1
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Gauci SC, Vranic A, Blasco E, Bräse S, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C. Photochemically Activated 3D Printing Inks: Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306468. [PMID: 37681744 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
3D printing with light is enabled by the photochemistry underpinning it. Without fine control over the ability to photochemically gate covalent bond formation by the light at a certain wavelength and intensity, advanced photoresists with functions spanning from on-demand degradability, adaptability, rapid printing speeds, and tailored functionality are impossible to design. Herein, recent advances in photoresist design for light-driven 3D printing applications are critically assessed, and an outlook of the outstanding challenges and opportunities is provided. This is achieved by classing the discussed photoresists in chemistries that function photoinitiator-free and those that require a photoinitiator to proceed. Such a taxonomy is based on the efficiency with which photons are able to generate covalent bonds, with each concept featuring distinct advantages and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Gauci
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Vranic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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2
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Toombs JT, Shan IK, Taylor HK. Ethyl Cellulose-Based Thermoreversible Organogel Photoresist for Sedimentation-Free Volumetric Additive Manufacturing. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200872. [PMID: 36781416 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Liquid photoresists are abundant in the field of light-based additive manufacturing (AM). However, printing unsupported directly into a vat of material in emerging volumetric AM technologies-typically a benefit due to fewer geometric constraints and less material waste-can be a limitation when printing low-viscosity liquid monomers and multimaterial constructs due to part drift or sedimentation. With ethyl cellulose (EC), a thermoplastic soluble in organic liquids, a simple three-component transparent thermoreversible gel photoresist with melting temperature of ≈64 °C is formulated. The physically crosslinked network of the gel leads to storage moduli in the range of 0.1-10 kPa and maximum yield stress of 2.7 kPa for a 10 wt% EC gel photoresist. Nonzero yield stress enables sedimentation-free tomographic volumetric patterning in low-viscosity monomer without additional hardware or modification of apparatus. In addition, objects inserted into the print container can be suspended in the gel material which enables overprinting of multimaterial devices without anchors connecting the object to the printing container. Flexural strength is also improved by 100% compared to the neat monomer for a formulation with 7 wt% EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Toombs
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ingrid K Shan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hayden K Taylor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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3
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Roels E, Terryn S, Iida F, Bosman AW, Norvez S, Clemens F, Van Assche G, Vanderborght B, Brancart J. Processing of Self-Healing Polymers for Soft Robotics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104798. [PMID: 34610181 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soft robots are, due to their softness, inherently safe and adapt well to unstructured environments. However, they are prone to various damage types. Self-healing polymers address this vulnerability. Self-healing soft robots can recover completely from macroscopic damage, extending their lifetime. For developing healable soft robots, various formative and additive manufacturing methods have been exploited to shape self-healing polymers into complex structures. Additionally, several novel manufacturing techniques, noted as (re)assembly binding techniques that are specific to self-healing polymers, have been created. Herein, the wide variety of processing techniques of self-healing polymers for robotics available in the literature is reviewed, and limitations and opportunities discussed thoroughly. Based on defined requirements for soft robots, these techniques are critically compared and validated. A strong focus is drawn to the reversible covalent and (physico)chemical cross-links present in the self-healing polymers that do not only endow healability to the resulting soft robotic components, but are also beneficial in many manufacturing techniques. They solve current obstacles in soft robots, including the formation of robust multi-material parts, recyclability, and stress relaxation. This review bridges two promising research fields, and guides the reader toward selecting a suitable processing method based on a self-healing polymer and the intended soft robotics application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Roels
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Seppe Terryn
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Fumiya Iida
- Machine Intelligence Lab, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Anton W Bosman
- SupraPolix B. V., Horsten 1.29, Eindhoven, 5612 AX, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Norvez
- Chimie Moléculaire, Macromoléculaire, Matériaux, École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie (ESPCI), 10 Rue Vauquelin, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Frank Clemens
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Guy Van Assche
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Bram Vanderborght
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Joost Brancart
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
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4
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Zhou Q, Sang Z, Rajagopalan KK, Sliozberg Y, Gardea F, Sukhishvili SA. Thermodynamics and Stereochemistry of Diels–Alder Polymer Networks: Role of Crosslinker Flexibility and Crosslinking Density. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Zhen Sang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kartik Kumar Rajagopalan
