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Beeken M, Lindenmeyer MT, Blattner SM, Radón V, Oh J, Meyer TN, Hildebrand D, Schlüter H, Reinicke AT, Knop JH, Vivekanandan-Giri A, Münster S, Sachs M, Wiech T, Pennathur S, Cohen CD, Kretzler M, Stahl RAK, Meyer-Schwesinger C. Alterations in the ubiquitin proteasome system in persistent but not reversible proteinuric diseases. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2511-25. [PMID: 24722446 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013050522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are the key cells affected in nephrotic glomerular kidney diseases, and they respond uniformly to injury with cytoskeletal rearrangement. In nephrotic diseases, such as membranous nephropathy and FSGS, persistent injury often leads to irreversible structural damage, whereas in minimal change disease, structural alterations are mostly transient. The factors leading to persistent podocyte injury are currently unknown. Proteolysis is an irreversible process and could trigger persistent podocyte injury through degradation of podocyte-specific proteins. We, therefore, analyzed the expression and functional consequence of the two most prominent proteolytic systems, the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and the autophagosomal/lysosomal system, in persistent and transient podocyte injuries. We show that differential upregulation of both proteolytic systems occurs in persistent human and rodent podocyte injury. The expression of specific UPS proteins in podocytes differentiated children with minimal change disease from children with FSGS and correlated with poor clinical outcome. Degradation of the podocyte-specific protein α-actinin-4 by the UPS depended on oxidative modification in membranous nephropathy. Notably, the UPS was overwhelmed in podocytes during experimental glomerular disease, resulting in abnormal protein accumulation and compensatory upregulation of the autophagosomal/lysosomal system. Accordingly, inhibition of both proteolytic systems enhanced proteinuria in persistent nephrotic disease. This study identifies altered proteolysis as a feature of persistent podocyte injury. In the future, specific UPS proteins may serve as new biomarkers or therapeutic targets in persistent nephrotic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maja T Lindenmeyer
- Institute of Physiology and Division of Nephrology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone M Blattner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | | | | | - Tobias N Meyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, University Affiliated Asklepios Clinic Hamburg Barmbek, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Diana Hildebrand
- Clinical Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry and Proteome Analysis, and
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Clinical Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry and Proteome Analysis, and
| | | | | | - Anuradha Vivekanandan-Giri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | | | | | - Thorsten Wiech
- Pathology, Division of Renal Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Clemens D Cohen
- Institute of Physiology and Division of Nephrology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
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Ardiles L, Cardenas A, Burgos ME, Droguett A, Ehrenfeld P, Carpio D, Mezzano S, Figueroa CD. Antihypertensive and renoprotective effect of the kinin pathway activated by potassium in a model of salt sensitivity following overload proteinuria. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F1399-410. [PMID: 23552867 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00604.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The albumin overload model induces proteinuria and tubulointersitial damage, followed by hypertension when rats are exposed to a hypersodic diet. To understand the effect of kinin system stimulation on salt-sensitive hypertension and to explore its potential renoprotective effects, the model was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats that had previously received a high-potassium diet to enhance activity of the kinin pathway, followed with/without administration of icatibant to block the kinin B₂ receptor (B₂R). A disease control group received albumin but not potassium or icatibant, and all groups were exposed to a hypersodic diet to induce salt-sensitive hypertension. Potassium treatment increased the synthesis and excretion of tissue kallikrein (Klk1/rKLK1) accompanied by a significant reduction in blood pressure and renal fibrosis and with downregulation of renal transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) mRNA and protein compared with rats that did not receive potassium. Participation of the B₂R was evidenced by the fact that all beneficial effects were lost in the presence of the B₂R antagonist. In vitro experiments using the HK-2 proximal tubule cell line showed that treatment of tubular cells with 10 nM bradykinin reduced the epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation and albumin-induced production of TGF-β, and the effects produced by bradykinin were prevented by pretreatment with the B₂R antagonist. These experiments support not only the pathogenic role of the kinin pathway in salt sensitivity but also sustain its role as a renoprotective, antifibrotic paracrine system that modulates renal levels of TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopoldo Ardiles
