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Blanco-Doval A, Azkargorta M, Iloro I, Beaskoetxea J, Elortza F, Barron LJR, Aldai N. Comparative proteomic analysis of the changes in mare milk associated with different lactation stages and management systems. Food Chem 2024; 445:138766. [PMID: 38402663 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Mare milk has traditionally been attributed a number of health promoting properties. However, knowledge on its composition and functionality remains scarce, with particularly limited studies on mare milk proteomics. This study deeply characterized mare milk proteome accounting for both caseins and proteins in the whey fraction, also addressing the impact of lactation stage and different management systems. Milk samples from Basque Mountain Horse breed mares belonging to three different farms and three lactation stages were analysed after in-gel and in-solution digestion using nLC-MS/MS. Among the 469 proteins identified, the content of alpha-1 antitrypsin was significantly higher in pasture-based compared to other systems. Moreover, lactation stage significantly affected the content of beta-lactoglobulin II, immunoglobulin-like domain-containing protein, interferon alpha-inducible protein 27, lactotransferrin, polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, and transforming acidic coiled-coil containing protein 2. This study contributes to the deep characterization of mare milk proteome and provides new insights into the effect of different production factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Blanco-Doval
- Lactiker Research Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - Mikel Azkargorta
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), CIBERehd, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain.
| | - Ibon Iloro
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), CIBERehd, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain.
| | - Jabier Beaskoetxea
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), CIBERehd, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain.
| | - Felix Elortza
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), CIBERehd, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain.
| | - Luis Javier R Barron
- Lactiker Research Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - Noelia Aldai
- Lactiker Research Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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2
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Blanco-Doval A, Barron LJR, Aldai N. Nutritional Quality and Socio-Ecological Benefits of Mare Milk Produced under Grazing Management. Foods 2024; 13:1412. [PMID: 38731783 PMCID: PMC11083796 DOI: 10.3390/foods13091412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the scientific evidence that supports the nutritional value of mare milk and how its properties are essentially achieved when mares are managed under grazing conditions. Mare milk's similarity with the chemical composition of human milk makes this food and its derived products not only suitable for human consumption but also an interesting food regarding human health. The contribution of horse breeding under grazing management to other socio-ecological benefits generated by equine farms is also highlighted. Both the high added value of mare milk and the socio-ecological benefits derived from pasture-based systems could be explored to improve the performance of equine farms located in arid and semi-arid areas or in regions with moderately harsh environmental conditions as equids have a strong adaptation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noelia Aldai
- Lactiker Research Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (A.B.-D.); (L.J.R.B.)
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3
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Mayerl CJ, German RZ. Evolution, diversification and function of the maternal-infant dyad in mammalian feeding. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220554. [PMID: 37839443 PMCID: PMC10577036 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the mother/infant dyad providing a source of nutrition for infants is essential for the origin and subsequent diversification of mammals. Despite the importance of this dyad, research on maternal and infant function is often treated independently. Our goal is to synthesize the work on maternal and infant function, discuss our own studies of suckling, and compare the origins of lactation and suckling with their ensuing diversification. Our central premise is that while extensive work has demonstrated variation across mammals in the maternal aspect of this system, very little has been done to address how this relates to infant function. We start with a discussion of the fundamental anatomy and physiology of both mother and infant. We next discuss the origin of mammary glands and milk, and infant suckling, which is distinct from their subsequent diversification. We then discuss the diversification of maternal and infant function, highlighting the evolutionary diversity present in maternal function (both anatomically and physiologically), before arguing that the diversity of infant function is unexplored, and needs to be better studied in the future. We end by discussing some of the holes in our understanding, and suggestions for future work that can address these lacunae. This article is part of the theme issue 'Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Mayerl
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86001-5766, USA
| | - Rebecca Z. German
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
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4
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Cosenza G, Martin P, Garro G, Gallo D, Auzino B, Ciampolini R, Pauciullo A. A novel allelic donkey β-lactogobulin I protein isoform generated by a non-AUG translation initiation codon is associated with a nonsynonymous SNP. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:4158-4170. [PMID: 37080792 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
β-Lactoglobulin I (β-LG I) is one of the most important whey proteins in donkey milk. However, to our knowledge, there has been no study focusing on the full nucleotide sequences of this gene (BLG I). Current investigation of donkey BLG I gene is very limited with only 2 variants (A and B) characterized so far at the protein level. Recently, a new β-LG I variant, with a significantly higher mass (+1,915 Da) than known variants has been detected. In this study, we report the whole nucleotide sequence of the BLG I gene from 2 donkeys, whose milk samples are characterized by the β-LG I SDS-PAGE band with a normal electrophoretic mobility (18,514.25 Da, β-LG I B1 form) the first, and by the presence of a unique β-LG I band with a higher electrophoretic mobility (20,428.5 Da, β-LG I D form) the latter. A high genetic variability was found all over the 2 sequenced BLG I alleles. In particular, 16 polymorphic sites were found in introns, one in the 5' flanking region, 3 SNPs in the 5' untranslated region and one SNP in the coding region (g.458G > A) located at the 40th nucleotide of exon 2 and responsible for the AA substitutions p.Asp28 > Asn in the mature protein. Two SNPs (g.920-922CAC > TGT and g.1871G/A) were genotyped in 93 donkeys of 2 Italian breeds (60 Ragusana and 33 Amiatina, respectively) and the overall frequencies of g.920-922CAC and g.1871A were 0.3065 and 0.043, respectively. Only the rare allele g.1871A was observed to be associated with the slower migrating β-LG I. Considering this genetic diversity and those found in the database, it was possible to deduce at least 5 different alleles (BLG I A, B, B1, C, D) responsible for 4 potential β-LG I translations. Among these alleles, B1 and D are those characterized in the present research, with the D allele of real novel identification. Haplotype data analysis suggests an evolutionary pathway of donkey BLG I gene and a possible phylogenetic map is proposed. Analyses of mRNA secondary structure showed relevant changes in the structures, as consequence of the g.1871G > A polymorphism, that might be responsible for the recognition of an alternative initiation site providing an additional signal peptide. The extension of 19 AA sequence to the mature protein, corresponding to the canonical signal peptide with an additional alanine residue, is sufficient to provide the observed molecular weight of the slower migrating β-LG I encoded by the BLG I D allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cosenza
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," 80055 Portici (Na), Italy.