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yelena Sliozberg
- Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Frank Gardea
- Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory South, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Svetlana A. Sukhishvili
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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5
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Click chemistry strategies for the accelerated synthesis of functional macromolecules. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Houck HA, Müller P, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C, Du Prez FE, Blasco E. Shining Light on Poly(ethylene glycol): From Polymer Modification to 3D Laser Printing of Water Erasable Microstructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003060. [PMID: 32644269 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of stimuli-responsive bonds into 3D network assemblies is a key concept to design adaptive materials that can reshape and degrade. Here, a straightforward but unique photoresist is introduced for the tailored fabrication of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) materials that can be readily erased by water, even without the need for acidic or basic additives. Specifically, a new class of photoresist is developed that operates through the backbone crosslinking of PEG when irradiated in the presence of a bivalent triazolinedione. Hence, macroscopic gels are obtained upon visible light-emitting diode irradiation (λ > 515 nm) that are stable in organic media but rapidly degrade upon the addition of water. Photoinduced curing is also applicable to multiphoton laser lithography (λ > 700 nm), hence providing access to 3D printed microstructures that vanish when immersed in water at 37 °C. Materials with varying crosslinking densities are accessed by adapting the applied laser writing power, thereby allowing for tunable hydrolytic erasing timescales. A new platform technology is thus presented that enables the crosslinking and 3D laser printing of PEG-based materials, which can be cleaved and erased in water, and additionally holds potential for the facile modification and backbone degradation of polyether-containing materials in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes A Houck
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Gent, 9000, Belgium
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Filip E Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Gent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Eva Blasco
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
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7
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Gräfe D, Walden SL, Blinco J, Wegener M, Blasco E, Barner‐Kowollik C. It's in the Fine Print: Erasable Three-Dimensional Laser-Printed Micro- and Nanostructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6330-6340. [PMID: 31749287 PMCID: PMC7317938 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
3D printing, on all scales, is currently a vibrant topic in scientific and industrial research as it has enormous potential to radically change manufacturing. Owing to the inherent nature of the manufacturing process, 3D printed structures may require additional material to structurally support complex features. Such support material must be removed after printing-sometimes termed subtractive manufacturing-without adversely affecting the remaining structure. An elegant solution is the use of photoresists containing labile bonds that allow for controlled cleavage with specific triggers. Herein, we explore state-of-the-art cleavable photoresists for 3D direct laser writing, as well as their potential to combine additive and subtractive manufacturing in a hybrid technology. We discuss photoresist design, feature resolution, cleavage properties, and current limitations of selected examples. Furthermore, we share our perspective on possible labile bonds, and their corresponding cleavage trigger, which we believe will have a critical impact on future applications and expand the toolbox of available cleavable photoresists.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gräfe
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of Technology (QUT)2 George StreetQLD4000BrisbaneAustralia
| | - Sarah L. Walden
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of Technology (QUT)2 George StreetQLD4000BrisbaneAustralia
| | - James Blinco
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of Technology (QUT)2 George StreetQLD4000BrisbaneAustralia
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstrasse 1876131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Macromolecular ArchitecturesInstitute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstrasse 1876131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of Technology (QUT)2 George StreetQLD4000BrisbaneAustralia
- Macromolecular ArchitecturesInstitute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstrasse 1876131KarlsruheGermany
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8
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Gräfe D, Walden SL, Blinco J, Wegener M, Blasco E, Barner‐Kowollik C. Es ist im Kleingedruckten: Löschbare dreidimensionale lasergedruckte Mikro‐ und Nanostrukturen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Gräfe
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australien
| | - Sarah L. Walden
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australien
| | - James Blinco
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australien
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institut für Angewandte Physik (APH) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Nanotechnologie (INT) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Eva Blasco
- Makromolekulare Architekturen Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie (ITCP) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australien
- Makromolekulare Architekturen Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie (ITCP) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Karlsruhe Deutschland
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9
