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Costa Lemos da Silva AG, da Silva Ribeiro KD, Alves de Araújo GE, da Silva Oliveira L, de Oliveira Lyra C. Vitamin E and cardiovascular diseases: an interest to public health? Nutr Res Rev 2024; 37:131-140. [PMID: 37382196 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422423000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide. From this perspective, the role of vitamin E and its metabolites in preventing CVD has been studied, being supported by the findings that low vitamin E concentrations are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Despite this, no studies have analysed the co-existence of vitamin E deficiency (VED) and CVD on the basis of population studies. Facing that, this study summarises information on the relationship between vitamin E status and CVD, providing a basis for understanding the determining and protective factors for its development. VED may be a public health problem since it has been observed to vary from 0·6% to 55·5% worldwide, with higher percentages in Asia and Europe, where CVD mortality rates stand out. Intervention studies with α-tocopherol supplementation do not confirm cardioprotective action of vitamin E, which may reflect that α-tocopherol alone does not provide cardiovascular protection to individuals, but the consumption of all isomers found in food. Considering that low concentrations of α-tocopherol can lead to a higher susceptibility to diseases involving oxidative stress in the population, in addition to the high and growing prevalence of CVD and VED, it is essential to investigate or reinterpret the mechanisms of action of vitamin E and its metabolites in the cardiovascular process to better understand the co-existence of CVD and VED. It is also important to implement public health policies and programmes aimed at promoting the consumption of natural food sources of vitamin E and healthy fats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Letícia da Silva Oliveira
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Clélia de Oliveira Lyra
- Graduate Program in Public Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Schlörmann W, Liao S, Dinc T, Lorkowski S, Wallert M, Glei M. Chemopreventive effects of α-tocopherol and its long-chain metabolites α-13'-hydroxy- and α-13'-carboxychromanol in LT97 colon adenoma cells. Food Funct 2024; 15:183-195. [PMID: 38019686 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02826g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer effects of vitamin E (tocopherols) have been studied extensively. While in vitro and animal studies showed promising results regarding anticancer effects of tocopherols, human intervention studies failed to reproduce these results. In vivo, α-tocopherol (α-TOH) is metabolized to the long-chain metabolites (LCM) 13'-hydroxychromanol (α-13'-OH) and 13'-carboxychromanol (α-13'-COOH), which likely reach the large intestine. The LCM showed antiproliferative effects in different colon cancer cell lines, but the exact mechanism of action remains unclear. To further clarify the chemopreventive action of the LCM, premalignant LT97 colon adenoma cells were treated with α-TOH, α-13'-OH and α-13'-COOH to study their impact on growth, apoptosis, antigenotoxicity, and ROS-scavenging capacity as well as expression of selected genes involved in detoxification and the cell cycle. Growth inhibitory potential was observed for α-13'-OH (IC50: 37.4 μM) and α-13'-COOH (IC50: 5.8 μM) but not for α-TOH in the tested concentrations. Levels of caspase-3 activity and expression of genes regulating the cell cycle and detoxification remained unchanged. However, α-TOH, α-13'-OH and α-13'-COOH exhibited antigenotoxic and partly ROS-scavenging capacity. The results indicate that the LCM exert chemopreventive effects via ROS-scavenging capacity, the protection against DNA damage and the induction of cell death via caspase-independent mechanisms in premalignant colon cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Schlörmann
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Applied Nutritional Toxicology, Dornburger Str. 24, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Sijia Liao
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Dornburger Str. 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Tülin Dinc
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Applied Nutritional Toxicology, Dornburger Str. 24, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Dornburger Str. 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Wallert
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Dornburger Str. 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Glei
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Applied Nutritional Toxicology, Dornburger Str. 24, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Sarveazad A, Yari A, Imani F, Fayyaz F, Mokhtare M, Babaei-Ghazani A, Yousefifard M, Sarveazad S, Assar S, Shamseddin J, Bahardoust M. The effect of Trolox on the rabbit anal sphincterotomy repair. BMC Gastroenterol 2023; 23:209. [PMID: 37337166 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-02842-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fecal incontinence (FI) is caused by external anal sphincter injury. Vitamin E is a potential strategy for anal sphincter muscle repair via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and protective properties against myocyte loss. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the water-soluble form of vitamin E efficacy in repairing anal sphincter muscle defects in rabbits. METHODS Twenty-one male rabbits were equally assigned to the intact (without any intervention), control (sphincterotomy), and Trolox (sphincterotomy + Trolox administration) groups. Ninety days after sphincterotomy, the resting and squeeze pressures were evaluated by manometry, and the number of motor units in the sphincterotomy site was calculated by electromyography. Also, the amount of muscle and collagen in the injury site was investigated by Mallory's trichrome staining. RESULTS Ninety days after the intervention, the resting and squeeze pressures in the intact and Trolox groups were significantly higher than in the control group (P = 0.001). Moreover, the total collagen percentage of the sphincterotomy site was significantly lower in the Trolox group than in the control group (P = 0.002), and the total muscle percentage was significantly higher in the Trolox group compared to the control group (P = 0.001). Also, the motor unit number was higher in the Trolox group than in the control group (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION Trolox administration in the rabbit sphincterotomy model can decrease the amount of collagen and increase muscle, leading to improved anal sphincter electromyography and manometry results. Therefore, Trolox is a potential treatment strategy for FI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Sarveazad
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nursing Care Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abazar Yari
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Farnad Imani
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farimah Fayyaz
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Mokhtare
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Babaei-Ghazani
- Neuromusculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahriar Sarveazad
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Assar
- Department of Anesthesiology, kerman university of medical sciences, kerman, Iran
| | - Jebreil Shamseddin
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Shahid Chamran Boulevard, Iran.
| | - Mansour Bahardoust
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak 7th Floor, Bldg No.2 SBUMS, Arabi Ave, Tehran, 19839-63113, Iran.
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Liao S, Gollowitzer A, Börmel L, Maier C, Gottschalk L, Werz O, Wallert M, Koeberle A, Lorkowski S. α-Tocopherol-13'-Carboxychromanol Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Cell Death by Inhibiting the SREBP1-SCD1 Axis and Causing Imbalance in Lipid Desaturation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119229. [PMID: 37298183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Tocopherol-13'-carboxychromanol (α-T-13'-COOH) is an endogenously formed bioactive α-tocopherol metabolite that limits inflammation and has been proposed to exert lipid metabolism-regulatory, pro-apoptotic, and anti-tumoral properties at micromolar concentrations. The mechanisms underlying these cell stress-associated responses are, however, poorly understood. Here, we show that the induction of G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in macrophages triggered by α-T-13'-COOH is associated with the suppressed proteolytic activation of the lipid anabolic transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)1 and with decreased cellular levels of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)1. In turn, the fatty acid composition of neutral lipids and phospholipids shifts from monounsaturated to saturated fatty acids, and the concentration of the stress-preventive, pro-survival lipokine 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-myo-inositol) [PI(18:1/18:1)] decreases. The selective inhibition of SCD1 mimics the pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative activity of α-T-13'-COOH, and the provision of the SCD1 product oleic acid (C18:1) prevents α-T-13'-COOH-induced apoptosis. We conclude that micromolar concentrations of α-T-13'-COOH trigger cell death and likely also cell cycle arrest by suppressing the SREBP1-SCD1 axis and depleting cells of monounsaturated fatty acids and PI(18:1/18:1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liao
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - André Gollowitzer
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lisa Börmel
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Charlotte Maier
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Luisa Gottschalk
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Wallert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Shen J, Liu Y, Wang X, Bai J, Lin L, Luo F, Zhong H. A Comprehensive Review of Health-Benefiting Components in Rapeseed Oil. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040999. [PMID: 36839357 PMCID: PMC9962526 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapeseed oil is the third most consumed culinary oil in the world. It is well-known for its high content of unsaturated fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, which make it of great nutritional value. There is increasing evidence that a diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids offers health benefits. Although the consumption of rapeseed oil cuts across many areas around the world, the nutritional elements of rapeseed oil and the exact efficacy of the nutrients remain unclear. In this review, we systematically summarized the latest studies on functional rapeseed components to ascertain which component of canola oil contributes to its function. Apart from unsaturated fatty acids, there are nine functional components in rapeseed oil that contribute to its anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective, among others. These nine functional components are vitamin E, flavonoids, squalene, carotenoids, glucoraphanin, indole-3-Carbinol, sterols, phospholipids, and ferulic acid, which themselves or their derivatives have health-benefiting properties. This review sheds light on the health-benefiting effects of rapeseed oil in the hope of further development of functional foods from rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Shen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Processing of Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- The Research and Development Department, Hunan Jinjian Cereals Industry, Changde 415001, China
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-731-85623491 (J.S.)
| | - Yejia Liu
- The Research and Development Department, Hunan Jinjian Cereals Industry, Changde 415001, China
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415006, China
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-731-85623491 (J.S.)
