1
|
Yueh WT, Glass DJ, Johnson N. Brca1 Mouse Models: Functional Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168372. [PMID: 37979908 PMCID: PMC10882579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Brca1 mouse models were first reported in the mid-1990's shortly after cloning the human gene. Since then, many mouse models with a range of mutations have been generated, some mimic patient mutations, others are designed to probe specific protein domains and functions. In this review, we discuss early and recent studies using engineered Brca1 mouse alleles, and their implications for understanding Brca1 protein function in the context of DNA repair, tumorigenesis, and anti-cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Yueh
- Nuclear Dynamics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - David J Glass
- Nuclear Dynamics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Neil Johnson
- Nuclear Dynamics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tornillo G, Warrington L, Kendrick H, Higgins AT, Hay T, Beck S, Smalley MJ. Conditional in vivo deletion of LYN kinase has little effect on a BRCA1 loss-of-function-associated mammary tumour model. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050211. [PMID: 38149669 PMCID: PMC10846530 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
LYN kinase is expressed in BRCA1 loss-of-function-dependent mouse mammary tumours, in the cells of origin of such tumours, and in human breast cancer. Suppressing LYN kinase activity in BRCA1-defective cell lines as well as in in vitro cultures of Brca1-null mouse mammary tumours is deleterious to their growth. Here, we examined the interaction between LYN kinase and BRCA1 loss-of-function in an in vivo mouse mammary tumour model, using conditional knockout Brca1 and Lyn alleles. Comparison of Brca1 tumour cohorts showed little difference in mammary tumour formation between animals that were wild type, heterozygous or homozygous for the conditional Lyn allele, although this was confounded by factors including incomplete Lyn recombination in some tumours. RNA-sequencing analysis demonstrated that tumours with high levels of Lyn gene expression had a slower doubling time, but this was not correlated with levels of LYN staining in tumour cells themselves. Rather, high Lyn expression and slower tumour growth were likely a result of B-cell infiltration. The multifaceted role of LYN indicates that it is likely to present difficulties as a therapeutic target in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Tornillo
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Lauren Warrington
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Howard Kendrick
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Adam T. Higgins
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Trevor Hay
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Sam Beck
- Independent Anatomic Pathology Ltd, Calyx House, South Road, Taunton TA1 3DU, UK
| | - Matthew J. Smalley
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thacker G, Henry S, Nandi A, Debnath R, Singh S, Nayak A, Susnik B, Boone MM, Zhang Q, Kesmodel SB, Gumber S, Das GM, Kambayashi T, Dos Santos CO, Chakrabarti R. Immature natural killer cells promote progression of triple-negative breast cancer. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabl4414. [PMID: 36888695 PMCID: PMC10875969 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abl4414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that accumulate within the tumor microenvironment and are generally considered to be antitumorigenic. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and functional analysis of multiple triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and basal tumor samples, we observed a unique subcluster of Socs3highCD11b-CD27- immature NK cells that were present only in TNBC samples. These tumor-infiltrating NK cells expressed a reduced cytotoxic granzyme signature and, in mice, were responsible for activating cancer stem cells through Wnt signaling. NK cell-mediated activation of these cancer stem cells subsequently enhanced tumor progression in mice, whereas depletion of NK cells or Wnt ligand secretion from NK cells by LGK-974 decreased tumor progression. In addition, NK cell depletion or inhibition of their function improved anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody or chemotherapy response in mice with TNBC. Furthermore, tumor samples from patients with TNBC and non-TNBC revealed that increased numbers of CD56bright NK cells were present in TNBC tumors and were correlated to poor overall survival in patients with TNBC. Together, our findings identify a population of protumorigenic NK cells that may be exploited for both diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to improve outcomes for patients with TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gatha Thacker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Samantha Henry
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Ajeya Nandi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rahul Debnath
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Snahlata Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anupma Nayak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Barbara Susnik
- Department of Pathology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Melinda M Boone
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Susan B Kesmodel
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gokul M Das
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Camila O. Dos Santos
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Rumela Chakrabarti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mohamed GA, Mahmood S, Ognjenovic NB, Lee MK, Wilkins OM, Christensen BC, Muller KE, Pattabiraman DR. Lineage plasticity enables low-ER luminal tumors to evolve and gain basal-like traits. Breast Cancer Res 2023; 25:23. [PMID: 36859337 PMCID: PMC9979432 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-023-01621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Stratifying breast cancer into specific molecular or histologic subtypes aids in therapeutic decision-making and predicting outcomes; however, these subtypes may not be as distinct as previously thought. Patients with luminal-like, estrogen receptor (ER)-expressing tumors have better prognosis than patients with more aggressive, triple-negative or basal-like tumors. There is, however, a subset of luminal-like tumors that express lower levels of ER, which exhibit more basal-like features. We have found that breast tumors expressing lower levels of ER, traditionally considered to be luminal-like, represent a distinct subset of breast cancer characterized by the emergence of basal-like features. Lineage tracing of low-ER tumors in the MMTV-PyMT mouse mammary tumor model revealed that basal marker-expressing cells arose from normal luminal epithelial cells, suggesting that luminal-to-basal plasticity is responsible for the evolution and emergence of basal-like characteristics. This plasticity allows tumor cells to gain a new lumino-basal phenotype, thus leading to intratumoral lumino-basal heterogeneity. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed SOX10 as a potential driver for this plasticity, which is known among breast tumors to be almost exclusively expressed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and was also found to be highly expressed in low-ER tumors. These findings suggest that basal-like tumors may result from the evolutionary progression of luminal tumors with low ER expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gadisti Aisha Mohamed
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Sundis Mahmood
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Nevena B Ognjenovic
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Min Kyung Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Owen M Wilkins
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Brock C Christensen
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Kristen E Muller
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
| | - Diwakar R Pattabiraman
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Biswas K, Mohammed A, Sharan SK, Shoemaker RH. Genetically engineered mouse models for hereditary cancer syndromes. Cancer Sci 2023; 114:1800-1815. [PMID: 36715493 PMCID: PMC10154891 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in molecular diagnostics have led to improved diagnosis and molecular understanding of hereditary cancers in the clinic. Improving the management, treatment, and potential prevention of cancers in carriers of predisposing mutations requires preclinical experimental models that reflect the key pathogenic features of the specific syndrome associated with the mutations. Numerous genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of hereditary cancer have been developed. In this review, we describe the models of Lynch syndrome and hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, the two most common hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes. We focus on Lynch syndrome models as illustrative of the potential for using mouse models to devise improved approaches to prevention of cancer in a high-risk population. GEM models are an invaluable tool for hereditary cancer models. Here, we review GEM models for some hereditary cancers and their potential use in cancer prevention studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Biswas
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Altaf Mohammed
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Shyam K Sharan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert H Shoemaker
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lopez-Perez G, Wijayatunge R, McCrum KB, Holmstrom SR, Mgbemena VE, Ross TS. BRCA1 and TP53 codeficiency causes a PARP inhibitor-sensitive erythroproliferative neoplasm. JCI Insight 2022; 7:158257. [PMID: 36346676 PMCID: PMC9869974 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the BRCA1 tumor suppressor gene, such as 5382insC (BRCA1insC), give carriers an increased risk for breast, ovarian, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. We have previously reported that, in mice, Brca1 deficiency in the hematopoietic system leads to pancytopenia and, as a result, early lethality. We explored the cellular consequences of Brca1-null and BRCA1insC alleles in combination with Trp53 deficiency in the murine hematopoietic system. We found that Brca1 and Trp53 codeficiency led to a highly penetrant erythroproliferative disorder that is characterized by hepatosplenomegaly and by expanded megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor (MEP) and immature erythroid blast populations. The expanded erythroid progenitor populations in both BM and spleen had the capacity to transmit the disease into secondary mouse recipients, suggesting that Brca1 and Trp53 codeficiency provides a murine model of hematopoietic neoplasia. This Brca1/Trp53 model replicated Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib sensitivity seen in existing Brca1/Trp53 breast cancer models and had the benefits of monitoring disease progression and drug responses via peripheral blood analyses without sacrificing experimental animals. In addition, this erythroid neoplasia developed much faster than murine breast cancer, allowing for increased efficiency of future preclinical studies.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhu Q, Wang J, Yu H, Hu Q, Bateman NW, Long M, Rosario S, Schultz E, Dalgard CL, Wilkerson MD, Sukumar G, Huang RY, Kaur J, Lele SB, Zsiros E, Villella J, Lugade A, Moysich K, Conrads TP, Maxwell GL, Odunsi K. Whole-Genome Sequencing Identifies PPARGC1A as a Putative Modifier of Cancer Risk in BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2350. [PMID: 35625955 PMCID: PMC9139302 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are known to confer the largest risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer, the incomplete penetrance of the mutations and the substantial variability in age at cancer onset among carriers suggest additional factors modifying the risk of cancer in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. To identify genetic modifiers of BRCA1/2, we carried out a whole-genome sequencing study of 66 ovarian cancer patients that were enriched with BRCA carriers, followed by validation using data from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium. We found PPARGC1A, a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and function, to be highly mutated in BRCA carriers, and patients with both PPARGC1A and BRCA1/2 mutations were diagnosed with breast or ovarian cancer at significantly younger ages, while the mutation status of each gene alone did not significantly associate with age of onset. Our study suggests PPARGC1A as a possible BRCA modifier gene. Upon further validation, this finding can help improve cancer risk prediction and provide personalized preventive care for BRCA carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (J.W.); (H.Y.); (Q.H.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (E.S.)
