1
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Samavati SF, Yarani R, Kiani S, HoseinKhani Z, Mehrabi M, Levitte S, Primavera R, Chetty S, Thakor AS, Mansouri K. Therapeutic potential of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Inflamm (Lond) 2024; 21:20. [PMID: 38867277 PMCID: PMC11170788 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-024-00381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are caused by an imbalance in the immune system, producing autoantibodies that cause inflammation leading to tissue damage and organ dysfunction. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases and a major contributor to patient morbidity and mortality. Although many drugs manage the disease, curative therapy remains elusive, and current treatment regimens have substantial side effects. Recently, the therapeutic potential of exosomes has been extensively studied, and novel evidence has been demonstrated. A direct relationship between exosome contents and their ability to regulate the immune system, inflammation, and angiogenesis. The unique properties of extracellular vesicles, such as biomolecule transportation, biodegradability, and stability, make exosomes a promising treatment candidate for autoimmune diseases, particularly SLE. This review summarizes the structural features of exosomes, the isolation/purification/quantification method, their origin, effect, immune regulation, a critical consideration for selecting an appropriate source, and their therapeutic mechanisms in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Famil Samavati
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Yarani
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Sara Kiani
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zohreh HoseinKhani
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Masomeh Mehrabi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Steven Levitte
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Rosita Primavera
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Shashank Chetty
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Avnesh S Thakor
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Kamran Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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2
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Garcia LFC, Wowk PF, Albrecht L. Unraveling the Impact of Extracellular Vesicle-Depleted Serum on Endothelial Cell Characteristics over Time. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4761. [PMID: 38731980 PMCID: PMC11084606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by all kinds of cells, including endothelial cells. It has been observed that EVs present in fetal bovine serum (FBS), broadly used in cell culture, can be a confounding factor and lead to misinterpretation of results. To investigate this phenomenon, human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) were cultured for 2 or 24 h in the presence of EV-depleted FBS (EVdS). Cell death, gene and protein expression, and the presence of EVs isolated from these cells were evaluated. The uptake of EVs, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression, and monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells exposed to EVs were also evaluated. Our results revealed higher apoptosis rates in cells cultured with EVdS for 2 and 24 h. There was an increase in interleukin 8 (IL8) expression after 2 h and a decrease in interleukin 6 (IL6) and IL8 expression after 24 h of culture. Among the proteins identified in EVs isolated from cells cultured for 2 h (EV2h), several were related to ribosomes and carbon metabolism. EVs from cells cultured for 24 h (EV24h) presented a protein profile associated with cell adhesion and platelet activation. Additionally, HBMECs exhibited increased uptake of EV2h. Treatment of endothelial cells with EV2h resulted in greater ICAM-1 expression and greater adherence to monocytes than did treatment with EV24h. According to our data, HBMEC cultivated with EVdS produce EVs with different physical characteristics and protein levels that vary over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pryscilla Fanini Wowk
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz, Curitiba 81350-010, PR, Brazil;
| | - Letusa Albrecht
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Apicomplexa, ICC-Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba 81350-010, PR, Brazil;
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3
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Morimoto K, Ishitobi J, Noguchi K, Kira R, Kitayama Y, Goto Y, Fujiwara D, Michigami M, Harada A, Takatani-Nakase T, Fujii I, Futaki S, Kanada M, Nakase I. Extracellular Microvesicles Modified with Arginine-Rich Peptides for Active Macropinocytosis Induction and Delivery of Therapeutic Molecules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:17069-17079. [PMID: 38563247 PMCID: PMC11011658 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles (MVs), transfer bioactive molecules from donor to recipient cells in various pathophysiological settings, thereby mediating intercellular communication. Despite their significant roles in extracellular signaling, the cellular uptake mechanisms of different EV subpopulations remain unknown. In particular, plasma membrane-derived MVs are larger vesicles (100 nm to 1 μm in diameter) and may serve as efficient molecular delivery systems due to their large capacity; however, because of size limitations, receptor-mediated endocytosis is considered an inefficient means for cellular MV uptake. This study demonstrated that macropinocytosis (lamellipodia formation and plasma membrane ruffling, causing the engulfment of large fluid volumes outside cells) can enhance cellular MV uptake. We developed experimental techniques to induce macropinocytosis-mediated MV uptake by modifying MV membranes with arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides for the intracellular delivery of therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Morimoto
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jojiro Ishitobi
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Noguchi
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Kira
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukiya Kitayama
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of
Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho,
Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuto Goto
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of
Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho,
Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fujiwara
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masataka Michigami
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Harada
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of
Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho,
Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoka Takatani-Nakase
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, 11-68, Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8179, Hyogo, Japan
- Institute
for Bioscience, Mukogawa Women’s University, 11-68, Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8179, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ikuo Fujii
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shiroh Futaki
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Kanada
- Institute
for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Ikuhiko Nakase
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
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4
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Ding T, Diao Y, Zeng X, Zhou L, Wu G, Liu J, Hao X. Influential factors on urine EV DNA methylation detection and its diagnostic potential in prostate cancer. Front Genet 2024; 15:1338468. [PMID: 38440192 PMCID: PMC10909848 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1338468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The value of Extracellular vesicles (EVs) diagnostic markers is widely recognized. However, current research on EV DNA remains limited. This study investigates the biological properties, preprocessing factors, and diagnostic potential of EV DNA. We found that DNA positive vesicles account for 23.3% ± 6.7% of the urine total EV, with a large amount of DNA attached to the outside. EV DNA fragments are large, there is no significant effect on uEV DNA when store urine less than 6 h at 4°C. In addition, the influence of different EV extraction methods on methylation detection is also minor. More importantly, RASSF1A methylation in urine total EV DNA can distinguish between PCa and BPH, with an AUC of 0.874. Our results suggest the potential of urine EV DNA as a novel marker for PCa diagnosis. This provides a new idea for the study of urinary tumor markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ding
- Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, China
- School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yanjun Diao
- Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, China
| | - Xianfei Zeng
- School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Shanxi Lifegen Co., Ltd., Xi’an, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, China
| | - Guojun Wu
- School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Urology, Xi’an People’s Hospital(Xi’an Fourth Hospital), Xi’an, China
| | - Jiayun Liu
- Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoke Hao
- Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, China
- School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