| | - P Martin
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MICALIS Institute, PAPPSO, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - G Garro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," 80055 Portici (Na), Italy
| | - D Gallo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," 80055 Portici (Na), Italy
| | - B Auzino
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56100, Italy
| | - R Ciampolini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56100, Italy.
| | - A Pauciullo
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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5
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Lajnaf R, Feki S, Ben Ameur S, Attia H, Kammoun T, Ayadi MA, Masmoudi H. Cows' milk alternatives for children with cows' milk protein allergy - Review of health benefits and risks of allergic reaction. Int Dairy J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2023.105624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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6
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Secrets behind Protein Sequences: Unveiling the Potential Reasons for Varying Allergenicity Caused by Caseins from Cows, Goats, Camels, and Mares Based on Bioinformatics Analyses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032481. [PMID: 36768806 PMCID: PMC9916876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study systematically investigated the differences in allergenicity of casein in cow milk (CM), goat milk (GM), camel milk (CAM), and mare milk (MM) from protein structures using bioinformatics. Primary structure sequence analysis reveals high sequence similarity between the α-casein of CM and GM, while all allergenic subtypes are likely to have good hydrophilicity and thermal stability. By analyzing linear B-cell epitope, T-cell epitope, and allergenic peptides, the strongest casein allergenicity is observed for CM, followed by GM, and the casein of MM has the weakest allergenicity. Meanwhile, 7, 9, and 16 similar or identical amino acid fragments in linear B-cell epitopes, T-cell epitopes, and allergenic peptides, respectively, were observed in different milks. Among these, the same T-cell epitope FLGAEVQNQ was shared by κ-CN in all four different species' milk. Epitope results may provide targets of allergenic fragments for reducing milk allergenicity through physical or/and chemical methods. This study explained the underlying secrets for the high allergenicity of CM to some extent from the perspective of casein and provided new insights for the dairy industry to reduce milk allergy. Furthermore, it provides a new idea and method for comparing the allergenicity of homologous proteins from different species.
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7
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Reichler SJ, Orta-Ramirez A, Martin NH, Wiedmann M. Culture-independent bacterial cell extraction from fluid milk and oat-based beverage for basic qualitative microscopy. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:65-69. [PMID: 36974217 PMCID: PMC10039249 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Butterfat and protein complicate attempts to extract bacterial cells from milk by centrifugation for use in basic microscopy. Some types of bacteria preferentially separate into the butterfat layer upon centrifugation and are lost when this layer is discarded, and the action of bacterial protease enzymes can cause milk proteins to precipitate and partition into the centrifugal pellet. Butterfat and precipitated protein remaining in the centrifugal pellet along with the desired bacterial cells can confound the results of differential staining and microscopy. Oat- and other plant-based beverages, which are often manufactured by dairy processors on shared equipment, present similar hurdles to bacterial extraction and microscopic visualization because of the presence of oils, starch granules, and dietary fiber particles in these products. Herein we describe methods for centrifugal separation of bacterial cells for microscopy from unflavored milk, chocolate milk, and oat-based beverage. Cell suspensions prepared through these methods were used for phase-contrast microscopy, Gram staining, and viability staining. These techniques can be used to provide rapid, culture-independent diagnostic information when bacterial cells are expected to be present in high concentrations, as in the event of sporadic product spoilage or mass product spoilage incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Reichler
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Corresponding author
| | - Alicia Orta-Ramirez
- School of Health Sciences Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicole H. Martin
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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8
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Processing of raw donkey milk by pasteurisation and UV-C to produce freeze-dried milk powders: The effect on protein quality, digestibility and bioactive properties. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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9
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Thermal processing of equine milk - A review. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Ji Z, Zhang J, Deng C, Hu Z, Du Q, Guo T, Wang J, Fan R, Han R, Yang Y. Identification of mare milk adulteration with cow milk by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry based on proteomics and metabolomics approaches. Food Chem 2022; 405:134901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Auzino B, Miranda G, Henry C, Krupova Z, Martini M, Salari F, Cosenza G, Ciampolini R, Martin P. Top-Down proteomics based on LC-MS combined with cDNA sequencing to characterize multiple proteoforms of Amiata donkey milk proteins. Food Res Int 2022; 160:111611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Zhang X, Jiang G, Ji C, Fan Z, Ge S, Li H, Wang Y, Lv X, Zhao F. Comparative Whey Proteome Profiling of Donkey Milk With Human and Cow Milk. Front Nutr 2022; 9:911454. [PMID: 35845789 PMCID: PMC9282231 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.911454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Donkey milk (DM), similar to human milk (HM) in chemical composition, has been suggested as the best potential hypoallergenic replacement diet for babies suffering from Cow milk (CM) protein allergy. In order to better understand DM protein, many studies based on proteomic have been performed. In this study, the label-free quantitative proteomic approach was conducted to quantitatively identify the differentially expressed whey proteins (DEPs) in DM vs. HM group and DM vs. CM group. In total, 241 and 365 DEPs were found in these two groups, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis of DEPs showed that the majority of DEPs participated in the lipoprotein metabolic process, regulation of cytokine production, chemical homeostasis, and catabolic process. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis found that these DEPs mainly participated in an antigen processing, complement, and coagulation cascades. These results may provide valuable information in the composition of milk whey proteins in DM, HM, and CM, especially for low abundant components, and expand our knowledge of different biological functions between DM and HM or CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhao Zhang
- Department of Animal Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Heze University, Heze, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-Based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd., Liaocheng, China
| | - Guimiao Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-Based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd., Liaocheng, China
| | - Chuanliang Ji
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-Based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd., Liaocheng, China
| | - Zhaobin Fan
- Department of Animal Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Heze University, Heze, China
| | - Shihao Ge
- Department of Animal Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Heze University, Heze, China
| | - Haijing Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-Based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd., Liaocheng, China
| | - Yantao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-Based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd., Liaocheng, China
| | - Xin Lv
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-Based TCM, Dong-E E-Jiao Co., Ltd., Liaocheng, China
| | - Fuwei Zhao
- Department of Animal Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Heze University, Heze, China
- *Correspondence: Fuwei Zhao
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Garhwal R, Sangwan K, Mehra R, Kumar N, Bhardwaj A, Pal Y, Buttar HS, Kumar H. A Systematic Review of the Bioactive Components, Nutritional Qualities and Potential Therapeutic Applications of Donkey Milk. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 115:104006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Raux A, Bichon E, Benedetto A, Pezzolato M, Bozzetta E, Le Bizec B, Dervilly G. The Promise and Challenges of Determining Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone in Milk. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030274. [PMID: 35159426 PMCID: PMC8834339 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbGH) is produced in large quantities and widely used in a number of countries worldwide to stimulate milk production in dairy animals. The use of this compound in animal production is strictly regulated by food safety directives in force, in particular in the European Union (EU). Although analytical strategies for the detection of rbGH in blood have been successfully reported over the past 15 years, they do not fully answer the expectations of either competent authorities or industrials that would expect measuring its occurrence directly in the milk. As a matrix of excretion but also of consumption, milk appears indeed as the matrix of choice for detecting the use of rbGH in dairy animals. It also allows large volumes to be collected without presenting an invasive character for the animal. However, rbGH detection in milk presents several challenges, mainly related to the sensitivity required for its detection in a complex biological matrix. This review article presents the specific difficulties associated with milk and provides an overview of the analytical strategies reported in the literature and whether they concern indirect or direct approaches to the detection of rbGH administration to animals, with applications either for screening or confirmation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Raux
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44300 Nantes, France; (A.R.); (E.B.); (B.L.B.)