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (J.W.); (H.Y.); (Q.H.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (E.S.)
| | - Han Yu
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (J.W.); (H.Y.); (Q.H.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (E.S.)
| | - Qiang Hu
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (J.W.); (H.Y.); (Q.H.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (E.S.)
| | - Nicholas W. Bateman
- Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA; (N.W.B.); (T.P.C.); (G.L.M.)
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., 6720A Rockledge Dr., Suite 100, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA;
| | - Mark Long
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (J.W.); (H.Y.); (Q.H.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (E.S.)
| | - Spencer Rosario
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (J.W.); (H.Y.); (Q.H.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (E.S.)
| | - Emily Schultz
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (J.W.); (H.Y.); (Q.H.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (E.S.)
| | - Clifton L. Dalgard
- The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (C.L.D.); (M.D.W.)
- Department of Anatomy Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Matthew D. Wilkerson
- The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (C.L.D.); (M.D.W.)
- Department of Anatomy Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Gauthaman Sukumar
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., 6720A Rockledge Dr., Suite 100, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA;
- Department of Anatomy Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Ruea-Yea Huang
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (R.-Y.H.); (A.L.)
| | - Jasmine Kaur
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (J.K.); (S.B.L.); (E.Z.)
| | - Shashikant B. Lele
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (J.K.); (S.B.L.); (E.Z.)
| | - Emese Zsiros
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (J.K.); (S.B.L.); (E.Z.)
| | - Jeannine Villella
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Lenox Hill Hospital/Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY 11549, USA;
| | - Amit Lugade
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (R.-Y.H.); (A.L.)
| | - Kirsten Moysich
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA;
| | - Thomas P. Conrads
- Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA; (N.W.B.); (T.P.C.); (G.L.M.)
- Women’s Health Integrated Research Center, Women’s Service Line, Inova Health System, 3289 Woodburn Rd, Annandale, VA 22003, USA
| | - George L. Maxwell
- Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA; (N.W.B.); (T.P.C.); (G.L.M.)
- Women’s Health Integrated Research Center, Women’s Service Line, Inova Health System, 3289 Woodburn Rd, Annandale, VA 22003, USA
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (R.-Y.H.); (A.L.)
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (J.K.); (S.B.L.); (E.Z.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Modification of BRCA1-associated breast cancer risk by HMMR overexpression. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1895. [PMID: 35393420 PMCID: PMC8989921 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer risk for carriers of BRCA1 pathological variants is modified by genetic factors. Genetic variation in HMMR may contribute to this effect. However, the impact of risk modifiers on cancer biology remains undetermined and the biological basis of increased risk is poorly understood. Here, we depict an interplay of molecular, cellular, and tissue microenvironment alterations that increase BRCA1-associated breast cancer risk. Analysis of genome-wide association results suggests that diverse biological processes, including links to BRCA1-HMMR profiles, influence risk. HMMR overexpression in mouse mammary epithelium increases Brca1-mutant tumorigenesis by modulating the cancer cell phenotype and tumor microenvironment. Elevated HMMR activates AURKA and reduces ARPC2 localization in the mitotic cell cortex, which is correlated with micronucleation and activation of cGAS-STING and non-canonical NF-κB signaling. The initial tumorigenic events are genomic instability, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and tissue infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages. The findings reveal a biological foundation for increased risk of BRCA1-associated breast cancer.
Collapse
|
9
|
Goh PK, Wiede F, Zeissig MN, Britt KL, Liang S, Molloy T, Goode N, Xu R, Loi S, Muller M, Humbert PO, McLean C, Tiganis T. PTPN2 elicits cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous effects on antitumor immunity in triple-negative breast cancer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk3338. [PMID: 35196085 PMCID: PMC8865802 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk3338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The tumor-suppressor PTPN2 is diminished in a subset of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs). Paradoxically, PTPN2-deficiency in tumors or T cells in mice can facilitate T cell recruitment and/or activation to promote antitumor immunity. Here, we explored the therapeutic potential of targeting PTPN2 in tumor cells and T cells. PTPN2-deficiency in TNBC associated with T cell infiltrates and PD-L1 expression, whereas low PTPN2 associated with improved survival. PTPN2 deletion in murine mammary epithelial cells TNBC models, did not promote tumorigenicity but increased STAT-1-dependent T cell recruitment and PD-L1 expression to repress tumor growth and enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1. Furthermore, the combined deletion of PTPN2 in tumors and T cells facilitated T cell recruitment and activation and further repressed tumor growth or ablated tumors already predominated by exhausted T cells. Thus, PTPN2-targeting in tumors and/or T cells facilitates T cell recruitment and/or alleviates inhibitory constraints on T cells to combat TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Kee Goh
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Florian Wiede
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Mara N. Zeissig
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Kara L. Britt
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Shuwei Liang
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Tim Molloy
- St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Nathan Goode
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Rachel Xu
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Sherene Loi
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Mathias Muller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick O. Humbert
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
- Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Catriona McLean
- Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dual recombinase action in the normal and neoplastic mammary gland epithelium. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20775. [PMID: 34675248 PMCID: PMC8531329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a transgenic mouse line that expresses the codon-optimized Flp recombinase under the control of the MMTV promoter in luminal epithelial cells of the mammary gland. In this report, we demonstrate the versatile applicability of the new MMTV-Flp strain to manipulate genes in a temporally and spatially controlled manner in the normal mammary gland, in luminal-type mammary tumors that overexpress ERBB2, and in a new KRAS-associated mammary cancer model. Although the MMTV-Flp is expressed in a mosaic pattern in the luminal epithelium, the Flp-mediated activation of a mutant KrasG12D allele resulted in basal-like mammary tumors that progressively acquired mesenchymal features. Besides its applicability as a tool for gene activation and cell lineage tracing to validate the cellular origin of primary and metastatic tumor cells, we employed the MMTV-Flp transgene together with the tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase to demonstrate that the combinatorial action of both recombinases can be used to delete or to activate genes in established tumors. In a proof-of-principle experiment, we conditionally deleted the JAK1 tyrosine kinase in KRAS-transformed mammary cancer cells using the dual recombinase approach and found that lack of JAK1 was sufficient to block the constitutive activation of STAT3. The collective results from the various lines of investigation showed that it is, in principle, feasible to manipulate genes in a ligand-controlled manner in neoplastic mammary epithelial cells, even when cancer cells acquire a state of cellular plasticity that may no longer support the expression of the MMTV-Flp transgene.