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5
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Gai C, Pomatto MAC, Deregibus MC, Dieci M, Piga A, Camussi G. Edible Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Oral mRNA Vaccine Delivery. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:200. [PMID: 38400183 PMCID: PMC10893065 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid delivery through extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a well-preserved evolutionary mechanism in all life kingdoms including eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and plants. EVs naturally allow horizontal transfer of native as well as exogenous functional mRNAs, which once incorporated in EVs are protected from enzymatic degradation. This observation has prompted researchers to investigate whether EVs from different sources, including plants, could be used for vaccine delivery. Several studies using human or bacterial EVs expressing mRNA or recombinant SARS-CoV-2 proteins showed induction of a humoral and cell mediated immune response. Moreover, EV-based vaccines presenting the natural configuration of viral antigens have demonstrated advantages in conferring long-lasting immunization and lower toxicity than synthetic nanoparticles. Edible plant-derived EVs were shown to be an alternative to human EVs for vaccine delivery, especially via oral administration. EVs obtained from orange juice (oEVs) loaded with SARS-CoV-2 mRNAs protected their cargo from enzymatic degradation, were stable at room temperature for one year, and were able to trigger a SARS-CoV-2 immune response in mice. Lyophilized oEVs containing the S1 mRNA administered to rats via gavage induced a specific humoral immune response with generation of blocking antibodies, including IgA and Th1 lymphocyte activation. In conclusion, mRNA-containing oEVs could be used for developing new oral vaccines due to optimal mucosal absorption, resistance to stress conditions, and ability to stimulate a humoral and cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gai
- EvoBiotech s.r.l., 10148 Torino, Italy; (C.G.); (M.A.C.P.); (M.D.); (A.P.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Margherita Alba Carlotta Pomatto
- EvoBiotech s.r.l., 10148 Torino, Italy; (C.G.); (M.A.C.P.); (M.D.); (A.P.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | | | - Marco Dieci
- EvoBiotech s.r.l., 10148 Torino, Italy; (C.G.); (M.A.C.P.); (M.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandro Piga
- EvoBiotech s.r.l., 10148 Torino, Italy; (C.G.); (M.A.C.P.); (M.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy;
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6
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Essola JM, Zhang M, Yang H, Li F, Xia B, Mavoungou JF, Hussain A, Huang Y. Exosome regulation of immune response mechanism: Pros and cons in immunotherapy. Bioact Mater 2024; 32:124-146. [PMID: 37927901 PMCID: PMC10622742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its multiple features, including the ability to orchestrate remote communication between different tissues, the exosomes are the extracellular vesicles arousing the highest interest in the scientific community. Their size, established as an average of 30-150 nm, allows them to be easily uptaken by most cells. According to the type of cells-derived exosomes, they may carry specific biomolecular cargoes used to reprogram the cells they are interacting with. In certain circumstances, exosomes stimulate the immune response by facilitating or amplifying the release of foreign antigens-killing cells, inflammatory factors, or antibodies (immune activation). Meanwhile, in other cases, they are efficiently used by malignant elements such as cancer cells to mislead the immune recognition mechanism, carrying and transferring their cancerous cargoes to distant healthy cells, thus contributing to antigenic invasion (immune suppression). Exosome dichotomic patterns upon immune system regulation present broad advantages in immunotherapy. Its perfect comprehension, from its early biogenesis to its specific interaction with recipient cells, will promote a significant enhancement of immunotherapy employing molecular biology, nanomedicine, and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Milon Essola
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Haiyin Yang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fangzhou Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Bozhang Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jacques François Mavoungou
- Université Internationale de Libreville, Libreville, 20411, Gabon
- Central and West African Virus Epidemiology, Libreville, 2263, Gabon
- Département de phytotechnologies, Institut National Supérieur d’Agronomie et de Biotechnologie, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, 901, Gabon
- Institut de Recherches Agronomiques et Forestiers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et du développement Technologique, Libreville, 16182, Gabon
| | - Abid Hussain
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Rigerna Therapeutics Co. Ltd., China
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7
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Jiao Y, Gao L, Zhang T, He Z, Zheng SY, Liu W. Profiling DNA Cargos in Single Extracellular Vesicles via Hydrogel-Based Droplet Digital Multiple Displacement Amplification. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1293-1300. [PMID: 38189229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Due to the substantial heterogeneity among extracellular vesicle (EV) subpopulations, single-EV analysis has the potential to elucidate the mechanisms behind EV biogenesis and shed light on the myriad functions, leading to the development of novel diagnostics and therapeutics. While many studies have been devoted to reveal between-EV variations in surface proteins and RNAs, DNA cargos (EV-DNA) have received little attention. Here, we report a hydrogel-based droplet digital multiple displacement amplification approach for the comprehensive analysis of EV-DNA at the single-EV level. Single EVs are dispersed in thousands of hydrogel droplets and lysed for DNA amplification and identification. The droplet microfluidics strategy empowers the assay with single-molecule sensitivity and capability for absolute quantification of DNA-containing EVs. In particular, our findings indicate that 5-40% EVs are associated with DNA, depending on the cell of origin. Large EVs exhibit a higher proportion of DNA-containing EVs and a more substantial presence of intraluminal DNA, compared to small EVs. These DNA-containing EVs carry multiple DNA fragments on average. Furthermore, both double-stranded DNA and single-stranded DNA were able to be detected at the single-EV level. Utilizing this method, the abundance, distribution, and biophysical properties of EV-DNA in various EV populations are evaluated. The DNA level within EVs provides insight into the status of the originating cells and offers valuable information on the outcomes of anticancer treatments. The utilization of single-EV analysis for EV-DNA holds significant promise for early cancer detection and treatment response monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Jiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Liyang Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Ziyi He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | | | - Wu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
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8
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Pirouzpanah MB, Babaie S, Pourzeinali S, Valizadeh H, Malekeh S, Şahin F, Farshbaf-Khalili A. Harnessing tumor-derived exosomes: A promising approach for the expansion of clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic outcome of prostate cancer. Biofactors 2024. [PMID: 38205673 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of men's death worldwide. Although early diagnosis and therapy for localized prostate cancer have improved, the majority of men with metastatic disease die from prostate cancer annually. Therefore, identification of the cellular-molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of prostate cancer is essential for overcoming controlled proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that mediate most cells' interactions and contain membrane proteins, cytosolic and nuclear proteins, extracellular matrix proteins, lipids, metabolites, and nucleic acids. Exosomes play an essential role in paracrine pathways, potentially influencing Prostate cancer progression through a wide variety of mechanisms. In the present review, we outline and discuss recent progress in our understanding of the role of exosomes in the Prostate cancer microenvironment, like their involvement in prostate cancer occurrence, progression, angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, and drug resistance. We also present the latest findings regarding the function of exosomes as biomarkers, direct therapeutic targets in prostate cancer, and the challenges and advantages associated with using exosomes as natural carriers and in exosome-based immunotherapy. These findings are a promising avenue for the expansion of potential clinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soraya Babaie
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samira Pourzeinali
- Amiralmomenin Hospital of Charoimagh, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Valizadeh
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samira Malekeh