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Jie Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Processing of Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Lizhong Lin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Processing of Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- The Research and Development Department, Hunan Jinjian Cereals Industry, Changde 415001, China
| | - Feijun Luo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Processing of Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Haiyan Zhong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Processing of Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
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Riedl R, Wallert M, Lorkowski S, Wiegand C. Effects of Histamine and the α-Tocopherol Metabolite α-13'-COOH in an Atopic Dermatitis Full-Thickness Skin Model. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28010440. [PMID: 36615633 PMCID: PMC9824170 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a T-cell mediated inflammatory skin disease with detected elevated levels of histamine in skin or plasma. In this study, the effects of histamine in a TH2 cytokine environment on human keratinocytes and three-dimensional skin models were investigated. These models were used to explore the anti-inflammatory properties of the α-tocopherol-derived long-chain metabolite α-13'-carboxychromanol (α-13'-COOH). Histamine and TH2 cytokine-induced proliferation of keratinocytes was studied using a scratch assay. The inflammatory marker interleukin-8 was significantly increased in healthy and TH2 cytokine-stimulated keratinocytes and skin models after histamine treatment. The incubation of full-thickness skin models with TH2 cytokines and histamine resulted in morphological changes in the epidermal layer, interpreted as hyperkeratosis. α-13'-COOH significantly decreased interleukin-8 in these disease-associated skin models. Histological staining of filaggrin showed skin-strengthening effects following α-13'-COOH treatment, without changes in mRNA expression. Cytokeratin 10 mRNA expression tended to be increased in response to α-13'-COOH. Anti-allergic properties of α-13'-COOH were studied by pre-incubation of human leukocytes with α-13'-COOH. This resulted in reduced sulfido-leukotriene synthesis. The hyperproliferation effect of histamine in atopic dermatitis skin models may be of further interest to the study of disease-associated morphological changes. Moreover, α-13'-COOH is a promising natural compound for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Riedl
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Wallert
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Wiegand
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Khallouki F, Saber S, Bouddine T, Hajji L, Elbouhali B, Silvente-Poirot S, Poirot M. In vitro and In vivo oxidation and cleavage products of tocols: From chemical tuners to “VitaminEome” therapeutics. A narrative review. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Liao S, Omage SO, Börmel L, Kluge S, Schubert M, Wallert M, Lorkowski S. Vitamin E and Metabolic Health: Relevance of Interactions with Other Micronutrients. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091785. [PMID: 36139859 PMCID: PMC9495493 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A hundred years have passed since vitamin E was identified as an essential micronutrient for mammals. Since then, many biological functions of vitamin E have been unraveled in both cell and animal models, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as regulatory activities on cell signaling and gene expression. However, the bioavailability and physiological functions of vitamin E have been considerably shown to depend on lifestyle, genetic factors, and individual health conditions. Another important facet that has been considered less so far is the endogenous interaction with other nutrients. Accumulating evidence indicates that the interaction between vitamin E and other nutrients, especially those that are enriched by supplementation in humans, may explain at least some of the discrepancies observed in clinical trials. Meanwhile, increasing evidence suggests that the different forms of vitamin E metabolites and derivates also exhibit physiological activities, which are more potent and mediated via different pathways compared to the respective vitamin E precursors. In this review, possible molecular mechanisms between vitamin E and other nutritional factors are discussed and their potential impact on physiological and pathophysiological processes is evaluated using published co-supplementation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liao
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sylvia Oghogho Omage
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Lisa Börmel
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Kluge
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schubert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Wallert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Lv S, Yang H, Jing P, Song H. α-tocopherol pretreatment alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:964-970. [PMID: 35301808 PMCID: PMC9062554 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shitao Lv
- Department of Emergency, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Emergency, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | | | - Haiying Song
- Department of Gynecology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
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Zaaboul F, Liu Y. Vitamin E in foodstuff: Nutritional, analytical, and food technology aspects. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:964-998. [PMID: 35181987 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E is a group of isoprenoid chromanols with different biological activities. It comprises eight oil-soluble compounds: four tocopherols, namely, α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols; and four tocotrienols, namely, α-, β-, γ, and δ-tocotrienols. Vitamin E isomers are well-known for their antioxidant activity, gene-regulation effects, and anti-inflammatory and nephroprotective properties. Considering that vitamin E is exclusively synthesized by photosynthetic organisms, animals can only acquire it through their diet. Plant-based food is the primary source of vitamin E; hence, oils, nuts, fruits, and vegetables with high contents of vitamin E are mostly consumed after processing, including industrial processes and home-cooking, which involve vitamin E profile and content alteration during their preparation. Accordingly, it is essential to identify the vitamin E content and profile in foodstuff to match daily intake requirements. This review summarizes recent advances in vitamin E chemistry, metabolism and metabolites, current knowledge on their contents and profiles in raw and processed plant foods, and finally, their modern developments in analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Zaaboul
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic China
| | - YuanFa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic China
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11
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Jiang Q. Metabolism of natural forms of vitamin E and biological actions of vitamin E metabolites. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 179:375-387. [PMID: 34785321 PMCID: PMC9018116 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural forms of vitamin E comprise four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. During the last twenty years, there have been breakthroughs in our understanding of vitamin E metabolism and biological activities of vitamin E metabolites. Research has established that tocopherols and tocotrienols are metabolized via ω-hydroxylase (CYP4F2)-initiated side chain oxidation to form 13'-hydroxychromanol and 13'-carobyxychromanol (13'-COOH). 13'-COOHs are further metabolized via β-oxidation and sulfation to intermediate carboxychromanols, terminal metabolite carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman (CEHC), and sulfated analogs. Animal and human studies show that γ-, δ-tocopherol and tocotrienols are more extensively metabolized than α-tocopherol (αT), as indicated by higher formation of CEHCs and 13'-COOHs from non-αT forms than those from αT. 13'-COOHs are shown to be inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-1/-2 and 5-lipoxygenase and much stronger than CEHCs for these activities. 13'-COOHs inhibit cancer cell growth, modulate cellular lipids and activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and pregnane X receptor. Consistent with mechanistic findings, αT-13'-COOH or δTE-13'-COOH, respective metabolites of αT or δ-tocotrienol, show anti-inflammatory and cancer-preventive effects, modulates the gut microbiota and prevents β-amyloid formation in mice. Therefore, 13'-COOHs are a new class of bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities and potentially capable of modulating lipid and drug metabolism. Based on the existing evidence, this author proposes that metabolites may contribute to disease-preventing effects of γ-, δ-tocopherol and tocotrienols. The role of metabolites in αT's actions may be somewhat limited considering controlled metabolism of αT because of its association with tocopherol-transport protein and less catabolism by CYP4F2 than other vitamin E forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jiang
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, IN, 47907, West Lafayette, USA.
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Schubert M, Kluge S, Brunner E, Pace S, Birringer M, Werz O, Lorkowski S. The α-tocopherol-derived long-chain metabolite α-13'-COOH mediates endotoxin tolerance and modulates the inflammatory response via MAPK and NFκB pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 178:83-96. [PMID: 34848369 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The long-chain metabolites of (LCM) vitamin E are proposed as the active regulatory metabolites of vitamin E providing, with their anti-inflammatory properties, an explanatory approach for the inconsistent effects of vitamin E on inflammatory-driven diseases. We examined the modulation of cytokine expression and release from macrophages, a fundamental process in many diseases, to gain insights into the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the α-tocopherol-derived LCM α-13'-COOH. METHODS AND RESULTS Suppressed gene expression of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (Ccl2), tumor necrosis factor (Tnf), and interleukin (Il) 6 in response to lipopolysaccharides by 24 h pre-treatment with α-13'-COOH in RAW264.7 macrophages was revealed using quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Further, reduced secretion of IL1β and CCL2 was found in this setup using flow cytometry. In contrast, 1 h pre-treatment suppressed only CCL2. Consequent gene expression analysis within 24 h of α-13'-COOH treatment revealed the induction of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) negative feedback regulators including the 'master regulators' dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (Dusp1/Mkp1) and tumor necrosis factor induced protein 3 (Tnfaip3/A20). Approaches with immunoblots and chemical antagonists suggest a feedback induction via activation of extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK), p38 MAPK and NFκB pathways. CONCLUSIONS CCL2 is suppressed in murine macrophages by α-13'-COOH and the indirect suppression of MAPK and NFκB pathways is likely a relevant process contributing to anti-inflammatory actions of α-13'-COOH. These results improve the understanding of the effects of α-13'-COOH and provide a basis for new research strategies in the context of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schubert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Kluge
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elena Brunner
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Simona Pace
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Birringer
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Consumer Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Fulda, Germany; Regionales Innovationszentrum Gesundheit und Lebensqualität (RIGL), Fulda, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.
