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Moore SS, Costa A, Pozza M, Vamerali T, Niero G, Censi S, De Marchi M. How animal milk and plant-based alternatives diverge in terms of fatty acid, amino acid, and mineral composition. NPJ Sci Food 2023; 7:50. [PMID: 37717060 PMCID: PMC10505177 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-023-00227-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The decline in fresh milk in the Western world has in part been substituted by an increased consumption of plant-based beverages (PBB). These are often marketed as healthy and sustainable alternatives to milk and dairy foodstuff, although studies have suggested PBB to be of lower nutrient quality. The current study considered different brands of almond-, oat-, rice-, coconut- and soya-based beverages for a comparative analysis and found that they indeed presented lower contents of total protein, lipids, amino acids, and minerals than cow and goat milk. The only exception was given by soya-based beverages which approximated the protein content (3.47% vs. 3.42 and 3.25% in cow and goat milk, respectively) and amino acid composition of animal milk, and also demonstrated high mineral content. The natural presence of phyto-compounds in PBB characterised as antinutrients and their potential to exacerbate the issue of low nutrient quality by lowering bioavailability have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Moore
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - A Costa
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, Padova, Italy.
| | - M Pozza
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - T Vamerali
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - G Niero
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - S Censi
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Unit, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - M De Marchi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Jung CY, Kim Y, Kim HW, Han SH, Yoo TH, Kang SW, Park JT. Effectiveness of a Smartphone Application for Dietary Sodium Intake Measurement. Nutrients 2023; 15:3590. [PMID: 37630780 PMCID: PMC10459655 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate estimation of sodium intake is a key requirement for evaluating the efficacy of interventional strategies to reduce salt intake. The effectiveness of a smartphone application in measuring dietary sodium intake was assessed. This study included 46 participants who consented to register in Noom's food-logging program. All participants were followed up for six months from the day of enrollment. The mean age of the participants was 40.2 ± 12.3 years, and 22 (48%) participants were male. The average number of times/weeks the meals were logged was 16.2 ± 10.3. At baseline, the mean 24-h urine sodium was 124.3 mmol/24 h. The mean sodium intake measured by the smartphone application and calculated using the 24-h urine sodium was 2020.9 mg/24 h and 2857.6 mg/24 h, respectively. During the second visit, the mean 24-h urine sodium was 117.4 mmol/24 h. The mean sodium intake measured by the smartphone application and calculated using the 24-h urine sodium was 1456.0 mg/24 h and 2698.3 mg/24 h, respectively. Sodium intake measured using the smartphone application positively correlated with that calculated using the 24-h urine sodium at baseline (r = 0.464; p < 0.001) and follow-up (r = 0.334; p= 0.023). Dietary sodium intake measured using a smartphone application correlated well with that estimated using 24-h urine sodium level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Young Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (C.-Y.J.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hyung Woo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (C.-Y.J.)
| | - Seung Hyeok Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (C.-Y.J.)
- Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (C.-Y.J.)
- Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Wook Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (C.-Y.J.)
- Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Tak Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (C.-Y.J.)
- Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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3
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Mottas A, Lappi VM, Sundström J, Neal B, Mhurchu CN, Löf M, Rådholm K. Measuring the Healthiness of Ready-to-Eat Child-Targeted Cereals: Evaluation of the FoodSwitch Platform in Sweden. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2021; 9:e17780. [PMID: 34292165 PMCID: PMC8367182 DOI: 10.2196/17780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood obesity is a major public health issue. The increase in the consumption of foods with poor nutritional value, such as processed foods, contributes to this. Breakfast cereals are often advertised as a healthy way to start the day, but the healthiness of these products varies greatly. OBJECTIVE Our main objective was to gather information about the nutritional characteristics of ready-to-eat breakfast cereals in Sweden and to investigate the healthiness of products targeted at children compared to other cereals by use of the FoodSwitch platform. A secondary objective was to evaluate the alignment between the Keyhole symbol and the Health Star Rating. METHODS The FoodSwitch app is a mobile health (mHealth) tool used to present nutrition data and healthier alternative products to consumers. Ready-to-eat breakfast cereals from the largest Swedish grocery retailers were collected using the FoodSwitch platform. Products were defined as targeting children if they presented features addressing children on the package. RESULTS Overall, information on 261 ready-to-eat cereals was examined. Of this total, 8% (n=21) were targeted at children. Child-targeted cereals were higher in sugar (22.3 g/100 g vs 12.8 g/100 g, P<.001) and lower in fiber (6.2 g/100 g vs 9.8 g/100 g, P<.001) and protein (8.1 g/100 g vs 10.5 g/100 g, P<.001). Total fat (3 g/100 g vs 10.5 g/100 g, P<.001) and saturated fat (0.8 g/100 g vs 2.6 g/100 g, P<.001) were also lower. No difference was found in salt content (P=.61). Fewer child-targeted breakfast cereals displayed an on-pack Keyhole label (n=1, 5% vs n=53, 22%; P=.06), and the mean Health Star Rating value was 3.5 for child-targeted cereals compared to others (mean 3.8, P=.07). A correlation was found between the Keyhole symbol and the Health Star Rating. CONCLUSIONS Ready-to-eat breakfast cereals targeted at children were less healthy in terms of sugar and fiber content compared to products not targeted at children. There is a need to improve the nutritional quality of child-targeted cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Mottas
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veli-Matti Lappi
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Sundström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bruce Neal
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cliona Ni Mhurchu
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,National Institute for Health Innovation, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marie Löf
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karin Rådholm