| | - Emmanuelle Bichon
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44300 Nantes, France; (A.R.); (E.B.); (B.L.B.)
| | - Alessandro Benedetto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (A.B.); (M.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Marzia Pezzolato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (A.B.); (M.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (A.B.); (M.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44300 Nantes, France; (A.R.); (E.B.); (B.L.B.)
| | - Gaud Dervilly
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44300 Nantes, France; (A.R.); (E.B.); (B.L.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-40-68-78-80
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15
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Yang T, Liu D, Zhou P. Temperature-dependent dissociation of human micellar β-casein: Implications of its phosphorylation degrees and casein micelle structures. Food Chem 2021; 376:131935. [PMID: 34968916 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Temperature-dependent dissociation of human micellar β-casein regarding its phosphorylation degrees and micelle structures were studied. Human milk was fractionated at 25 °C into soluble (S-25 °C) and micellar (M-25 °C) fractions, and the latter was fractionated at 4 °C into soluble (S-4 °C) and micellar (M-4 °C) fractions. β-casein ratios among S-25 °C, S-4 °C and M-4 °C were 19%, 59% and 22%. β-casein isoforms were predominated by 0-P, 1-P and 2-P in S-25 °C, by 0-P, 1-P, 2-P and 4-P in S-4 °C, and by 0-P in M-4 °C. For micelles remained after dissociation of β-casein and calcium, the size increased, molar mass decreased, morphologies were maintained, and internal protein inhomogeneities disappeared, compared with micelles in M-25 °C. β-casein isoforms with lower phosphorylation degrees may form a frame mainly through hydrophobic interactions, attached with more highly phosphorylated isoforms and colloidal calcium phosphate via calcium bridges for forming human micelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Dasong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China.
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China.
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16
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Wang Y, Miao X, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Li S, Wang C. Transcriptome Atlas of 16 Donkey Tissues. Front Genet 2021; 12:682734. [PMID: 34434218 PMCID: PMC8381363 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.682734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Donkeys (Equus asinus) are important livestock with great economic value in meat, skin, and milk production. However, a lack of knowledge of the transcriptome landscape across a wide range of donkey tissues limits genetic selective breeding and conservation. Here we used transcriptomics to describe the transcriptome landscape, classify the tissue-specific gene expression across all primary donkey tissues, and present supplementary analyses on the protein level of additional donkey milk samples. Overall, 16,013 protein-coding genes and 21,983 transcripts were mapped to the reference genome, including 6,778 ubiquitously expressed genes and 2,601 tissue-enriched genes. Functional analysis revealed that the function of the tissue-enriched genes was highly tissue specific. Tissue-elevated genes that could be associated with unique phenotypes in donkey were analyzed. The results showed that, compared with those in human and other livestock, the lysozyme gene in donkey breast was specifically and highly expressed. The calcium-binding lysozyme, encoded by the lysozyme gene, was also detected in high amounts in donkey milk. Given those intact lysozyme genes that predict potentially functional calcium-binding lysozyme found in only a few species (e.g., donkey and horse), the high expression of the lysozyme gene in donkey breast may contribute to the high lysozyme content in donkey milk. Furthermore, 71% of the proteins in donkey milk overlapped with human milk protein, higher than the overlapping rates of bovine, sheep, and swine with humans. The donkey transcriptomic resource contributes to the available genomic resources to interpret the molecular mechanisms underlying phenotype traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.,College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinyao Miao
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zicheng Zhao
- Shenzhen Byoryn Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Shuaicheng Li
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Changfa Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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17
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He M, Nie X, Wang H, Yan S, Zhang Y. Effects of a High-Grain Diet With a Buffering Agent on Milk Protein Synthesis in Lactating Goats. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:696703. [PMID: 34295935 PMCID: PMC8291223 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.696703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese dairy industries have developed rapidly, providing consumers with high-quality sources of nutrition. However, many problems have also appeared during the development process, especially the low quality of milk. To improve milk quality, a large amount of concentrated feed is usually added to the diet within a certain period of time, which increases the milk production to a certain extent. However, long-term feeding with high-concentration feed can lead to subacute rumen acidosis. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of adding a buffer on subacute rumen acidosis, and the improvement of milk production and milk quality. We also aimed to study the mechanism of promoting mammary gland lactation. A total of 12 healthy mid-lactating goats were randomly divided into two groups, they were high-grain diet group (Control) and buffering agent group. To understand the effects of high-grain diets with buffers on amino acids in jugular blood and the effects of amino acids on milk protein synthesis, Milk-Testing™ Milkoscan 4000, commercial kits, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurements were integrated with the milk protein rate, the amino acid concentration in jugular venous blood samples, quantitative real-time PCR, comparative proteomics, and western blotting to study differentially expressed proteins and amino acids in mammary gland tissues of goats fed high-grain diets. Feeding lactating goats with buffering agent increased the percentage of milk protein in milk, significantly increased the amino acid content of jugular blood (p < 0.05), and increase the amino acid transporter levels in the mammary gland. Compared with the high-grain group, 2-dimensional electrophoresis technology, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight/time of flight proteomics analyzer, and western blot analysis further verified that the expression levels of beta casein (CSN2) and lactoferrin (LF) proteins in the mammary glands of lactating goats were higher when fed a high-grain diets and buffers. The mechanism of increased milk protein synthesis was demonstrated to be related to the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin He
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xintian Nie
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuping Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanshu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Guha S, Sharma H, Deshwal GK, Rao PS. A comprehensive review on bioactive peptides derived from milk and milk products of minor dairy species. FOOD PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND NUTRITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43014-020-00045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Milk from different species has been exploited for the isolation of various functional ingredients for decades. Irrespective of the source, milk is considered as a complete food, as it provides essential nutrients required by the human body. Proteins and their fractions are valuable sources of bioactive peptides that might exert a health beneficial role in the human body such as immune-modulation, antioxidant activity, ACE-inhibitory activity, anti-neoplastic, anti-microbial, etc. In milk, bioactive peptides may either be present in their natural form or released from their parental proteins due to enzymatic action. The increasing interest in bioactive peptides among researchers has lately augmented the exploration of minor dairy species such as sheep, goat, camel, mithun, mare, and donkey. Alternative to cow, milk from minor dairy species have also been proven to be healthier from infancy to older age owing to their higher digestibility and other nutritive components. Therefore, realizing the significance of milk from such species and incentivized interest towards the derivatization of bioactive peptides, the present review highlights the significant research achievements on bioactive peptides from milk and milk products of minor dairy species.