- Department of Nephrology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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Nejat M, Hill JV, Pickering JW, Edelstein CL, Devarajan P, Endre ZH. Albuminuria increases cystatin C excretion: implications for urinary biomarkers. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 27 Suppl 3:iii96-103. [PMID: 21551085 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-molecular weight (LMW) proteins, including albumin and novel urinary biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI) such as cystatin C and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), are normally absorbed from the glomerular filtrate by receptor-mediated transport. We evaluated the effect of albuminuria on urinary excretion of novel biomarkers. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats given four injections over 2 days of 5 mg/g body wt/day bovine serum albumin (BSA) in saline were compared with controls given saline alone. Urinary cystatin C, albumin and protein excretion rates were compared prior to treatment (Day -1), after treatment (Day 2) and 4 days later (Day 6). A preliminary assessment of the clinical effect of proteinuria on the filtered urinary biomarkers cystatin C and NGAL was made by comparison with the effect on urinary interleukin-18 (IL-18) that is not absorbed from the glomerular filtrate, in a cohort of intensive care unit patients. RESULTS BSA induced transient increases in albuminuria, proteinuria and cystatinuria (P < 0.01, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Beyond a threshold 6-fold increase in albuminuria, cystatin C absorption was reduced by competitive inhibition. The excretion rates of all analytes returned to preinjection levels by Day 6. Clinical proteinuria was associated with increasing cystatin C and NGAL concentrations (n = 90, P < 0.0001) but not IL-18 (P = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS Proteinuria may increase the threshold for detection of AKI by increasing the excretion of LMW protein biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nejat
- Christchurch Kidney Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Yoshida S, Nagase M, Shibata S, Fujita T. Podocyte Injury Induced by Albumin Overload in vivo and in vitro: Involvement of TGF-Beta and p38 MAPK. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 108:e57-68. [DOI: 10.1159/000124236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ardiles LG, Loyola F, Ehrenfeld P, Burgos ME, Flores CA, Valderrama G, Caorsi I, Egido J, Mezzano SA, Figueroa CD. Modulation of renal kallikrein by a high potassium diet in rats with intense proteinuria. Kidney Int 2006; 69:53-9. [PMID: 16374423 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Injury of the renal tubulointerstitial compartment is recognized to play an important role in hypertension. Its damage may in turn, impair the activity of vasodepressor systems, like the kallikrein-kinin, in blood pressure regulation. The overload proteinuria model induces tubulointerstitial injury with activation of the renin-angiotensin system, but renal kallikrein and the development of hypertension have not received special attention. Sprague-Dawley rats received seven intraperitoneal doses of bovine serum albumin (BSA) 2 g/day under normosodic diet and were hydrated ad libitum. A second group received a high potassium diet to stimulate kallikrein production during the previous four weeks and while under BSA administration. A third one received potassium and BSA in the same schedule, but with the kinin B2 receptor antagonist, HOE140, added during the protein load phase. A control group received seven saline injections. Kallikrein protein was detected by immune labeling on renal sections and enzymatic activity in the urine. The BSA group showed massive proteinuria followed by intense tubulointerstitial damage. Blood pressure increased after the third dose in BSA animals, remaining elevated throughout the experiment, associated with significant reductions in renal expression and urinary activity of kallikrein, compared with controls. An inverse correlation was found between blood pressure and immunohistochemistry and urinary activity of kallikrein. Potassium induced a significant increase in both urinary activity and renal kallikrein expression, associated with significant reduction in blood pressure. The HOE140 antagonist blunted the antihypertensive effect of kallikrein stimulation in proteinuric rats. Loss of renal kallikrein, produced by tubulointerstitial injury, may participate in the pathogenesis of the hypertension observed in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Ardiles
- Department of Nephrology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdiva, Chile.