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Scarpa G, Berrang-Ford L, Bawajeeh AO, Twesigomwe S, Kakwangire P, Peters R, Beer S, Williams G, Zavaleta-Cortijo C, Namanya DB, Lwasa S, Nowembabazi E, Kesande C, Rippin H, Cade JE. Developing an online food composition database for an Indigenous population in south-western Uganda. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:2455-2464. [PMID: 33843552 PMCID: PMC8145457 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980021001397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an online food composition database of locally consumed foods among an Indigenous population in south-western Uganda. DESIGN Using a community-based approach and collaboration with local nutritionists, we collected a list of foods for inclusion in the database through focus group discussions, an individual dietary survey and markets and shops assessment. The food database was then created using seven steps: identification of foods for inclusion in the database; initial data cleaning and removal of duplicate items; linkage of foods to existing generic food composition tables; mapping and calculation of the nutrient content of recipes and foods; allocating portion sizes and accompanying foods; quality checks with local and international nutritionists; and translation into relevant local languages. SETTING Kanungu District, south-western Uganda. PARTICIPANTS Seventy-four participants, 36 Indigenous Batwa and 38 Bakiga, were randomly selected and interviewed to inform the development of a food list prior the construction of the food database. RESULTS We developed an online food database for south-western Uganda including 148 commonly consumed foods complete with values for 120 micronutrients and macronutrients. This was for use with the online dietary assessment tool myfood24. Of the locally reported foods included, 56 % (n 82 items) of the items were already available in the myfood24 database, while 25 % (n 37 items) were found in existing Ugandan and Tanzanian food databases, 18 % (n 27 items) came from generated recipes and 1 % (n 2 items) from food packaging labels. CONCLUSION Locally relevant food databases are sparse for African Indigenous communities. Here, we created a tool that can be used for assessing food intake and for tracking undernutrition among the communities living in Kanungu District. This will help to develop locally relevant food and nutrition policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Scarpa
- School of Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Lea Berrang-Ford
- School of Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Indigenous Health Adaptation to Climate Change Research Team, Kanungu District, Uganda
| | - Areej O Bawajeeh
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, UK
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabastian Twesigomwe
- Indigenous Health Adaptation to Climate Change Research Team, Kanungu District, Uganda
| | - Paul Kakwangire
- Indigenous Health Adaptation to Climate Change Research Team, Kanungu District, Uganda
| | - Remco Peters
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, UK
| | | | | | | | - Didacus B Namanya
- Indigenous Health Adaptation to Climate Change Research Team, Kanungu District, Uganda
- Ministry of Health, Uganda
| | - Shuaib Lwasa
- Indigenous Health Adaptation to Climate Change Research Team, Kanungu District, Uganda
- Department of Geography, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- The Global Center on Adaptation, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ester Nowembabazi
- Indigenous Health Adaptation to Climate Change Research Team, Kanungu District, Uganda
| | - Charity Kesande
- Indigenous Health Adaptation to Climate Change Research Team, Kanungu District, Uganda
| | - Holly Rippin
- WHO European Office for Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases (NCD Office), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Janet E Cade
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, UK
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5
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Marty L, Evans R, Sheen F, Humphreys G, Jones A, Boyland E, Robinson E. The energy and nutritional content of snacks sold at supermarkets and coffee shops in the UK. J Hum Nutr Diet 2021; 34:1035-1041. [PMID: 33899984 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snacking is associated with a higher daily energy intake and dietary guidelines recommend snacks of no more than 200 kcal for adults and 100 kcal for children. The present study examines the energy content, nutritional quality and price of single-serving snack food products sold by major supermarket and coffee shop chains in the UK. METHODS Energy content, nutritional content and price of single-serving snack products were recorded in 2019 via the websites of 14 major chains (seven supermarkets; seven coffee shops). RESULTS The mean energy content of all eligible snack products (n = 2283) was 186 kcal [95% confidence interval (CI) = 182-190]. The mean energy content of the snack products sold at coffee shops (n = 379; 282 kcal [95% CI = 269-295]) was significantly higher than the energy content of the snack products sold at supermarkets (n = 1904; 167 kcal [95% CI = 164-170]). Seventy nine % of supermarket snacks exceeded energy recommendations for children and 32% for adults. In coffee shops, 91% exceeded recommendations for children and 73% for adults. Forty one % of snacks were high in fat, 42% were high in saturated fat, 39% were high in sugar and 7% were high in salt. Cheaper snack products were more likely to be of lower nutritional quality. CONCLUSIONS The high proportion of snack products that do not meet public health recommendations for energy content may contribute to the association between snacking and increased energy intake. Public health measures to increase the availability and reduce the price of snack products that meet public health energy content recommendations may reduce population-level obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Marty
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rebecca Evans
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Florence Sheen
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Andrew Jones
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Emma Boyland
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Eric Robinson
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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6
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Armstrong B, Reynolds C, Bridge G, Oakden L, Wang C, Panzone L, Schmidt Rivera X, Kause A, Ffoulkes C, Krawczyk C, Miller G, Serjeant S. How Does Citizen Science Compare to Online Survey Panels? A Comparison of Food Knowledge and Perceptions Between the Zooniverse, Prolific and Qualtrics UK Panels. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.575021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With an increasing focus on the uptake of healthy and sustainable diets, a growing body of research has explored consumer perceptions and understanding of the environmental impacts and safety of foods. However, this body of research has used a wide range of methods to recruit participants, which can influence the results obtained. The current research explores the impact of different recruitment methods upon observed estimations of the carbon footprint (gCO2e), energy content (Kcal), food safety and animal using three different online recruitment platforms; Qualtrics (N = 397), Prolific (N = 407), Zooniverse (N~601, based on unique IP addresses). Qualtrics and Prolific participants rated the carbon footprint, energy content, food safety and animal welfare of all foods in the survey. Zooniverse citizens rated the carbon footprint or energy content then food safety or animal welfare of all foods in the survey. Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-square analyses compared the energy content and carbon footprint estimations with validated values, and differences in estimate accuracy and perceptions between recruitment methods. Participants were unable to accurately estimate the carbon footprint and energy content of foods. The carbon footprint of all foods were overestimated, with the exception of beef and lamb which was underestimated. The calorie content of fruits and vegetables are typically overestimated. Perceptions of animal welfare and food safety differed by recruitment method. Zooniverse citizens rated animal welfare standards to be lower for meat products and eggs, compared to Qualtrics and Prolific participants. Overall, Qualtrics participants typically held the highest food risk perceptions, however this varied by food type. The lack of knowledge about the carbon footprint and energy content of foods demonstrates the need for consumer education and communication to enable the move toward healthier and more sustainable diets. Perceptions of food safety and animal welfare demonstrate a baseline from which to develop consumer focused communications and governance. We have shown that different recruitment tools can result in differences in observed perceptions. This highlights the need to carefully consider the recruitment tool being used in research when assessing participant knowledge and perceptions.