Graphical abstract
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Luoyizha W, Zeng B, Li H, Liao X. A Preliminary Study of Proteomic Analysis on Caseins and Whey Proteins in Donkey Milk from Xinjiang and Shandong of China. EFOOD 2021. [DOI: 10.2991/efood.k.210222.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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20
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Interaction between casein and rice glutelin: Binding mechanisms and molecular assembly behaviours. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Miranda G, Bianchi L, Krupova Z, Trossat P, Martin P. An improved LC-MS method to profile molecular diversity and quantify the six main bovine milk proteins, including genetic and splicing variants as well as post-translationally modified isoforms. FOOD CHEMISTRY-X 2020; 5:100080. [PMID: 32123868 PMCID: PMC7037581 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2020.100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the main milk proteins isoforms are inferred from a mass database. Quantification of the six main milk proteins is achieved from corrected UV at 214 nm. Multiple isoforms can be quantified from mass signal, within each protein family. Glycosylation isoforms of κ-casein which impact micelle stability are quantified.
Here we describe a method based on Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) that provides an accurate determination of the six main bovine milk proteins, including allelic and splicing variants, as well as isoforms resulting from post-translational modifications, with an unprecedented level of resolution. Proteins are identified from observed molecular masses in comparison with theoretical masses of intact proteins indexed in an “in-house” database that includes nearly 3000 entries. Quantification was performed either from UV (214 nm) or mass signals. Thus, up to one hundred molecules, derived from the six major milk proteins, can be identified and quantified from an individual milk sample. This powerful and reliable method, initially developed as an anchoring method to estimate the composition of the six main bovine milk proteins from MIR spectra, is transferable to several mammalian species, including small ruminants, camels, equines, rabbits, etc., for which specific mass databases are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Miranda
- UMR GABI, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Leonardo Bianchi
- UMR GABI, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Zuzana Krupova
- UMR GABI, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Patrice Martin
- UMR GABI, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Fotschki J, Wróblewska B, Fotschki B, Kalicki B, Rigby N, Mackie A. Microbial transglutaminase alters the immunogenic potential and cross-reactivity of horse and cow milk proteins. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:2153-2166. [PMID: 31928755 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Horse milk is a valuable raw material and a very attractive alternative for scientific research to address the issue of cow milk (CM) allergy due to its protein profile. A decrease in immunoreactive properties can be achieved by thermal, enzymatic, and hydrolytic processing. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the possibility of reducing the immunoreactivity of horse milk proteins by microbial transglutaminase (TG) polymerization. To determine how TG linking alters immunoreactivity under simulated digestion of the examined milk, analyses were performed before, during, and after digestion. The dose-dependent (1, 10, and 100 U) effects of microbial TG on horse and cow milk were analyzed. A consecutive 3-stage digestion was simulated with salivary, gastric, and intestinal fluids. The effects of digestion were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, particle size analysis, and size-exclusion chromatography. Immunoreactivity was assessed using competitive ELISA (β-lactoglobulin and α-casein) and immunodot (sera from 7 patients aged 3 to 13 years who are allergic to CM proteins). Horse milk contained almost half of the amount of total proteins in CM. The dose 1 U/g of total milk protein changed the immunoreactivity of both cow and horse milk. With increasing TG doses, α-casein immunoreactivity increased, and β-lactoglobulin decreased. After total digestion, horse milk was characterized by 2.4-fold lower average IgE and 4.8-fold lower IgG reactivity than CM. We found that TG alters the IgE and IgG reactivity of CM after in vitro digestion. Horse milk was less reactive to IgE and IgG than was CM, with animal and patient sera. The effect of TG on immunoreactivity depends on enzyme quantity and milk protein type. The diet based on modified horse milk proteins could be an alternative for some patients with CM protein allergy; however, confirmation through clinical trials is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fotschki
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Division of Food Science, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - B Wróblewska
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Division of Food Science, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - B Fotschki
- Department of Biological Function of Food, Division of Food Science, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - B Kalicki
- Department of Pediatrics, Nephrology and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
| | - N Rigby
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom; School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - A Mackie
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom; School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Taghiloo S, Allahmoradi E, Sadeghian-Kiadehi SF, Omrani-Nava V, Nazar E, Ebrahimzadeh MA. Up-regulation of human immune system function by Donkey’s Milk. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000418449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Taghiloo
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Allahmoradi
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | - Versa Omrani-Nava
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Eisa Nazar
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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YİĞİT AA. Animal and plant-based milk and their antioxidant properties. MEHMET AKIF ERSOY ÜNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2019. [DOI: 10.24880/maeuvfd.549028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Wang J, He Y, Pang K, Zeng Q, Zhang X, Ren F, Guo H. Changes in milk yield and composition of colostrum and regular milk from four buffalo breeds in China during lactation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:5799-5807. [PMID: 31177544 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese local buffalos are mainly used as draft animals because of their low productivity but their crossbreeding with Murrah and Nili-Ravi breeds can produce offspring with a greatly improved milk yield. However, no studies have reported the characteristics of milk produced during lactation by these crossbred buffalo. RESULTS This study investigated changes in yield, and the physicochemical composition of milk of Murrah, Nili-Ravi, Murrah×local, Murrah×Nili-Ravi×local buffalos with milk yields of 1022.49 ± 90.26 kg, 1193.02 ± 97.65 kg, 805.46 ± 76.57 kg and 1499.35 ± 105.32 kg respectively over a 210-day period. The protein, fat, ash and total solids contents of milk from the hybrids decreased, but the yield of these nutritional components increased because of the greater improvement in milk yield. As lactation progressed, lactose content increased, but this change was not significant after the 15th day postpartum; the protein content decreased whereas fat content increased significantly during the first three days; ash content changed significantly during the first 24 h postpartum but further changes were not significant. Gel electrophoresis was used to identify the protein profile with no difference found between the four breeds. CONCLUSION After crossbreeding, the milk production of triple-crossbred buffalo was higher than Murrah, Nili-Ravi and the local Chinese buffalo, making it a potential resource for the Chinese dairy market. The results of this experiment will provide basic data for making better use of buffalo milk, planning crossbreeding programs, and establishing standards for buffalo milk. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yutong He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Pang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingkun Zeng
- Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiyuan Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Casein composition and differential translational efficiency of casein transcripts in donkey's milk. J DAIRY RES 2019; 86:201-207. [PMID: 31038088 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029919000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The amount of the four caseins (αs1, αs2, β and κ-CN) in donkey milk was evaluated by Urea-PAGE analysis at pH 8.6, followed by immuno-detection with polyclonal antibodies, coupled to densitometric analysis. The results showed the percentage of each casein in decreasing order: β (54.28) > αs1 (35.59) > αs2 (7.19) > κ-CN (2.79). The mRNA quantification of donkey casein transcripts, carried out by RT-qPCR, showed that the average percentage of corresponding gene transcripts (CSN2, CSN1S1, CSN1S2 I and CSN3) was 70.85, 6.28, 14.23 and 8.65, respectively. The observed translation efficiency, assessed as percentage of single milk casein fraction out of single percentage of transcript, was 0.76, 5.66, 0.50 and 0.32, respectively. The analysis of the sequences flanking the start codon, the codon usage frequencies and the coding sequence length might explain, at least in part, the differential transcriptional and translational rate observed among the casein transcripts.