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13
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Müller AK, Albrecht F, Rohrer C, Koeberle A, Werz O, Schlörmann W, Glei M, Lorkowski S, Wallert M. Olive Oil Extracts and Oleic Acid Attenuate the LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response in Murine RAW264.7 Macrophages but Induce the Release of Prostaglandin E2. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124437. [PMID: 34959989 PMCID: PMC8703532 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive oil contains high amounts of oleic acid (OA). Although OA has been described to inhibit inflammatory processes, the effects of olive oil on cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Therefore, we compared the effects of major fatty acids (FA) from olive oil with those of olive oil extracts (OOE) on inflammatory mediators and alterations in the cellular phospholipid composition in murine macrophages. Upon treatment with different OOE, FA compositions of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine RAW264.7 macrophages were analyzed using gas chromatography. Olive oil extracts and OA significantly reduced the LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNos), cyclooxygenase (Cox2), and interleukin-6 mRNA. In addition, a significant decrease in Cox2 and iNos protein expression was observed. The formation of nitric oxide was significantly reduced, while the formation of prostaglandin (PG) E2 from arachidonic acid significantly increased after treatment with OOE or OA. The latter was associated with a shift in the phospholipid FA composition from arachidonic acid to OA, resulting in an elevated availability of arachidonic acid. Together, OOE and OA mediate anti-inflammatory effects in vitro but increase the release of arachidonic acid and hereinafter PGE2, likely due to elongation of OA and competitive incorporation of fatty acids into membrane phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Katharina Müller
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.K.M.); (F.A.); (C.R.); (S.L.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany; (W.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Franziska Albrecht
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.K.M.); (F.A.); (C.R.); (S.L.)
| | - Carsten Rohrer
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.K.M.); (F.A.); (C.R.); (S.L.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany; (W.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Michael Popp Institute, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Wiebke Schlörmann
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany; (W.S.); (M.G.)
- Department of Applied Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Glei
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany; (W.S.); (M.G.)
- Department of Applied Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.K.M.); (F.A.); (C.R.); (S.L.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany; (W.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Maria Wallert
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.K.M.); (F.A.); (C.R.); (S.L.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany; (W.S.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-9-49727
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14
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Brigelius-Flohé R. Vitamin E research: Past, now and future. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 177:381-390. [PMID: 34756995 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The early history of vitamin E from its discovery by Herbert M. Evans and Katharine J. S. Bishop in 1922 up to its chemical synthesis by Paul Karrer and coworkers in 1938 and the development of the concept that vitamin E acts as an antioxidant in vivo are recalled. Some more recent results shedding doubt on this hypothesis are reviewed. They comprise influence of vitamin E on enzyme activities, signaling cascades, gene expression and bio-membrane structure. The overall conclusion is that our knowledge of the vitamin's mechanism of action still remains fragmentary. The metabolism of tocopherols and tocotrienols is presented and discussed in respect to bioactivity of the metabolites, interference with drug metabolism and the future design of clinical trials. Some strategies are recommended how to reach the final goal: the identification of the primary vitamin E target(s) and the analysis of the downstream events up to the physiological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Brigelius-Flohé
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Alle 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
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15
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Neukirch K, Alsabil K, Dinh CP, Bilancia R, Raasch M, Ville A, Cerqua I, Viault G, Bréard D, Pace S, Temml V, Brunner E, Jordan PM, Marques MC, Loeser K, Gollowitzer A, Permann S, Gerstmeier J, Lorkowski S, Stuppner H, Garscha U, Rodrigues T, Bernardes GJL, Schuster D, Séraphin D, Richomme P, Rossi A, Mosig AS, Roviezzo F, Werz O, Helesbeux JJ, Koeberle A. Exploration of Long-Chain Vitamin E Metabolites for the Discovery of a Highly Potent, Orally Effective, and Metabolically Stable 5-LOX Inhibitor that Limits Inflammation. J Med Chem 2021; 64:11496-11526. [PMID: 34279935 PMCID: PMC8365602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous long-chain metabolites of vitamin E (LCMs) mediate immune functions by targeting 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and increasing the systemic concentrations of resolvin E3, a specialized proresolving lipid mediator. SAR studies on semisynthesized analogues highlight α-amplexichromanol (27a), which allosterically inhibits 5-LOX, being considerably more potent than endogenous LCMs in human primary immune cells and blood. Other enzymes within lipid mediator biosynthesis were not substantially inhibited, except for microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1. Compound 27a is metabolized by sulfation and β-oxidation in human liver-on-chips and exhibits superior metabolic stability in mice over LCMs. Pharmacokinetic studies show distribution of 27a from plasma to the inflamed peritoneal cavity and lung. In parallel, 5-LOX-derived leukotriene levels decrease, and the inflammatory reaction is suppressed in reconstructed human epidermis, murine peritonitis, and experimental asthma in mice. Our study highlights 27a as an orally active, LCM-inspired drug candidate that limits inflammation with superior potency and metabolic stability to the endogenous lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Neukirch
- Michael
Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Chau-Phi Dinh
- Univ
Angers, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Rossella Bilancia
- Department
of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Martin Raasch
- Institute
of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexia Ville
- Univ
Angers, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Ida Cerqua
- Department
of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Simona Pace
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Veronika Temml
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elena Brunner
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Paul M. Jordan
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Marta C. Marques
- Instituto
de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Konstantin Loeser
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - André Gollowitzer
- Michael
Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Permann
- Michael
Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jana Gerstmeier
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Department
of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional
Science and Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health
(nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Friedrich
Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute
of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck
(CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ulrike Garscha
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tiago Rodrigues
- Instituto
de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo J. L. Bernardes
- Instituto
de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | - Antonietta Rossi
- Department
of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alexander S. Mosig
- Institute
of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Fiorentina Roviezzo
- Department
of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Koeberle
- Michael
Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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16
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Controlled Release of the α-Tocopherol-Derived Metabolite α-13'-Carboxychromanol from Bacterial Nanocellulose Wound Cover Improves Wound Healing. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11081939. [PMID: 34443772 PMCID: PMC8398652 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of tissue remodeling during wound healing. The inflammatory response to wounds is tightly controlled and well-coordinated; dysregulation compromises wound healing and causes persistent inflammation. Topical application of natural anti-inflammatory products may improve wound healing, in particular under chronic pathological conditions. The long-chain metabolites of vitamin E (LCM) are bioactive molecules that mediate cellular effects via oxidative stress signaling as well as anti-inflammatory pathways. However, the effect of LCM on wound healing has not been investigated. We administered the α-tocopherol-derived LCMs α-13'-hydroxychromanol (α-13'-OH) and α-13'-carboxychromanol (α-13'-COOH) as well as the natural product garcinoic acid, a δ-tocotrienol derivative, in different pharmaceutical formulations directly to wounds using a splinted wound mouse model to investigate their effects on the wounds' proinflammatory microenvironment and wound healing. Garcinoic acid and, in particular, α-13'-COOH accelerated wound healing and quality of the newly formed tissue. We next loaded bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), a valuable nanomaterial used as a wound dressing with high potential for drug delivery, with α-13'-COOH. The controlled release of α-13'-COOH using BNC promoted wound healing and wound closure, mainly when a diabetic condition was induced before the injury. This study highlights the potential of α-13'-COOH combined with BNC as a potential active wound dressing for the advanced therapy of skin injuries.
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17
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Podszun MC, Frank J. Impact of vitamin E on redox biomarkers in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101937. [PMID: 33773953 PMCID: PMC8113042 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disorder in Western nations and characterized by excessive accumulation of lipids in the liver. In this narrative review, we summarize the evidence from human trials that free radical-induced oxidation of macromolecules, in particular of lipids, is a characteristic feature of NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We further synthesize the data in the scientific literature describing the impact of vitamin E (mainly α-tocopherol) on concentrations of redox biomarkers in liver biopsies from patients with NAFLD as well as animal experiments. In summary, the available evidence from clinical trials suggests that reactive species-mediated damage to macromolecules, predominantly lipids, occurs in NAFLD and NASH and that daily supplementation with at least 200 I.U. α-tocopherol may alleviate oxidative stress in the liver of NAFLD patients. We propose α-tocopherol as a useful model substance to identify and validate suitable redox biomarkers that may be employed in future clinical trials of new therapeutics for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren C Podszun
- Department of Food Biofunctionality, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Germany.
| | - Jan Frank
- Department of Food Biofunctionality, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Germany
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18
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Kluge S, Schubert M, Börmel L, Lorkowski S. The vitamin E long-chain metabolite α-13'-COOH affects macrophage foam cell formation via modulation of the lipoprotein lipase system. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158875. [PMID: 33421592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The α-tocopherol-derived long-chain metabolite (α-LCM) α-13'-carboxychromanol (α-13'-COOH) is formed via enzymatic degradation of α-tocopherol (α-TOH) in the liver. In the last decade, α-13'-COOH has emerged as a new regulatory metabolite revealing more potent or even different effects compared with its vitamin precursor α-TOH. The detection of α-13'-COOH in human serum has further strengthened the concept of its physiological relevance as a potential regulatory molecule. Here, we present a new facet on the interaction of α-13'-COOH with macrophage foam cell formation. We found that α-13'-COOH (5 μM) increases angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) mRNA expression in human THP-1 macrophages in a time- and dose-dependent manner, while α-TOH (100 μM) showed no effects. Interestingly, the mRNA level of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) was not influenced by α-13'-COOH, but α-TOH treatment led to a reduction of LPL mRNA expression. Both compounds also revealed different effects on protein level: while α-13'-COOH reduced the secreted amount of LPL protein via induction of ANGPTL4 cleavage, i.e. activation, the secreted amount of LPL in the α-TOH-treated samples was diminished due to the inhibition of mRNA expression. In line with this, both compounds reduced the catalytic activity of LPL. However, α-13'-COOH but not α-TOH attenuated VLDL-induced lipid accumulation by 35%. In conclusion, only α-13'-COOH revealed possible antiatherogenic effects due to the reduction of VLDL-induced foam cell formation in THP-1 macrophages. Our results provide further evidence for the role of α-13'-COOH as a functional metabolite of its vitamin E precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kluge
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schubert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Lisa Börmel
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.