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Basolo A, Parrington S, Ando T, Hollstein T, Piaggi P, Krakoff J. Procedures for Measuring Excreted and Ingested Calories to Assess Nutrient Absorption Using Bomb Calorimetry. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:2315-2322. [PMID: 33029899 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With the upsurge in interest in the gut microbiome, complete and accurate measurement of ingested calories and calories lost through excreted stool is crucial for assessing the effect of the microbiota on nutrient absorption. METHODS Measurement of ingested and excreted calories was conducted over 3 days. Meals were made in duplicate: one was given to the participant, and one was used for the measurement of calories. Stool was marked by nonabsorbable dye ingested prior to and at the end of each 3-day diet period and was collected for caloric assessment from the appearance of the first dye marker until the appearance of the second dye marker. RESULTS Stool calories per gram for pellets were 4.91 ± 0.06 kcal/g. The mean stool calorie loss as a percentage of ingested calories was 7.3% ± 1.6% (range, 6.6%-8.5%). The stool measurement of kilocalories per gram was not associated with the total measured stool calories or with stool weight (P = 0.2 and P = 0.2, respectively) over the 3-day period. However, the weight of stool samples during each dietary intervention was positively associated with the calorie loss in stool (r = 0.58, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Our methods provide a direct measure of ingested calories and stool calories needed to accurately assess relative stool calorie loss as a measure of nutrient absorption. The weight of stool samples across the marked diet period is crucial to determining total stool calories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Basolo
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Shannon Parrington
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Takafumi Ando
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Tim Hollstein
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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8
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Armstrong B, Bridge G, Oakden L, Reynolds C, Wang C, Panzone LA, Rivera XS, Kause A, Ffoulkes C, Krawczyk C, Miller G, Serjeant S. Piloting Citizen Science Methods to Measure Perceptions of Carbon Footprint and Energy Content of Food. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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9
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Basolo A, Hohenadel M, Ang QY, Piaggi P, Heinitz S, Walter M, Walter P, Parrington S, Trinidad DD, von Schwartzenberg RJ, Turnbaugh PJ, Krakoff J. Effects of underfeeding and oral vancomycin on gut microbiome and nutrient absorption in humans. Nat Med 2020; 26:589-598. [PMID: 32235930 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0801-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Direct evidence in humans for the impact of the microbiome on nutrient absorption is lacking. We conducted an extended inpatient study using two interventions that we hypothesized would alter the gut microbiome and nutrient absorption. In each, stool calorie loss, a direct proxy of nutrient absorption, was measured. The first phase was a randomized cross-over dietary intervention in which all participants underwent in random order 3 d of over- and underfeeding. The second was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pharmacologic intervention using oral vancomycin or matching placebo (NCT02037295). Twenty-seven volunteers (17 men and 10 women, age 35.1 ± 7.3, BMI 32.3 ± 8.0), who were healthy other than having impaired glucose tolerance and obesity, were enrolled and 25 completed the entire trial. The primary endpoints were the effects of dietary and pharmacological intervention on stool calorie loss. We hypothesized that stool calories expressed as percentage of caloric intake would increase with underfeeding compared with overfeeding and increase during oral vancomycin treatment. Both primary endpoints were met. Greater stool calorie loss was observed during underfeeding relative to overfeeding and during vancomycin treatment compared with placebo. Key secondary endpoints were to evaluate the changes in gut microbial community structure as evidenced by amplicon sequencing and metagenomics. We observed only a modest perturbation of gut microbial community structure with under- versus overfeeding but a more widespread change in community structure with reduced diversity with oral vancomycin. Increase in Akkermansia muciniphila was common to both interventions that resulted in greater stool calorie loss. These results indicate that nutrient absorption is sensitive to environmental perturbations and support the translational relevance of preclinical models demonstrating a possible causal role for the gut microbiome in dietary energy harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Basolo
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Maximilian Hohenadel
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Qi Yan Ang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Sascha Heinitz
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mary Walter
- Clinical Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter Walter
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shannon Parrington
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Donovan D Trinidad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Peter J Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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10
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Kanter R, Reyes M, Vandevijvere S, Swinburn B, Corvalán C. Anticipatory effects of the implementation of the Chilean Law of Food Labeling and Advertising on food and beverage product reformulation. Obes Rev 2019; 20 Suppl 2:129-140. [PMID: 31245920 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the anticipated food and beverage product reformulation by industry before the Chilean Law of Food Labeling and Advertising (Law 20.606) was implemented in June 2016 requiring a front-of-package (FOP) warning label for products high in sodium, total sugars, saturated fats, and/or total energy. Fieldworkers photographed a purposive sample of packaged food and beverage products in February 2015 (n = 5421) and February 2016 (n = 5479) from six different supermarkets in Santiago, Chile. The same products collected in both years (n = 2086) from 17 food and beverage categories with added critical nutrients (nutrients of concern: sodium, total sugars, and saturated fats) were included in this longitudinal study. The average change in energy and critical nutrient content was estimated by category. The number of warning labels potentially avoided because of reformulation was determined. Between February 2015 and February 2016, no category experienced reductions >5% average change in energy or critical nutrient content; and some increased in critical nutrient content. Few products (<2%) would have avoided at least one warning label with reformulation. In a diverse sample of food and beverage products, there was minimal reformulation by industry in anticipation of the implementation of the 2016 Chilean Law of Food Labeling and Advertising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kanter
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Unit of Public Health, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Reyes
- Unit of Public Health, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Stefanie Vandevijvere
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Auckland School of Population Health, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Boyd Swinburn
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Auckland School of Population Health, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Camila Corvalán
- Unit of Public Health, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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11