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Abbate M, Zoja C, Morigi M, Rottoli D, Angioletti S, Tomasoni S, Zanchi C, Longaretti L, Donadelli R, Remuzzi G. Transforming growth factor-beta1 is up-regulated by podocytes in response to excess intraglomerular passage of proteins: a central pathway in progressive glomerulosclerosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 161:2179-93. [PMID: 12466133 PMCID: PMC1850904 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diseases of the kidney have a progressive course toward organ failure. Common pathway mechanisms of progressive injury, irrespectively of the etiology of the underlying diseases, include glomerular capillary hypertension and enhanced passage of plasma proteins across the glomerular capillary barrier because of impaired permselective function. These changes are associated with podocyte injury and glomerular sclerosis. Direct evidence for causal roles is lacking, particularly for the link between intraglomerular protein deposition and sclerosing reaction. Because transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) is the putative central mediator of scarring, we hypothesized that TGF-beta1 can be up-regulated by protein overload of podocytes thereby contributing to sclerosis. In rats with renal mass reduction, protein accumulation in podocytes as a consequence of enhanced transcapillary passage preceded podocyte dedifferentiation and injury, increase in TGF-beta1 expression in podocytes, and TGF-beta1-dependent activation of mesangial cells. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor prevented both accumulation of plasma proteins and TGF-beta1 overexpression in podocytes and sclerosis. Albumin load on podocytes in vitro caused loss of the synaptopodin differentiation marker and enhanced TGF-beta1 mRNA and protein. Conditioned medium of albumin-stimulated podocytes induced a sclerosing phenotype in mesangial cells, an effect mimicked by TGF-beta1 and blocked by anti-TGF-beta1 antibodies. Thus, the passage of excess plasma proteins across the glomerular capillary wall is the trigger of podocyte dysfunction and of a TGF-beta1-mediated mechanism underlying sclerosis. Agents to reduce TGF-beta1, possibly combined with angiotensin blockade, should have priority in novel approaches to treatment of progressive nephropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Abbate
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Via Gavazzeni 11, 24125 Bergamo, Italy.
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Ebrahim H, Evans DJ. Antibody induced injury to podocytes with proteinuria and foot process swelling in a transgenic (T16) mouse. Int J Exp Pathol 1999; 80:77-86. [PMID: 10469262 PMCID: PMC2517763 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2613.1999.00098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T16 mice contain a human 3' untranslated sequence of the Thy 1.1 gene. Unlike normal mice they express Thy 1.1 protein on the podocytes which was immuno-localized to podocyte apical and basal plasma membranes and filtration slit. When monoclonal anti-Thy 1.1 antibody (OX7) was injected in nonproteinuric heterozygous mice there was rapid podocyte foot process swelling and proteinuria. Immunofluorescence showed granular glomerular OX7 binding at one hour. Progressive loss of pedicels occurred with 17.9 +/- 2.5, 14.4 +/- 1.1 and 10.5 +/- 3.5 per 10 nm glomerular basement membrane (GBM) remaining 1, 6 and 24 hours, respectively, after 1 mg OX7, vs 32.2 +/- 2.0 in T16 mice given saline. Twenty-four hour proteinuria was OX7 dose-dependent, peaked at 1-3 days and reduced to near basal levels 9-11 days thereafter. Proteinuria was nonselective except at very low doses (0.1 mg OX7) where microalbuminuria was seen. F(ab')2 OX7 administration also caused proteinuria in T16 mice. One milligram F(ab')1 OX7 caused diffuse foot process swelling without manifest proteinuria in T16 mice. Anti-Thy 1.1 IgM monoclonal antibody did not produce the effects of OX7 in T16 mice. Foot process swelling was not modified by histamine or 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists. OX7 did not cause complement activation or leucocyte infiltration, hence glomerular injury appeared to be mediated directly by the antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ebrahim
- Department of Histopathology, Imperial College School of Medicine at St. Mary's, London, UK
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Remuzzi G, Bertani T. Is glomerulosclerosis a consequence of altered glomerular permeability to macromolecules? Kidney Int 1990; 38:384-94. [PMID: 2232481 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1990.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Howie AJ, Kizaki T, Beaman M, Morland CM, Birtwistle RJ, Adu D, Michael J, Williams AJ, Walls J, Matsuyama M. Different types of segmental sclerosing glomerular lesions in six experimental models of proteinuria. J Pathol 1989; 157:141-51. [PMID: 2921674 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711570209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