Collapse
|
11
|
Huang HS, Chu SC, Chen PC, Lee MH, Huang CY, Chou HM, Chu TY. Insuline-Like Growth Factor-2 (IGF2) and Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) Promote Lymphomagenesis in p53-null Mice in Tissue-specific and Estrogen-signaling Dependent Manners. J Cancer 2021; 12:6021-6030. [PMID: 34539876 PMCID: PMC8425200 DOI: 10.7150/jca.60120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Trp53-/- mice are prone to develop lymphomas at old ages. Factors promoting this tumorigenesis are unknown. Here, we showed human ovulatory follicular fluid (FF) largely promotes lymphomagenesis in Trp53-/- mice at earlier ages. Meanwhile, we clarified that IGF2 and HGF are important cell transforming factors within FF. Methods: To induce tumor formation, 5% FFs, 100 ng/ml IGF2, 20 ng/ml HGF, or both IGF2 and HGF in a volume of 200 µl PBS, was injected into 8-wk-old female Trp53 -/- mice at the mammary fat pad. The injection was repeated weekly for up to 7 weeks or extending to 13 weeks to observe the accumulative incidence of lymphomagenesis. Immunohistochemistry staining and gene rearrangement analysis were used to identify the tumor type. Results: By injecting FF into the mammary fat pad weekly, lymphomas developed in 8/16 (50%) of mice by seven weeks. We identified IGF2 and HGF in FF is largely responsible for this activity. The same weekly injection of IGF2, HGF, and their combination induced lymphomas in 4/11 (36%), 3/8 (38%), and 6/9 (67%) mice, respectively. Interestingly, tumorigenesis was induced only when those were injected into the adipose tissues in the mammary gland, but not when injected into non-adipose sites. We also found this tumor-promoting activity is estradiol (E2)-dependent and relies on estrogen receptor (ER) α expression in the adipose stroma. No tumor or only tiny tumor was yielded when the ovaries were resected or when ER is antagonized. Finally, an extension of the weekly FF-injection to 13 weeks did not further increase the lymphomagenesis rate, suggesting an effect on pre-initiated cancer cells. Conclusions: Taken together, the study disclosed a robust tumor-promoting effect of IGF2 and HGF in the p53 loss-initiated lymphomagenesis depending on an adipose microenvironment in the presence of E2. In light of the clarity of this spontaneous tumor promotion model, we provide a new tool for studying p53-mediated lymphomagenesis and suggest that, as a chemoprevention test, this is a practical model to perform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Shun Huang
- Center for Prevention and Therapy of Gynecological Cancers, Department of Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sung-Chao Chu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pao-Chu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Hsun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Ya Huang
- Center for Prevention and Therapy of Gynecological Cancers, Department of Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsien-Ming Chou
- Center for Prevention and Therapy of Gynecological Cancers, Department of Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tang-Yuan Chu
- Center for Prevention and Therapy of Gynecological Cancers, Department of Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Life Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee O, Bosland MC, Wang M, Shidfar A, Hosseini O, Xuei X, Patel P, Schipma MJ, Helenowski I, Kim JJ, Clare SE, Khan SA. Selective progesterone receptor blockade prevents BRCA1-associated mouse mammary tumors through modulation of epithelial and stromal genes. Cancer Lett 2021; 520:255-266. [PMID: 34329741 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological approaches to breast cancer risk-reduction for BRCA1 mutation carriers would provide an alternative to mastectomy. BRCA1-deficiency dysregulates progesterone signaling, promoting tumorigenesis. Selective progesterone receptor (PR) modulators (SPRMs) are therefore candidate prevention agents. However, their efficacy varies in different BRCA1-deficient mouse models. We examined chemopreventive efficacy of telapristone acetate (TPA), ulipristal acetate (UPA) and mifepristone (MFP) in mice with a conditional knockout of the Brca1 C-terminal domain. The SPRMs displayed a spectrum of efficacy: UPA was most effective, TPA less, and MFP ineffective. Compared to no-treatment controls, UPA reduced tumorigenesis (p = 0.04), and increased tumor latency (p = 0.03). In benign mammary glands, UPA decreased Ki67 (p < 0.001) and increased PR expression (p < 0.0001). RNA sequencing analysis revealed distinct gene expression in response to UPA and MFP. UPA downregulated glycolysis and extracellular matrix-inflammation genes (Fn1, Ptgs2, Tgfb2, Tgfb3) whereas MFP downregulated claudin genes and upregulated amino acid metabolism and inflammation genes. The anti-glucocorticoid effects of MFP appeared not to be tumor-protective, while altering estrogen receptor signaling and NF-kB activation. Our study points to an important role of epithelial PR and its paracrine action on the microenvironment in BRCA1-deficient mammary tumorigenesis, and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oukseub Lee
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Maarten C Bosland
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Minhua Wang
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ali Shidfar
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Omid Hosseini
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- The Center for Medical Genomics, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Priyam Patel
- Quantitative Data Science Core, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew J Schipma
- Quantitative Data Science Core, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Irene Helenowski
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Julie Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Susan E Clare
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Seema A Khan
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Regua AT, Arrigo A, Doheny D, Wong GL, Lo HW. Transgenic mouse models of breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2021; 516:73-83. [PMID: 34090924 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic breast cancer mouse models are critical tools for preclinical studies of human breast cancer. Genetic editing of the murine mammary gland allows for modeling of abnormal genetic events frequently found in human breast cancers. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of breast cancer employ tissue-specific genetic manipulation for tumorigenic induction within the mammary tissue. Under the transcriptional control of mammary-specific promoters, transgenic mouse models can simulate spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis by expressing one or more putative oncogenes, such as MYC, HRAS, and PIK3CA. Alternatively, the Cre-Lox system allows for tissue-specific deletion of tumor suppressors, such as p53, Rb1, and Brca1, or specific knock-in of putative oncogenes. Thus, GEMMs can be designed to implement one or more genetic events to induce mammary tumorigenesis. Features of GEMMs, such as age of transgene expression, breeding quality, tumor latency, histopathological characteristics, and propensity for local and distant metastasis, are variable and strain-dependent. This review aims to summarize currently available transgenic breast cancer mouse models that undergo spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis upon genetic manipulation, their varying characteristics, and their individual genetic manipulations that model aberrant signaling events observed in human breast cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelina T Regua
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Austin Arrigo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Daniel Doheny
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Grace L Wong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Hui-Wen Lo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Breast Cancer Center of Excellence, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huo Y, Selenica P, Mahdi AH, Pareja F, Kyker-Snowman K, Chen Y, Kumar R, Da Cruz Paula A, Basili T, Brown DN, Pei X, Riaz N, Tan Y, Huang YX, Li T, Barnard NJ, Reis-Filho JS, Weigelt B, Xia B. Genetic interactions among Brca1, Brca2, Palb2, and Trp53 in mammary tumor development. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:45. [PMID: 33893322 PMCID: PMC8065161 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2 cause a high risk of breast cancer. Here, we conducted parallel conditional knockout (CKO) of Brca1, Palb2, and Brca2, individually and in combination, along with one copy of Trp53, in the mammary gland of nulliparous female mice. We observed a functional equivalence of the three genes in their basic tumor-suppressive activity, a linear epistasis of Palb2 and Brca2, but complementary roles of Brca1 and Palb2 in mammary tumor suppression, as combined ablation of either Palb2 or Brca2 with Brca1 led to delayed tumor formation. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) revealed both similarities and differences between Brca1 and Palb2 or Brca2 null tumors. Analyses of mouse mammary glands and cultured human cells showed that combined loss of BRCA1 and PALB2 led to high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased apoptosis, implicating oxidative stress in the delayed tumor development in Brca1;Palb2 double CKO mice. The functional complementarity between BRCA1 and PALB2/BRCA2 and the role of ROS in tumorigenesis require further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Huo
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Pier Selenica
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amar H Mahdi
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Fresia Pareja
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kelly Kyker-Snowman
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - Arnaud Da Cruz Paula
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thais Basili
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David N Brown
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xin Pei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nadeem Riaz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yongmei Tan
- Stomatological Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Xiu Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Nicola J Barnard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Bing Xia
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu C, Wu P, Zhang A, Mao X. Advances in Rodent Models for Breast Cancer Formation, Progression, and Therapeutic Testing. Front Oncol 2021; 11:593337. [PMID: 33842308 PMCID: PMC8032937 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.593337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a highly complicated disease. Advancement in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer lies in elucidation of the mechanism of carcinogenesis and progression. Rodent models of breast cancer have developed into premier tools for investigating the mechanisms and genetic pathways in breast cancer progression and metastasis and for developing and evaluating clinical therapeutics. Every rodent model has advantages and disadvantages, and the selection of appropriate rodent models with which to investigate breast cancer is a key decision in research. Design of a suitable rodent model for a specific research purpose is based on the integration of the advantages and disadvantages of different models. Our purpose in writing this review is to elaborate on various rodent models for breast cancer formation, progression, and therapeutic testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ailin Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyun Mao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li Z, Zheng W, Wang H, Cheng Y, Fang Y, Wu F, Sun G, Sun G, Lv C, Hui B. Application of Animal Models in Cancer Research: Recent Progress and Future Prospects. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:2455-2475. [PMID: 33758544 PMCID: PMC7979343 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s302565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models refers to the animal experimental objects and related materials that can simulate human body established in medical research. As the second-largest disease in terms of morbidity and mortality after cardiovascular disease, cancer has always been the focus of human attention all over the world, which makes it a research hotspot in the medical field. At the same time, more and more animal models have been constructed and used in cancer research. With the deepening of research, the construction methods of cancer animal models are becoming more and more diverse, including chemical induction, xenotransplantation, gene programming, and so on. In recent years, patient-derived xenotransplantation (PDX) model has become a research hotspot because it can retain the microenvironment of the primary tumor and the basic characteristics of cells. Animal models can be used not only to study the biochemical and physiological processes of the occurrence and development of cancer in objects but also for the screening of cancer drugs and the exploration of gene therapy. In this paper, several main tumor animal models and the application progress of animal models in tumor research are systematically reviewed. Finally, combined with the latest progress and development trend in this field, the future research of tumor animal model was prospected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wubin Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanjin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijiao Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangshun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyu Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingqing Hui
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bach K, Pensa S, Zarocsinceva M, Kania K, Stockis J, Pinaud S, Lazarus KA, Shehata M, Simões BM, Greenhalgh AR, Howell SJ, Clarke RB, Caldas C, Halim TYF, Marioni JC, Khaled WT. Time-resolved single-cell analysis of Brca1 associated mammary tumourigenesis reveals aberrant differentiation of luminal progenitors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1502. [PMID: 33686070 PMCID: PMC7940427 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21783-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear how genetic aberrations impact the state of nascent tumour cells and their microenvironment. BRCA1 driven triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has been shown to arise from luminal progenitors yet little is known about how BRCA1 loss-of-function (LOF) and concomitant mutations affect the luminal progenitor cell state. Here we demonstrate how time-resolved single-cell profiling of genetically engineered mouse models before tumour formation can address this challenge. We found that perturbing Brca1/p53 in luminal progenitors induces aberrant alveolar differentiation pre-malignancy accompanied by pro-tumourigenic changes in the immune compartment. Unlike alveolar differentiation during gestation, this process is cell autonomous and characterised by the dysregulation of transcription factors driving alveologenesis. Based on our data we propose a model where Brca1/p53 LOF inadvertently promotes a differentiation program hardwired in luminal progenitors, highlighting the deterministic role of the cell-of-origin and offering a potential explanation for the tissue specificity of BRCA1 tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Bach
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pharmacology, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sara Pensa
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pharmacology, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marija Zarocsinceva
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katarzyna Kania
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julie Stockis
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Silvain Pinaud
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kyren A Lazarus
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pharmacology, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mona Shehata
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bruno M Simões
- Manchester Breast Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alice R Greenhalgh
- Manchester Breast Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sacha J Howell
- Manchester Breast Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert B Clarke
- Manchester Breast Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timotheus Y F Halim
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John C Marioni
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
- European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hinxton, UK.
| | - Walid T Khaled
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pharmacology, Cambridge, UK.