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Albuquerque TG, Nunes MA, Oliveira MBPP, Costa HS. Compliance of declared vs. analysed values with EU tolerance limits for mandatory nutrients in prepacked foods. Food Chem 2019; 302:125330. [PMID: 31404872 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed compliance between declared and analysed values on prepacked foods, considering the tolerance limits for salt, fat and saturated fatty acids. Foods were distributed by food categories (e.g. snacks, ready-to-eat meals, potato and potato-products, bakery and pastry products) and a total of 209 products were analysed. Only half of the samples with a declared value ≥1.25 g/100 g were within tolerance limits for salt content. The lowest number of samples outside tolerance limits was observed for fat content; for saturated fatty acids, 27% of the samples were outside of tolerance limits. Only amongst "cereal products" were 100% of products compliant for fat and salt declarations. It is of utmost importance that manufacturers update continuously values declared for prepacked foods, because this information is crucial for consumers and food policy-makers as well as being a legal requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Gonçalves Albuquerque
- Department of Food and Nutrition, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, I.P., Lisbon, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Dept. of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Antónia Nunes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Dept. of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Beatriz P P Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Dept. of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena S Costa
- Department of Food and Nutrition, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, I.P., Lisbon, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Dept. of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Fuscà E, Bolzon A, Buratin A, Ruffolo M, Berchialla P, Gregori D, Perissinotto E, Baldi I. Measuring Caloric Intake at the Population Level (NOTION): Protocol for an Experimental Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2019; 8:e12116. [PMID: 30860491 PMCID: PMC6434395 DOI: 10.2196/12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The monitoring of caloric intake is an important challenge for the maintenance of individual and public health. The instruments used so far for dietary monitoring (eg, food frequency questionnaires, food diaries, and telephone interviews) are inexpensive and easy to implement but show important inaccuracies. Alternative methods based on wearable devices and wrist accelerometers have been proposed, yet they have limited accuracy in predicting caloric intake because analytics are usually not well suited to manage the massive sets of data generated from these types of devices. Objective This study aims to develop an algorithm using recent advances in machine learning methodology, which provides a precise and stable estimate of caloric intake. Methods The study will capture four individual eating activities outside the home over 2 months. Twenty healthy Italian adults will be recruited from the University of Padova in Padova, Italy, with email, flyers, and website announcements. The eligibility requirements include age 18 to 66 years and no eating disorder history. Each participant will be randomized to one of two menus to be eaten on weekdays in a predefined cafeteria in Padova (northeastern Italy). Flows of raw data will be accessed and downloaded from the wearable devices given to study participants and associated with anthropometric and demographic characteristics of the user (with their written permission). These massive data flows will provide a detailed picture of real-life conditions and will be analyzed through an up-to-date machine learning approach with the aim to accurately predict the caloric contribution of individual eating activities. Gold standard evaluation of the energy content of eaten foods will be obtained using calorimetric assessments made at the Laboratory of Dietetics and Nutraceutical Research of the University of Padova. Results The study will last 14 months from July 2017 with a final report by November 2018. Data collection will occur from October to December 2017. From this study, we expect to obtain a series of relevant data that, opportunely filtered, could allow the construction of a prototype algorithm able to estimate caloric intake through the recognition of food type and the number of bites. The algorithm should work in real time, be embedded in a wearable device, and able to match bite-related movements and the corresponding caloric intake with high accuracy. Conclusions Building an automatic calculation method for caloric intake, independent on the black-box processing of the wearable devices marketed so far, has great potential both for clinical nutrition (eg, for assessing cardiovascular compliance or for the prevention of coronary heart disease through proper dietary control) and public health nutrition as a low-cost monitoring tool for eating habits of different segments of the population. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/12116
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fuscà
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Bolzon
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessia Buratin
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mariangela Ruffolo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Berchialla
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Dario Gregori
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Egle Perissinotto
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ileana Baldi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Kanter R, Reyes M, Swinburn B, Vandevijvere S, Corvalán C. The Food Supply Prior to the Implementation of the Chilean Law of Food Labeling and Advertising. Nutrients 2018; 11:nu11010052. [PMID: 30597842 PMCID: PMC6356190 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the composition of the food supply ahead of the implementation of the Chilean Law of Food Labeling and Advertising (Law 20.606) in June 2016. The INFORMAS (International Network for Food and Obesity/Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) Research, Monitoring and Action Support) framework for monitoring the composition of the food supply was used. The Law’s initial (2016) and final (2019) limits were used to evaluate if foods would receive a “High in” warning for Calories, Sodium, Sugars and/or Saturated Fats (initial/final, solids: >350/275 kcal; >800/400 mg; >22.5/10 g; >6/4 g; liquids: >100/70 kcal; >100/100 mg; >6/5 g; >3/3 g respectively). Foods were excluded if they required reconstitution, had missing information or if total labeled energy was estimated as incorrect (n = 942). In February 2015 and 2016, fieldworkers photographed a purposeful sample of packaged food and beverage products (n = 5421 and n = 5479) from 6 different supermarkets in Santiago, Chile. Seven percent of foods had no added critical nutrients (n = 720). Two-thirds of products had critical nutrients exceeding at least one initial limit indicative of a “high in” warning. Under the final phase limits, only 17% of foods would have zero warning labels. By 2019, 10 of the 17 food and beverage categories studied are predicted to have less than half of their products without a high in sodium warning label. While 8 of the 17 categories studied are predicted to have less than half their products without a high in total sugars or a high in total calories warning label, respectively; while even fewer food and beverage categories are predicted to be without a high in saturated fat warning label. Most products will have to be reformulated to avoid at least one front-of-package warning label.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kanter
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Macul, Santiago 7830490, Chile.
