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Verma RK, Pal N, Gupta S, Singh VK, Gupta P, Handoo S, Rana CS. Novel extraction technique: quantification of major phytoconstituents of arjuna in infused edible oil. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-6. [PMID: 37799113 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2263899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, precise, accurate, and cost-effective liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer method was developed by using a novel extraction technique for the simultaneous quantification of major oleane derivatives: arjunetin, arjungenin, arjunolic acid, and arjunic acid of Terminalia arjuna in infused edible oil. An innovative idea was implemented to extract the active phytoconstituents from the oil matrix based on the freezing point of oils and extraction solvent. The developed method was validated for all four active compounds in the linear working range of 0.47-1.72 µg/mL, 0.845-2.93 µg/mL, 1.73-5.95 µg/mL and 0.62-2.22 µg/mL with good correlations value (r2) more than 0.99 for arjunetin, arjungenin, arjunolic acid, and arjunetin, respectively. Furthermore, the HPTLC method was also developed for the quick identification of all four active markers along with other phytoconstituents infused in oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Verma
- Dabur Research and Development Centre, Dabur India Limited, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam Pal
- Dabur Research and Development Centre, Dabur India Limited, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sujeet Gupta
- Dabur Research and Development Centre, Dabur India Limited, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Varun Kumar Singh
- Dabur Research and Development Centre, Dabur India Limited, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- Dabur Research and Development Centre, Dabur India Limited, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunanda Handoo
- Dabur Research and Development Centre, Dabur India Limited, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Charan Singh Rana
- Dabur Research and Development Centre, Dabur India Limited, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Tulsi JR, Vidhu A. Marker-based standardization of Terminalia arjuna bark for the detection of probable adulterants by quantitative high-performance thin-layer chromatography. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00764-022-00177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pathak DV, Sagar SR, Bhatt HG, Patel PK. A search for potential anti-HIV phytoconstituents from the natural product repository. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-022-00646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Carvalho R, Dhar P, Haselton A, Heckler I, Hoffmann J, Wilklow-Marnell M, Juneja R, Li Y. Evaluation of the insecticidal properties of Terminalia arjuna ethanolic extracts against Drosophila melanogaster. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Amalraj A, Gopi S. Medicinal properties of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.: A review. J Tradit Complement Med 2017; 7:65-78. [PMID: 28053890 PMCID: PMC5198828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been a main source of therapeutic agents from ancient time to cure diseases. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. (T. arjuna) is one of the most accepted and beneficial medicinal plants in indigenous system of medicine for the treatment of various critical diseases. This comprehensive review provides various aspects of its ethnomedical, phytochemical, pharmacognostical, pharmacological and clinical significance to different diseases particularly in cardiovascular conditions. This plant has a good safety outline when used in combination with other conventional drugs. This review highlights various medicinal properties of T. arjuna through different studies such as antioxidant, hypotensive, anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic and gastro-productive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sreeraj Gopi
- R&D Centre, Aurea Biolabs Pvt Ltd, Kolenchery, Cochin, India
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Kapoor D, Vijayvergiya R, Dhawan V. Terminalia arjuna in coronary artery disease: ethnopharmacology, pre-clinical, clinical & safety evaluation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:1029-1045. [PMID: 25014508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. is one of the most popular and beneficial medicinal plants in indigenous system of medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This comprehensive review provides latest updates on traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacological and toxicological data, clinical efficacy and safety of Terminalia arjuna as well as outlined strategies for future research and development to scientifically validate the therapeutic potential of this plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information about Terminalia arjuna was collected via a systematic electronic and library search of various indexed and non-indexed journals, some local books and varied articles published on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and traditional uses. Various pre-clinical (2000-2014) and clinical studies (1990-2014) have also been considered regarding efficacy and safety profile of Terminalia arjuna. RESULTS Evidence from various in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials reveal the pleiotropic effects of Terminalia arjuna such as anti-atherogenic, hypotensive, inotropic, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and antioxidant actions for treatment of various cardiovascular disorders. It is clearly documented that this plant has a good safety profile when used in conjunction with other conventional drugs. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the exact molecular mechanism of its action, appropriate form of drug administration, whether whole crude drug or aqueous or alcoholic extract should be used, toxicological studies and its interaction with other drugs. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this review highlights the importance as well as pleiotropic actions and functional aspects of Terminalia arjuna especially in cardiovascular diseases. Though, various pharmacological studies and clinical trials support its benefit in the CVD as per traditional use, new clinical trials using more rigorous state of the art technology and in a larger population setup are warranted to assess the traditional putative efficacy of Terminalia arjuna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kapoor