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19
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Ziegler M, Wallert M, Lorkowski S, Peter K. Cardiovascular and Metabolic Protection by Vitamin E: A Matter of Treatment Strategy? Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E935. [PMID: 33003543 PMCID: PMC7600583 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) cause about 1/3 of global deaths. Therefore, new strategies for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular events are highly sought-after. Vitamin E is known for significant antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, and has been studied in the prevention of CVD, supported by findings that vitamin E deficiency is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, randomized controlled trials in humans reveal conflicting and ultimately disappointing results regarding the reduction of cardiovascular events with vitamin E supplementation. As we discuss in detail, this outcome is strongly affected by study design, cohort selection, co-morbidities, genetic variations, age, and gender. For effective chronic primary and secondary prevention by vitamin E, oxidative and inflammatory status might not have been sufficiently antagonized. In contrast, acute administration of vitamin E may be more translatable into positive clinical outcomes. In patients with myocardial infarction (MI), which is associated with severe oxidative and inflammatory reactions, decreased plasma levels of vitamin E have been found. The offsetting of this acute vitamin E deficiency via short-term treatment in MI has shown promising results, and, thus, acute medication, rather than chronic supplementation, with vitamin E might revitalize vitamin E therapy and even provide positive clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Ziegler
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Internal Medicine III, University Clinic of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Maria Wallert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.W.); (S.L.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.W.); (S.L.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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20
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Wallert M, Börmel L, Lorkowski S. Inflammatory Diseases and Vitamin E-What Do We Know and Where Do We Go? Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 65:e2000097. [PMID: 32692879 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation-driven diseases and related comorbidities, such as the metabolic syndrome, obesity, fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular diseases cause significant global burden. There is a growing body of evidence that nutrients alter inflammatory responses and can therefore make a decisive contribution to the treatment of these diseases. Recently, the inflammasome, a cytosolic multiprotein complex, has been identified as a key player in inflammation and the development of various inflammation-mediated disorders, with nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat pyrin domain (NLRP) 3 being the inflammasome of interest. Here an overview about the cellular signaling pathways underlying nuclear factor "kappa-light-chain-enhancer" of activated B-cells (NF-κB)- and NLRP3-mediated inflammatory processes, and the pathogenesis of the inflammatory diseases atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is provided; next, the current state of knowledge for drug-based and dietary-based interventions for treating cardiovascular diseases and NAFLD is discussed. To date, one of the most important antioxidants in the human diet is vitamin E. Various in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that the different forms of vitamin E and also their derivatives have anti-inflammatory activity. Recent publications suggest that vitamin E-and possibly metabolites of vitamin E-are a promising therapeutic approach for treating inflammatory diseases such as NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wallert
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lisa Börmel
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
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21
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Wallert M, Kluge S, Schubert M, Koeberle A, Werz O, Birringer M, Lorkowski S. Diversity of Chromanol and Chromenol Structures and Functions: An Emerging Class of Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Carcinogenic Agents. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:362. [PMID: 32372948 PMCID: PMC7187200 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural chromanols and chromenols comprise a family of molecules with enormous structural diversity and biological activities of pharmacological interest. A recently published systematic review described more than 230 structures that are derived from a chromanol ortpd chromenol core. For many of these compounds structure-activity relationships have been described with mostly anti-inflammatory as well as anti-carcinogenic activities. To extend the knowledge on the biological activity and the therapeutic potential of these promising class of natural compounds, we here present a report on selected chromanols and chromenols based on the availability of data on signaling pathways involved in inflammation, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and carcinogenesis. The chromanol and chromenol derivatives seem to bind or to interfere with several molecular targets and pathways, including 5-lipoxygenase, nuclear receptors, and the nuclear-factor "kappa-light-chain-enhancer" of activated B-cells (NFκB) pathway. Interestingly, available data suggest that the chromanols and chromenols are promiscuitively acting molecules that inhibit enzyme activities, bind to cellular receptors, and modulate mitochondrial function as well as gene expression. It is also noteworthy that the molecular modes of actions by which the chromanols and chromenols exert their effects strongly depend on the concentrations of the compounds. Thereby, low- and high-affinity molecular targets can be classified. This review summarizes the available knowledge on the biological activity of selected chromanols and chromenols which may represent interesting lead structures for the development of therapeutic anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wallert
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Kluge
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schubert
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Michael Popp Research Institute, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Birringer
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Consumer Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Fulda, Fulda, Germany
- Regionales Innovationszentrum Gesundheit und Lebensqualität (RIGL), Fulda, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Competence Center for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena, Germany
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Beekmann U, Schmölz L, Lorkowski S, Werz O, Thamm J, Fischer D, Kralisch D. Process control and scale-up of modified bacterial cellulose production for tailor-made anti-inflammatory drug delivery systems. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 236:116062. [PMID: 32172877 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) has proven its high potential as active wound dressing and drug delivery system in many scientific studies, but the transferability of the methods to efficient manufacturing still needs to be demonstrated. This study presents a technically feasible, straightforward and efficient approach to modify BC according to specific medical requirements, to scale-up the cultivation and to load the active pharmaceutical ingredient of interest. By means of in situ-modification of the network structure using water-soluble poly(ethylene glycol) 400 and 4000 on pilot-scale, up to 41.5 ± 3.0 % higher transparency of the dressing, 40.6 ± 3.8 % increased loading capacity and 9% increased total release of the anti-inflammatory model drug diclofenac sodium could be obtained. Spray loading was investigated as material efficient alternative to absorption loading allowing a significant reduction in loading time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Beekmann
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Lessingstraße 8, Jena, 07743, Germany; JeNaCell GmbH, Göschwitzer Str. 22, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Lisa Schmölz
- Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Dornburger Straße 25, 07743, Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Friedrich Schiller University, Dornburger Straße 25, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Dornburger Straße 25, 07743, Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Friedrich Schiller University, Dornburger Straße 25, 07743, Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Oliver Werz
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Jana Thamm
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Lessingstraße 8, Jena, 07743, Germany.
| | - Dagmar Fischer
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Lessingstraße 8, Jena, 07743, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Dana Kralisch
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Lessingstraße 8, Jena, 07743, Germany; JeNaCell GmbH, Göschwitzer Str. 22, 07745, Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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23
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Liu KY, Jiang Q. Tocopherols and Tocotrienols Are Bioavailable in Rats and Primarily Excreted in Feces as the Intact Forms and 13'-Carboxychromanol Metabolites. J Nutr 2020; 150:222-230. [PMID: 31495894 PMCID: PMC7373819 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin E α-, γ-, or δ-tocopherol (αT, γT, δT) and γ- or δ-tocotrienol (γTE, δTE) are metabolized to hydroxychromanols and carboxychromanols including 13'-carboxychromanol (13'-COOH), 11'-COOH, and carboxyethyl hydroxychroman (CEHC), some of which have unique bioactivities compared with the vitamers. However, the bioavailability of these metabolites has not been well characterized. OBJECTIVE We investigated the pharmacokinetics (PK) of vitamin E forms and metabolites in rats. METHODS Six-week-old male Wistar rats received 1-time gavage of γT-rich tocopherols (50 mg/kg) containing γT/δT/αT (57.7%, 21.9%, and 10.9%, respectively) or δTE-rich tocotrienols (35 mg/kg) containing δTE/γTE (8:1). We quantified the time course of vitamin E forms and metabolites in the plasma and their 24-h excretion to the urine and feces. The general linear model repeated measure was used for analyses of the PK data. RESULTS In the rats' plasma, Cmax of γT or δTE was 25.6 ± 9.1 μM (Tmax = 4 h) or 16.0 ± 2.3 μM (Tmax = 2 h), respectively, and sulfated CEHCs and sulfated 11'-COOHs were the predominant metabolites with Cmax of 0.4-0.5 μM (Tmax ∼5-7 h) or ∼0.3 μM (Tmax at 4.7 h), respectively. In 24-h urine, 2.7% of γT and 0.7% of δTE were excreted as conjugated CEHCs. In the feces, 17-45% of supplemented vitamers were excreted as unmetabolized forms and 4.9-9.2% as unconjugated carboxychromanols, among which 13'-COOHs constituted ∼50% of total metabolites and the amount of δTE-derived 13'-COOHs was double that of 13'-COOH derived from γT. CONCLUSIONS PK data of vitamin E forms in rats reveal that γT, δT, γTE, and δTE are bioavailable in the plasma and are mainly excreted as unmetabolized forms and long-chain metabolites including 13'-COOHs in feces, with more metabolites from tocotrienols than from tocopherols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilia Y Liu
- Department of Nutrition Science, Interdepartmental Nutrition Program, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Qing Jiang
- Department of Nutrition Science, Interdepartmental Nutrition Program, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA,Address correspondence to QJ (e-mail: )
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Schubert M, Becher S, Wallert M, Maeß MB, Abhari M, Rennert K, Mosig AS, Große S, Heller R, Grün M, Lorkowski S. The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)- γ Antagonist 2-Chloro-5-Nitro-N-Phenylbenzamide (GW9662) Triggers Perilipin 2 Expression via PPAR δ and Induces Lipogenesis and Triglyceride Accumulation in Human THP-1 Macrophages. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 97:212-225. [PMID: 31871304 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.117887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor family, playing pivotal roles in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism as well as inflammation. While characterizing potential PPARγ ligand activity of natural compounds in macrophages, we investigated their influence on the expression of adipophilin [perilipin 2 (PLIN2)], a well-known PPARγ target. To confirm that a compound regulates PLIN2 expression via PPARγ, we performed experiments using the widely used PPARγ antagonist 2-chloro-5-nitro-N-phenylbenzamide (GW9662). Surprisingly, instead of blocking upregulation of PLIN2 expression in THP-1 macrophages, expression was concentration-dependently induced by GW9662 at concentrations and under conditions commonly used. We found that this unexpected upregulation occurs in many human and murine macrophage cell models and also primary cells. Profiling expression of PPAR target genes showed upregulation of several genes involved in lipid uptake, transport, and storage as well as fatty acid synthesis by GW9662. In line with this and with upregulation of PLIN2 protein, GW9662 elevated lipogenesis and increased triglyceride levels. Finally, we identified PPARδ as a mediator of the substantial unexpected effects of GW9662. Our findings show that: 1) the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 unexpectedly activates PPARδ-mediated signaling in macrophages, 2) GW9662 significantly affects lipid metabolism in macrophages, 3) careful validation of experimental conditions and results is required for experiments involving GW9662, and 4) published studies in a context comparable to this work may have reported erroneous results if PPARγ independence was demonstrated using GW9662 only. In light of our findings, certain existing studies might require reinterpretation regarding the role of PPARγ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are targets for the treatment of various diseases, as they are key regulators of inflammation as well as lipid and glucose metabolism. Hence, reliable tools to characterize the molecular effects of PPARs are indispensable. We describe profound and unexpected off-target effects of the PPARγ antagonist 2-chloro-5-nitro-N-phenylbenzamide (GW9662) involving PPARδ and in turn affecting macrophage lipid metabolism. Our results question certain existing studies using GW9662 and make better experimental design of future studies necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schubert
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (M.S., S.B., M.W., M.B.M., M.A., M.G., S.L.); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.W., M.G., S.L.); Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (K.R., A.S.M.); and Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (S.G., R.H.)