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fikrettin Şahin
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Azizeh Farshbaf-Khalili
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
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9
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Bolumar D, Moncayo-Arlandi J, Gonzalez-Fernandez J, Ochando A, Moreno I, Monteagudo-Sanchez A, Marin C, Diez A, Fabra P, Checa MA, Espinos JJ, Gardner DK, Simon C, Vilella F. Vertical transmission of maternal DNA through extracellular vesicles associates with altered embryo bioenergetics during the periconception period. eLife 2023; 12:RP88008. [PMID: 38149847 PMCID: PMC10752591 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of DNA through extracellular vesicles (EVs) represents a novel genetic material transfer mechanism that may impact genome evolution and tumorigenesis. We aimed to investigate the potential for vertical DNA transmission within maternal endometrial EVs to the pre-implantation embryo and describe any effect on embryo bioenergetics. We discovered that the human endometrium secretes all three general subtypes of EV - apoptotic bodies (ABs), microvesicles (MVs), and exosomes (EXOs) - into the human endometrial fluid (EF) within the uterine cavity. EVs become uniformly secreted into the EF during the menstrual cycle, with the proportion of different EV populations remaining constant; however, MVs contain significantly higher levels of mitochondrial (mt)DNA than ABs or EXOs. During the window of implantation, MVs contain an eleven-fold higher level of mtDNA when compared to cells-of-origin within the receptive endometrium, which possesses a lower mtDNA content and displays the upregulated expression of mitophagy-related genes. Furthermore, we demonstrate the internalization of EV-derived nuclear-encoded (n)DNA/mtDNA by trophoblast cells of murine embryos, which associates with a reduction in mitochondrial respiration and ATP production. These findings suggest that the maternal endometrium suffers a reduction in mtDNA content during the preconceptional period, that nDNA/mtDNA become packaged into secreted EVs that the embryo uptakes, and that the transfer of DNA to the embryo within EVs occurs alongside the modulation of bioenergetics during implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bolumar
- Igenomix Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research InstituteValenciaSpain
| | | | | | - Ana Ochando
- Carlos Simon Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research InstituteValenciaSpain
| | - Inmaculada Moreno
- Carlos Simon Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research InstituteValenciaSpain
| | | | - Carlos Marin
- Igenomix Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research InstituteValenciaSpain
| | - Antonio Diez
- Igenomix Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research InstituteValenciaSpain
| | | | - Miguel Angel Checa
- Clinica FerttyBarcelonaSpain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, University Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
| | - Juan Jose Espinos
- Clinica FerttyBarcelonaSpain
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, UABBellaterraSpain
| | - David K Gardner
- School of Biosciences, University of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
- Melbourne IVFEast MelbourneAustralia
| | - Carlos Simon
- Carlos Simon Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research InstituteValenciaSpain
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of ValenciaValenciaSpain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, BIDMC, Harvard UniversityBostonUnited States
| | - Felipe Vilella
- Carlos Simon Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research InstituteValenciaSpain
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10
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Brokāne A, Bajo-Santos C, Zayakin P, Belovs A, Jansons J, Lietuvietis V, Martens-Uzunova ES, Jenster GW, Linē A. Validation of potential RNA biomarkers for prostate cancer diagnosis and monitoring in plasma and urinary extracellular vesicles. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1279854. [PMID: 38099195 PMCID: PMC10720733 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1279854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Prostate cancer (PCa), one of the most prevalent malignancies affecting men worldwide, presents significant challenges in terms of early detection, risk stratification, and active surveillance. In recent years, liquid biopsies have emerged as a promising non-invasive approach to complement or even replace traditional tissue biopsies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanosized membranous structures released by various cells into body fluids, have gained substantial attention as a source of cancer biomarkers due to their ability to encapsulate and transport a wide range of biological molecules, including RNA. In this study, we aimed to validate 15 potential RNA biomarkers, identified in a previous EV RNA sequencing study, using droplet digital PCR. Methods: The candidate biomarkers were tested in plasma and urinary EVs collected before and after radical prostatectomy from 30 PCa patients and their diagnostic potential was evaluated in a test cohort consisting of 20 benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and 20 PCa patients' plasma and urinary EVs. Next, the results were validated in an independent cohort of plasma EVs from 31 PCa and 31 BPH patients. Results: We found that the levels of NKX3-1 (p = 0.0008) in plasma EVs, and tRF-Phe-GAA-3b (p < 0.0001) tRF-Lys-CTT-5c (p < 0.0327), piR-28004 (p = 0.0081) and miR-375-3p (p < 0.0001) in urinary EVs significantly decreased after radical prostatectomy suggesting that the main tissue source of these RNAs is prostate and/or PCa. Two mRNA biomarkers-GLO1 and NKX3-1 showed promising diagnostic potential in distinguishing between PCa and BPH with AUC of 0.68 and 0.82, respectively, in the test cohort and AUC of 0.73 and 0.65, respectively, in the validation cohort, when tested in plasma EVs. Combining these markers in a biomarker model yielded AUC of 0.85 and 0.71 in the test and validation cohorts, respectively. Although the PSA levels in the blood could not distinguish PCa from BPH in our cohort, adding PSA to the mRNA biomarker model increased AUC from 0.71 to 0.76. Conclusion: This study identified two novel EV-enclosed RNA biomarkers-NKX3-1 and GLO1-for the detection of PCa, and highlights the complementary nature of GLO1, NKX3-1 and PSA as combined biomarkers in liquid biopsies of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Brokāne
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Pawel Zayakin
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | | | | | | | | | - Guido W. Jenster
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aija Linē
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
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11
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Zou X, Lei Q, Luo X, Yin J, Chen S, Hao C, Shiyu L, Ma D. Advances in biological functions and applications of apoptotic vesicles. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:260. [PMID: 37749626 PMCID: PMC10519056 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptotic vesicles are extracellular vesicles generated by apoptotic cells that were previously regarded as containing waste or harmful substances but are now thought to play an important role in signal transduction and homeostasis regulation. METHODS In the present review, we reviewed many articles published over the past decades on the subtypes and formation of apoptotic vesicles and the existing applications of these vesicles. RESULTS Apoptotic bodies were once regarded as vesicles released by apoptotic cells, however, apoptotic vesicles are now regarded to include apoptotic bodies, apoptotic microvesicles and apoptotic exosomes, which exhibit variation in terms of biogenesis, sizes and properties. Applications of apoptotic vesicles were first reported long ago, but such reports have been rarer than those of other extracellular vesicles. At present, apoptotic vesicles have been utilized mainly in four aspects, including in direct therapeutic applications, in their engineering as carriers, in their construction as vaccines and in their utilization in diagnosis. CONCLUSION Building on a deeper understanding of their composition and characteristics, some studies have utilized apoptotic vesicles to treat diseases in more novel ways. However, their limitations for clinical translation, such as heterogeneity, have also emerged. In general, apoptotic vesicles have great application potential, but there are still many barriers to overcome in their investigation. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Zou
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510280, China
| | - Qian Lei
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510280, China
| | - Xinghong Luo
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510280, China
| | - Jingyao Yin
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen Baoan Women's and Children's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuoling Chen
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510280, China
| | - Chunbo Hao
- Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Liu Shiyu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710032, China.
| | - Dandan Ma
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510280, China.