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Peng WL, You Y, Xie P, Rong MZ, Zhang MQ. Adaptable Interlocking Macromolecular Networks with Homogeneous Architecture Made from Immiscible Single Networks. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li Peng
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD HPPC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yang You
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD HPPC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Pu Xie
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD HPPC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhi Rong
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD HPPC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Ming Qiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD HPPC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
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10
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Kunz SV, Cole CM, Welle A, Shaw PE, Sonar P, Thoebes NP, Baumann T, Yambem SD, Blasco E, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C. Photo-Cross-Linkable Polymer Inks for Solution-Based OLED Fabrication. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna V. Kunz
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - Cameron M. Cole
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - Alexander Welle
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Paul E. Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | | | - Thomas Baumann
- Cynora GmbH, Werner-von-Siemens-Straße 2-6, 76646 Bruchsal, Germany
| | - Soniya D. Yambem
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - Eva Blasco
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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11
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Zhang Z, Corrigan N, Bagheri A, Jin J, Boyer C. A Versatile 3D and 4D Printing System through Photocontrolled RAFT Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Ali Bagheri
- School of Chemical SciencesThe University of Auckland, and Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies Auckland 1010 New Zealand
| | - Jianyong Jin
- School of Chemical SciencesThe University of Auckland, and Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies Auckland 1010 New Zealand
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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12
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Zhang Z, Corrigan N, Bagheri A, Jin J, Boyer C. A Versatile 3D and 4D Printing System through Photocontrolled RAFT Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17954-17963. [PMID: 31642580 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization is a valuable tool for synthesizing macromolecules with controlled topologies and diverse chemical functionalities. However, the application of RAFT polymerization to additive-manufacturing processes has been prevented due to the slow polymerization rates of typical systems. In this work, we developed and optimized a rapid visible (green) light mediated RAFT polymerization process and applied it to an open-air 3D printing system. The reaction components are non-toxic, metal free and environmentally friendly, which tailors these systems toward biomaterial fabrication. The inclusion of RAFT agent in the photosensitive resin provided control over the mechanical properties of 3D printed materials and allowed these materials to be post-functionalized after 3D printing. Additionally, photoinduced spatiotemporal control of the network structure provided a one-pass approach to 4D printed materials. This RAFT-mediated 3D and 4D printing process should provide access to a range of new functional and stimuli-responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ali Bagheri
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, and Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jianyong Jin
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, and Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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13
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Polymer engineering based on reversible covalent chemistry: A promising innovative pathway towards new materials and new functionalities. Prog Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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14
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Wang G, Zhu J, Chen X, Dong H, Li Q, Zeng L, Cao X. Alginate based antimicrobial hydrogels formed by integrating Diels-Alder "click chemistry" and the thiol-ene reaction. RSC Adv 2018; 8:11036-11042. [PMID: 35541529 PMCID: PMC9078979 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00668g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years medical devices manufacturers have been looking for antimicrobial coatings which are biocompatible and non-toxic for a wide range of medical devices. The demand for these antimicrobial coatings has increased significantly, owing to the increased incidence of hospital-associated infections (HAIs). Hydrogels have been widely used in biomedical applications due to their hydrophilicity, biodegradability, non-toxicity and biocompatibility. In this work, sodium alginate (SA) based antibacterial hydrogels SA/PEG-HHC10 were designed and prepared by combining Diels-Alder (DA) click chemistry and the thiol-ene reaction. The hydrogels were first prepared using DA click chemistry with good mechanical strength, then the cysteine-terminated antimicrobial peptide HHC10-CYS (HHC10) was grafted into the hydrogel by the thiol-ene reaction between the oxy-norbornene group and the thiol group. The results showed that the antimicrobial hydrogels had a strong antibacterial property and good biocompatibility. Therefore, the antimicrobial hydrogels have significant potential application as coatings for implantable medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 PR China +86-20-22236066
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Guangzhou 510006 PR China
| | - Jiehua Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 PR China +86-20-22236066
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Guangzhou 510006 PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 PR China +86-20-22236066