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Ryskaliyeva A, Henry C, Miranda G, Faye B, Konuspayeva G, Martin P. Alternative splicing events expand molecular diversity of camel CSN1S2 increasing its ability to generate potentially bioactive peptides. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5243. [PMID: 30918277 PMCID: PMC6437144 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous study on camel milk from Kazakhstan, we reported the occurrence of two unknown proteins (UP1 and UP2) with different levels of phosphorylation. Here we show that UP1 and UP2 are isoforms of camel αs2-CN (αs2-CNsv1 and αs2-CNsv2, respectively) arising from alternative splicing events. First described as a 178 amino-acids long protein carrying eight phosphate groups, the major camel αs2-CN isoform (called here αs2-CN) has a molecular mass of 21,906 Da. αs2-CNsv1, a rather frequent (35%) isoform displaying a higher molecular mass (+1,033 Da), is present at four phosphorylation levels (8P to 11P). Using cDNA-sequencing, αs2-CNsv1 was shown to be a variant arising from the splicing-in of an in-frame 27-nucleotide sequence encoding the nonapeptide ENSKKTVDM, for which the presence at the genome level was confirmed. αs2-CNsv2, which appeared to be present at 8P to 12P, was shown to include an additional decapeptide (VKAYQIIPNL) revealed by LC-MS/MS, encoded by a 3′-extension of exon 16. Since milk proteins represent a reservoir of biologically active peptides, the molecular diversity generated by differential splicing might increase its content. To evaluate this possibility, we searched for bioactive peptides encrypted in the different camel αs2-CN isoforms, using an in silico approach. Several peptides, putatively released from the C-terminal part of camel αs2-CN isoforms after in silico digestion by proteases from the digestive tract, were predicted to display anti-bacterial and antihypertensive activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Ryskaliyeva
- INRA, UMR GABI, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Céline Henry
- INRA, MICALIS Institute, Plateforme d'Analyse Protéomique Paris Sud-Ouest (PAPPSO), Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Guy Miranda
- INRA, UMR GABI, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bernard Faye
- CIRAD, UMR SELMET, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Gaukhar Konuspayeva
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Biotechnology department, 050040, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Patrice Martin
- INRA, UMR GABI, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Combining different proteomic approaches to resolve complexity of the milk protein fraction of dromedary, Bactrian camels and hybrids, from different regions of Kazakhstan. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197026. [PMID: 29746547 PMCID: PMC5944991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional suitability of milk is not only related to gross composition, but is also strongly affected by the microheterogeniety of the protein fraction. Hence, to go further into the evaluation of the potential suitability of non-bovine milks in human/infant nutrition it is necessary to have a detailed characterization of their protein components. Combining proven proteomic approaches (SDS-PAGE, LC-MS/MS and LC-ESI-MS) and cDNA sequencing, we provide here in depth characterization of the milk protein fraction of dromedary and Bactrian camels, and their hybrids, from different regions of Kazakhstan. A total 391 functional groups of proteins were identified from 8 camel milk samples. A detailed characterization of 50 protein molecules, relating to genetic variants and isoforms arising from post-translational modifications and alternative splicing events, belonging to nine protein families (κ-, αs1-, αs2-, β-; and γ-CN, WAP, α-LAC, PGRP, CSA/LPO) was achieved by LC-ESI-MS. The presence of two unknown proteins UP1 (22,939 Da) and UP2 (23,046 Da) was also reported as well as the existence of a β-CN short isoform (946 Da lighter than the full-length β-CN), arising very likely in both genetic variants (A and B) from proteolysis by plasmin. In addition, we report, for the first time to our knowledge, the occurrence of a αs2-CN phosphorylation isoform with 12P groups within two recognition motifs, suggesting thereby the existence of two kinase systems involved in the phosphorylation of caseins in the mammary gland. Finally, we demonstrate that genetic variants, which hitherto seemed to be species- specific (e.g. β-CN A for Bactrian and β-CN B for dromedary), are in fact present both in Camel dromedarius and C. bactrianus.