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12
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Billimoria R, Bhatt P. Senescence in cancer: Advances in detection and treatment modalities. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115739. [PMID: 37562510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is a form of irreversible cell cycle arrest. Senescence plays a dual role in cancer, as both a tumor suppressor by preventing the growth of damaged cells and a cancer promoter by creating an inflammatory milieu. Stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) and replicative senescence are the two major sub-types of senescence. Senescence plays a dual role in cancer, depending on the context and kind of senescence involved. SIPS can cause cancer by nurturing an inflammatory environment, whereas replicative senescence may prevent cancer. Major pathways that are involved in senescence are the p53-p21, p16INK4A-Rb pathway along with mTOR, MAPK, and PI3K pathways. The lack of universal senescence markers makes it difficult to identify senescent cells in vivo. A combination of reliable detection methods of senescent cells in vivo is of utmost importance and will help in early detection and open new avenues for future treatment. New strategies that are being developed in order to tackle these shortcomings are in the field of fluorescent probes, nanoparticles, positron emission tomography probes, biosensors, and the detection of cell-free DNA from liquid biopsies. Along with detection, eradication of these senescent cells is also important to prevent cancer reoccurrence. Recently, the field of nano-senolytic and immunotherapy has also been emerging. This review provides up-to-date information on the various types of advancements made in the field of detection and treatment modalities for senescent cells that hold promise for the future treatment and prognosis of cancer, as well as their limitations and potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezina Billimoria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed-to-be University), Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, India
| | - Purvi Bhatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed-to-be University), Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, India.
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13
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Asao T, Tobias GC, Lucotti S, Jones DR, Matei I, Lyden D. Extracellular vesicles and particles as mediators of long-range communication in cancer: connecting biological function to clinical applications. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES AND CIRCULATING NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 4:461-485. [PMID: 38707985 PMCID: PMC11067132 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2023.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) have emerged as critical mediators of intercellular communication, participating in numerous physiological and pathological processes. In the context of cancer, EVPs exert local effects, such as increased invasiveness, motility, and reprogramming of tumor stroma, as well as systemic effects, including pre-metastatic niche formation, determining organotropism, promoting metastasis and altering the homeostasis of various organs and systems, such as the liver, muscle, and circulatory system. This review provides an overview of the critical advances in EVP research during the past decade, highlighting the heterogeneity of EVPs, their roles in intercellular communication, cancer progression, and metastasis. Moreover, the clinical potential of systemic EVPs as useful cancer biomarkers and therapeutic agents is explored. Last but not least, the progress in EVP analysis technologies that have facilitated these discoveries is discussed, which may further propel EVP research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiko Asao
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, Cell & Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 163-8001, Japan
| | - Gabriel Cardial Tobias
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, Cell & Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Serena Lucotti
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, Cell & Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - David R. Jones
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Irina Matei
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, Cell & Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - David Lyden
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, Cell & Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
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14
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Zayakin P, Sadovska L, Eglītis K, Romanchikova N, Radoviča-Spalviņa I, Endzeliņš E, Liepniece-Karele I, Eglītis J, Linē A. Extracellular Vesicles-A Source of RNA Biomarkers for the Detection of Breast Cancer in Liquid Biopsies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4329. [PMID: 37686605 PMCID: PMC10487078 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising source of cancer-derived RNAs for liquid biopsies. However, blood contains a pool of heterogeneous EVs released by a variety of cell types, making the identification of cancer RNA biomarkers challenging. Here, we performed deep sequencing of plasma EV RNA cargo in 32 patients with locally advanced breast cancer (BC) at diagnosis and 7 days after breast surgery and in 30 cancer-free healthy controls (HCs). To identify BC-derived RNA biomarkers, we searched for RNAs that had higher levels in BC EVs at the time of diagnosis compared with HCs and decreased after surgery. Data analysis showed that the fractions of miRNAs, snRNAs, snoRNAs, and tRFs were increased, but the fraction of lncRNAs was decreased in BC EVs as compared to HCs. BC-derived biomarker candidates were identified across various RNA biotypes. Considered individually, they had very high specificity but moderate sensitivity for the detection of BC, whereas a biomarker model composed of eight RNAs: SNORD3H, SNORD1C, SNORA74D, miR-224-5p, piR-32949, lnc-IFT-122-2, lnc-C9orf50-4, and lnc-FAM122C-3 was able to distinguish BC from HC EVs with an AUC of 0.902 (95% CI = 0.872-0.931, p = 3.4 × 10-9) in leave-one-out cross-validation. Furthermore, a number of RNA biomarkers were correlated with the ER and HER2 expression and additional biomarker models were created to predict hormone receptor and HER2 status. Overall, this study demonstrated that the RNA composition of plasma EVs is altered in BC patients and that they contain cancer-derived RNA biomarkers that can be used for BC detection and monitoring using liquid biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Zayakin
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1, k-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (P.Z.); (L.S.); (N.R.); (E.E.)
| | - Lilite Sadovska
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1, k-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (P.Z.); (L.S.); (N.R.); (E.E.)
| | - Kristaps Eglītis
- Latvian Oncology Center, Riga Eastern Clinical University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia; (K.E.)
| | - Nadezhda Romanchikova
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1, k-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (P.Z.); (L.S.); (N.R.); (E.E.)
| | | | - Edgars Endzeliņš
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1, k-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (P.Z.); (L.S.); (N.R.); (E.E.)
| | | | - Jānis Eglītis
- Latvian Oncology Center, Riga Eastern Clinical University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia; (K.E.)
| | - Aija Linē
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1, k-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (P.Z.); (L.S.); (N.R.); (E.E.)