| | - Stefanie Becher
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (M.S., S.B., M.W., M.B.M., M.A., M.G., S.L.); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.W., M.G., S.L.); Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (K.R., A.S.M.); and Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (S.G., R.H.)
| | - Maria Wallert
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (M.S., S.B., M.W., M.B.M., M.A., M.G., S.L.); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.W., M.G., S.L.); Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (K.R., A.S.M.); and Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (S.G., R.H.)
| | - Marten B Maeß
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (M.S., S.B., M.W., M.B.M., M.A., M.G., S.L.); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.W., M.G., S.L.); Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (K.R., A.S.M.); and Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (S.G., R.H.)
| | - Masoumeh Abhari
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (M.S., S.B., M.W., M.B.M., M.A., M.G., S.L.); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.W., M.G., S.L.); Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (K.R., A.S.M.); and Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (S.G., R.H.)
| | - Knut Rennert
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (M.S., S.B., M.W., M.B.M., M.A., M.G., S.L.); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.W., M.G., S.L.); Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (K.R., A.S.M.); and Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (S.G., R.H.)
| | - Alexander S Mosig
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (M.S., S.B., M.W., M.B.M., M.A., M.G., S.L.); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.W., M.G., S.L.); Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (K.R., A.S.M.); and Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (S.G., R.H.)
| | - Silke Große
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (M.S., S.B., M.W., M.B.M., M.A., M.G., S.L.); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.W., M.G., S.L.); Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (K.R., A.S.M.); and Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (S.G., R.H.)
| | - Regine Heller
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (M.S., S.B., M.W., M.B.M., M.A., M.G., S.L.); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.W., M.G., S.L.); Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (K.R., A.S.M.); and Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (S.G., R.H.)
| | - Michael Grün
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (M.S., S.B., M.W., M.B.M., M.A., M.G., S.L.); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.W., M.G., S.L.); Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (K.R., A.S.M.); and Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (S.G., R.H.)
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (M.S., S.B., M.W., M.B.M., M.A., M.G., S.L.); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.W., M.G., S.L.); Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (K.R., A.S.M.); and Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (S.G., R.H.)
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Sepe V, Gregorini M, Rampino T, Esposito P, Coppo R, Galli F, Libetta C. Vitamin e-loaded membrane dialyzers reduce hemodialysis inflammaging. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:412. [PMID: 31729973 PMCID: PMC6858730 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1585-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammaging is a persistent, low-grade, sterile, nonresolving inflammatory state, associated with the senescence of the immune system. Such condition downregulates both innate and adaptive immune responses during chronic disorders as type II diabetes, cancer and hemodialysis, accounting for their susceptibility to infections, malignancy and resistance to vaccination. Aim of this study was to investigate hemodialysis inflammaging, by evaluating changes of several hemodialysis treatments on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 activity and nitric oxide formation. METHODS We conducted a randomized controlled observational crossover trial. Eighteen hemodialysis patients were treated with 3 different hemodialysis procedures respectively: 1) Low-flux bicarbonate hemodialysis, 2) Low-flux bicarbonate hemodialysis with vitamin E - loaded dialyzers, and 3) Hemodialfitration. The control group consisted of 14 hospital staff healthy volunteers. Blood samples were collected from all 18 hemodialysis patients just after the long interdialytic interval, at the end of each hemodialysis treatment period. RESULTS Hemodialysis kynurenine and kynurenine/L - tryptophan blood ratio levels were significantly higher, when compared to the control group, indicating an increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 activity in hemodialysis patients. At the end of the low-flux bicarbonate hemodialysis with vitamin E - loaded dialyzers period, L - tryptophan serum levels remained unchanged vs both low-flux bicarbonate hemodialysis and hemodialfitration. Kynurenine levels instead decreased, resulting in a significant reduction of kynurenine/L - tryptophan blood ratio and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 activity, when matched to both low-flux bicarbonate hemodialysis and HDF respectively. Serum nitric oxide control group levels, were significantly lower when compared to all hemodialysis patient groups. Interestingly, low-flux bicarbonate hemodialysis with vitamin E - loaded dialyzers nitric oxide serum levels from venous line blood samples taken 60 min after starting the hemodialysis session were significantly lower vs serum taken simultaneously from the arterial blood line. CONCLUSIONS The treatment with more biocompatible hemodialysis procedure as low-flux bicarbonate hemodialysis with vitamin E - loaded dialyzers, reduced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 activity and nitric oxide formation when compared to both low-flux bicarbonate hemodialysis and hemodialfitration. These data suggest that low-flux bicarbonate hemodialysis with vitamin E - loaded dialyzers lowering hemodialysis inflammaging, could be associated to changes of proinflammatory signalling a regulated molecular level. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT Number: NCT02981992; Other Study ID Numbers: 20100014090. First submitted: November 26, 2016. First posted: December 5, 2016. Last Update Posted: December 5, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Sepe
- 0000 0004 1760 3027grid.419425.fUnit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Transplantation; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico «San Matteo», Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- 0000 0004 1760 3027grid.419425.fUOC di Nefrologia e Dialisi, Trapianto, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico «San Matteo», Viale Camillo Golgi, 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marilena Gregorini
- 0000 0004 1760 3027grid.419425.fUnit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Transplantation; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico «San Matteo», Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- 0000 0004 1762 5736grid.8982.bChair of Nephrology, University of Pavia, Corso Strada Nuova 65, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Teresa Rampino
- 0000 0004 1760 3027grid.419425.fUnit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Transplantation; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico «San Matteo», Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Pasquale Esposito
- 0000 0004 1760 3027grid.419425.fUnit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Transplantation; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico «San Matteo», Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Coppo
- 0000 0004 5907 3255grid.478931.0Fondazione Ricerca Molinette, Regina Margherita Hospital 94, Piazza Polonia, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- 0000 0004 1757 3630grid.9027.cUniversità degli Studi di Perugia, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Branch of Via del Giochetto, building B, 2nd floor, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmelo Libetta
- 0000 0004 1760 3027grid.419425.fUnit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Transplantation; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico «San Matteo», Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- 0000 0004 1762 5736grid.8982.bChair of Nephrology, University of Pavia, Corso Strada Nuova 65, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Yang Q, Huang M, Cai X, Jia L, Wang S. Investigation on activation in RAW264.7 macrophage cells and protection in cyclophosphamide-treated mice of Pseudostellaria heterophylla protein hydrolysate. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 134:110816. [PMID: 31518602 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study has demonstrated that Pseudostellaria heterophylla protein hydrolysate (PPH) has immunomodulatory activity on murine spleen lymphocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate the excitation of PPH in RAW264.7 macrophage cells and the protective effect in cyclophosphamide (CTX)-treated mice. The results showed PPH of 50 μg/mL could stimulate macrophages resulting in significant promotions of nitric oxide (NO) production, endocytosis and reactive oxygen species formation. Meanwhile, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10 were significantly upregulated by PPH. Furthermore, 50 mg/kg per day PPH restored the T lymphocyte proliferation and natural killer cell activity, and increased NO production and pinocytosis of peritoneal macrophages in CTX-treated mice. These findings indicate PPH plays a crucial role in RAW264.7 macrophage cells activation and in the protection against immunosuppression in CTX-treated mice and could be used as a potential immunostimulant agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China; College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Muchen Huang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Xixi Cai
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Lee Jia
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Shaoyun Wang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China.