| | - Marcela Reyes
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Macul, Santiago 7830490, Chile.
| | - Boyd Swinburn
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Stefanie Vandevijvere
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Camila Corvalán
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Macul, Santiago 7830490, Chile.
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Dunford EK, Ng SW, Taillie LS. How Does the Healthfulness of the US Food Supply Compare to International Guidelines for Marketing to Children and Adolescents? Matern Child Health J 2018; 23:768-776. [PMID: 30569302 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-018-02693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Food marketing to children is pervasive and linked to increased preference and intake of unhealthy foods. The World Health Organization (WHO) developed the only multi-country nutrient criteria, and Chile recently released the world's most comprehensive regulation to identify foods that should not be marketed to children. Our objective was to examine the proportion of US packaged food and beverage products eligible for marketing to children under the WHO Europe Nutrient Profile Model (NPM) and the 2019 Chilean regulation. Methods Data for this study are from Label Insight's 2017 Open Access branded food database. Each product was assigned to one of 13 food categories, and nutritional content compared to both the NPM and Chilean criteria. The proportion of US products meeting criteria for marketing to children using both schemes was examined overall and by category. Agreement between the two criteria was examined using Cohen's Kappa. Results Of 17,740 US products, 21% were eligible to be marketed to children using the WHO criteria and 26% using the Chilean criteria. 'Egg and egg products' and 'Seafood' had the highest proportion of products eligible for marketing to children under both schemes. 'Confectionery' and 'Snack foods' had the lowest proportion eligible. Conclusions for practice The WHO NPM and Chilean criteria both restrict less healthy items from being marketed to children. Regulatory agencies in the US developing policies should consider the implementation of nutrient criteria to restrict the marketing of less healthy foods and beverages to children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Dunford
- Food Policy Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia.
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Shu Wen Ng
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lindsey Smith Taillie
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Richardson MB, Li P, Gohlke JM, Allison DB. Effects of Indoor Thermal Environment on Human Food Intake, Productivity, and Comfort: Pilot, Randomized, Crossover Trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:1826-1833. [PMID: 30426700 PMCID: PMC6580845 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It was hypothesized that exposure to mild temperatures above the human thermoneutral zone would decrease caloric intake in a sedentary office environment. METHODS Women (n = 25) were randomized in a crossover design to perform seated office work for 7 hours in a thermoneutral condition (control, 19°C-20°C) and a condition above the thermoneutral zone (warm, 26°C-27°C). Food intake was estimated by weight and bomb calorimetry, peripheral temperature by thermal imaging, and thermal comfort and productivity by questionnaires. Mixed effects models were used to examine the effects of thermal condition on caloric intake. RESULTS Participants ate, on average, 357 kcal less in the warm condition, adjusting for BMI and peripheral temperature (P = 0.0219). According to the survey results at midday (after 3.5 hours of exposure), 96% of the participants in the warm condition reported being comfortable (n = 24) compared with 32% in the control condition (n = 8). More participants reported being as productive or more productive than usual in the warm condition (n = 22, 88%) than in the control condition (n = 12, 48%). CONCLUSIONS This line of research is worthy of further exploration. Untightening climate control toward warmer conditions during summer to increase comfort and productivity while decreasing caloric intake may prove both effective and comfortable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly B. Richardson
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Biostatistics, UAB, Birmingham, AL
| | - Julia M. Gohlke
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - David B. Allison
- Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN
- Corresponding Author Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, 1025 E 7th St, PH 111, Bloomington, IN 47405, (812) 855-1250,
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Ahuja JKC, Li Y, Nickle MS, Haytowitz DB, Roseland J, Nguyen Q, Khan M, Wu X, Somanchi M, Williams J, Pehrsson PR, Cogswell M. Comparison of Label and Laboratory Sodium Values in Popular Sodium-Contributing Foods in the United States. J Acad Nutr Diet 2018; 119:293-300.e17. [PMID: 30446429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2018.08.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition labels are important tools for consumers and for supporting public health strategies. Recent, published comparison of label and laboratory sodium values for US foods, and differences by brand type (national or private-label) or source (store or restaurant [fast-food and sit-down]) is unavailable. OBJECTIVE The objective was to compare label and laboratory values for sodium and related nutrients (ie, total sugars, total fat, and saturated fat) in popular, sodium-contributing foods, and examine whether there are differences by brand type, and source. DESIGN During 2010 to 2014, the Nutrient Data Laboratory of the US Department of Agriculture collected 3,432 samples nationwide of 125 foods, combined one or more samples of the same food (henceforth referred to as composites), and chemically analyzed them. For this comparative post hoc analysis, the Nutrient Data Laboratory linked laboratory values for 1,390 composites (consisting of one or more samples of the same food) of 114 foods to corresponding label or website (restaurant) nutrient values. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Label and laboratory values and their ratio for each composite, for each of the four nutrients (sodium, total fat, total sugars, and saturated fat). STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Nutrient Data Laboratory analysis determined the ratio of laboratory to label value for each composite, and categorized them into six groups: ≥141%, 121% to 140%, 101% to 120%, 81% to 100%, 61% to 80%, and ≤60%. For sodium, the Nutrient Data Laboratory analysis determined the distribution of the ratios by food, food category, brand type, and source. RESULTS For sodium, 5% of the composites had ratios of laboratory to label values >120% and 14% had ratios ≤80%. Twenty-two percent of private-label brand composites had ratios ≤80%, compared with 12% of national brands. Only 3% of store composites had ratios >120% compared with 11% of restaurant composites. Ratios ≤80% were more prevalent among sit-down restaurants (37%) compared with fast-food restaurants (9%). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that a majority of label and laboratory values sampled agree and underdeclaration of label values is limited. However, there is some disagreement. Periodic monitoring of the nutrient content of foods through laboratory analyses establishes validity of the food labels and helps identify foods and food categories where the label and laboratory values do not compare well, and hence may need laboratory analyses to support accuracy of food composition data.