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15
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Gregory CD, Rimmer MP. Extracellular vesicles arising from apoptosis: forms, functions, and applications. J Pathol 2023; 260:592-608. [PMID: 37294158 PMCID: PMC10952477 DOI: 10.1002/path.6138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed subcellular bodies produced by most, if not all cells. Research over the last two decades has recognised the importance of EVs in intercellular communication and horizontal transfer of biological material. EVs range in diameter from tens of nanometres up to several micrometres and are able to transfer a spectrum of biologically active cargoes - from whole organelles, through macromolecules including nucleic acids and proteins, to metabolites and small molecules - from their cells of origin to recipient cells, which may consequently become physiologically or pathologically altered. Based on their modes of biogenesis, the most renowned EV classes are (1) microvesicles, (2) exosomes (both produced by healthy cells), and (3) EVs from cells undergoing regulated death by apoptosis (ApoEVs). Microvesicles bud directly from the plasma membrane, while exosomes are derived from endosomal compartments. Current knowledge of the formation and functional properties of ApoEVs lags behind that of microvesicles and exosomes, but burgeoning evidence indicates that ApoEVs carry manifold cargoes, including mitochondria, ribosomes, DNA, RNAs, and proteins, and perform diverse functions in health and disease. Here we review this evidence, which demonstrates substantial diversity in the luminal and surface membrane cargoes of ApoEVs, permitted by their very broad size range (from around 50 nm to >5 μm; the larger often termed apoptotic bodies), strongly suggests their origins through both microvesicle- and exosome-like biogenesis pathways, and indicates routes through which they interact with recipient cells. We discuss the capacity of ApoEVs to recycle cargoes and modulate inflammatory, immunological, and cell fate programmes in normal physiology and in pathological scenarios such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Finally, we provide a perspective on clinical applications of ApoEVs in diagnostics and therapeutics. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Gregory
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchInstitute for Regeneration and Repair, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Michael P Rimmer
- Centre for Reproductive HealthInstitute for Regeneration and Repair, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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16
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Cumba Garcia LM, Bouchal SM, Bauman MMJ, Parney IF. Advancements and Technical Considerations for Extracellular Vesicle Isolation and Biomarker Identification in Glioblastoma. Neurosurgery 2023; 93:33-42. [PMID: 36749103 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound particles released by all cells. Previous research has found that these microscopic vesicles contribute to intercellular signaling and communication. EVs carry a variety of cargo, including nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, and lipids. The composition of EVs varies based on cell of origin. Therefore, EVs can serve as an important biomarker in the diagnosis and treatment of various cancers. EVs derived from glioblastoma (GBM) cells carry biomarkers, which could serve as the basis for a potential diagnostic strategy known as liquid biopsy. Multiple EV isolation techniques exist, including ultrafiltration, size exclusion chromatography, flow field-flow fractionation, sequential filtration, differential ultracentrifugation, and density-gradient ultracentrifugation. Recent and ongoing work aims to identify cellular markers to distinguish GBM-derived EVs from those released by noncancerous cells. Strategies include proteomic analysis of GBM EVs, identification of GBM-specific metabolites, and use of Food and Drug Administration-approved 5-aminolevulinic acid-an oral agent that causes fluorescence of GBM cells-to recognize GBM EVs in a patient's blood. In addition, accurately and precisely monitoring changes in EV cargo concentrations could help differentiate between pseudoprogression and GBM recurrence, thus preventing unnecessary surgical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz M Cumba Garcia
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Samantha M Bouchal
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Megan M J Bauman
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ian F Parney
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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17
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Diao Y, Zhu B, Ding T, Li R, Li J, Yang L, Zhou L, Hao X, Liu J. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicle nucleic acids as promising diagnostic biomarkers for prostate cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1201554. [PMID: 37456240 PMCID: PMC10338955 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1201554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy as a non-invasive method has a bright future in cancer diagnosis. Tumor-related extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their components (nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids) in biofluids may exert multiple functions in tumor growth, metastasis, immune escape, and angiogenesis. Among all the components, nucleic acids have attracted the most interest due to their simplicity of extraction and detection. In this review, the biological functions of EVs in prostate cancer (PCa) genesis and progression were summarized. Moreover, the diagnostic value of EV RNA markers found in clinical body fluid samples was reviewed, including their trends, challenging isolation methods, and diagnostic efficacy. Lastly, because relatively much progress has been made in PCa, studies on EV DNA markers are also discussed.
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18
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Wyse BA, Salehi R, Russell SJ, Sangaralingam M, Jahangiri S, Tsang BK, Librach CL. Obesity and PCOS radically alters the snRNA composition of follicular fluid extracellular vesicles. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1205385. [PMID: 37404312 PMCID: PMC10315679 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1205385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The ovarian follicle consists of the oocyte, somatic cells, and follicular fluid (FF). Proper signalling between these compartments is required for optimal folliculogenesis. The association between polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and extracellular vesicular small non-coding RNAs (snRNAs) signatures in follicular fluid (FF) and how this relates to adiposity is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether FF extracellular vesicle (FFEV)-derived snRNAs are differentially expressed (DE) between PCOS and non-PCOS subjects; and if these differences are vesicle-specific and/or adiposity-dependent. Methods FF and granulosa cells (GC) were collected from 35 patients matched by demographic and stimulation parameters. FFEVs were isolated and snRNA libraries were constructed, sequenced, and analyzed. Results miRNAs were the most abundant biotype present, with specific enrichment in exosomes (EX), whereas in GCs long non-coding RNAs were the most abundant biotype. In obese PCOS vs. lean PCOS, pathway analysis revealed target genes involved in cell survival and apoptosis, leukocyte differentiation and migration, JAK/STAT, and MAPK signalling. In obese PCOS FFEVs were selectively enriched (FFEVs vs. GCs) for miRNAs targeting p53 signalling, cell survival and apoptosis, FOXO, Hippo, TNF, and MAPK signalling. Discussion We provide comprehensive profiling of snRNAs in FFEVs and GCs of PCOS and non-PCOS patients, highlighting the effect of adiposity on these findings. We hypothesize that the selective packaging and release of miRNAs specifically targeting anti-apoptotic genes into the FF may be an attempt by the follicle to reduce the apoptotic pressure of the GCs and stave off premature apoptosis of the follicle observed in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A. Wyse
- Research Department, CReATe Fertility Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Reza Salehi
- Research Department, CReATe Fertility Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Sahar Jahangiri
- Research Department, CReATe Fertility Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- CReATe Biobank, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin K. Tsang
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Clifford L. Librach
- Research Department, CReATe Fertility Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- CReATe Biobank, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Biological Sciences, DAN Women & Babies Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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19