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Guangzhou 510006 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 PR China
| | - Hua Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 PR China +86-20-22236066
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Guangzhou 510006 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 PR China
| | - Qingtao Li
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 PR China
| | - Lei Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 PR China +86-20-22236066
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Guangzhou 510006 PR China
| | - Xiaodong Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 PR China +86-20-22236066
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Guangzhou 510006 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 PR China
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15
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Barner-Kowollik C, Bastmeyer M, Blasco E, Delaittre G, Müller P, Richter B, Wegener M. 3D Laser Micro- and Nanoprinting: Challenges for Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15828-15845. [PMID: 28580704 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
3D printing is a powerful emerging technology for the tailored fabrication of advanced functional materials. This Review summarizes the state-of-the art with regard to 3D laser micro- and nanoprinting and explores the chemical challenges limiting its full exploitation: from the development of advanced functional materials for applications in cell biology and electronics to the chemical barriers that need to be overcome to enable fast writing velocities with resolution below the diffraction limit. We further explore chemical means to enable direct laser writing of multiple materials in one resist by highly wavelength selective (λ-orthogonal) photochemical processes. Finally, chemical processes to construct adaptive 3D written structures that are able to respond to external stimuli, such as light, heat, pH value, or specific molecules, are highlighted, and advanced concepts for degradable scaffolds are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, QUT, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.,Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, ITCP, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Engesserstrasse 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Functional Interfaces, IFG, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, ITCP, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Engesserstrasse 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, ITCP, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Engesserstrasse 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, ITG, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Institute of Applied Physics, APH, Karlsruhe, Institute of Technology, KIT, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, INT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Richter
- Nanoscribe GmbH, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, APH, Karlsruhe, Institute of Technology, KIT, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, INT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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16
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Barner-Kowollik C, Bastmeyer M, Blasco E, Delaittre G, Müller P, Richter B, Wegener M. 3D-Laser-Mikro-Nanodruck: Herausforderungen für die Chemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology, QUT; 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4001 Australien
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, ITCP; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Engesserstraße 18 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoologisches Institut, Zell- und Neurobiologie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Fritz-Haber-Weg 4 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für funktionelle Grenzflächen, IFG; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Eva Blasco
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, ITCP; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Engesserstraße 18 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, ITCP; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Engesserstraße 18 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
- Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, ITG; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Patrick Müller
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, APH; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, INT; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Benjamin Richter
- Nanoscribe GmbH; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, APH; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, INT; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
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17
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Abstract
Hydrogels mimic many of the physical properties of soft tissue and are widely used biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Synthetic hydrogels have been developed to recapitulate many of the healthy and diseased states of native tissues and can be used as a cell scaffold to study the effect of matricellular interactions in vitro. However, these matrices often fail to capture the dynamic and heterogenous nature of the in vivo environment, which varies spatially and during events such as development and disease. To address this deficiency, a variety of manufacturing and processing techniques are being adapted to the biomaterials setting. Among these, photochemistry is particularly well suited because these reactions can be performed in precise three-dimensional space and at specific moments in time. This spatiotemporal control over chemical reactions can also be performed over a range of cell- and tissue-relevant length scales with reactions that proceed efficiently and harmlessly at ambient conditions. This review will focus on the use of photochemical reactions to create dynamic hydrogel environments, and how these dynamic environments are being used to investigate and direct cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobin E Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, USA.