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17
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Conceptual understanding and quantity inferences: a new framework for examining consumer understanding of food energy. Public Health Nutr 2018; 21:3168-3177. [PMID: 30132428 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018002021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study examined two components of consumer understanding of food energy information: understanding the concept of energy and its quantity. Using this new framework, we investigated whether activity-equivalent labels facilitated interpretations of food energy compared with calorie labels and whether an image format would strengthen this facilitative effect compared with text. DESIGN We assessed the effect of energy representation and format in a 2 (activity v. calories)×2 (image v. text) between-subjects design. Conceptual understanding of energy was measured in terms of level of understanding and personal engagement. Quantitative understanding was measured in terms of participants' estimations of a food's contribution to their recommended daily intake and perceptions of energy values as precise or single-bound interval estimates. SETTING The experiment was conducted online through Qualtrics. SUBJECTS Eight hundred and twelve participants (55 % female, age range 18-74 years) were recruited through a national survey panel in the UK. RESULTS Participants were twice more likely to have a stronger conceptual understanding of energy and four times more likely to personally engage with activity labels v. calorie labels. Participants did not differ across labels in their estimations of energy quantities; however, they inferred quantities to mean exactly the stated number of calories, but at least the stated activity duration. There were no added benefits in presenting an image over the text format. CONCLUSIONS Activity labels can facilitate conceptual understanding of energy, but may be subject to quantitative misinterpretations. Nutrition communication should consider what people infer from quantities represented on labels.
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Poti JM, Yoon E, Hollingsworth B, Ostrowski J, Wandell J, Miles DR, Popkin BM. Development of a food composition database to monitor changes in packaged foods and beverages. J Food Compost Anal 2017; 64:18-26. [PMID: 29230079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In order to monitor nutritional changes in the US food supply and assess potential impact on individual dietary intake, an approach was developed to enhance existing standard food composition tables with time-varying product- and brand-specific information for barcoded packaged foods. A "Crosswalk" was formed between barcoded products and USDA foodcodes in a time-specific manner, such that sales-weighted average nutritional profiles were generated for each foodcode based on corresponding products (275,000 to 350,000 per 2-year cycle). This Crosswalk-enhanced food composition table was applied to dietary intake data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (cycles 2007-2008, 2009-2010, and 2011-2012). Total energy density of foods consumed by Americans from stores/vending was stable over time and differed by <5 kcal/100g using the Crosswalk-enhanced vs standard database. However, changes in the energy density of food groups were found utilizing the Crosswalk that were not detected using the standard database. Likewise, significant declines in energy intake from beverages among children (288±7.3 to 258±6.8 kcal/d) were found using the Crosswalk-enhanced database but were non-significant using the standard database. The Crosswalk approach can potentially augment national nutrition surveys by utilizing commercial food purchase and nutrient databases to capture changes in the nutrient content of packaged foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Poti
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #8120, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Emily Yoon
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #8120, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | | | - Jessica Ostrowski
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #8120, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Julie Wandell
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #8120, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Donna R Miles
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #8120, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Barry M Popkin
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #8120, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
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Color-Coded Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labels-An Option for US Packaged Foods? Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9050480. [PMID: 28489037 PMCID: PMC5452210 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of a standardized front-of-pack-labelling (FoPL) scheme would likely be a useful tool for many consumers trying to improve the healthfulness of their diets. Our objective was to examine what the traffic light labelling scheme would look like if implemented in the US. Data were extracted from Label Insight’s Open Access branded food database in 2017. Nutrient levels and the proportion of products classified as “Red” (High), “Amber” (Medium) or “Green” (Low) in total fat, saturated fat, total sugar and sodium for food and beverage items were examined. The proportion of products in each category that had each possible combination of traffic light colors, and met the aggregate score for “healthy” was examined. Out of 175,198 products, >50% of all US packaged foods received a “Red” rating for total sugar and sodium. “Confectionery” had the highest mean total sugar (51.9 g/100 g) and “Meat and meat alternatives” the highest mean sodium (781 mg/100 g). The most common traffic light label combination was “Red” for total fat, saturated fat and sodium and “Green” for sugar. Only 30.1% of products were considered “healthy”. A wide variety (n = 80) of traffic light color combinations were observed. A color coded traffic light scheme appears to be an option for implementation across the US packaged food supply to support consumers in making healthier food choices.