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Trusler O, Goodwin J, Laslett AL. BRCA1 and BRCA2 associated breast cancer and the roles of current modelling systems in drug discovery. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188459. [PMID: 33129865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
For a drug candidate to be fully developed takes years and investment of hundreds of millions of dollars. There is no doubt that drug development is difficult and risky, but vital to protecting against devastating disease. This difficulty is clearly evident in BRCA1 and BRCA2 related breast cancer, with current treatment options largely confined to invasive surgical procedures, as well as chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimes which damage healthy tissue and can leave remnant disease. Consequently, patient survival and relapse rates are far from ideal, and new candidate treatments are needed. The preclinical stages of drug discovery are crucial to get right for translation to hospital beds. Disease models must take advantage of current technologies and be accurate for rapid and translatable treatments. Careful selection of cell lines must be coupled with high throughput techniques, with promising results trialled further in highly accurate humanised patient derived xenograft models. Traditional adherent drug screening should transition to 3D culture systems amenable to high throughput techniques if the gap between in vitro and in vivo studies is to be partially bridged. The possibility of organoid, induced pluripotent stem cell, and conditionally reprogrammed in vitro models is tantalising, however protocols are yet to be fully established. This review of BRCA1 and BRCA2 cancer biology and current modelling systems will hopefully guide the design of future drug discovery endeavours and highlight areas requiring improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Trusler
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jacob Goodwin
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew L Laslett
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mahdi AH, Huo Y, Chen Y, Selenica P, Sharma A, Merritt E, Barnard N, Chan C, Ganesan S, Reis-Filho JS, Weigelt B, De S, Xia B. Loss of the BRCA1-PALB2 interaction accelerates p53-associated tumor development in mice. Genes Dis 2020; 9:807-813. [PMID: 35782971 PMCID: PMC9243321 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The BRCA1-PALB2-BRCA2 axis, or the BRCA pathway, plays key roles in genome stability maintenance and suppression of breast and several other cancers. Due to frequent p53 mutations in human BRCA1 breast cancers and mouse mammary tumors from Brca1, Brca2 and Palb2 conditional knockout models, it is often thought that p53 inactivation accelerates BRCA1/2 and PALB2-associated tumorigenesis. Here, we studied tumor development in mice with a mutation in Palb2 that disengages the PALB2-BRCA1 interaction in different Trp53 backgrounds. Rather than mammary tumors, Palb2 and Trp53 compound mutant mice developed, with greatly reduced latencies, lymphomas and sarcomas that are typically associated with germline Trp53 inactivation. Whole exome sequencing failed to identify any significant differences in genomic features between the same tumor types of Trp53 single mutant and Palb2;Trp53 compound mutant mice. These results suggest that loss of the BRCA pathway accelerates p53-associated tumor development, possibly without altering the fundamental tumorigenic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amar H. Mahdi
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Yanying Huo
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Pier Selenica
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anchal Sharma
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Elise Merritt
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Nicola Barnard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Chang Chan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Shridar Ganesan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Jorge S. Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Subhajyoti De
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Bing Xia
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tarsounas M, Sung P. The antitumorigenic roles of BRCA1-BARD1 in DNA repair and replication. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:284-299. [PMID: 32094664 PMCID: PMC7204409 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0218-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The tumour suppressor breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) promotes DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination and protects DNA replication forks from attrition. BRCA1 partners with BRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1 (BARD1) and other tumour suppressor proteins to mediate the initial nucleolytic resection of DNA lesions and the recruitment and regulation of the recombinase RAD51. The discovery of the opposing functions of BRCA1 and the p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1)-associated complex in DNA resection sheds light on how BRCA1 influences the choice of homologous recombination over non-homologous end joining and potentially other mutagenic pathways of DSB repair. Understanding the functional crosstalk between BRCA1-BARD1 and its cofactors and antagonists will illuminate the molecular basis of cancers that arise from a deficiency or misregulation of chromosome damage repair and replication fork maintenance. Such knowledge will also be valuable for understanding acquired tumour resistance to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and other therapeutics and for the development of new treatments. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in elucidating the mechanisms by which BRCA1-BARD1 functions in DNA repair, replication fork maintenance and tumour suppression, and its therapeutic relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Tarsounas
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Patrick Sung
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu Y, Lu LY. BRCA1 and homologous recombination: implications from mouse embryonic development. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:49. [PMID: 32257107 PMCID: PMC7106644 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00412-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As an important player in DNA damage response, BRCA1 maintains genomic stability and suppresses tumorigenesis by promoting DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair through homologous recombination (HR). Since the cloning of BRCA1 gene, many Brca1 mutant alleles have been generated in mice. Mice carrying homozygous Brca1 mutant alleles are embryonic lethal, suggesting that BRCA1's functions are important for embryonic development. Studies of embryonic development in Brca1 mutant mice not only reveal the physiological significance of BRCA1's known function in HR, but also lead to the discovery of BRCA1's new function in HR: regulation of DSB repair pathway choice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Liu
- 1Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education) and Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin-Yu Lu
- 1Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education) and Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,2Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Raimundo L, Ramos H, Loureiro JB, Calheiros J, Saraiva L. BRCA1/P53: Two strengths in cancer chemoprevention. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188339. [PMID: 31917206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing emphasis has been given to prevention as a feasible approach to reduce the cancer burden. However, for its clinical success, further advances are required to identify effective chemopreventive agents. This review affords a critical and up-to-date discussion of issues related to cancer prevention, including an in-depth knowledge on BRCA1 and p53 tumor suppressor proteins as key molecular players. Indeed, it compiles the most recent advances on the topic, highlighting the unique potential of BRCA1 and p53 germline mutations as molecular biomarkers for risk assessment and targets for chemoprevention. Relevant evidences are herein provided supporting the effectiveness of distinct pharmacological agents in cancer prevention, by targeting BRCA1 and p53. Moreover, the rationale for using germline mutant BRCA1- or p53-related cancer syndromes as model systems to investigate effective chemopreventive agents is also addressed. Altogether, this work provides an innovative conception about the dependence on p53 and BRCA1 co-inactivation in tumor formation and development, emphasizing the relationship between these two proteins as an encouraging direction for future personalized pharmacological interventions in cancer prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Raimundo
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Ramos
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana B Loureiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana Calheiros
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucília Saraiva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Davaadelger B, Choi MR, Singhal H, Clare SE, Khan SA, Kim JJ. BRCA1 mutation influences progesterone response in human benign mammary organoids. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:124. [PMID: 31771627 PMCID: PMC6878650 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Women, who carry a germline BRCA1 gene mutation, have a markedly increased risk of developing breast cancer during their lifetime. While BRCA1 carriers frequently develop triple-negative, basal-like, aggressive breast tumors, hormone signaling is important in the genesis of BRCA1 mutant breast cancers. We investigated the hormone response in BRCA1-mutated benign breast tissue using an in vitro organoid system. Methods Scaffold-free, multicellular human breast organoids generated from benign breast tissues from non-carrier or BRCA1 mutation carriers were treated in vitro with a stepwise menstrual cycle hormone regimen of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) over the course of 28 days. Results Breast organoids exhibited characteristics of the native breast tissue, including expression of hormone receptors, collagen production, and markers of luminal and basal epithelium, and stromal fibroblasts. RNA sequencing analysis revealed distinct gene expression in response to hormone treatment in the non-carrier and BRCA1-mutated organoids. The selective progesterone receptor modulator, telapristone acetate (TPA), was used to identify specifically PR regulated genes. Specifically, extracellular matrix organization genes were regulated by E2+P4+TPA in the BRCA1-mutated organoids but not in the non-carrier organoids. In contrast, in the non-carrier organoids, known PR target genes such as the cell cycle genes were inhibited by TPA. Conclusions These data show that BRCA1 mutation influences hormone response and in particular PR activity which differs from that of non-carrier organoids. Our organoid model system revealed important insights into the role of PR in BRCA1-mutated benign breast cells and the critical paracrine actions that modify hormone receptor (HR)-negative cells. Further analysis of the molecular mechanism of BRCA1 and PR crosstalk is warranted using this model system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Batzaya Davaadelger
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 4-117, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Mi-Ran Choi
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hari Singhal
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Susan E Clare
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Seema A Khan
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Julie Kim
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 4-117, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
CDK2-mediated site-specific phosphorylation of EZH2 drives and maintains triple-negative breast cancer. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5114. [PMID: 31704972 PMCID: PMC6841924 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which lacks estrogen receptor α (ERα), progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression, is closely related to basal-like breast cancer. Previously, we and others report that cyclin E/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) phosphorylates enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) at T416 (pT416-EZH2). Here, we show that transgenic expression of phospho-mimicking EZH2 mutant EZH2T416D in mammary glands leads to tumors with TNBC phenotype. Coexpression of EZH2T416D in mammary epithelia of HER2/Neu transgenic mice reprograms HER2-driven luminal tumors into basal-like tumors. Pharmacological inhibition of CDK2 or EZH2 allows re-expression of ERα and converts TNBC to luminal ERα-positive, rendering TNBC cells targetable by tamoxifen. Furthermore, the combination of either CDK2 or EZH2 inhibitor with tamoxifen effectively suppresses tumor growth and markedly improves the survival of the mice bearing TNBC tumors, suggesting that the mechanism-based combination therapy may be an alternative approach to treat TNBC. EZH2 phosphorylation by CDK2 promotes progression of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Here, the authors show that this signaling axis downregulates ERα, and thus combinatorial blockade of CDK2 and EZH2 sensitizes TNBC cells to tamoxifen.