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Ferlizza E, Romaniello D, Borrelli F, Pagano F, Girone C, Gelfo V, Kuhre RS, Morselli A, Mazzeschi M, Sgarzi M, Filippini DM, D'Uva G, Lauriola M. Extracellular Vesicles and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Activation: Interplay of Drivers in Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15112970. [PMID: 37296932 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15112970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are of great interest to study the cellular mechanisms of cancer development and to diagnose and monitor cancer progression. EVs are a highly heterogeneous population of cell derived particles, which include microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes (EXOs). EVs deliver intercellular messages transferring proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and metabolites with implications for tumour progression, invasiveness, and metastasis. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is a major driver of cancer. Tumour cells with activated EGFR could produce EVs disseminating EGFR itself or its ligands. This review provides an overview of EVs (mainly EXOs and MVs) and their cargo, with a subsequent focus on their production and effects related to EGFR activation. In particular, in vitro studies performed in EGFR-dependent solid tumours and/or cell cultures will be explored, thus shedding light on the interplay between EGFR and EVs production in promoting cancer progression, metastases, and resistance to therapies. Finally, an overview of liquid biopsy approaches involving EGFR and EVs in the blood/plasma of EGFR-dependent tumour patients will also be discussed to evaluate their possible application as candidate biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enea Ferlizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Donatella Romaniello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Borrelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Pagano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cinzia Girone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valerio Gelfo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rikke Sofie Kuhre
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Morselli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Mazzeschi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Sgarzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daria Maria Filippini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriele D'Uva
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mattia Lauriola
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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20
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Nakamachi Y, Uto K, Hayashi S, Okano T, Morinobu A, Kuroda R, Kawan S, Saegusa J. Exosomes derived from synovial fibroblasts from patients with rheumatoid arthritis promote macrophage migration that can be suppressed by miR-124-3p. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14986. [PMID: 37151687 PMCID: PMC10161379 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Exosomes are potent vehicles for intercellular communication. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic disease of unknown etiology. Local administration of miR-124 precursor to rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis suppresses systemic arthritis and bone destruction. Thus, exosomes may be involved in this disease. We aimed to determine the role of exosomes in the pathology of RA. Methods Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were collected from patients with RA and osteoarthritis (OA). miR-124-3p mimic was transfected into the RA FLS (RA miR-124 FLS). Exosomes were collected from the culture medium by ultracentrifugation. Macrophages were produced from THP-1 cells. MicroRNAs in the exosomes were analyzed using real-time PCR. Proteomics analysis was performed using nanoscale liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Macrophage migration was evaluated using a Transwell migration assay. SiRNA was used to knockdown proteins of interest. Results MicroRNAs in the RA FLS, RA miR-124 FLS, and OA FLS exosomes were similar. Proteomics analysis revealed that pentraxin 3 (PTX3) levels were higher in RA FLS exosomes than in RA miR-124 FLS and OA FLS exosomes, and proteasome 20S subunit beta 5 (PSMB5) levels were lower in RA FLS exosomes than in RA miR-124 FLS and OA FLS exosomes. The RA FLS exosomes promoted and the RA miR-124 FLS exosomes suppressed macrophage migration. PTX3-silenced RA FLS exosomes suppressed and PSMB5-silenced OA FLS exosomes promoted macrophage migration. Conclusions RA FLS exosomes promote macrophage migration via PTX3 and PSMB5, and miR-124-3p suppresses this migration.
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Tatischeff I. Extracellular Vesicle-DNA: The Next Liquid Biopsy Biomarker for Early Cancer Diagnosis? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051456. [PMID: 36900248 PMCID: PMC10000627 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
After a short introduction about the history of liquid biopsy, aimed to noninvasively replace the common tissue biopsy as a help for cancer diagnosis, this review is focused on extracellular vesicles (EVs), as the main third component, which is now coming into the light of liquid biopsy. Cell-derived EV release is a recently discovered general cellular property, and EVs harbor many cellular components reflecting their cell of origin. This is also the case for tumoral cells, and their cargoes might therefore be a "treasure chest" for cancer biomarkers. This has been extensively explored for a decade, but the EV-DNA content escaped this worldwide query until recently. The aim of this review is to gather the pilot studies focused on the DNA content of circulating cell-derived EVs, and the following five years of studies about the circulating tumor EV-DNA. The recent preclinical studies about the circulating tEV-derived gDNA as a potential cancer biomarker developed into a puzzling controversy about the presence of DNA into exosomes, coupled with an increased unexpected non vesicular complexity of the extracellular environment. This is discussed in the present review, together with the challenges that need to be solved before any efficient clinical transfer of EV-DNA as a quite promising cancer diagnosis biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irène Tatischeff
- Honorary CNRS and UPMC Research Director, Founder of RevInterCell, a Scientific Consulting Service, 91400 Orsay, France
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22
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Karnas E, Dudek P, Zuba-Surma EK. Stem cell- derived extracellular vesicles as new tools in regenerative medicine - Immunomodulatory role and future perspectives. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1120175. [PMID: 36761725 PMCID: PMC9902918 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1120175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, the practical use of stem cells (SCs) in the clinic has attracted significant attention in the regenerative medicine due to the ability of these cells to proliferate and differentiate into other cell types. However, recent findings have demonstrated that the therapeutic capacity of SCs may also be mediated by their ability to secrete biologically active factors, including extracellular vesicles (EVs). Such submicron circular membrane-enveloped vesicles may be released from the cell surface and harbour bioactive cargo in the form of proteins, lipids, mRNA, miRNA, and other regulatory factors. Notably, growing evidence has indicated that EVs may transfer their bioactive content into recipient cells and greatly modulate their functional fate. Thus, they have been recently envisioned as a new class of paracrine factors in cell-to-cell communication. Importantly, EVs may modulate the activity of immune system, playing an important role in the regulation of inflammation, exhibiting broad spectrum of the immunomodulatory activity that promotes the transition from pro-inflammatory to pro-regenerative environment in the site of tissue injury. Consequently, growing interest is placed on attempts to utilize EVs in clinical applications of inflammatory-related dysfunctions as potential next-generation therapeutic factors, alternative to cell-based approaches. In this review we will discuss the current knowledge on the biological properties of SC-derived EVs, with special focus on their role in the regulation of inflammatory response. We will also address recent findings on the immunomodulatory and pro-regenerative activity of EVs in several disease models, including in vitro and in vivo preclinical, as well as clinical studies. Finally, we will highlight the current perspectives and future challenges of emerging EV-based therapeutic strategies of inflammation-related diseases treatment.