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Coates JC, Colaiezzi BA, Bell W, Charrondiere UR, Leclercq C. Overcoming Dietary Assessment Challenges in Low-Income Countries: Technological Solutions Proposed by the International Dietary Data Expansion (INDDEX) Project. Nutrients 2017; 9:E289. [PMID: 28300759 PMCID: PMC5372952 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of low-income countries (LICs) exhibit high rates of malnutrition coincident with rising rates of overweight and obesity. Individual-level dietary data are needed to inform effective responses, yet dietary data from large-scale surveys conducted in LICs remain extremely limited. This discussion paper first seeks to highlight the barriers to collection and use of individual-level dietary data in LICs. Second, it introduces readers to new technological developments and research initiatives to remedy this situation, led by the International Dietary Data Expansion (INDDEX) Project. Constraints to conducting large-scale dietary assessments include significant costs, time burden, technical complexity, and limited investment in dietary research infrastructure, including the necessary tools and databases required to collect individual-level dietary data in large surveys. To address existing bottlenecks, the INDDEX Project is developing a dietary assessment platform for LICs, called INDDEX24, consisting of a mobile application integrated with a web database application, which is expected to facilitate seamless data collection and processing. These tools will be subject to rigorous testing including feasibility, validation, and cost studies. To scale up dietary data collection and use in LICs, the INDDEX Project will also invest in food composition databases, an individual-level dietary data dissemination platform, and capacity development activities. Although the INDDEX Project activities are expected to improve the ability of researchers and policymakers in low-income countries to collect, process, and use dietary data, the global nutrition community is urged to commit further significant investments in order to adequately address the range and scope of challenges described in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Coates
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Brooke A Colaiezzi
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Winnie Bell
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | | | - Catherine Leclercq
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Roma 00153, Italy.
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Huang L, Neal B, Dunford E, Ma G, Wu JH, Crino M, Trevena H. Completeness of nutrient declarations and the average nutritional composition of pre-packaged foods in Beijing, China. Prev Med Rep 2016; 4:397-403. [PMID: 27570732 PMCID: PMC4992038 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing consumption of pre-packaged foods is likely an important driver of diet-related diseases in China. From January 2013 it became mandatory to provide a standardised nutrient declaration on pre-packaged foods in China. We collected data on pre-packaged foods from large chain supermarkets in Beijing in 2013, examined the completeness of the nutrient declaration of core required nutrients and summarised the average nutritional composition of 14 different major food groups. We also illustrated the potential use of the data by comparing sodium levels. Photos of 14,279 pre-packaged foods were collected from 16 chain supermarkets in Beijing. Data for 11,489 products were included in the evaluation of nutrient declarations and data for 10,048 in the summary analysis of average nutritional composition. Compliant nutrient declarations were displayed by 87% of products with 88% of foods displaying data for each of energy, protein, total fat, carbohydrate and sodium. Nutrients not required by the Chinese regulation were infrequently reported: saturated fat (12%), trans fat (17%) and sugars (11%). Mean sodium levels were higher in Chinese products compared to UK products for 8 of 11 major food categories, often markedly so (e.g. 1417 mg/100 g vs. 304 mg/100 g for convenience foods). There has been substantial uptake of the recently introduced Chinese nutrition labelling regulation which should help consumers to choose healthier foods. As the comparison against corresponding data about sodium from the United Kingdom shows, the nutrient data can also be used to identify broader opportunities for improvement of the food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Huang
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Centre, B1801, Horizon Tower, No. 6 Zhichun Rd, Haidian, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Bruce Neal
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, PO Box M201 Missenden Rd Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Dunford
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, PO Box M201 Missenden Rd Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Guansheng Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygien, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jason H.Y. Wu
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, PO Box M201 Missenden Rd Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Michelle Crino
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, PO Box M201 Missenden Rd Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Helen Trevena
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, PO Box M201 Missenden Rd Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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Aggarwal D, Sabikhi L, Sathish Kumar M. Formulation of reduced-calorie biscuits using artificial sweeteners and fat replacer with dairy–multigrain approach. NFS JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bernhard MC, Li P, Allison DB, Gohlke JM. Warm Ambient Temperature Decreases Food Intake in a Simulated Office Setting: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Nutr 2015; 2:20. [PMID: 26322311 PMCID: PMC4500895 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2015.