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Wallert M, Bauer J, Kluge S, Schmölz L, Chen YC, Ziegler M, Searle AK, Maxones A, Schubert M, Thürmer M, Pein H, Koeberle A, Werz O, Birringer M, Peter K, Lorkowski S. The vitamin E derivative garcinoic acid from Garcinia kola nut seeds attenuates the inflammatory response. Redox Biol 2019; 24:101166. [PMID: 30897408 PMCID: PMC6426704 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant Garcinia kola is used in African ethno-medicine to treat various oxidation- and inflammation-related diseases but its bioactive compounds are not well characterized. Garcinoic acid (GA) is one of the few phytochemicals that have been isolated from Garcinia kola. We investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of the methanol extract of Garcinia kola seeds (NE) and purified GA, as a major phytochemical in these seeds, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated mouse RAW264.7 macrophages and its anti-atherosclerotic potential in high fat diet fed ApoE-/- mice. This study outlines an optimized procedure for the extraction and purification of GA from Garcinia kola seeds with an increased yield and a purity of >99%. We found that LPS-induced upregulation of iNos and Cox2 expression, and the formation of the respective signaling molecules nitric oxide and prostanoids, were significantly diminished by both the NE and GA. In addition, GA treatment in mice decreased intra-plaque inflammation by attenuating nitrotyrosinylation. Further, modulation of lymphocyte sub-populations in blood and spleen have been detected, showing immune regulative properties of GA. Our study provides molecular insights into the anti-inflammatory activities of Garcinia kola and reveals GA as promising natural lead for the development of multi-target drugs to treat inflammation-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wallert
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Competence Cluster of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena-Halle-Leipzig, Germany; Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Bauer
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Kluge
- Competence Cluster of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena-Halle-Leipzig, Germany; Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lisa Schmölz
- Competence Cluster of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena-Halle-Leipzig, Germany; Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Yung-Chih Chen
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melanie Ziegler
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy K Searle
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander Maxones
- Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer Science, University of Applied Sciences Fulda, Fulda, Germany
| | - Martin Schubert
- Competence Cluster of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena-Halle-Leipzig, Germany; Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Thürmer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Helmut Pein
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Competence Cluster of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena-Halle-Leipzig, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Birringer
- Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer Science, University of Applied Sciences Fulda, Fulda, Germany
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Competence Cluster of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena-Halle-Leipzig, Germany; Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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In Vitro Digested Nut Oils Attenuate the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response in Macrophages. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030503. [PMID: 30818812 PMCID: PMC6471109 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nut consumption is known for its health benefits, in particular in inflammatory diseases. A possible mechanism for these effects could be their beneficial fatty acid composition. Nuts mainly contain mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have anti-inflammatory properties. However, studies investigating the effects of nut extracts on inflammatory processes on the molecular level are rare. We therefore prepared oily nut extracts after in vitro digestion and saponification of the fat-soluble constituents. Besides chromatographic analysis, cell culture experiments were performed using murine macrophages (RAW264.7) to study the capacity of different nut extracts (hazelnut, almond, walnut, macadamia, and pistachio) to modulate inflammatory processes. Oleic acid was the main fatty acid in hazelnut, almond, macadamia, and pistachio extracts. Both oily nut extracts and pure oleic acid significantly reduced the LPS-induced expression of iNos, Cox2, Tnfα, Il1β, and Il6 mRNAs. iNos protein expression was down-regulated followed by reduced nitric oxide formation. Thus, nut extracts at concentrations achievable in the digestive tract inhibit the expression and formation of inflammatory mediators in macrophages. Hence, a beneficial contribution of nut consumption to inflammatory diseases can be assumed. We are convinced that these results provide new insights on the molecular mechanisms involved in the health-beneficial effects of nuts.
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Sozen E, Demirel T, Ozer NK. Vitamin E: Regulatory role in the cardiovascular system. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:507-515. [PMID: 30779288 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality, all around the world. Vitamin E is an important nutrient influencing key cellular and molecular mechanisms as well as gene expression regulation centrally involved in the prevention of CVD. Cell culture and animal studies have focused on the identification of vitamin E regulated signaling pathways and involvement on inflammation, lipid homeostasis, and atherosclerotic plaque stability. While some of these vitamin E functions were verified in clinical trials, some of the positive effects were not translated into beneficial outcomes in epidemiological studies. In recent years, the physiological metabolites of vitamin E, including the liver derived (long- and short-chain) metabolites and phosphorylated (α-, γ-tocopheryl phosphate) forms, have also provided novel mechanistic insight into CVD regulation that expands beyond the vitamin E precursor. It is certain that this emerging insight into the molecular and cellular action of vitamin E will help to design further studies, either in animal models or clinical trials, on the reduction of risk for CVDs. This review focuses on vitamin E-mediated preventive cardiovascular effects and discusses novel insights into the biology and mechanism of action of vitamin E metabolites in CVD. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(4):507-515, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdi Sozen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugce Demirel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Kartal Ozer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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30
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Birringer M, Lorkowski S. Vitamin E: Regulatory role of metabolites. IUBMB Life 2018; 71:479-486. [PMID: 30578664 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E plays an important role as a lipophilic antioxidant in cellular redox homeostasis. Besides this function, numerous non-antioxidant properties of this vitamin have been discovered in the past. DNA microarray technology revealed a complex regulatory network influenced by the different vitamin E forms (Rimbach et al., Molecules, 15, 1746 (2010); Galli et al., Free Radic. Biol. Med., 102, 16 (2017)); however, little is known about the biological activity of vitamin E metabolites. A new chapter of vitamin E research was been opened when endogenous long-chain tocopherol metabolites were identified and their high biological activity in vitro and in vivo was recognized (Schmölz et al., World J. Biol. Chem., 7, 14 (2016); Torquato et al., J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 124, 399 (2016)). Just recently, it was shown that an endogenous metabolite of vitamin E inhibits 5-lipoxygenase at nanomolar concentrations, thereby limiting inflammation (Pein et al., Nat. Commun., 9, 3834 (2018)). Furthermore, long-chain vitamin E metabolites (LCM) exhibit hormone-like activities similar to the lipid soluble vitamins A and D (Galli et al., Free Radic. Biol. Med., 102, 16 (2017); Schubert et al., Antioxidants, 7 (2018)). This review aims at summarizing recent findings on the regulatory activities of vitamin E metabolites, especially of LCMs. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 71(4):479-486, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Birringer
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Consumer Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Fulda, Fulda, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Competence Center for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
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Shikonofuran E plays an anti-inflammatory role by down-regulating MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. J Nat Med 2018; 73:244-251. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-018-1238-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Schmölz L, Schubert M, Kirschner J, Kluge S, Galli F, Birringer M, Wallert M, Lorkowski S. Long-chain metabolites of vitamin E: Interference with lipotoxicity via lipid droplet associated protein PLIN2. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:919-927. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Lu Y, Li H, Geng Y. Analysis of the Effects of δ-Tocopherol on RAW264.7 and K562 Cells Based on 1H NMR Metabonomics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1039-1046. [PMID: 29313349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
δ-Tocopherol (δ-TOH) is a form of vitamin E with higher bioactivity. In this study, we studied the bioactivity of δ-TOH using the IC50 of δ-TOH on RAW264.7 (80 μM) and K562 (110 μM) cells. We compared the differential metabolites from the cell lines with and without δ-TOH treatment by 1H NMR metabonomics analysis. It was found that δ-TOH affected the protein biosynthesis, betaine metabolism, and urea cycle in various ways in both cell lines. Metabolic levels of the cell lines were changed after treatment with δ-TOH as differential metabolites were produced. The betaine level in RAW264.7 cells was reduced significantly, while the l-lactic acid level in K562 cells was significantly enhanced. The metabolic changes might contribute to the switch of the respiration pattern from aerobic respiration to anaerobic respiration in K562 cells. These results are helpful in further understanding the subtoxicity of δ-TOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of SDNU, Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of SDNU, Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yue Geng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of SDNU, Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014, China
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Birringer M, Siems K, Maxones A, Frank J, Lorkowski S. Natural 6-hydroxy-chromanols and -chromenols: structural diversity, biosynthetic pathways and health implications. RSC Adv 2018; 8:4803-4841. [PMID: 35539527 PMCID: PMC9078042 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11819h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the first comprehensive and systematic review on the structurally diverse toco-chromanols and -chromenols found in photosynthetic organisms, including marine organisms, and as metabolic intermediates in animals. The focus of this work is on the structural diversity of chromanols and chromenols that result from various side chain modifications. We describe more than 230 structures that derive from a 6-hydroxy-chromanol- and 6-hydroxy-chromenol core, respectively, and comprise di-, sesqui-, mono- and hemiterpenes. We assort the compounds into a structure-activity relationship with special emphasis on anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic activities of the congeners. This review covers the literature published from 1970 to 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Birringer
- Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer Sciences, Fulda University of Applied Sciences Leipziger Straße 123 36037 Fulda Germany
| | - Karsten Siems
- AnalytiCon Discovery GmbH Hermannswerder Haus 17 14473 Potsdam Germany
| | - Alexander Maxones
- Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer Sciences, Fulda University of Applied Sciences Leipziger Straße 123 36037 Fulda Germany
| | - Jan Frank
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim Garbenstr. 28 70599 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena Dornburger Str. 25 07743 Jena Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig Germany
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35
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Schubert M, Kluge S, Schmölz L, Wallert M, Galli F, Birringer M, Lorkowski S. Long-Chain Metabolites of Vitamin E: Metabolic Activation as a General Concept for Lipid-Soluble Vitamins? Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7010010. [PMID: 29329238 PMCID: PMC5789320 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamins E, A, D and K comprise the class of lipid-soluble vitamins. For vitamins A and D, a metabolic conversion of precursors to active metabolites has already been described. During the metabolism of vitamin E, the long-chain metabolites (LCMs) 13'-hydroxychromanol (13'-OH) and 13'-carboxychromanol (13'-COOH) are formed by oxidative modification of the side-chain. The occurrence of these metabolites in human serum indicates a physiological relevance. Indeed, effects of the LCMs on lipid metabolism, apoptosis, proliferation and inflammatory actions as well as tocopherol and xenobiotic metabolism have been shown. Interestingly, there are several parallels between the actions of the LCMs of vitamin E and the active metabolites of vitamin A and D. The recent findings that the LCMs exert effects different from that of their precursors support their putative role as regulatory metabolites. Hence, it could be proposed that the mode of action of the LCMs might be mediated by a mechanism similar to vitamin A and D metabolites. If the physiological relevance and this concept of action of the LCMs can be confirmed, a general concept of activation of lipid-soluble vitamins via their metabolites might be deduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schubert
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Competence Center for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Stefan Kluge
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Competence Center for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Lisa Schmölz
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Competence Center for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Maria Wallert
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Nutrition and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Marc Birringer
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Consumer Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Fulda, 36037 Fulda, Germany.