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang H, Xiang D, Liu B, He A, Randle HJ, Zhang KX, Dongre A, Sachs N, Clark AP, Tao L, Chen Q, Botchkarev VV, Xie Y, Dai N, Clevers H, Li Z, Livingston DM. Inadequate DNA Damage Repair Promotes Mammary Transdifferentiation, Leading to BRCA1 Breast Cancer. Cell 2019; 178:135-151.e19. [PMID: 31251913 PMCID: PMC6716369 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Loss of BRCA1 p220 function often results in basal-like breast cancer (BLBC), but the underlying disease mechanism is largely opaque. In mammary epithelial cells (MECs), BRCA1 interacts with multiple proteins, including NUMB and HES1, to form complexes that participate in interstrand crosslink (ICL) DNA repair and MEC differentiation control. Unrepaired ICL damage results in aberrant transdifferentiation to a mesenchymal state of cultured, human basal-like MECs and to a basal/mesenchymal state in primary mouse luminal MECs. Loss of BRCA1, NUMB, or HES1 or chemically induced ICL damage in primary murine luminal MECs results in persistent DNA damage that triggers luminal to basal/mesenchymal transdifferentiation. In vivo single-cell analysis revealed a time-dependent evolution from normal luminal MECs to luminal progenitor-like tumor cells with basal/mesenchymal transdifferentiation during murine BRCA1 BLBC development. Growing DNA damage accompanied this malignant transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dongxi Xiang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ben Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aina He
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Helena J Randle
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Anushka Dongre
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Norman Sachs
- Hubrecht Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Allison P Clark
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Luwei Tao
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qing Chen
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vladimir V Botchkarev
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ying Xie
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ning Dai
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Zhe Li
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - David M Livingston
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fan HH, Yu IS, Lin YH, Wang SY, Liaw YH, Chen PL, Yang TL, Lin SW, Chen YT. P53 ICE CRIM mouse: a tool to generate mutant allelic series in somatic cells and germ lines for cancer studies. FASEB J 2019; 33:5571-5584. [PMID: 30640520 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802027r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology facilitates somatic genome editing to reveal cooperative genetic interactions at the cellular level without extensive breeding between different mutant animals. Here we propose a transgenic inducible Cas9 effector-CRISPR mutagen ( ICE CRIM) mouse model in which CRISPR/Cas9-mediated somatic mutagenesis events can occur in response to Cre expression. The well-known tumor suppressor gene, Trp53, and 2 important DNA mismatch repair genes, Mlh1 and Msh2, were selected to be our somatic mutagenesis targets. Amplicon-based sequencing was performed to validate the editing efficiency and to identify the mutant allelic series. Crossed with various Cre lines, the Trp53 ICE CRIM alleles were activated to generate targeted cancer gene somatic or germ line mutant variants. We provide experimental evidence to show that an activated ICE CRIM can mutate both targeted alleles within a cell. Simultaneous disruption of multiple genes was also achieved when there were multiple single-guide RNA expression cassettes embedded within an activated ICE CRIM. Our mouse model can be used to generate mutant pools in vivo, which enables a functional screen to be performed in situ. Our results also provide evidence to support a monoclonal origin of hematopoietic neoplasms and to indicate that DNA mismatch repair deficiency accelerates tumorigenesis in Trp53 mutant genetic background.-Fan, H.-H., Yu, I.-S., Lin, Y.-H., Wang, S.-Y., Liaw, Y.-H., Chen, P.-L., Yang, T.-L., Lin, S.-W., Chen, Y.-T. P53 ICE CRIM mouse: a tool to generate mutant allelic series in somatic cells and germ lines for cancer studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Hsuan Fan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Shing Yu
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Yu Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsuan Liaw
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Lin Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wha Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; and
- Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Tzung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Reczek CR, Shakya R, Miteva Y, Szabolcs M, Ludwig T, Baer R. The DNA resection protein CtIP promotes mammary tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:32172-83. [PMID: 27058754 PMCID: PMC5078005 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Many DNA repair factors act to suppress tumor formation by preserving genomic stability. Similarly, the CtIP protein, which interacts with the BRCA1 tumor suppressor, is also thought to have tumor suppression activity. Through its role in DNA end resection, CtIP facilitates DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination (DSBR-HR) and microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ). In addition, however, CtIP has also been implicated in the formation of aberrant chromosomal rearrangements in an MMEJ-dependent manner, an activity that could potentially promote tumor development by increasing genome instability. To clarify whether CtIP acts in vivo to suppress or promote tumorigenesis, we have examined its oncogenic potential in mouse models of human breast cancer. Surprisingly, mice heterozygous for a null Ctip allele did not display an increased susceptibility to tumor formation. Moreover, mammary-specific biallelic CtIP ablation did not elicit breast tumors in a manner reminiscent of BRCA1 loss. Instead, CtIP inactivation dramatically reduced the kinetics of mammary tumorigenesis in mice bearing mammary-specific lesions of the p53 gene. Thus, unlike other repair factors, CtIP is not a tumor suppressor, but has oncogenic properties that can promote tumorigenesis, consistent with its ability to facilitate MMEJ-dependent chromosomal instability. Consequently, inhibition of CtIP-mediated MMEJ may prove effective against tumor types, such as human breast cancer, that display MMEJ-dependent chromosomal rearrangements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen R Reczek
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Reena Shakya
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Current address: Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yana Miteva
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Matthias Szabolcs
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Thomas Ludwig
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Current address: Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard Baer
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mgbemena VE, Signer RAJ, Wijayatunge R, Laxson T, Morrison SJ, Ross TS. Distinct Brca1 Mutations Differentially Reduce Hematopoietic Stem Cell Function. Cell Rep 2017; 18:947-960. [PMID: 28122244 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 is a well-known DNA repair pathway component and a tissue-specific tumor suppressor. However, its role in hematopoiesis is uncertain. Here, we report that a cohort of patients heterozygous for BRCA1 mutations experienced more hematopoietic toxicity from chemotherapy than those with BRCA2 mutations. To test whether this reflects a requirement for BRCA1 in hematopoiesis, we generated mice with Brca1 mutations in hematopoietic cells. Mice homozygous for a null Brca1 mutation in the embryonic hematopoietic system (Vav1-iCre;Brca1F22-24/F22-24) developed hematopoietic defects in early adulthood that included reduced hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Although mice homozygous for a huBRCA1 knockin allele (Brca1BRCA1/BRCA1) were normal, mice with a mutant huBRCA1/5382insC allele and a null allele (Mx1-Cre;Brca1F22-24/5382insC) had severe hematopoietic defects marked by a complete loss of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Our data show that Brca1 is necessary for HSC maintenance and normal hematopoiesis and that distinct mutations lead to different degrees of hematopoietic dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Mgbemena
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Robert A J Signer
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ranjula Wijayatunge
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Travis Laxson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sean J Morrison
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Theodora S Ross
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Holen I, Speirs V, Morrissey B, Blyth K. In vivo models in breast cancer research: progress, challenges and future directions. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:359-371. [PMID: 28381598 PMCID: PMC5399571 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.028274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Research using animal model systems has been instrumental in delivering improved therapies for breast cancer, as well as in generating new insights into the mechanisms that underpin development of the disease. A large number of different models are now available, reflecting different types and stages of the disease; choosing which one to use depends on the specific research question(s) to be investigated. Based on presentations and discussions from leading experts who attended a recent workshop focused on in vivo models of breast cancer, this article provides a perspective on the many varied uses of these models in breast cancer research, their strengths, associated challenges and future directions. Among the questions discussed were: how well do models represent the different stages of human disease; how can we model the involvement of the human immune system and microenvironment in breast cancer; what are the appropriate models of metastatic disease; can we use models to carry out preclinical drug trials and identify pathways responsible for drug resistance; and what are the limitations of patient-derived xenograft models? We briefly outline the areas where the existing breast cancer models require improvement in light of the increased understanding of the disease process, reflecting the drive towards more personalised therapies and identification of mechanisms of drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn Holen
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Valerie Speirs
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Bethny Morrissey