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Massouras T, Triantaphyllopoulos KA, Theodossiou I. Chemical composition, protein fraction and fatty acid profile of donkey milk during lactation. Int Dairy J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Proteins and bioactive peptides from donkey milk: The molecular basis for its reduced allergenic properties. Food Res Int 2017; 99:41-57. [PMID: 28784499 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The legendary therapeutics properties of donkey milk have recently been supported by many clinical trials who have clearly demonstrated that, even if with adequate lipid integration, it may represent a valid natural substitute of cow milk for feeding allergic children. During the last decade many investigations by MS-based methods have been performed in order to obtain a better knowledge of donkey milk proteins. The knowledge about the primary structure of donkey milk proteins now may provide the basis for a more accurate comprehension of its potential benefits for human nutrition. In this aspect, experimental data today available clearly demonstrate that donkey milk proteins (especially casein components) are more closely related with the human homologues rather than cow counterparts. Moreover, the low allergenic properties of donkey milk with respect to cow one seem to be related to the low total protein content, the low ratio of caseins to whey fraction, and finally to the presence in almost all bovine IgE-binding linear epitopes of multiple amino acid differences with respect to the corresponding regions of donkey milk counterparts.
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Thomar P, Gonzalez-Jordan A, Dittmer J, Nicolai T. Effect of orthophosphate and calcium on the self assembly of concentrated sodium caseinate solutions. Int Dairy J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Brinkmann J, Jagannathan V, Drögemüller C, Rieder S, Leeb T, Thaller G, Tetens J. Genetic variability of the equine casein genes. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:5486-5497. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Aspri M, Economou N, Papademas P. Donkey milk: An overview on functionality, technology, and future prospects. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2016.1175014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gokbulut C, Ozuicli M, Aksit D, Aksoz E, Korkut O, Yalcinkaya M, Cirak VY. Comparative plasma and milk dispositions, faecal excretion and efficacy of per os
ivermectin and pour-on eprinomectin in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 39:584-591. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Gokbulut
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; Balikesir University; Balikesir Turkey
| | - M. Ozuicli
- Department of Parasitology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Uludag University; Bursa Turkey
| | - D. Aksit
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Balikesir University; Balikesir Turkey
| | - E. Aksoz
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; Balikesir University; Balikesir Turkey
| | - O. Korkut
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; Balikesir University; Balikesir Turkey
| | - M. Yalcinkaya
- General Directory of Agricultural Farms (TIGEM); Karacabey Agricultural Farm; Bursa Turkey
| | - V. Y. Cirak
- Department of Parasitology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Uludag University; Bursa Turkey
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Marletta D, Criscione A, Cunsolo V, Zuccaro A, Muccilli V, Bordonaro S, Guastella AM, D’Urso G. Protein fraction heterogeneity in donkey’s milk analysed by proteomic methods. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2007.1s.650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Marletta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agronomiche, Agrochimiche e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Catania,, Italy
| | - A. Criscione
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agronomiche, Agrochimiche e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Catania,, Italy
| | - V. Cunsolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche., Università di Catania, Italy
| | - A. Zuccaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agronomiche, Agrochimiche e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Catania,, Italy
| | - V. Muccilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche., Università di Catania, Italy
| | - S. Bordonaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agronomiche, Agrochimiche e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Catania,, Italy
| | - A. M. Guastella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agronomiche, Agrochimiche e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Catania,, Italy
| | - G. D’Urso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agronomiche, Agrochimiche e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Catania,, Italy
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Colitti M, Pulina G. Expression profile of caseins, estrogen and prolactin receptors in mammary glands of dairy ewes. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2010.e55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Islam MA, Ekeberg D, Rukke EO, Vegarud GE. Ex vivo digestion of proteins and fat in buffalo milk. Int Dairy J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Madende M, Osthoff G, Patterton HG, Patterton HE, Martin P, Opperman DJ. Characterization of casein and alpha lactalbumin of African elephant (Loxodonta africana) milk. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:8308-18. [PMID: 26454297 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The current research reports partial characterization of the caseins and α-lactalbumin (α-LA) of the African elephant with proposed unique structure-function properties. Extensive research has been carried out to understand the structure of the casein micelles. Crystallographic structure elucidation of caseins and casein micelles is not possible. Consequently, several models have been developed in an effort to describe the casein micelle, specifically of cow milk. Here we report the characterization of African elephant milk caseins. The κ-caseins and β-caseins were investigated, and their relative ratio was found to be approximately 1:8.5, whereas α-caseins were not detected. The gene sequence of β-casein in the NCBI database was revisited, and a different sequence in the N-terminal region is proposed. Amino acid sequence alignment and hydropathy plots showed that the κ-casein of African elephant milk is similar to that of other mammals, whereas the β-casein is similar to the human protein, and displayed a section of unique AA composition and additional hydrophilic regions compared with bovine caseins. Elephant milk is destabilized by 62% alcohol, and it is speculated that the β-casein characteristics may allow maintenance of the colloidal nature of the casein micelle, a role that was previously only associated with κ-casein. The oligosaccharide content of milk was reported to be low in dairy animals but high in some other species such as humans and elephants. In the milk of the African elephant, lactose and oligosaccharides both occur at high levels. These levels are typically related to the content of α-LA in the mammary gland and thus point to a specialized carbohydrate synthesis, where the whey protein α-LA plays a role. We report the characterization of African elephant α-LA. Homology modeling of the α-LA showed that it is structurally similar to crystal structures of other mammalian species, which in turn may be an indication that its functional properties, such as lactose synthesis, should not be impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Madende
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, Republic of South Africa
| | - G Osthoff
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, Republic of South Africa.