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesized that exposure to temperatures above the thermoneutral zone (TNZ) would decrease food intake in young adults in a sedentary office environment over a 2-h period. METHODS Participants wearing standardized clothing were randomized to perform routine office work in the TNZ, considered control (19-20°C), or above the TNZ considered warmer (26-27°C) using a parallel-group design (n = 11 and 9, respectively). Thermal images of the inner canthus of their eye and middle finger nail bed, representing proxies of core and peripheral temperatures, respectively, were taken at baseline, first, and second hour during this lunchtime study. Heat dissipation was estimated using peripheral temperature. General linear models were built to examine the effects of thermal treatment on caloric intake and potential mediation by heat dissipation. Researchers conducted the trial registered as NCT02386891 at Clinicaltrials.gov during April to May 2014. RESULTS During the 2-h stay in different ambient temperatures, the participants in the control conditions ate 99.5 kcal more than those in the warmer conditions; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Female participants ate about 350 kcal less than the male participants (p = 0.024) in both groups and there was no significant association between caloric intake and participant's body mass index (BMI). After controlling for thermal treatment, gender and BMI, the participant's peripheral temperature was significantly associated with caloric intake (p = 0.002), suggesting a mediating effect. Specifically, for every 1°C increase in peripheral temperature suggesting increased heat dissipation, participants ate 85.9 kcal less food. CONCLUSION This pilot study provided preliminary evidence of effects of thermal environment on food intake. It suggests that decreased food intake in the experimental (warmer) environment is potentially mediated through thermoregulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly C. Bernhard
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Office of Energetics and Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Office of Energetics and Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David B. Allison
- Office of Energetics and Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Julia M. Gohlke
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Office of Energetics and Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Wilson PB, Rhodes GS, Ingraham SJ. Saccharide Composition of Carbohydrates Consumed during an Ultra-endurance Triathlon. J Am Coll Nutr 2015; 34:497-506. [PMID: 25941980 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2014.996830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ingesting a mix of glucose and fructose during exercise increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation while minimizing gastrointestinal (GI) distress. Several studies have suggested that a glucose-to-fructose ratio of 1.2:1 to 1:1 is optimal. No studies have quantified saccharides consumed during a nonsimulated endurance event. The aim of this investigation was to quantify saccharide sources used during an ultra-endurance triathlon and provide a resource for athletes desiring to manipulate the saccharide content of carbohydrate consumed during training and competition. METHODS Participant self-report and direct measurement were used to assess foods and beverages consumed during an ultra-endurance (70.3-mile) triathlon. Manufacturer-supplied information, high-performance liquid chromatography, and the US Department of Agriculture Food Database were used to quantify saccharide profiles of foods and beverages. Participants reported GI distress during the run on a 0-10 scale. A subanalysis examined associations between saccharides and GI distress among participants consuming ≥ 50 g·h(-1) of carbohydrate during the swim and cycle. RESULTS Fifty-four participants (43 men) used 80 foods and beverages with a unique saccharide profile. Of total carbohydrate, median proportions as glucose, fructose, and sucrose were 64%, 5%, and 10%, and only 7 foods (8.8%) had a glucose-to-fructose ratio of 1.2:1 to 1:1. The median glucose-to-fructose ratio of carbohydrate ingested was 2.9:1 (2.2:1-5.3:1). Twenty participants consumed ≥ 50 g·h(-1) of carbohydrate during the swim and cycle, and significant correlations with incident GI distress at mile 1 of the run were found for glucose (r = 0.480, p = 0.032) and fructose (r = -0.454, p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS The majority of foods and beverages consumed during an ultra-endurance triathlon did not contain an optimal saccharide profile. Furthermore, glucose intake was associated with greater GI distress among participants consuming a high rate of carbohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Wilson
- a School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota.,b Nebraska Athletic Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska
| | - Gregory S Rhodes
- a School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota
| | - Stacy J Ingraham
- a School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota
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Weise CM, Hohenadel MG, Krakoff J, Votruba SB. Body composition and energy expenditure predict ad-libitum food and macronutrient intake in humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38:243-51. [PMID: 23736368 PMCID: PMC3909024 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is the result of chronic positive energy balance. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of energy homeostasis and food intake are not understood. Despite large increases in fat mass (FM), recent evidence indicates that fat-free mass (FFM) rather than FM is positively associated with intake in humans. METHODS In 184 humans (73 females/111 males; age 34.5±8.8 years; percentage body fat: 31.6±8.1%), we investigated the relationship of FFM index (FFMI, kg m(-2)), FM index (FMI, kg m(-2)); and 24-h energy expenditure (EE, n=127) with ad-libitum food intake using a 3-day vending machine paradigm. Mean daily calories (CAL) and macronutrient intake (PRO, CHO, FAT) were determined and used to calculate the relative caloric contribution of each (%PRO, %CHO, %FAT) and percent of caloric intake over weight maintaining energy needs (%WMENs). RESULTS FFMI was positively associated with CAL (P<0.0001), PRO (P=0.0001), CHO (P=0.0075) and FAT (P<0.0001). This remained significant after adjusting for FMI. Total EE predicted CAL and macronutrient intake (all P<0.0001). FMI was positively associated with CAL (P=0.019), PRO (P=0.025) and FAT (P=0.0008). In models with both FFMI and FMI, FMI was negatively associated with CAL (P=0.019) and PRO (P=0.033). Both FFMI and FMI were negatively associated with %CHO and positively associated with %FAT (all P<0.001). EE and FFMI (adjusted for FMI) were positively (EE P=0.0085; FFMI P=0.0018) and FMI negatively (P=0.0018; adjusted for FFMI) associated with %WMEN. CONCLUSION Food and macronutrient intake are predicted by FFMI and to a lesser degree by FMI. FFM and FM may have opposing effects on energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Weise
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, NIDDK-NIH, DHHS, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, NIDDK-NIH, DHHS, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Susanne B Votruba
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, NIDDK-NIH, DHHS, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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