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rennhack J, To B, Wermuth H, Andrechek ER. Mouse Models of Breast Cancer Share Amplification and Deletion Events with Human Breast Cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2017; 22:71-84. [PMID: 28124185 PMCID: PMC5313323 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-017-9374-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast tumor heterogeneity has been well documented through the use of multiplatform -omic studies in human tumors. However, there is no integrative database to capture the heterogeneity within mouse models of breast cancer. This project identifies genomic copy number alterations (CNAs) in 600 tumors across 27 major mouse models of breast cancer through the application of a predictive algorithm to publicly available gene expression data. It was found that despite the presence of strong oncogenic drivers in most mouse models, CNAs are extremely common but heterogeneous both between models and within models. Many mouse CNA events are largely conserved in human tumors and in the mouse we show that they are associated with secondary tumor characteristics such as tumor histology, metastasis, as well as enhanced oncogenic signaling. These data serve as an important resource in guiding investigators when choosing a mouse model to understand the gene copy number changes relevant to human breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rennhack
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 2194 BPS Building, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Briana To
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 2194 BPS Building, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Harrison Wermuth
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 2194 BPS Building, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Eran R Andrechek
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 2194 BPS Building, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rzepecka IK, Szafron LM, Stys A, Felisiak-Golabek A, Podgorska A, Timorek A, Sobiczewski P, Pienkowska-Grela B, El-Bahrawy M, Kupryjanczyk J. Prognosis of patients with BRCA1-associated ovarian carcinomas depends on TP53 accumulation status in tumor cells. Gynecol Oncol 2016; 144:369-376. [PMID: 27939982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE TP53 mutation is the most frequent molecular event in BRCA1-associated ovarian carcinomas. TP53 status may be a confounding factor in the evaluation of clinical importance of other proteins. We aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of BRCA1 mutations with respect to the TP53 accumulation status in 159 high-grade ovarian carcinomas. METHODS Statistical analyses were done with the Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test, the Cox's and logistic regression models for all patients, and in subgroups with and without TP53 accumulation (TP53+ and TP53-, respectively). RESULTS Forty of 159 ovarian carcinomas (25.2%) were diagnosed in patients with BRCA1 germline mutations; 102 tumors (64.2%) were TP53+ and 57 (37.8%) were TP53-. Among patients with TP53+ carcinomas, BRCA1 carriers had increased odds of recurrence compared with sporadic cases (HR 2.25, P=0.003; median disease-free survival time 7.7 vs. 18.4months, respectively). In the smaller TP53- subgroup, BRCA1 mutation reduced the risk of death by 46% (HR 0.54, P=0.099, median overall survival time 42.7 vs. 28.1months), but beyond the border of significance. When the TP53 status was not taken into account, BRCA1 mutations did not show any significance, however, there was a trend toward increased odds of complete remission for women with BRCA1 mutations compared to non-carriers (OR 2.47, P=0.064). Taxane-platinum therapy showed advantage over the platinum-cyclophosphamide one in the entire group of patients and in the TP53+ subgroup. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the TP53 accumulation status determines the prognosis of BRCA1 mutation carriers with high-grade ovarian carcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona K Rzepecka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz M Szafron
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Stys
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Felisiak-Golabek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Podgorska
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Timorek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brodnowski Hospital and II-nd Faculty of Medicine, Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Sobiczewski
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Pienkowska-Grela
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Jolanta Kupryjanczyk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hayakawa Y, Kawada M, Nishikawa H, Ochiya T, Saya H, Seimiya H, Yao R, Hayashi M, Kai C, Matsuda A, Naoe T, Ohtsu A, Okazaki T, Saji H, Sata M, Sugimura H, Sugiyama Y, Toi M, Irimura T. Report on the use of non-clinical studies in the regulatory evaluation of oncology drugs. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:189-202. [PMID: 26919617 PMCID: PMC4768389 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Non‐clinical studies are necessary at each stage of the development of oncology drugs. Many experimental cancer models have been developed to investigate carcinogenesis, cancer progression, metastasis, and other aspects in cancer biology and these models turned out to be useful in the efficacy evaluation and the safety prediction of oncology drugs. While the diversity and the degree of engagement in genetic changes in the initiation of cancer cell growth and progression are widely accepted, it has become increasingly clear that the roles of host cells, tissue microenvironment, and the immune system also play important roles in cancer. Therefore, the methods used to develop oncology drugs should continuously be revised based on the advances in our understanding of cancer. In this review, we extensively summarize the effective use of those models, their advantages and disadvantages, ranges to be evaluated and limitations of the models currently used for the development and for the evaluation of oncology drugs. This review summarizes the effective use of animal models, their advantages and disadvantages, ranges to be evaluated and limitations of the models currently used for the development and for the evaluation of oncology drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- Subcommittee on Non-clinical Studies, The Science Board to the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Manabu Kawada
- Subcommittee on Non-clinical Studies, The Science Board to the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Numazu-shi, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Nishikawa
- Subcommittee on Non-clinical Studies, The Science Board to the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Cancer Immunology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Subcommittee on Non-clinical Studies, The Science Board to the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Subcommittee on Non-clinical Studies, The Science Board to the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Seimiya
- Subcommittee on Non-clinical Studies, The Science Board to the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Molecular Biotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoji Yao
- Subcommittee on Non-clinical Studies, The Science Board to the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Cell Biology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayashi
- Subcommittee on Non-clinical Studies, The Science Board to the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pharmacy, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chieko Kai
- Subcommittee on Non-clinical Studies, The Science Board to the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuda
- Subcommittee on Non-clinical Studies, The Science Board to the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Naoe
- Subcommittee on Non-clinical Studies, The Science Board to the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan.,National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ohtsu
- Subcommittee on Non-clinical Studies, The Science Board to the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan.,Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taku Okazaki
- Subcommittee on Non-clinical Studies, The Science Board to the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Immune Regulation, Institute for Genome Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hideo Saji
- Subcommittee on Non-clinical Studies, The Science Board to the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masataka Sata
- Subcommittee on Non-clinical Studies, The Science Board to the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sugimura
- Subcommittee on Non-clinical Studies, The Science Board to the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Subcommittee on Non-clinical Studies, The Science Board to the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan.,Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN Cluster for Industry Partnerships, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masakazu Toi
- Subcommittee on Non-clinical Studies, The Science Board to the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Irimura
- Subcommittee on Non-clinical Studies, The Science Board to the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan.,Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Brca1 deficiency causes bone marrow failure and spontaneous hematologic malignancies in mice. Blood 2015; 127:310-3. [PMID: 26644450 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-03-635599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 is critical for maintenance of genomic stability and interacts directly with several proteins that regulate hematopoietic stem cell function and are part of the Fanconi anemia (FA) double-strand break DNA repair pathway. The effects of complete BRCA1 deficiency on bone marrow (BM) function are unknown. To test the hypothesis that Brca1 is essential in hematopoiesis, we developed a conditional mouse model with Mx1-Cre-mediated Brca1 deletion. Mice lacking Brca1 in the BM have baseline cytopenias and develop spontaneous bone marrow failure or diverse hematologic malignancies by 6 months of age. Brca1(-/-) BM cells have a reduced capacity to form hematopoietic colonies in vitro and to reconstitute hematopoiesis in irradiated recipients, consistent with a hematopoietic progenitor functional defect. Brca1(-/-) BM cells also show FA-like hypersensitivity to the DNA crosslinking agent mitomycin C, and karyotypes feature genomic instability. Taken together, our results show that loss of Brca1 in murine BM causes hematopoietic defects similar to those seen in people with FA, which provides strong evidence that Brca1 is critical for normal hematopoiesis and that Brca1 is a bona fide FA-like gene.