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23
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Stejskal P, Goodarzi H, Srovnal J, Hajdúch M, van ’t Veer LJ, Magbanua MJM. Circulating tumor nucleic acids: biology, release mechanisms, and clinical relevance. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:15. [PMID: 36681803 PMCID: PMC9862574 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01710-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in early detection and therapies, cancer is still one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Since each tumor is unique, there is a need to implement personalized care and develop robust tools for monitoring treatment response to assess drug efficacy and prevent disease relapse. MAIN BODY Recent developments in liquid biopsies have enabled real-time noninvasive monitoring of tumor burden through the detection of molecules shed by tumors in the blood. These molecules include circulating tumor nucleic acids (ctNAs), comprising cell-free DNA or RNA molecules passively and/or actively released from tumor cells. Often highlighted for their diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic potential, these biomarkers possess valuable information about tumor characteristics and evolution. While circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has been in the spotlight for the last decade, less is known about circulating tumor RNA (ctRNA). There are unanswered questions about why some tumors shed high amounts of ctNAs while others have undetectable levels. Also, there are gaps in our understanding of associations between tumor evolution and ctNA characteristics and shedding kinetics. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about ctNA biology and release mechanisms and put this information into the context of tumor evolution and clinical utility. CONCLUSIONS A deeper understanding of the biology of ctDNA and ctRNA may inform the use of liquid biopsies in personalized medicine to improve cancer patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Stejskal
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Olomouc, 779 00 Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Hani Goodarzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Josef Srovnal
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Olomouc, 779 00 Czech Republic
| | - Marián Hajdúch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Olomouc, 779 00 Czech Republic
| | - Laura J. van ’t Veer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Mark Jesus M. Magbanua
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, San Francisco, CA USA
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24
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Chaddha M, Rai H, Gupta R, Thakral D. Integrated analysis of circulating cell free nucleic acids for cancer genotyping and immune phenotyping of tumor microenvironment. Front Genet 2023; 14:1138625. [PMID: 37091783 PMCID: PMC10117686 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1138625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The circulating cell-free nucleic acids (ccfNAs) consist of a heterogenous cocktail of both single (ssNA) and double-stranded (dsNA) nucleic acids. These ccfNAs are secreted into the blood circulation by both healthy and malignant cells via various mechanisms including apoptosis, necrosis, and active secretion. The major source of ccfNAs are the cells of hematopoietic system under healthy conditions. These ccfNAs include fragmented circulating cell free DNA (ccfDNA), coding or messenger RNA (mRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and mitochondrial DNA/RNA (mtDNA and mtRNA), that serve as prospective biomarkers in assessment of various clinical conditions. For, e.g., free fetal DNA and RNA migrate into the maternal plasma, whereas circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has clinical relevance in diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic targeting, and disease progression monitoring to improve precision medicine in cancer. The epigenetic modifications of ccfDNA as well as circulating cell-free RNA (ccfRNA) such as miRNA and lncRNA show disease-related variations and hold potential as epigenetic biomarkers. The messenger RNA present in the circulation or the circulating cell free mRNA (ccf-mRNA) and long non-coding RNA (ccf-lncRNA) have gradually become substantial in liquid biopsy by acting as effective biomarkers to assess various aspects of disease diagnosis and prognosis. Conversely, the simultaneous characterization of coding and non-coding RNAs in human biofluids still poses a significant hurdle. Moreover, a comprehensive assessment of ccfRNA that may reflect the tumor microenvironment is being explored. In this review, we focus on the novel approaches for exploring ccfDNA and ccfRNAs, specifically ccf-mRNA as biomarkers in clinical diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. Integrating the detection of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) for cancer genotyping in conjunction with ccfRNA both quantitatively and qualitatively, may potentially hold immense promise towards precision medicine. The current challenges and future directions in deciphering the complexity of cancer networks based on the dynamic state of ccfNAs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ritu Gupta
- *Correspondence: Deepshi Thakral, ; Ritu Gupta,
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25
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The effect of mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes on the prostate, bladder, and renal cancer cell lines. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20924. [PMID: 36463254 PMCID: PMC9719468 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to explain the role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-exosomes) on gene expressions of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, and apoptosis. Four different cell lines were employed, including ACHN, 5637, LNCaP, and PC3, as well-known representatives for renal, bladder, hormone-sensitive, and hormone-refractory prostate cancers, respectively. Cell lines were exposed to diverse concentrations of mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes to find IC50 values. Percentages of apoptotic cells were evaluated by Annexin/P.I. staining. Micro Culture Tetrazolium Test assessed proliferative inhibitory effect; and prostate biomarker (KLK2), EMT (E-cadherin and Snail), angiogenesis genes (VEGF-A/VEGF-C), apoptosis genes (BAX/BCL2, P53) and Osteopontin variants (OPNa/b, and c) mRNA levels were studied by realtime PCR method. All 5637, LNCaP, and PC3 following treatment with exosomes illustrated specific responses with changes in expression of different genes. The increased TP53 and decreased BCL2 expressions were seen in 5637, LNCaP, and PC3. In PC3, OPNb and OPNc have raised more than P53; in LNCap, the increase was in VEGF-c. In 5637 cells, more than TP53 and BCL2 changes, two other genes, VEGFa and B.A.X., have decreased, suggesting exosomes' anti-apoptotic and anti-angiogenic effects. The kidney tumor cell line saw no significant gene expression change in ten targeted genes. MSC-exosomes therapy has augmented some interesting antitumor effects on prostate, bladder, and kidney cancer cell lines. This effect which originates from exosomes' potency to persuade apoptosis and prevent the proliferation of cancer cells simultaneously, was more substantial in bladder cancer, moderate in prostate cancer, and mild in renal cancer.