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajesh Vijayvergiya
- Department of Cardiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Veena Dhawan
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
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Saha A, Pawar VM, Jayaraman S. Characterisation of Polyphenols in Terminalia arjuna Bark Extract. Indian J Pharm Sci 2013; 74:339-47. [PMID: 23626389 PMCID: PMC3630729 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.107067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The bark of Terminalia arjuna is known for its heart-health benefits in ayurvedic literature. This has been further supported by in vivo studies on animal and human volunteers. But there is no detailed study on identification of the active ingredients such as polyphenols. Polyphenols possesses antioxidant properties and are well-known health actives, it is important to characterise polyphenols in Terminalia arjuna. Aqueous extract of Terminalia arjuna bark was analysed for its composition and molecular weight distribution by dialysis. Compositional analysis revealed that it has 44% polyphenols and dialysis study showed that 70% of the polyphenols have molecular weight greater than 3.5 kDa. High performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of Terminalia arjuna, confirmed that it contains flavon-3-ols such as (+)-catechin, (+)-gallocatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin. Phenolic acids such as gallic acid, ellagic acid and its derivatives were also found in Terminalia arjuna extract. Ellagic acid derivatives were isolated and their spectral studies indicated that isolated compounds were 3-O-methyl-ellagic acid 4-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, ellagic acid and 3-O-methyl ellagic acid 3-O-rhamnoside. Hydrolysis and thiolysis studies of high molecular weight polyphenols indicated that they are proanthocyanidins. Given these results, it may be possible to attribute the heart-health effects of Terminalia arjuna to these polyphenols which may be responsible for the endothelial benefit functions like tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anumita Saha
- AMDM, Unilever R and D, Bangalore, No. 64, Whitefield, Bangalore-560 066, India
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Mohammed Raouf GA, Vaibhav K, Khan A, Tabassum R, Ahmed ME, Javed H, Chander K, Islam F, Siddiqui MS. Terminalia arjuna bark extract inhibits histological alterations by mitigating oxidative stress in lead intoxicated mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-013-0112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Verma SC, Jain CL, Padhi MM, Devalla RB. Microwave extraction and rapid isolation of arjunic acid from Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) stem bark and quantification of arjunic acid and arjunolic acid using HPLC-PDA technique. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1627-33. [PMID: 22761141 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Arjunic acid and arjunolic acid are main bioactive components of Terminalia arjuna stem bark and reported for various biological activities. In this study, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of arjunic and arjunolic acid from stem bark of T. arjuna was investigated with developed and validated HPLC-PDA method, which resulted in the isolation of a novel anticancer molecule i.e. arjunic acid. Effects of several experimental parameters, such as type and volume of extraction solvents, microwave power, microwave extraction time, on the extraction efficiencies of arjunic, and arjunolic acid from stem bark of T. arjuna were evaluated. The optimal extraction conditions identified were 5.0 g quantity of stem bark powder, 20 mL of ethyl acetate, preleaching time 10 min, microwave power 600 W, temperature 65°C, and microwave irradiation time 5 min. The results showed that MAE is a more rapid extraction method with higher yield and lower solvent consumptions than reported methods. The HPLC-PDA analysis method was developed and validated to have good linearity, precision, sensitivity, and accuracy. MAE-HPLC-PDA is a faster, convenient, and appropriate method for isolation and determination of arjunic acid and arjunolic acid in the stem bark of T. arjuna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash Chandra Verma
- Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Janakpuri, New Delhi, India.
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Singh M, Kamal YK, Parveen R, Ahmad S. Development and validation of a stability-indicating HPTLC method for analysis of arjunolic acid in a herbal formulation. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2011. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.24.2011.2.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yadav AK, Tiwari N, Srivastava P, Singh SC, Shanker K, Verma RK, Gupta MM. Iridoid glycoside-based quantitative chromatographic fingerprint analysis: A rational approach for quality assessment of Indian medicinal plant Gambhari (Gmelina arborea). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:841-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Saxena M, Yadav S, Bawankule DU, Srivastava SK, Pal A, Mishra R, Gupta MM, Darokar MP, Priyanka, Khanuja SPS. An Immunomodulator from Terminalia Arjuna and Biological Evaluation of its Derivatives. Nat Prod Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0800300613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed chemical investigation of Terminalia arjuna bark resulted in the isolation and identification of an immunomodulatory constituent, arjunic acid (1), which was converted into seven semi-synthetic derivatives (2–8). All the test compounds in 0.1, 1 and 10 μg/mL concentrations exhibited immunomodulatory effects in a dose dependant manner. 2- O-Lauroyl arjunic acid (3) and 2- O-palmitoyl arjunic acid (4) exhibited immunostimulatory response at all the tested concentrations, while arjunic acid (1), 2,3-di- O-acetyl arjunic acid (2), 2,3-di -O-benzoyl arjunic acid (6), and 2- O-p-anisoyl arjunic acid (7) exhibited immunostimulatory responses at lower doses, whereas at higher concentrations they exhibited immunosuppressive activity. Only 2,3-di- O-palmitoyl arjunic acid (5) showed immunosuppressive activity at all the concentrations; this is being reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Saxena
- Analytical Chemistry Division Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow–226015, India