Collapse
|
34
|
Huang HS, Chu SC, Hsu CF, Chen PC, Ding DC, Chang MY, Chu TY. Mutagenic, surviving and tumorigenic effects of follicular fluid in the context of p53 loss: initiation of fimbria carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:1419-28. [PMID: 26363031 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovulation is the strongest risk factor for ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) that largely originates from the fallopian tube fimbriae and always carries loss-of-function mutations of TP53 in both early and late lesions. Mature ovarian follicle contains high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). When released from ovulation, follicular fluid (FF) bathes the fimbriae and may lead to DNA double-strand break (DSB) and neoplastic transformation. In this study, we examined the mutagenic and tumorigenic activities of human pre-ovulatory FFs. A subset (6/11) of FFs was found with high levels of ROS whereas the antioxidant capacities were indifferent. These ROS(high) FFs induced intracellular ROS and DSBs in the secretory cell population of fimbriae epithelium. When p53 and Rb were turned down, the FF-exposed secretory cells overcame apoptosis and expanded the population carrying ROS and DSB. The cancer initiation and promotion effects of FF were further recapitulated in Trp53 (-/-) mice. When introduced into the mammary fat pad, ROS(high) but not ROS(low) FFs induced early-onset B-cell lymphoma. Cotreatment with physiological concentration of melatonin, a potent antioxidant, ameliorated the mutagenic and tumorigenic effect of ROS(high) FF in vitro and in vivo. The study revealed ROS and mitogens in mature ovarian follicles could initiate the transformation of fimbria epithelium in the context of p53 loss and melatonin is a potent preventive agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Che-Fang Hsu
- Department of Research, Cervical Cancer Prevention Center
| | - Pao-Chu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hulien 970, Taiwan, Republic of China and
| | - Dah-Ching Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hulien 970, Taiwan, Republic of China and
| | - Meng-Ya Chang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tang-Yuan Chu
- Department of Research, Cervical Cancer Prevention Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hulien 970, Taiwan, Republic of China and Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Greenow KR, Smalley MJ. Overview of Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Breast Cancer Used in Translational Biology and Drug Development. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 70:14.36.1-14.36.14. [PMID: 26331886 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph1436s70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous condition with no single standard of treatment and no definitive method for determining whether a tumor will respond to therapy. The development of murine models that faithfully mimic specific human breast cancer subtypes is critical for the development of patient-specific treatments. While the artificial nature of traditional in vivo xenograft models used to characterize novel anticancer treatments has limited clinical predictive value, the development of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) makes it possible to study the therapeutic responses in an intact microenvironment. GEMMs have proven to be an experimentally tractable platform for evaluating the efficacy of novel therapeutic combinations and for defining the mechanisms of acquired resistance. Described in this overview are several of the more popular breast cancer GEMMs, including details on their value in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty R Greenow
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Current Address: Propath UK Ltd., Hereford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Smalley
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Corresponding Author:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Weigelt B, Ng CKY, Shen R, Popova T, Schizas M, Natrajan R, Mariani O, Stern MH, Norton L, Vincent-Salomon A, Reis-Filho JS. Metaplastic breast carcinomas display genomic and transcriptomic heterogeneity [corrected]. . Mod Pathol 2015; 28:340-51. [PMID: 25412848 PMCID: PMC4523239 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2014.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metaplastic breast carcinoma is a rare and aggressive histologic type of breast cancer, preferentially displaying a triple-negative phenotype. We sought to define the transcriptomic heterogeneity of metaplastic breast cancers on the basis of current gene expression microarray-based classifiers, and to determine whether these tumors display gene copy number profiles consistent with those of BRCA1-associated breast cancers. Twenty-eight consecutive triple-negative metaplastic breast carcinomas were reviewed, and the metaplastic component present in each frozen specimen was defined (ie, spindle cell, squamous, chondroid metaplasia). RNA and DNA extracted from frozen sections with tumor cell content >60% were subjected to gene expression (Illumina HumanHT-12 v4) and copy number profiling (Affymetrix SNP 6.0), respectively. Using the best practice PAM50/claudin-low microarray-based classifier, all metaplastic breast carcinomas with spindle cell metaplasia were of claudin-low subtype, whereas those with squamous or chondroid metaplasia were preferentially of basal-like subtype. Triple-negative breast cancer subtyping using a dedicated website (http://cbc.mc.vanderbilt.edu/tnbc/) revealed that all metaplastic breast carcinomas with chondroid metaplasia were of mesenchymal-like subtype, spindle cell carcinomas preferentially of unstable or mesenchymal stem-like subtype, and those with squamous metaplasia were of multiple subtypes. None of the cases was classified as immunomodulatory or luminal androgen receptor subtype. Integrative clustering, combining gene expression and gene copy number data, revealed that metaplastic breast carcinomas with spindle cell and chondroid metaplasia were preferentially classified as of integrative clusters 4 and 9, respectively, whereas those with squamous metaplasia were classified into six different clusters. Eight of the 26 metaplastic breast cancers subjected to SNP6 analysis were classified as BRCA1-like. The diversity of histologic features of metaplastic breast carcinomas is reflected at the transcriptomic level, and an association between molecular subtypes and histology was observed. BRCA1-like genomic profiles were found only in a subset (31%) of metaplastic breast cancers, and were not associated with a specific molecular or histologic subtype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charlotte KY Ng
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronglai Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Michail Schizas
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachael Natrajan
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | | | - Marc-Henri Stern
- INSERM U830, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France,Institut Curie, Department of Tumor Biology, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Larry Norton
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne Vincent-Salomon
- INSERM U830, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France,Institut Curie, Department of Tumor Biology, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in women worldwide. This malignancy is a complex disease, which is defined by an intrinsic heterogeneity on the histopathological and molecular level as well as response to therapy and outcome. In addition to classical histopathological features, breast cancer can be categorized into at least five major subtypes based on comprehensive gene expression profiling: luminal A, luminal B, basal-like, ERBB2-positive, and normal-like breast cancer. Genetically engineered mouse models can serve as tools to study the molecular underpinnings for this disease. Given the genetic complexity that drives the initiation and progression of individual breast cancer subtypes, it is evident that certain models can reflect only particular aspects of this malignancy. In this book chapter, we will primarily focus on advances in modeling breast cancer at defined stages of carcinogenesis using genetically engineered mice. We will discuss the ability as well as shortcomings of these models to faithfully recapitulate the spectrum of human breast cancer subtypes.
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
In 2007, three scientists, Drs. Mario R. Capecchi, Martin J. Evans, and Oliver Smithies, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their contributions of introducing specific gene modifications into mice. This technology, commonly referred to as gene targeting or knockout, has proven to be a powerful means for precisely manipulating the mammalian genome and has generated great impacts on virtually all phases of mammalian biology and basic biomedical research. Of note, germline mutations of many genes, especially tumor suppressors, often result in lethality during embryonic development or at developmental stages before tumor formation. This obstacle has been effectively overcome by the use of conditional knockout technology in conjunction with Cre-LoxP- or Flp-Frt-mediated temporal and/or spatial systems to generate genetic switches for precise DNA recombination. Currently, numerous conditional knockout mouse models have been successfully generated and applied in studying tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. This review summarizes some conditional mutant mouse models that are widely used in cancer research and our understanding of the possible mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Xia Deng
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hollern DP, Andrechek ER. A genomic analysis of mouse models of breast cancer reveals molecular features of mouse models and relationships to human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:R59. [PMID: 25069779 PMCID: PMC4078930 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genomic variability limits the efficacy of breast cancer therapy. To simplify the study of the molecular complexity of breast cancer, researchers have used mouse mammary tumor models. However, the degree to which mouse models model human breast cancer and are reflective of the human heterogeneity has yet to be demonstrated with gene expression studies on a large scale. METHODS To this end, we have built a database consisting of 1,172 mouse mammary tumor samples from 26 different major oncogenic mouse mammary tumor models. RESULTS In this dataset we identified heterogeneity within mouse models and noted a surprising amount of interrelatedness between models, despite differences in the tumor initiating oncogene. Making comparisons between models, we identified differentially expressed genes with alteration correlating with initiating events in each model. Using annotation tools, we identified transcription factors with a high likelihood of activity within these models. Gene signatures predicted activation of major cell signaling pathways in each model, predictions that correlated with previous genetic studies. Finally, we noted relationships between mouse models and human breast cancer at both the level of gene expression and predicted signal pathway activity. Importantly, we identified individual mouse models that recapitulate human breast cancer heterogeneity at the level of gene expression. CONCLUSIONS This work underscores the importance of fully characterizing mouse tumor biology at molecular, histological and genomic levels before a valid comparison to human breast cancer may be drawn and provides an important bioinformatic resource.
Collapse
|
40
|
Melchor L, Molyneux G, Mackay A, Magnay FA, Atienza M, Kendrick H, Nava-Rodrigues D, López-García MÁ, Milanezi F, Greenow K, Robertson D, Palacios J, Reis-Filho JS, Smalley MJ. Identification of cellular and genetic drivers of breast cancer heterogeneity in genetically engineered mouse tumour models. J Pathol 2014; 233:124-37. [PMID: 24615332 DOI: 10.1002/path.4345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous nature of mammary tumours may arise from different initiating genetic lesions occurring in distinct cells of origin. Here, we generated mice in which Brca2, Pten and p53 were depleted in either basal mammary epithelial cells or luminal oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative cells. Basal cell-origin tumours displayed similar histological phenotypes, regardless of the depleted gene. In contrast, luminal ER-negative cells gave rise to diverse phenotypes, depending on the initiating lesions, including both ER-negative and, strikingly, ER-positive invasive ductal carcinomas. Molecular profiling demonstrated that luminal ER-negative cell-origin tumours resembled a range of the molecular subtypes of human breast cancer, including basal-like, luminal B and 'normal-like'. Furthermore, a subset of these tumours resembled the 'claudin-low' tumour subtype. These findings demonstrate that not only do mammary tumour phenotypes depend on the interactions between cell of origin and driver genetic aberrations, but also multiple mammary tumour subtypes, including both ER-positive and -negative disease, can originate from a single epithelial cell type. This is a fundamental advance in our understanding of tumour aetiology.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- BRCA2 Protein/deficiency
- BRCA2 Protein/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Claudins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/deficiency
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/genetics
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/deficiency
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Melchor
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Khaled WT, Liu P. Cancer mouse models: past, present and future. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 27:54-60. [PMID: 24718321 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The development and advances in gene targeting technology over the past three decades has facilitated the generation of cancer mouse models that recapitulate features of human malignancies. These models have been and still remain instrumental in revealing the complexities of human cancer biology. However, they will need to evolve in the post-genomic era of cancer research. In this review we will highlight some of the key developments over the past decades and will discuss the new possibilities of cancer mouse models in the light of emerging powerful gene manipulating tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walid T Khaled
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK.
| | - Pentao Liu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Germline mutations of human breast cancer-associated gene 1 (BRCA1) predispose women to breast and ovarian cancers. In mice, over 20 distinct mutations, including null, hypomorphic, isoform, conditional, and point mutations, have been created to study functions of Brca1 in mammary development and tumorigenesis. Analyses using these mutant mice have yielded an enormous amount of information that greatly facilitates our understanding of the gender- and tissue-specific tumor suppressor functions of BRCA1, as well as enriches our insights into applying these preclinical models of disease to breast cancer research. Here, we review features of these mutant mice and their applications to cancer prevention and therapeutic treatment.