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Competence Center for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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36
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Schmölz L, Wallert M, Rozzino N, Cignarella A, Galli F, Glei M, Werz O, Koeberle A, Birringer M, Lorkowski S. Structure–Function Relationship Studies In Vitro Reveal Distinct and Specific Effects of Long‐Chain Metabolites of Vitamin E. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schmölz
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and PhysiologyInstitute of NutritionFriedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
- Competence Center for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD)Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig
| | - Maria Wallert
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and PhysiologyInstitute of NutritionFriedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
- Competence Center for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD)Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute Melbourne Australia
| | - Nicolò Rozzino
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of Padova Padova Italy
| | | | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesLaboratory of Nutrition and Clinical BiochemistryUniversity of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Michael Glei
- Competence Center for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD)Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig
- Department of Nutritional ToxicologyInstitute of NutritionFriedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
| | - Marc Birringer
- Department of NutritionalFood and Consumer ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences Fulda Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and PhysiologyInstitute of NutritionFriedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
- Competence Center for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD)Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig
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37
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Mâncio RD, Hermes TDA, Macedo AB, Mizobuti DS, Valduga AH, Rupcic IF, Minatel E. Vitamin E treatment decreases muscle injury in mdx mice. Nutrition 2017; 43-44:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Schmölz L, Wallert M, Lorkowski S. Optimized incubation regime for nitric oxide measurements in murine macrophages using the Griess assay. J Immunol Methods 2017; 449:68-70. [PMID: 28673787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Griess assay is used to measure nitric oxide concentrations in liquid solutions after reaction into nitrite. The assay is challenging when applied to cell culture supernatants. During optimization, we focused on the anti-inflammatory potential of test compounds in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. This led to (i) the required inductivity of cells by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and allowed (ii) the characterization of putative anti-inflammatory test compounds with high sensitivity. The modifications reported here prominently improved resolution and efficiency of the widely used Griess assay and are of broad interest for studies on the pharmacological modulation of macrophages activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schmölz
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Wallert
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.
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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease impairs the cytochrome P-450-dependent metabolism of α-tocopherol (vitamin E). J Nutr Biochem 2017. [PMID: 28628909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate in in vivo and in vitro models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) the enzymatic metabolism of α-tocopherol (vitamin E) and its relationship to vitamin E-responsive genes with key role in the lipid metabolism and detoxification of the liver. The experimental models included mice fed a high-fat diet combined or not with fructose (HFD+F) and HepG2 human hepatocarcinoma cells treated with the lipogenic agents palmitate, oleate or fructose. CYP4F2 protein, a cytochrome P-450 isoform with proposed α-tocopherol ω-hydroxylase activity, decreased in HFD and even more in HFD+F mice liver; this finding was associated with increased hepatic levels of α-tocopherol and decreased formation of the corresponding long-chain metabolites α-13-hydroxy and α-13-carboxy chromanols. A decreased expression was also observed for PPAR-γ and SREBP-1 proteins, two vitamin E-responsive genes with key role in lipid metabolism and CYP4F2 gene regulation. A transient activation of CYP4F2 gene followed by a repression response was observed in HepG2 cells during the exposure to increasing levels of the lipogenic and cytotoxic agent palmitic acid; such gene repression effect was further exacerbated by the co-treatment with oleic acid and α-tocopherol and was also observed for PPAR-γ and the SREBP isoforms 1 and 2. Such gene response was associated with increased uptake and ω-hydroxylation of α-tocopherol, which suggests a minor role of CYP4F2 in the enzymatic metabolism of vitamin E in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, the liver metabolism and gene response of α-tocopherol are impaired in experimental NAFLD.
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Giusepponi D, Torquato P, Bartolini D, Piroddi M, Birringer M, Lorkowski S, Libetta C, Cruciani G, Moretti S, Saluti G, Galli F, Galarini R. Determination of tocopherols and their metabolites by liquid-chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry in human plasma and serum. Talanta 2017; 170:552-561. [PMID: 28501210 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several studies are increasingly underlying the biological role of vitamin E metabolites as bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-atherogenic activity. A quantitative method for the simultaneous determination in human plasma and serum of vitamin E (α-tocopherol, α-T and γ-tocopherol, γ-T) and its cytochrome P-450 metabolites: 13'-hydroxychromanol (α-13'-OH), 13'-carboxychromanol (α-13'-COOH) and carboxyethyl hydroxychromanols (α-CEHC and γ-CEHC), was developed and validated. After enzymatic hydrolysis and deproteinization, the metabolites were extracted with a mixture of hexane/ methyl tertiary butyl ether (2/1, v/v). The separation was achieved by reversed phase chromatography and the analytes detected by a triple quadrupole mass analyser using electrospray ionization in positive mode (LC-MS/MS). α-T and γ-T were extracted separately without enzymatic hydrolysis. The analytes were quantified with the isotopic dilution method. After an extensive validation study (three levels in three different occasions for a total of 54 experiments), the procedure was successfully applied to the analysis of sera of healthy volunteers (before and after supplementation with α-T) and plasma of patients affected by chronic kidney disease. Finally, the structures of three unknown compounds found in blood and related to the long chain metabolites (α-13'-OH and α-13'-COOH) were further investigated using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Giusepponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Torquato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Desirée Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marta Piroddi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marc Birringer
- Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer Studies, University of Applied Sciences Fulda, 36037 Fulda, Germany
| | - Stefen Lorkowski
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Carmelo Libetta
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Cruciani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Simone Moretti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Saluti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Galarini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
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CYP4F2 repression and a modified alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) metabolism are two independent consequences of ethanol toxicity in human hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 40:124-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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42
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Piroddi M, Albini A, Fabiani R, Giovannelli L, Luceri C, Natella F, Rosignoli P, Rossi T, Taticchi A, Servili M, Galli F. Nutrigenomics of extra-virgin olive oil: A review. Biofactors 2017; 43:17-41. [PMID: 27580701 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nutrigenomics data on the functional components of olive oil are still sparse, but rapidly increasing. Olive oil is the main source of fat and health-promoting component of the Mediterranean diet. Positive effects have been observed on genes involved in the pathobiology of most prevalent age- and lifestyle-related human conditions, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration. Other effects on health-promoting genes have been identified for bioactive components of olives and olive leafs. Omics technologies are offering unique opportunities to identify nutritional and health biomarkers associated with these gene responses, the use of which in personalized and even predictive protocols of investigation, is a main breakthrough in modern medicine and nutrition. Gene regulation properties of the functional components of olive oil, such as oleic acid, biophenols and vitamin E, point to a role for these molecules as natural homeostatic and even hormetic factors with applications as prevention agents in conditions of premature and pathologic aging. Therapeutic applications can be foreseen in conditions of chronic inflammation, and particularly in cancer, which will be discussed in detail in this review paper as major clinical target of nutritional interventions with olive oil and its functional components. © 2016 BioFactors, 43(1):17-41, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Piroddi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nutrition and Clinical Biochemistry Lab, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Adriana Albini
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Scientific and Technology Pole, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Fabiani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Lisa Giovannelli
- NEUROFARBA - Section of Phamacology and Toxicology, University of Firenze, Italy
| | - Cristina Luceri
- NEUROFARBA - Section of Phamacology and Toxicology, University of Firenze, Italy
| | - Fausta Natella