From 133 to 615 glomeruli were examined in sections of kidneys from each of 60 animals, representing six rodent models of proteinuria. Particular attention was paid to the position of segmental lesions. Lewis rats given sheep anti-rat glomerular basement membrane antibodies had lesions almost exclusively at the glomerulo-tubular junction. Wistar rats on a diet of 24 per cent casein or with subtotal nephrectomy and a diet of 24 per cent soya had lesions mainly at the hilum. Wistar rats given bovine serum albumin had global lesions but virtually no segmental lesions. Wistar rats given puromycin aminonucleoside had lesions at the glomerulo-tubular junction and global mesangial abnormalities shortly after the treatment but later developed segmental lesions at all parts of the glomerulus. Untreated BUF/Mna rats had lesions at the glomerulo-tubular junction early in life but later had lesions at all parts of the glomerulus. Untreated NZB/NZW hybrid mice had various types of glomerulonephritis and also had lesions at the glomerulo-tubular junction. These findings showed that (1) segmental lesions at the glomerulo-tubular junction, or glomerular tip, occur in experimental animals, a fact not previously reported, and these tip changes are a common feature in several different models of proteinuria; (2) hilar segmental lesions are seen in conditions with hyperfiltration of protein; and (3) segmental lesions at various parts of the glomerulus are seen in some models of proteinuria and probably indicate late effects of random toxic damage to the glomerulus. Thus, there are at least three different types of segmental glomerular lesions in experimental animals--tip, hilar, and random--with different morphology and pathogenesis. It is likely that these findings can be extended to human renal diseases with segmental glomerular lesions. This will help to clarify the controversial and unsatisfactory term focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Howie
- Department of Pathology, University of Birmingham, Medical School, U.K
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Bliss DJ, Brewer DB. Ultrastructural localization of anionic and cationic ferritin in the rat glomerular basement membrane in protein-overload proteinuria. J Pathol 1984; 143:57-68. [PMID: 6737116 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711430109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The penetration into the glomerular basement membrane of anionic and cationic ferritin has been studied in rats made proteinuric by intraperitoneal administration of bovine serum albumin. In comparison with control animals anionic ferritin penetrated the glomerular basement membrane to a much greater extent in proteinuric rats. Some ferritin particles were observed in small invaginations of the epithelial cell membrane adjacent to the glomerular basement membrane and incorporated in pinocytotic vesicles within the epithelial cell cytoplasm. This was not seen in control animals. Cationic ferritin distribution in the glomerular basement membrane was similar in control and proteinuric rats suggesting that the increased anionic ferritin penetration observed occurs without any reduction in fixed anionic charge.
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Nash MA, Bakare MA, D'Agati V, Pirani CL. Late development of chronic renal failure in steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome. J Pediatr 1982; 101:411-4. [PMID: 7108663 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(82)80072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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12
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Rollason TP, Brewer DB. A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of glomerular damage in the rat following heterologous serum albumin overload. J Pathol 1981; 134:39-56. [PMID: 7288527 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711340106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Female Wistar strain rats injected intraperitoneally with 1 g of BSA per day for 5 days, a total of 5 g of BSA, developed heavy proteinuria. Characteristic morphological abnormalities were seen by both TEM and SEM in the large majority of glomeruli from these animals and were similar overall, but not identical to, those seen in puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis. The heterologous protein overload model seems to present considerable opportunity for study of the basic mechanisms of glomerular visceral epithelial cell handling of protein.
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Ooi EC, Youson JH. Regression of the larval opisthonephros during metamorphosis of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1979; 154:57-79. [PMID: 216256 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001540105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The opisthonephric kidney of larval anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., undergoes a programmed regression during metamorphosis. Degeneration is initiated in the anterior end of each kidney and progresses posteriorly until the kidneys are reduced to short, pigmented strands by the end of metamorphosis. The first sign of degeneration in both the epithelium of the renal corpuscles and the tubules is a folding of the basal lamina. Autolysis then occurs throughout the entire epithelium of the nephron with the gradual accumulation of larger and greater numbers of acid phosphatase-containing autophagic vacuoles, cytosomes, and myelin figures. Cytoplasmic debris and electron-dense material accumulates in the tubular lumina and in the urinary space. Although no definitive evidence is provided for the method of removal of the tubular epithelium, macrophages play a large part in the phagocytosis of the components of the renal corpuscle. Mesangial cells appear to engulf debris from the capillaries while a second type of macrophage is involved in the destruction of podocytes and parietal epithelial cells. The method of programmed degeneration of the renal corpuscle closely resembles descriptions of the mammalian renal corpuscle in diseased conditions. The sole surviving element of the degeneration of the entire nephron epithelium is a pleated basal lamina. The regressing larval opisthonephros has potential as an alternative system for studying a normal developmental pattern such as tissue regression.
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