Collapse
|
43
|
SALGADO JOSEFA, SANTISTEBAN MARTA, GUTIÉRREZ CRISTINA, GIL CARMEN, ROBLES MAITANE, VIEDMA ADRIANA, PATIÑO-GARCÍA ANA. A novel BRCA1 mutation in a patient with breast and ovarian cancer: A case report. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:725-727. [PMID: 24137399 PMCID: PMC3788828 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in the human breast cancer genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for a substantial proportion of familial, early-onset breast and ovarian cancers. The present study reports a novel disease-causing BRCA1 mutation, nucleotide 3020insCT/c.2901insCT, in a 55-year-old Spanish female with breast and ovarian cancer. This frameshift mutation creates a premature stop codon at amino acid 1000, leading to a truncated BRCA1 protein. To the best of our knowledge, this mutation has not been previously described in the Breast Cancer Information Core (BIC) database or the published literature.
Collapse
|
44
|
Zvelebil M, Oliemuller E, Gao Q, Wansbury O, Mackay A, Kendrick H, Smalley MJ, Reis-Filho JS, Howard BA. Embryonic mammary signature subsets are activated in Brca1-/- and basal-like breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R25. [PMID: 23506684 PMCID: PMC3672751 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cancer is often suggested to result from development gone awry. Links between normal embryonic development and cancer biology have been postulated, but no defined genetic basis has been established. We recently published the first transcriptomic analysis of embryonic mammary cell populations. Embryonic mammary epithelial cells are an immature progenitor cell population, lacking differentiation markers, which is reflected in their very distinct genetic profiles when compared with those of their postnatal descendents. Methods We defined an embryonic mammary epithelial signature that incorporates the most highly expressed genes from embryonic mammary epithelium when compared with the postnatal mammary epithelial cells. We looked for activation of the embryonic mammary epithelial signature in mouse mammary tumors that formed in mice in which Brca1 had been conditionally deleted from the mammary epithelium and in human breast cancers to determine whether any genetic links exist between embryonic mammary cells and breast cancers. Results Small subsets of the embryonic mammary epithelial signature were consistently activated in mouse Brca1-/- tumors and human basal-like breast cancers, which encoded predominantly transcriptional regulators, cell-cycle, and actin cytoskeleton components. Other embryonic gene subsets were found activated in non-basal-like tumor subtypes and repressed in basal-like tumors, including regulators of neuronal differentiation, transcription, and cell biosynthesis. Several embryonic genes showed significant upregulation in estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, progesterone receptor (PR)-negative, and/or grade 3 breast cancers. Among them, the transcription factor, SOX11, a progenitor cell and lineage regulator of nonmammary cell types, is found highly expressed in some Brca1-/- mammary tumors. By using RNA interference to silence SOX11 expression in breast cancer cells, we found evidence that SOX11 regulates breast cancer cell proliferation and cell survival. Conclusions Specific subsets of embryonic mammary genes, rather than the entire embryonic development transcriptomic program, are activated in tumorigenesis. Genes involved in embryonic mammary development are consistently upregulated in some breast cancers and warrant further investigation, potentially in drug-discovery research endeavors.
Collapse
|
45
|
Nassar A, Sussman ZM, Lawson D, Cohen C. Inference of the Basal Epithelial Phenotype in Breast Carcinoma from Differential Marker Expression, Using Tissue Microarrays in Triple Negative Breast Cancer and Women Younger than 35. Breast J 2012; 18:399-405. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4741.2012.01279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
46
|
Wagh PK, Zinser GM, Gray JK, Shrestha A, Waltz SE. Conditional deletion of β-catenin in mammary epithelial cells of Ron receptor, Mst1r, overexpressing mice alters mammary tumorigenesis. Endocrinology 2012; 153:2735-46. [PMID: 22474186 PMCID: PMC3359604 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Ron receptor tyrosine kinase (macrophage stimulating 1 receptor) is overexpressed in approximately 50% of human breast cancers. Transgenic mice overexpressing Ron in the mammary epithelium [mouse mammary tumor virus driven (MMTV)-Ron expressing mice] develop mammary tumors that exhibit up-regulation of β-catenin and β-catenin target genes. β-Catenin has been shown to be a mediator of mammary tumorigenesis in various breast cancer models, including downstream of Ron. However, the in vivo impact of a conditional loss of β-catenin downstream of Ron receptor overexpression on the onset, growth, turnover, and metastasis of mammary tumors has not been addressed. To determine the significance of β-catenin in the context of Ron overexpression, we conditionally deleted β-catenin in mammary epithelial cells of MMTV-Ron mice. Conditional deletion of β-catenin in the mammary epithelium, through the use of whey acidic protein (WAP)-Cre transgenic mice, significantly delayed the onset of mammary hyperplastic nodules, the presence of palpable mammary tumors, and ultimately decreased liver metastasis. β-Catenin loss in this model was also associated with decreased expression of cyclin D1. In total, these studies support an important role for β-catenin downstream of Ron receptor signaling during the development of mammary tumorigenesis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cyclin D1/genetics
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hyperplasia
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/secondary
- Male
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Time Factors
- beta Catenin/deficiency
- beta Catenin/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Purnima K Wagh
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0521, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
BRACking news on triple-negative/basal-like breast cancers: how BRCA1 deficiency may result in the development of a selective tumor subtype. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 31:131-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
48
|
Borowsky AD. Choosing a mouse model: experimental biology in context--the utility and limitations of mouse models of breast cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:a009670. [PMID: 21646376 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mice are critical experimental models for the study of breast cancer biology. Transgenic mice, employing strong mammary epithelial promoters to drive oncogenes, develop carcinomas with phenotypes corresponding to the molecular pathway activated. Gene-targeted (knockout) mice, in which tumor suppressors are deleted, develop mammary neoplasms with phenotypes primarily including patterns seen in spontaneous mouse mammary tumors, albeit at higher rates. Improved genetic engineering, using inducible gene expression, somatic gene transduction, conditional alleles, and crossbreeding for combined/compound genetic engineering yields precise molecular models with exquisite experimental control and phenotypes with comparative pathologic validity. Mammary gland transplantation technology adds a practical and validated method for assessing biologic behavior of selected mammary tissues. Overall, the many mouse models available are a rich resource for experimental biology with phenocopies of breast cancer subtypes, and a variety of practical advantages. The challenge is matching the model to the experimental question.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Borowsky
- Department of Pathology and Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Nguyen DH, Oketch-Rabah HA, Illa-Bochaca I, Geyer FC, Reis-Filho JS, Mao JH, Ravani SA, Zavadil J, Borowsky AD, Jerry DJ, Dunphy KA, Seo JH, Haslam S, Medina D, Barcellos-Hoff MH. Radiation acts on the microenvironment to affect breast carcinogenesis by distinct mechanisms that decrease cancer latency and affect tumor type. Cancer Cell 2011; 19:640-51. [PMID: 21575864 PMCID: PMC3110779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Tissue microenvironment is an important determinant of carcinogenesis. We demonstrate that ionizing radiation, a known carcinogen, affects cancer frequency and characteristics by acting on the microenvironment. Using a mammary chimera model in which an irradiated host is transplanted with oncogenic Trp53 null epithelium, we show accelerated development of aggressive tumors whose molecular signatures were distinct from tumors arising in nonirradiated hosts. Molecular and genetic approaches show that TGFβ mediated tumor acceleration. Tumor molecular signatures implicated TGFβ, and genetically reducing TGFβ abrogated the effect on latency. Surprisingly, tumors from irradiated hosts were predominantly estrogen receptor negative. This effect was TGFβ independent and linked to mammary stem cell activity. Thus, the irradiated microenvironment affects latency and clinically relevant features of cancer through distinct and unexpected mechanisms.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/etiology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/radiation effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Epithelial Cells/radiation effects
- Epithelial Cells/transplantation
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/radiation effects
- Mammary Glands, Animal/transplantation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/etiology
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/pathology
- Radiation Chimera
- Reaction Time
- Receptors, Estrogen/deficiency
- Time Factors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
- Tumor Burden
- Tumor Microenvironment/radiation effects
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/deficiency
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Whole-Body Irradiation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David H. Nguyen
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 566 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016
| | - Hellen A. Oketch-Rabah
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Irineu Illa-Bochaca
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 566 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016
| | - Felipe C. Geyer
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB Great Britain
| | - Jorge S. Reis-Filho
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB Great Britain
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Shraddha A. Ravani
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Jiri Zavadil
- Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
| | - Alexander D. Borowsky
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Medical Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - D. Joseph Jerry
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA 01199
| | - Karen A. Dunphy
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA 01199
| | - Jae Hong Seo
- University of Massachusetts, Integrated Sciences Building, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Sandra Haslam
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 42284
| | - Daniel Medina
- Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Cullen 135C, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Mary Helen Barcellos-Hoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 566 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016
- Corresponding author: Mary Helen Barcellos-Hoff, Department of Radiation Oncology, 566 First Avenue, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 (212) 263-3021;
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
BRCA1 is a well-established tumor suppressor gene, which is frequently mutated in familial breast and ovarian cancers. The gene product of BRCA1 functions in a number of cellular pathways that maintain genomic stability, including DNA damage-induced cell cycle checkpoint activation, DNA damage repair, protein ubiquitination, chromatin remodeling, as well as transcriptional regulation and apoptosis. In this review, we discuss recent advances regarding our understanding of the role of BRCA1 in tumor suppression and DNA damage response, including DNA damage-induced cell cycle checkpoint activation and DNA damage repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxue Wu
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|