- CREA-NUT, Consiglio per La Ricerca in Agricoltura E L'Analisi Dell'Economia Agraria, Food and Nutrition Research Centre, via Ardeatina 546, 00178, Roma, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rosignoli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Teresa Rossi
- Research and Statistics, Department, IRCCS "Tecnologie Avanzate E Modelli Assistenziali in Oncologia", Laboratory of Translational Research, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Agnese Taticchi
- Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Servili
- Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nutrition and Clinical Biochemistry Lab, University of Perugia, Italy
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Galli F, Azzi A, Birringer M, Cook-Mills JM, Eggersdorfer M, Frank J, Cruciani G, Lorkowski S, Özer NK. Vitamin E: Emerging aspects and new directions. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 102:16-36. [PMID: 27816611 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of vitamin E will have its 100th anniversary in 2022, but we still have more questions than answers regarding the biological functions and the essentiality of vitamin E for human health. Discovered as a factor essential for rat fertility and soon after characterized for its properties of fat-soluble antioxidant, vitamin E was identified to have signaling and gene regulation effects in the 1980s. In the same years the cytochrome P-450 dependent metabolism of vitamin E was characterized and a first series of studies on short-chain carboxyethyl metabolites in the 1990s paved the way to the hypothesis of a biological role for this metabolism alternative to vitamin E catabolism. In the last decade other physiological metabolites of vitamin E have been identified, such as α-tocopheryl phosphate and the long-chain metabolites formed by the ω-hydroxylase activity of cytochrome P-450. Recent findings are consistent with gene regulation and homeostatic roles of these metabolites in different experimental models, such as inflammatory, neuronal and hepatic cells, and in vivo in animal models of acute inflammation. Molecular mechanisms underlying these responses are under investigation in several laboratories and side-glances to research on other fat soluble vitamins may help to move faster in this direction. Other emerging aspects presented in this review paper include novel insights on the mechanisms of reduction of the cardiovascular risk, immunomodulation and antiallergic effects, neuroprotection properties in models of glutamate excitotoxicity and spino-cerebellar damage, hepatoprotection and prevention of liver toxicity by different causes and even therapeutic applications in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. We here discuss these topics with the aim of stimulating the interest of the scientific community and further research activities that may help to celebrate this anniversary of vitamin E with an in-depth knowledge of its action as vitamin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Angelo Azzi
- USDA-HNRCA at Tufts University, 711 Washington St., Boston, MA 02111, United States.
| | - Marc Birringer
- Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer Sciences, Fulda University of Applied Sciences, Leipziger Straße 123, 36037 Fulda, Germany.
| | - Joan M Cook-Mills
- Allergy/Immunology Division, Northwestern University, 240 E Huron, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
| | | | - Jan Frank
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Gabriele Cruciani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Italy.
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nesrin Kartal Özer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, 34854 Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Torquato P, Ripa O, Giusepponi D, Galarini R, Bartolini D, Wallert M, Pellegrino R, Cruciani G, Lorkowski S, Birringer M, Mazzini F, Galli F. Analytical strategies to assess the functional metabolome of vitamin E. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 124:399-412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Schmölz L, Birringer M, Lorkowski S, Wallert M. Complexity of vitamin E metabolism. World J Biol Chem 2016; 7:14-43. [PMID: 26981194 PMCID: PMC4768118 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v7.i1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioavailability of vitamin E is influenced by several factors, most are highlighted in this review. While gender, age and genetic constitution influence vitamin E bioavailability but cannot be modified, life-style and intake of vitamin E can be. Numerous factors must be taken into account however, i.e., when vitamin E is orally administrated, the food matrix may contain competing nutrients. The complex metabolic processes comprise intestinal absorption, vascular transport, hepatic sorting by intracellular binding proteins, such as the significant α-tocopherol-transfer protein, and hepatic metabolism. The coordinated changes involved in the hepatic metabolism of vitamin E provide an effective physiological pathway to protect tissues against the excessive accumulation of, in particular, non-α-tocopherol forms. Metabolism of vitamin E begins with one cycle of CYP4F2/CYP3A4-dependent ω-hydroxylation followed by five cycles of subsequent β-oxidation, and forms the water-soluble end-product carboxyethylhydroxychroman. All known hepatic metabolites can be conjugated and are excreted, depending on the length of their side-chain, either via urine or feces. The physiological handling of vitamin E underlies kinetics which vary between the different vitamin E forms. Here, saturation of the side-chain and also substitution of the chromanol ring system are important. Most of the metabolic reactions and processes that are involved with vitamin E are also shared by other fat soluble vitamins. Influencing interactions with other nutrients such as vitamin K or pharmaceuticals are also covered by this review. All these processes modulate the formation of vitamin E metabolites and their concentrations in tissues and body fluids. Differences in metabolism might be responsible for the discrepancies that have been observed in studies performed in vivo and in vitro using vitamin E as a supplement or nutrient. To evaluate individual vitamin E status, the analytical procedures used for detecting and quantifying vitamin E and its metabolites are crucial. The latest methods in analytics are presented.
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46
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Ciffolilli S, Wallert M, Bartolini D, Krauth V, Werz O, Piroddi M, Sebastiani B, Torquato P, Lorkowski S, Birringer M, Galli F. Human serum determination and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the vitamin E metabolite α-(13'-hydroxy)-6-hydroxychroman. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:952-62. [PMID: 26454076 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450-derived long-chain metabolites are gaining increasing interest as bioactive intermediates of vitamin E. In this study we first report on the HPLC-ECD and GC-MS analysis in human serum of the earliest metabolite of this vitamin, namely α-(13'-hydroxy)-6-hydroxychroman (α-13'-OH). The two chromatographic procedure are sensitive enough (LOQ of 10nM) to measure α-13'-OH after hexane extraction of 1 ml of sample obtained from healthy volunteers supplemented for 1-week with 1000 IU/d (671 mg/d) RRR-α-tocopherol. The observed concentrations ranged between 15 and 50 nM, with minor differences between fasting and 4-hr post-meal state. Baseline (non-supplemented state) levels of 7.2 ± 1.6 nM were observed extracting higher volumes of serum. Biological effects of α-13'-OH investigated for the first time in RAW264.7 murine macrophages involved transcriptional control of inflammatory cytokines, and transcriptional and functional regulation of COX2 and iNOS enzymes in response to lipopolysaccharides. In conclusion, here we present the first quantitative evaluation of serum α-13'-OH also providing early evidence of the anti-inflammatory potential of this metabolite that is worth of further investigation in the area of functional and nutraceutical implications of vitamin E metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Wallert
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | | | - Verena Krauth
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Marta Piroddi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Pierangelo Torquato
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Birringer
- Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer Studies, University of Applied Sciences Fulda, Germany
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy.
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Jiang Q, Xu T, Huang J, Jannasch AS, Cooper B, Yang C. Analysis of vitamin E metabolites including carboxychromanols and sulfated derivatives using LC/MS/MS. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2217-25. [PMID: 26351363 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d061663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tocopherols and tocotrienols are metabolized via hydroxylation and oxidation of their hydrophobic side chain to generate 13'-hydroxychromanols (13'-OHs) and various carboxychromanols, which can be further metabolized by conjugation including sulfation. Recent studies indicate that long-chain carboxychromanols, especially 13'-carboxychromanol (13'-COOH), appear to be more bioactive than tocopherols in anti-inflammatory and anticancer actions. To understand the potential contribution of metabolites to vitamin E-mediated effects, an accurate assay is needed to evaluate bioavailability of these metabolites. Here we describe an LC/MS/MS assay for quantifying vitamin E metabolites using negative polarity ESI. This assay includes a reliable sample extraction procedure with efficacy of ≥ 89% and interday/intraday variation of 3-11% for major metabolites. To ensure accurate quantification, short-chain, long-chain, and sulfated carboxychromanols are included as external/internal standards. Using this assay, we observed that sulfated carboxychromanols are the primary metabolites in the plasma of rodents fed with γ-tocopherol or δ-tocopherol. Although plasma levels of 13'-COOHs and 13'-OHs are low, high concentrations of these compounds are found in feces. Our study demonstrates an LC/MS/MS assay for quantitation of sulfated and unconjugated vitamin E metabolites, and this assay will be useful for evaluating the role of these metabolites in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jiang
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Tianlin Xu
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Jianjie Huang
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Amber S Jannasch
- Metabolite Profiling Facility Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Bruce Cooper
- Metabolite Profiling Facility Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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