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18
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Li Y, Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Yu Q, Zhu J, Zhou N, Zhang Z, Zhu X. Dynamic furan/maleimide bond-incorporated cyclic polymer for topology transformation. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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19
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Fairbanks BD, Love DM, Bowman CN. Efficient Polymer-Polymer Conjugation via Thiol-ene Click Reaction. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Fairbanks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Colorado at Boulder; 596 UCB Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Dillon M. Love
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Colorado at Boulder; 596 UCB Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Colorado at Boulder; 596 UCB Boulder CO 80309 USA
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20
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Zieger MM, Mueller P, Quick AS, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C. Cleaving Direct-Laser-Written Microstructures on Demand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5625-5629. [PMID: 28407401 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Using an advanced functional photoresist we introduce direct-laser-written (DLW) 3D microstructures capable of complete degradation on demand. The networks consist exclusively of reversible bonds, formed by irradiation of a phenacyl sulfide linker, giving disulfide bonds in a radical-free step-growth polymerization via a reactive thioaldehyde. The bond formation was verified in solution by ESI-MS. To induce cleavage, dithiothreitol causes a thiol-disulfide exchange, erasing the written structure. The mild cleavage of the disulfide network is highly orthogonal to other, for example, acrylate-based DLW structures. To emphasize this aspect, DLW structures were prepared incorporating reversible structural elements into a non-reversible acrylate-based standard scaffold, confirming subsequent selective cleavage. The high lateral resolution achievable was verified by the preparation of well-defined line gratings with line separations of down to 300 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Zieger
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Patrick Mueller
- Institute of Applied Physics and Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alexander S Quick
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics and Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St., QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
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21
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Zieger MM, Mueller P, Quick AS, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C. Gezielte Spaltung von durch direktes Laserschreiben hergestellten Mikrostrukturen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus M. Zieger
- Präparative Makromolekulare Chemie; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG); Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Patrick Mueller
- Institut für Angewandte Physik und Institut für Nanotechnologie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Nanotechnologie (INT); Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Alexander S. Quick
- Präparative Makromolekulare Chemie; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institut für Angewandte Physik und Institut für Nanotechnologie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Nanotechnologie (INT); Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Präparative Makromolekulare Chemie; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG); Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); 2 George St. QLD 4000 Brisbane Australien
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22
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Zou W, Dong J, Luo Y, Zhao Q, Xie T. Dynamic Covalent Polymer Networks: from Old Chemistry to Modern Day Innovations. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1606100. [PMID: 28221707 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent polymer networks have long been recognized. With the initial focus on the unintended impact of dynamic covalent linkages on the viscoelasticity of commercial rubbers, efforts in modern times have transitioned into designing dynamic covalent polymer networks with unique adaptive properties. Whereas self-healing and thermoset reprocessing have been the primary motivations for studying dynamic covalent polymer networks, the recent discovery of the vitrimeric rheological behavior and solid-state plasticity for this type of material have opened up new opportunities in material innovations. This, coupled with the revelation of the dynamic characteristics of commercially relevant polymer building blocks such as esters and urethanes, suggests a promising future for this class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weike Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jiante Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yingwu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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23
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Blasco E, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C. Photochemically Driven Polymeric Network Formation: Synthesis and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28075059 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric networks have been intensely investigated and a large number of applications have been found in areas ranging from biomedicine to materials science. Network fabrication via light-induced reactions is a particularly powerful tool, since light provides ready access to temporal and spatial control, opening an array of synthetic access routes for structuring the network geometry as well as functionality. Herein, the most recent light-induced modular reactions and their use in the formation of precision polymeric networks are collated. The synthetic strategies including photoinduced thiol-based reactions, Diels-Alder systems, and photogenerated reactive dipoles, as well as photodimerizations, are discussed in detail. Importantly, applications of the fabricated networks via the aforementioned reactions are highlighted with selected examples. Concomitantly, we provide future directions for the field, emphasizing the most critically required advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Blasco