| | - Sachidanand Yadav
- Genetic Resource and Biotechnology Division Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow–226015, India
| | - Dhyaneshwar U. Bawankule
- Genetic Resource and Biotechnology Division Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow–226015, India
| | - Santosh K. Srivastava
- Analytical Chemistry Division Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow–226015, India
| | - Anirban Pal
- Genetic Resource and Biotechnology Division Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow–226015, India
| | - Rupal Mishra
- Analytical Chemistry Division Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow–226015, India
| | - Madan M. Gupta
- Analytical Chemistry Division Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow–226015, India
| | - Mahendra P. Darokar
- Genetic Resource and Biotechnology Division Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow–226015, India
| | - Priyanka
- Analytical Chemistry Division Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow–226015, India
| | - Suman P. S. Khanuja
- Genetic Resource and Biotechnology Division Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow–226015, India
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Srivastava V, Singh M, Malasoni R, Shanker K, Verma RK, Gupta MM, Gupta AK, Khanuja SPS. Separation and quantification of lignans inPhyllanthus species by a simple chiral densitometric method. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:47-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pandey R, Verma RK, Gupta MM. High-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for quantitative determination of 4α-methyl-24β-ethyl-5α-cholesta-14,25-dien-3β-ol, 24β-ethylcholesta-5,9(11),22E-trien-3β-ol, and betulinic acid inClerodendrum inerme. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:2086-91. [PMID: 17654616 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, selective, precise, and robust high-performance thin-layer chromatography method was developed and validated for analysis of two new recently isolated sterols, 4alpha-methyl-24beta-ethyl-5alpha-cholesta-14,25-dien-3beta-ol (1) and 24beta-ethylcholesta-5,9(11),22E-trien-3beta-ol (2), and a triterpene, betulinic acid (3), in Clerodendrum inerme extract. The method employed HPTLC plates precoated with silica gel 60F(254 )as the stationary phase. To achieve good separation, an optimised mobile phase consisting of toluene-acetone (94:06, v/v) was used (R(f )0.48, 0.34, and 0.22 for compounds 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Densitometric determination of the above compounds was carried out in reflection/absorption mode at 620 nm. Optimised chromatographic conditions provide well separated compact spots for the compounds 1, 2, and 3. The calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 100-2500 ng/spot. The method was validated for precision, robustness, and recovery. The limits of detection and quantitation were 5, 6, and 10 microg/mL and 14, 18, and 29 microg/mL, respectively, for 1, 2, and 3. The method reported here is reproducible and convenient for quantitative analysis of these compounds in the aerial parts of C. inerme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Pandey
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
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Kalola J, Rajani M. Extraction and TLC Desitometric Determination of Triterpenoid Acids (Arjungenin, Arjunolic Acid) from Terminalia arjuna Stem Bark Without Interference of Tannins. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0772-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Tyagi R, Lala S, Verma AK, Nandy AK, Mahato SB, Maitra A, Basu MK. Targeted delivery of arjunglucoside I using surface hydrophilic and hydrophobic nanocarriers to combat experimental leishmaniasis. J Drug Target 2005; 13:161-71. [PMID: 16036304 DOI: 10.1080/10611860500046732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of the indigenous drug arjunglucoside I (AG) against in vivo models of experimental leishmaniasis by incorporating it in surface hydrophilic co-polymeric nanogel particles of size less than 100 nm diameter and to compare its efficacy with that of the free drug as well as the drug encapsulated in hydrophobic poly-dl-lactide (PLA) nanoparticles. The drug AG, having glucose at the terminal end of the glycosidic chain, was isolated from an indigenous source. Drug-incorporated ultra-low-sized nanogels (approximately 90 nm in diameter) composed of cross-linked random co-polymer of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAM) and N-vinyl pyrrolidone(VP) were prepared, characterized and used as delivery vehicles to combat experimental leishmaniasis in hamster models. For comparison, drug-encapsulated hydrophobic nanoparticles (approximately 250 nm in diameter) made from PLA were used as a control. The drug AG was incorporated in these nanocarriers and these drug-nanocarrier complexes were physically characterized. The efficacy of lowering spleen parasite load by the free drug, as well as that incorporated in nanogels and PLA nanoparticles were examined in vivo in equimolar concentration against hamsters undergoing experimental leishmaniasis. The reduction of drug toxicity by the nanogels and PLA nanoparticles was also assessed. The efficacy in the lowering of spleen parasite load with the free drug was found to be only 38% but was much higher when the drug was incorporated in co-polymeric nanogels (79%) or in polymeric nanoparticles (75%). Both the nanocarriers were found to be effective in reducing hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity nearly to the same extent. It was apparent that in addition to a smaller size and better drug release profile, the contribution of other parameters, e.g. overall surface hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of the vehicles, also play an important role in the macrophage uptake of the drug. However, whatever be the exact mechanism, being highly efficient, non-hepatotoxic and non-nephrotoxic, AG in either of the two nanoparticulate forms may have useful application in humans
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Tyagi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sherma
- Department of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, USA
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Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2002; 13:381-388. [PMID: 12669728 DOI: 10.1002/pca.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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