life cycle management of a therapeutic or prophylactic biologics. In addition, the basic principles on the evaluation of biosimilar mAbs were discussed briefly based on the recommendations by the World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, China
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Wenxin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, China.,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, China.,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, China
| | - Qinjian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, China.
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39
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Sánchez-Hernández L, Montealegre C, Kiessig S, Moritz B, Neusüß C. In-capillary approach to eliminate SDS interferences in antibody analysis by capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1044-1052. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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40
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Espinosa-de la Garza CE, Salazar-Flores RD, Pérez NO, Flores-Ortiz LF, Medina-Rivero E. Capillary Electrophoresis Separation of Monoclonal Antibody Isoforms Using a Neutral Capillary. J Vis Exp 2017:55082. [PMID: 28117815 PMCID: PMC5352263 DOI: 10.3791/55082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotherapeutic proteins, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), are feasible alternatives for the treatment of chronic-degenerative diseases. The biological activity of these proteins depends on their physicochemical properties. The use of high-performance techniques like chromatography and capillary electrophoresis has been described for the analysis of physicochemical heterogeneity of mAbs. Nowadays, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) technique constitutes one of the most resolutive and sensitive assays for the analysis of biomolecules. Besides, the electro-driven separation in CZE is governed by extensive properties of matter and offers the advantage of analyzing proteins close to their native state. However, the successful implementation of this technique for routine analysis depends on the skills of the analyst at the critical steps during sample and system preparation. The purpose of this tutorial is to detail the steps to succeed in the CZE analysis of mAbs. Further, this protocol can be used for the development and improvement of skills of the personnel involved in protein analytical chemistry laboratories.
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41
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Hühner J, Jooß K, Neusüß C. Interference-free mass spectrometric detection of capillary isoelectric focused proteins, including charge variants of a model monoclonal antibody. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:914-921. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hühner
- Faculty of Chemistry; Aalen University; Aalen Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Kevin Jooß
- Faculty of Chemistry; Aalen University; Aalen Germany
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42
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Štěpánová S, Kašička V. Recent applications of capillary electromigration methods to separation and analysis of proteins. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 933:23-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Cutting-edge capillary electrophoresis characterization of monoclonal antibodies and related products. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1032:61-78. [PMID: 27265157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Out of all categories, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), biosimilar, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and Fc-fusion proteins attract the most interest due to their strong therapeutic potency and specificity. Because of their intrinsic complexity due to a large number of micro-heterogeneities, there is a crucial need of analytical methods to provide comprehensive in-depth characterization of these molecules. CE presents some obvious benefits as high resolution separation and miniaturized format to be widely applied to the analysis of biopharmaceuticals. CE is an effective method for the separation of proteins at different levels. capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) have been particularly relevant for the characterization of size and charge variants of intact and reduced mAbs, while CE-MS appears to be a promising analytical tool to assess the primary structure of mAbs and related products. This review will be dedicated to detail the current and state-of-the-art CE-based methods for the characterization of mAbs and related products.
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44
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Recent advances in capillary electrophoretic migration techniques for pharmaceutical analysis (2013-2015). Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1591-608. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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45
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KUBOTA K, KOBAYASHI N, YABUTA M, OHARA M, NAITO T, KUBO T, OTSUKA K. Validation of Capillary Zone Electrophoretic Method for Evaluating Monoclonal Antibodies and Antibody-Drug Conjugates. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2016. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2016.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei KUBOTA
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
- Analytical and Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Naoki KOBAYASHI
- Analytical and Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Masayuki YABUTA
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Motomu OHARA
- Analytical and Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | | | - Takuya KUBO
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Koji OTSUKA
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
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46
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Fekete S, Guillarme D, Sandra P, Sandra K. Chromatographic, Electrophoretic, and Mass Spectrometric Methods for the Analytical Characterization of Protein Biopharmaceuticals. Anal Chem 2015; 88:480-507. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Fekete
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Pat Sandra
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), President Kennedypark 26, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Koen Sandra
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), President Kennedypark 26, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
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47
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Rapid analysis of charge variants of monoclonal antibodies using non-linear salt gradient in cation-exchange high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1406:175-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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48
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Chen L, Zhang Y, Tan L, Liu S, Wang Y. Assembly of poly(dopamine)/poly(acrylamide) mixed coatings by a single-step surface modification strategy and its application to the separation of proteins using capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2915-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Lin Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Songtao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 P. R. China
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49
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Jaccoulet E, Smadja C, Prognon P, Taverna M. Capillary electrophoresis for rapid identification of monoclonal antibodies for routine application in hospital. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2050-6. [PMID: 25964136 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
mAbs are widely used in cancer therapy. Their compounding, performed just before their administration to patients, is executed in a production unit of the hospital. Identification of these drugs, individually prepared in bags for infusion before patient administration, is of paramount importance to detect potential mistakes during compounding stage. A fast and reliable analytical method based on CZE combined to a cationic capillary coating (hexadimethrine bromide) was developed for identification of the most widely used compounded therapeutic for cancer therapy (bevacizumab, cetuximab, rituximab, and trastuzumab). Considering the high structural and physico-chemical similarities of these mAbs, an extensive optimization of the BGE composition has been performed. The addition of perchlorate ions and polysorbate in the BGE greatly increased the resolution. To validate the method, an internal standard was used and the relative migration times (RTm) were estimated. Very satisfactory RSDs of the RTm for rituximab (0.76%), cetuximab (0.46%), bevacizumab (0.31%), and trastuzumab (0.60%) were obtained. The intraday and interday RSD of the method were less than 0.32 and 1.3%, respectively for RTm. Significant differences between theses RTms have been demonstrated allowing mAbs identification. Finally, accurate mAbs identification has been demonstrated by a blind test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Jaccoulet
- Institut Galien Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France.,CNRS UMR 8612, Châtenay-Malabry, France.,Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service Pharmacie (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Claire Smadja
- Institut Galien Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France.,CNRS UMR 8612, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Patrice Prognon
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service Pharmacie (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Myriam Taverna
- Institut Galien Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France.,CNRS UMR 8612, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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50
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Biacchi M, Gahoual R, Said N, Beck A, Leize-Wagner E, François YN. Glycoform Separation and Characterization of Cetuximab Variants by Middle-up Off-Line Capillary Zone Electrophoresis-UV/Electrospray Ionization-MS. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6240-50. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Biacchi
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de
Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UDS-CNRS UMR
7140, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Rabah Gahoual
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de
Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UDS-CNRS UMR
7140, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Nassur Said
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de
Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UDS-CNRS UMR
7140, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Alain Beck
- Centre d’Immunologie Pierre Fabre, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois 74164, France
| | - Emmanuelle Leize-Wagner
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de
Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UDS-CNRS UMR
7140, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Yannis-Nicolas François
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de
Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UDS-CNRS UMR
7140, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
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