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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24
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Davidson JR, Appuhamillage GA, Thompson CM, Voit W, Smaldone RA. Design Paradigm Utilizing Reversible Diels-Alder Reactions to Enhance the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:16961-6. [PMID: 27299858 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A design paradigm is demonstrated that enables new functional 3D printed materials made by fused filament fabrication (FFF) utilizing a thermally reversible dynamic covalent Diels-Alder reaction to dramatically improve both strength and toughness via self-healing mechanisms. To achieve this, we used as a mending agent a partially cross-linked terpolymer consisting of furan-maleimide Diels-Alder (fmDA) adducts that exhibit reversibility at temperatures typically used for FFF printing. When this mending agent is blended with commercially available polylactic acid (PLA) and printed, the resulting materials demonstrate an increase in the interfilament adhesion strength along the z-axis of up to 130%, with ultimate tensile strength increasing from 10 MPa in neat PLA to 24 MPa in fmDA-enhanced PLA. Toughness in the z-axis aligned prints increases by up to 460% from 0.05 MJ/m(3) for unmodified PLA to 0.28 MJ/m(3) for the remendable PLA. Importantly, it is demonstrated that a thermally reversible cross-linking paradigm based on the furan-maleimide Diels-Alder (fmDA) reaction can be more broadly applied to engineer property enhancements and remending abilities to a host of other 3D printable materials with superior mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Davidson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, §Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Gayan A Appuhamillage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, §Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Christina M Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, §Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Walter Voit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, §Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Ronald A Smaldone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, §Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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25
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Barner-Kowollik C, Goldmann AS, Schacher FH. Polymer Interfaces: Synthetic Strategies Enabling Functionality, Adaptivity, and Spatial Control. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Anja S. Goldmann
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Felix H. Schacher
- Institute
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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26
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Jiang L, Xiong W, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Huang X, Li D, Baldacchini T, Jiang L, Lu Y. Performance comparison of acrylic and thiol-acrylic resins in two-photon polymerization. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:13687-701. [PMID: 27410383 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.013687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Microfabrication by two-photon polymerization is investigated using resins based on thiol-ene chemistry. In particular, resins containing different amounts of a tetrafunctional acrylic monomer and a tetrafunctional thiol molecule are used to create complex microstructures. We observe the enhancement of several characteristics of two-photon polymerization when using thiol-acrylic resins. Specifically, microfabrication is carried out using higher writing velocities and it produces stronger polymeric microstructures. Furthermore, the amount of shrinkage typically observed in the production of three-dimensional microstructures is reduced also. By means of microspectrometry, we confirm that the thiol-acrylate mixture in TPP resins promote monomer conversion inducing a higher degree of cross-linked network formation.
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27
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The Diels–Alder reaction: A powerful tool for the design of drug delivery systems and biomaterials. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 97:438-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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28
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Chen S, Wang F, Peng Y, Chen T, Wu Q, Sun P. A Single Molecular Diels-Alder Crosslinker for Achieving Recyclable Cross-Linked Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:1687-92. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Nankai University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Fenfen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Nankai University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Yongjin Peng
- School of Physics; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Tiehong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Nankai University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Nankai University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Pingchuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Nankai University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
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29
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Arseneault M, Wafer C, Morin JF. Recent advances in click chemistry applied to dendrimer synthesis. Molecules 2015; 20:9263-94. [PMID: 26007183 PMCID: PMC6272213 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20059263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers are monodisperse polymers grown in a fractal manner from a central point. They are poised to become the cornerstone of nanoscale devices in several fields, ranging from biomedicine to light-harvesting. Technical difficulties in obtaining these molecules has slowed their transfer from academia to industry. In 2001, the arrival of the "click chemistry" concept gave the field a major boost. The flagship reaction, a modified Hüisgen cycloaddition, allowed researchers greater freedom in designing and building dendrimers. In the last five years, advances in click chemistry saw a wider use of other click reactions and a notable increase in the complexity of the reported structures. This review covers key developments in the click chemistry field applied to dendrimer synthesis from 2010 to 2015. Even though this is an expert review, basic notions and references have been included to help newcomers to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Arseneault
- Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Caroline Wafer
- Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Jean-François Morin
- Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Abstract
Synthetic polymer chemistry has undergone two major developments in the last two decades. About 20 years ago, reversible-deactivation radical polymerization processes started to give access to a wide range of polymeric architectures made from an almost infinite reservoir of functional building blocks. A few years later, the concept of click chemistry revolutionized the way polymer chemists approached synthetic routes. Among the few reactions that could qualify as click, the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) initially stood out. Soon, many old and new reactions, including cycloadditions, would further enrich the synthetic macromolecular chemistry toolbox. Whether click or not, cycloadditions are in any case powerful tools for designing polymeric materials in a modular fashion, with a high level of functionality and, sometimes, responsiveness. Here, we wish to describe cycloaddition methodologies that have been reported in the last 10 years in the context of macromolecular engineering, with a focus on those developed in our laboratories. The overarching structure of this Account is based on the three most commonly encountered cycloaddition subclasses in organic and macromolecular chemistry: 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, (hetero-)Diels-Alder cycloadditions ((H)DAC), and [2+2] cycloadditions. Our goal is to briefly describe the relevant reaction conditions, the advantages and disadvantages, and the realized polymer applications. Furthermore, the orthogonality of most of these reactions is highlighted because it has proven highly beneficial for generating unique, multifunctional polymers in a one-pot reaction. The overview on 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions is mostly centered on the application of CuAAC as the most travelled route, by far. Besides illustrating the capacity of CuAAC to generate complex polymeric architectures, alternative 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions operating without the need for a catalyst are described. In the area of (H)DA cycloadditions, beyond the popular maleimide/furan couple, we present chemistries based on more reactive species, such as cyclopentadienyl or thiocarbonylthio moieties, particularly stressing the reversibility of these systems. In these two greater families, as well as in the last section on [2+2] cycloadditions, we highlight phototriggered chemistries as a powerful tool for spatially and temporally controlled materials synthesis. Clearly, cycloaddition chemistry already has and will continue to transform the field of polymer chemistry in the years to come. Applying this chemistry enables better control over polymer composition, the development of more complicated polymer architectures, the simplification of polymer library production, and the discovery of novel applications for all of these new polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Delaittre
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz
1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Nathalie K. Guimard
- INM − Leibniz
Institute for New Materials, Functional Surfaces Group, and Saarland
University, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Liu S, Dicker KT, Jia X. Modular and orthogonal synthesis of hybrid polymers and networks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:5218-37. [PMID: 25572255 PMCID: PMC4359094 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09568e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials scientists strive to develop polymeric materials with distinct chemical make-up, complex molecular architectures, robust mechanical properties and defined biological functions by drawing inspirations from biological systems. Salient features of biological designs include (1) repetitive presentation of basic motifs; and (2) efficient integration of diverse building blocks. Thus, an appealing approach to biomaterials synthesis is to combine synthetic and natural building blocks in a modular fashion employing novel chemical methods. Over the past decade, orthogonal chemistries have become powerful enabling tools for the modular synthesis of advanced biomaterials. These reactions require building blocks with complementary functionalities, occur under mild conditions in the presence of biological molecules and living cells and proceed with high yield and exceptional selectivity. These chemistries have facilitated the construction of complex polymers and networks in a step-growth fashion, allowing facile modulation of materials properties by simple variations of the building blocks. In this review, we first summarize features of several types of orthogonal chemistries. We then discuss recent progress in the synthesis of step growth linear polymers, dendrimers and networks that find application in drug delivery, 3D cell culture and tissue engineering. Overall, orthogonal reactions and modulular synthesis have not only minimized the steps needed for the desired chemical transformations but also maximized the diversity and functionality of the final products. The modular nature of the design, combined with the potential synergistic effect of the hybrid system, will likely result in novel hydrogel matrices with robust structures and defined functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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32