| | - H-G Patterton
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, Republic of South Africa
| | - H E Patterton
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, Republic of South Africa
| | - P Martin
- UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Integrative, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine de Vilvert - Bâtiment 221, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - D J Opperman
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, Republic of South Africa
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Capra E, Colombi C, De Poli P, Nocito FF, Cocucci M, Vecchietti A, Marocco A, Stile MR, Rossini L. Protein profiling and tps23 induction in different maize lines in response to methyl jasmonate treatment and Diabrotica virgifera infestation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 175:68-77. [PMID: 25506768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to herbivore insects involve direct and indirect defense with the production of signal molecules including jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives (e.g. methyl jasmonate, MeJA). In maize (Zea mays), root feeding by Diabrotica virgifera larvae activates an indirect defense mechanism, through enthomopathogenic nematodes that are recruited after Terpene Synthase 23 (tps23) upregulation and (E)-β-caryophyllene root emission. In order to gain insight into the correlation between JA signaling and response to Diabrotica attack, we analyzed tps23 expression and protein profiles in maize roots in response to MeJA treatment and insect infestation. Similar to herbivore feeding, MeJA treatment was found to increase tps23 transcript accumulation, with consistent variations for both treatments in maize lines differing in (E)-β-caryophyllene production. Analysis of root protein profiles showed specific alterations leading to the identification of three proteins that were induced by MeJA treatment. We focused on a peroxidase-like protein (Px-like) showing that the corresponding transcripts accumulated in all tested lines. Results show that exogenous application of MeJA upregulates tps23 expression and specifically alters protein patterns in maize roots. Parallel effects on tps23 transcript accumulation were observed upon hormone exposure and insect infestation in different maize lines. In contrast, Px-like transcript profiling showed differences between treatments. These results support the possible involvement of MeJA in mediating the upregulation of tps23 in response to Diabrotica attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Capra
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche IBBA-CNR, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Biotrack S.r.l., Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Colombi
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Pamela De Poli
- Biotrack S.r.l., Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Cocucci
- Università degli Studi di Milano, DiSAA, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Adriano Marocco
- Istituto di Agronomia, Genetica e Coltivazioni erbacee, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Stile
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Agroalimentare Sud SpA, Loc. S. Nicola, 85025 Melfi, PZ, Italy
| | - Laura Rossini
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, DiSAA, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Islam MA, Ekeberg D, Rukke EO, Vegarud GE. Ex vivo Digestion of Milk from Red Chittagong Cattle Focusing Proteolysis and Lipolysis. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:559-67. [PMID: 25656195 PMCID: PMC4341106 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo digestion of proteins and fat in Red Chittagong Cattle milk from Bangladesh was carried out using human gastrointestinal enzymes. This was done to investigate the protein digestion in this bovine breed’s milk with an especial focus on the degradation of the allergenic milk proteins; αs1-casein and β-lactoglobulin and also to record the generation of peptides. Lipolysis of the milk fat and release of fatty acids were also under consideration. After 40 min of gastric digestion, all the αs-caseins were digested completely while β-lactoglobulin remained intact. During 120 min of duodenal digestion β-lactoglobulin was reduced, however, still some intact β-lactoglobulin was observed. The highest number of peptides was identified from β-casein and almost all the peptides from κ-casein and β-lactoglobulin were identified from the gastric and duodenal samples, respectively. No lipolysis was observed in the gastric phase of digestion. After 120 min of duodenal digestion, milk fat showed 48% lipolysis. Medium (C10:0 to C16:0) and long (≥C17:0) chain fatty acids showed 6% to 19% less lipolysis than the short (C6:0 to C8:0) chain fatty acids. Among the unsaturated fatty acids C18:1∑others showed highest lipolysis (81%) which was more than three times of C18:2∑all and all other unsaturated fatty acids showed lipolysis ranging from 32% to 38%. The overall digestion of Bangladeshi Red Cattle milk was more or less similar to the digestion of Nordic bovine milk (Norwegian Red Cattle).
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Abstract
The similarity of mare's milk to breast milk makes it an interesting substrate for the creation of dairy beverages. The aim of this study was to determine the immunoreactivity of the digested mare's milk products carried out by lactic acid fermentation with Lactobacillus casei LCY, Streptococcus thermophilus MK10 and Bifidobacterium animalis Bi30. Simulation of digestion with saliva, pepsin and pancreatin/bile salts was carried out. The immunoreactivity of the milk proteins was assessed by competitive ELISA. The separation of proteins was studied using a tricine SDS-PAGE method. It has been demonstrated that lactic acid fermentation significantly decreases the immunoreactivity of β-lactoglobulin, β-casein, κ-casein and bovine serum albumin. The level of reduction was connected to the type of bacterial strain. The simulated digestion processes caused the decline of immunoreactivity, and the decreases obtained in the experiment were as follows: lactoferrin: 95%, β-lactoglobulin: 94%, β-casein: 93%, α-lactalbumin: 82%, α-casein: 82%, bovine serum albumin: 76% and κ-casein: 37%. The results of the study indicated that microbial fermentation with tested strains is a valuable method for reducing the immunoreactivity of mare's milk proteins. However, further studies with other bacterial strains are needed to gain a higher level of elimination or total reduction of mare's milk immunoreactivity to possibly introduce fermented mare's milk into the diet of patients with immune-mediated digestive problems.
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Chellappandian M, Pandikumar P, Mutheeswaran S, Gabriel Paulraj M, Prabakaran S, Duraipandiyan V, Ignacimuthu S, Al-Dhabi NA. Documentation and quantitative analysis of local ethnozoological knowledge among traditional healers of Theni district, Tamil Nadu, India. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 154:116-30. [PMID: 24680989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE This study investigated the use of animals among the traditional healers in Theni district of Tamil Nadu, India. The data regarding the medicinal animals/animal products were documented and their usages were analyzed quantitatively. MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on free list interviews with the traditional healers, we documented the medicinal usage of animals/animal products and calculated the indices such as informant consensus factor (Fic) to determine the consensus over the species for an illness category, as well as the Index Agreement on Remedies (IAR) to determine the extent of potential utilization of each species. RESULTS In this study, 69 medicinal animals/animal products were documented with the help of standardized questionnaires among the local healers. The results were tabulated and Fic value for each illness category was calculated. Three illness categories viz., jaundice (milk of Capra aegagrus hircus), orthopedics (egg white and meat of Gallus gallus domesticus) and pediatrics (milk of Equus africanus asinus) had got high Fic values. Fifteen illness categories had moderate Fic values. Highly cited animals in these illness categories were: Rusa unicolor (antiemetic), Reticulitermes spp. (diabetes), flesh of Varanus benghalensis (oral ailments), milk (eye ailments, fever) and urine (antidote) of Homo sepians, meat of Trachypithecus johnii (respiratory ailments), various parts of C. aegagrus hircus (blood ailments, coolants, diarrhea, pulmonary and urinary ailments), flesh of Chamaeleon zeyalnica (neural ailments), meat of Passer domesticus (aphrodisiac), curd and dung of Bos primigenius taurus (dermatological ailments), meat of G. domesticus (musculo-skeletal disorders, analgesic), meat of Lissemys punctata (hemorrhoids), and Pherthima posthuma (psychological ailments). Six illness categories had low Fic values. CONCLUSION This study indicated that the animals are still being used by the local healers of Theni district, to treat various illnesses. Cross-disciplinary approaches to explore the full potential of animal-derived medicines will help to improve the health of local people.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chellappandian
- Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600 034, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Pandikumar
- Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600 034, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Mutheeswaran
- Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600 034, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Gabriel Paulraj
- Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600 034, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Prabakaran
- Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Center, Santhome High Road, Chennai 600 028, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Duraipandiyan
- Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600 034, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud, University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - S Ignacimuthu
- Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600 034, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud, University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - N A Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud, University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Saadaoui B, Bianchi L, Henry C, Miranda G, Martin P, Cebo C. Combining proteomic tools to characterize the protein fraction of llama (Lama glama) milk. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1406-18. [PMID: 24519815 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Llamas belong to the Camelidae family along with camels. While dromedary camel milk has been broadly characterized, data on llama milk proteins are scarce. The objective of this study was thus to investigate the protein composition of llama milk. Skimmed llama milk proteins were first characterized by a 2D separation technique coupling RP-HPLC in the first dimension with SDS-PAGE in the second dimension (RP-HPLC/SDS-PAGE). Llama milk proteins, namely caseins (αs1 -, αs2 -, β-, and κ-caseins), α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, and serum albumin, were identified using PMF. Llama milk proteins were also characterized by online LC-ESI-MS analysis. This approach allowed attributing precise molecular masses for most of the previously MS-identified llama milk proteins. Interestingly, α-lactalbumin exhibits distinct chromatographic behaviors between llama and dromedary camel milk. De novo sequencing of the llama α-lactalbumin protein by LC coupled with MS/MS (LC-MS/MS) showed the occurrence of two amino acid substitutions (R62L/I and K89L/I) that partly explained the higher hydrophobicity of llama α-lactalbumin compared with its dromedary counterpart. Taken together, these results provide for the first time a thorough description of the protein fraction of Lama glama milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besma Saadaoui
- Faculté des Sciences de Gabès, Université de Gabès, Gabès, Tunisia
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Abd El-Salam MH. Application of proteomics to the areas of milk production, processing and quality control - A review. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Holt C, Carver JA, Ecroyd H, Thorn DC. Invited review: Caseins and the casein micelle: their biological functions, structures, and behavior in foods. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:6127-46. [PMID: 23958008 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A typical casein micelle contains thousands of casein molecules, most of which form thermodynamically stable complexes with nanoclusters of amorphous calcium phosphate. Like many other unfolded proteins, caseins have an actual or potential tendency to assemble into toxic amyloid fibrils, particularly at the high concentrations found in milk. Fibrils do not form in milk because an alternative aggregation pathway is followed that results in formation of the casein micelle. As a result of forming micelles, nutritious milk can be secreted and stored without causing either pathological calcification or amyloidosis of the mother's mammary tissue. The ability to sequester nanoclusters of amorphous calcium phosphate in a stable complex is not unique to caseins. It has been demonstrated using a number of noncasein secreted phosphoproteins and may be of general physiological importance in preventing calcification of other biofluids and soft tissues. Thus, competent noncasein phosphoproteins have similar patterns of phosphorylation and the same type of flexible, unfolded conformation as caseins. The ability to suppress amyloid fibril formation by forming an alternative amorphous aggregate is also not unique to caseins and underlies the action of molecular chaperones such as the small heat-shock proteins. The open structure of the protein matrix of casein micelles is fragile and easily perturbed by changes in its environment. Perturbations can cause the polypeptide chains to segregate into regions of greater and lesser density. As a result, the reliable determination of the native structure of casein micelles continues to be extremely challenging. The biological functions of caseins, such as their chaperone activity, are determined by their composition and flexible conformation and by how the casein polypeptide chains interact with each other. These same properties determine how caseins behave in the manufacture of many dairy products and how they can be used as functional ingredients in other foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Holt
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.
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Polidori P, Vincenzetti S. Use of Donkey Milk in Children with Cow's Milk Protein Allergy. Foods 2013; 2:151-159. [PMID: 28239105 PMCID: PMC5302262 DOI: 10.3390/foods2020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast milk is the best nutritional support that insures the right development and influences the immune status of the newborn infant. However, when it is not possible to breast feed, it may be necessary to use commercial infant formulas that mimic, where possible, the levels and types of nutrients present in human milk. Despite this, some formula-fed infant develops allergy and/or atopic disease compared to breast-fed infants. Cow’s milk allergy can be divided into immunoglobulin IgE mediated food allergy and non-IgE-mediated food allergy. Most infants with cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA) develop symptoms before 1 month of age, often within 1 week after introduction of cow’s milk-based formula. Donkey milk may be considered a good substitute for cow’s milk in feeding children with CMPA since its composition is very similar to human milk. Donkey milk total protein content is low (1.5–1.8 g/100 g), very close to human milk. A thorough analysis of the donkey milk protein profile has been performed in this study; the interest was focused on the milk proteins considered safe for the prevention and treatment of various disorders in humans. The content of lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase and lysozyme, peptides with antimicrobial activity, able to stimulate the development of the neonatal intestine, was determined. Donkey milk is characterized by a low casein content, with values very close to human milk; the total whey protein content in donkey milk ranges between 0.49 and 0.80 g/100 g, very close to human milk (0.68–0.83 g/100 g). Among whey proteins, α-lactalbumin average concentration in donkey milk is 1.8 mg/mL. The results of this study confirmed the possibility of using donkey milk in feeding children with CMPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Polidori
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93, 62024 Matelica (MC), Italy.
| | - Silvia Vincenzetti
- School of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93, 62024 Matelica (MC), Italy.
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Uniacke-Lowe T, Chevalier F, Hem S, Fox PF, Mulvihill DM. Proteomic comparison of equine and bovine milks on renneting. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:2839-2850. [PMID: 23414207 DOI: 10.1021/jf3045846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Rennet-induced coagulation of bovine milk is a complex mechanism in which chymosin specifically hydrolyzes κ-casein, the protein responsible for the stability of the casein micelle. In equine milk, this mechanism is still unclear, and the protein targets of chymosin are unknown. To reveal the proteins involved, the rennetability of equine milk by calf chymosin was examined using gel-free and gel-based proteomic analysis and compared to bovine milk. RP-HPLC analysis of bovine and equine milks showed the release of several peptides following chymosin incubation. The hydrolyses of equine and bovine casein by chymosin were different, and the major peptides produced from equine milk were identified by mass spectrometry as fragments of β-casein. Using two-dimensional electrophoresis, equine β-casein was confirmed as the main target of calf chymosin over 24 h at 30 °C and pH 6.5. The gel-based analysis of equine milk discriminated between the different individual proteins and provided information on the range of isoforms of each protein as a result of post-translational modifications, as well as positively identified for the first time several isoforms of κ-casein. In comparison to bovine milk, κ-casein isoforms in equine milk were not involved in chymosin-induced coagulation. The intensity of equine β-casein spots decreased following chymosin addition, but at a slower rate than bovine κ-casein.
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