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Yu F, Cao X, Li Y, Chen X. Diels-Alder Click-Based Hydrogels for Direct Spatiotemporal Postpatterning via Photoclick Chemistry. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:289-292. [PMID: 35596333 DOI: 10.1021/mz5007427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Click chemistry not only has been applied to the design of hydrogel scaffolds for 3D cell culture, but also is an efficient way for hydrogel postfunctionalization and spatiotemporal patterning. To the best of our knowledge, only azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) has been exploited by combining photoinitiated thiol-ene click reaction to realize the 3D patterning of hydrogels. In this work, the cyclohexene derivative, which "clicked" by functional groups between furyl and maleimide, were successfully functionalized by thiol-modified molecules or peptides through thiol-ene click reaction. It illustrates a hydrogel that formed via Diels-Alder (DA) click chemistry between furyl-modified hyaluronic acid and bimaleimide functional PEG molecule can be allowed for the directly photoactivated thiol-ene chemistry for hydrogel spatiotemporal patterning. Since the cyclohexene derivatives produced by DA reaction can be employed in all subsequent 3D network patterning by using photoclick reactions, it suggests a new way to design and postfunctionalize all of the DA click-based hydrogels with specific regional bioactive cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yu
- School
of Materials Science and Engendering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering
Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Cao
- School
of Materials Science and Engendering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering
Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong
Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuli Li
- National Engineering
Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong
Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- School
of Materials Science and Engendering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering
Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong
Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
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Ortega Sánchez S, Marra F, Dibenedetto A, Aresta M, Grassi A. ATR Copolymerization of Styrene with 2-Vinylfuran: An Entry to Functional Styrenic Polymers. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501431u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Ortega Sánchez
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia and NANO_MATES Research Centre for NANOMAterials
and NanoTEchnology, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via
Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
- CIRCC Interuniversity
Consortium of Chemical Catalysis and Reactivity, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Marra
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria Industriale, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Angela Dibenedetto
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Aresta
- CIRCC Interuniversity
Consortium of Chemical Catalysis and Reactivity, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Alfonso Grassi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia and NANO_MATES Research Centre for NANOMAterials
and NanoTEchnology, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via
Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
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Berg GJ, Gong T, Fenoli CR, Bowman CN. A Dual-Cure, Solid-State Photoresist Combining a Thermoreversible Diels–Alder Network and a Chain Growth Acrylate Network. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500244r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gayla J. Berg
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Tao Gong
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher R. Fenoli
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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35
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Peng H, Nair DP, Kowalski BA, Xi W, Gong T, Wang C, Cole M, Cramer NB, Xie X, McLeod RR, Bowman CN. High Performance Graded Rainbow Holograms via Two-Stage Sequential Orthogonal Thiol–Click Chemistry. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500167x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Peng
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Devatha P. Nair
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Kowalski
- Department
of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Weixian Xi
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Tao Gong
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Michael Cole
- Department
of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Neil B. Cramer
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Robert R. McLeod
- Department
of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Sun H, Kabb CP, Sumerlin BS. Thermally-labile segmented hyperbranched copolymers: using reversible-covalent chemistry to investigate the mechanism of self-condensing vinyl copolymerization. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02290d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A thermally-reversible inimer was used to confirm the controlled growth of individual branches during self-condensing vinyl atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville, USA
| | - Christopher P. Kabb
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville, USA
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville, USA
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37
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Chatani S, Kloxin CJ, Bowman CN. The power of light in polymer science: photochemical processes to manipulate polymer formation, structure, and properties. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01334k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kloxin CJ, Bowman CN. Covalent adaptable networks: smart, reconfigurable and responsive network systems. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:7161-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60046g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 635] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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39
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Quick AS, Fischer J, Richter B, Pauloehrl T, Trouillet V, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C. Preparation of Reactive Three-Dimensional Microstructures via Direct Laser Writing and Thiol-ene Chemistry. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 34:335-40. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Liu YL, Chuo TW. Self-healing polymers based on thermally reversible Diels–Alder chemistry. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20957h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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