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26
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Crescitelli R, Filges S, Karimi N, Urzì O, Alonso-Agudo T, Ståhlberg A, Lötvall J, Lässer C, Olofsson Bagge R. Extracellular vesicle DNA from human melanoma tissues contains cancer-specific mutations. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1028854. [PMID: 36531960 PMCID: PMC9751452 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1028854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsies are promising tools for early diagnosis and residual disease monitoring in patients with cancer, and circulating tumor DNA isolated from plasma has been extensively studied as it has been shown to contain tumor-specific mutations. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) present in tumor tissues carry tumor-derived molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids, and thus EVs can potentially represent a source of cancer-specific DNA. Here we identified the presence of tumor-specific DNA mutations in EVs isolated from six human melanoma metastatic tissues and compared the results with tumor tissue DNA and plasma DNA. Tumor tissue EVs were isolated using enzymatic treatment followed by ultracentrifugation and iodixanol density cushion isolation. A panel of 34 melanoma-related genes was investigated using ultra-sensitive sequencing (SiMSen-seq). We detected mutations in six genes in the EVs (BRAF, NRAS, CDKN2A, STK19, PPP6C, and RAC), and at least one mutation was detected in all melanoma EV samples. Interestingly, the mutant allele frequency was higher in DNA isolated from tumor-derived EVs compared to total DNA extracted directly from plasma DNA, supporting the potential role of tumor EVs as future biomarkers in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Crescitelli
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefan Filges
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nasibeh Karimi
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ornella Urzì
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), University of Palermo, Gothenburg, Italy
| | - Tamara Alonso-Agudo
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lässer
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roger Olofsson Bagge
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
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27
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Adnani L, Spinelli C, Tawil N, Rak J. Role of extracellular vesicles in cancer-specific interactions between tumour cells and the vasculature. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 87:196-213. [PMID: 36371024 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression impacts and exploits the vascular system in several highly consequential ways. Among different types of vascular cells, blood cells and mediators that are engaged in these processes, endothelial cells are at the centre of the underlying circuitry, as crucial constituents of angiogenesis, angiocrine stimulation, non-angiogenic vascular growth, interactions with the coagulation system and other responses. Tumour-vascular interactions involve soluble factors, extracellular matrix molecules, cell-cell contacts, as well as extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying assemblies of molecular effectors. Oncogenic mutations and transforming changes in the cancer cell genome, epigenome and signalling circuitry exert important and often cancer-specific influences upon pathways of tumour-vascular interactions, including the biogenesis, content, and biological activity of EVs and responses of cancer cells to them. Notably, EVs may carry and transfer bioactive, oncogenic macromolecules (oncoproteins, RNA, DNA) between tumour and vascular cells and thereby elicit unique functional changes and forms of vascular growth and remodeling. Cancer EVs influence the state of the vasculature both locally and systemically, as exemplified by cancer-associated thrombosis. EV-mediated communication pathways represent attractive targets for therapies aiming at modulation of the tumour-vascular interface (beyond angiogenesis) and could also be exploited for diagnostic purposes in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Adnani
- McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Canada
| | - Cristiana Spinelli
- McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Canada
| | - Nadim Tawil
- McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Canada; Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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28
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Limited T-Cell-Stimulating Effect of Cytochalasin-B-Induced Membrane Vesicles Isolated from Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10111877. [DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) that stably express particular HLA and co-stimulatory molecules by gene transfer have been developed to effectively stimulate T cells. To investigate whether cytochalsin-B-induced membrane vesicles derived from aAPCs (AP-CIMVs) have similar antigen-presenting functions as a cell-free system, T cell responses to different types of antigen presentation were measured using Jurkat reporter cells. First, the aggregation of AP-CIMV, which affects the measurement of function, was inhibited by nuclease treatment to produce uniform AP-CIMVs. The Green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in Jurkat reporter cells was induced in a dose-dependent manner in groups stimulated with anti-CD3 antibody-coated AP-CIMVs and aAPCs, and anti-CD3/CD28 Dynabead. When Jurkat reporter cells expressing specific T cell receptors were stimulated by AP-CIMVs and aAPCs loaded with CMV pp65 peptide, AP-CIMVs showed similar stimulatory effects to that by aAPC. However, when these Jurkat reporter cells were stimulated by aAPCs endogenously expressing CMV pp65 antigen and their AP-CIMVs, the GFP expression rate by AP-CIMVs was 8.4%, which was significantly lower than 53.2% by aAPCs. Although this study showed a limited T-cell-stimulating effect of AP-CIMVs on endogenously processed antigen presentation, these results provide useful information for the development of improved cell-free systems for T cell stimulation in the future.
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29
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Choi WWY, Sánchez C, Li JJ, Dinarvand M, Adomat H, Ghaffari M, Khoja L, Vafaee F, Joshua AM, Chi KN, Guns EST, Hosseini-Beheshti E. Extracellular vesicles from biological fluids as potential markers in castration resistant prostate cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022:10.1007/s00432-022-04391-6. [PMID: 36222898 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Extracellular vesicles (EV) secreted from cancer cells are present in various biological fluids, carrying distinctly different cellular components compared to normal cells, and have great potential to be used as markers for disease initiation, progression, and response to treatment. This under-utilised tool provides insights into a better understanding of prostate cancer. METHODS EV from serum and urine of healthy men and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients were isolated and characterised by transmission electron microscopy, particle size analysis, and western blot. Proteomic and cholesterol liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses were conducted. RESULTS There was a successful enrichment of small EV/exosomes isolated from serum and urine. EV derived from biological fluids of CRPC patients had significant differences in composition when compared with those from healthy controls. Analysis of matched serum and urine samples from six prostate cancer patients revealed specific EV proteins common in both types of biological fluid for each patient. CONCLUSION Some of the EV proteins identified from our analyses have potential to be used as CRPC markers. These markers may depict a pattern in cancer progression through non-invasive sample collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy W Y Choi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, 2660 Oak St, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | | | - Jiao Jiao Li
- Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Mojdeh Dinarvand
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Hans Adomat
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, 2660 Oak St, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Mazyar Ghaffari
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, 2660 Oak St, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada.,Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Leila Khoja
- St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Vafaee
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.,UNSW Data Science Hub, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Anthony M Joshua
- St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Kim N Chi
- BC Cancer Agency, 600 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Emma S Tomlinson Guns
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, 2660 Oak St, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada.,BC Cancer Agency, 600 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Elham Hosseini-Beheshti
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, 2660 Oak St, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada. .,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,The Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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30
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Zeng EZ, Chen I, Chen X, Yuan X. Exosomal MicroRNAs as Novel Cell-Free Therapeutics in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102485. [PMID: 36289747 PMCID: PMC9598823 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles (50–1000 nm) that can be secreted by all cell types. Microvesicles and exosomes are the major subsets of EVs that exhibit the cell–cell communications and pathological functions of human tissues, and their therapeutic potentials. To further understand and engineer EVs for cell-free therapy, current developments in EV biogenesis and secretion pathways are discussed to illustrate the remaining gaps in EV biology. Specifically, microRNAs (miRs), as a major EV cargo that exert promising therapeutic results, are discussed in the context of biological origins, sorting and packing, and preclinical applications in disease progression and treatments. Moreover, advanced detection and engineering strategies for exosomal miRs are also reviewed. This article provides sufficient information and knowledge for the future design of EVs with specific miRs or protein cargos in tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Z. Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Isabelle Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- Los Altos High School, Los Altos, CA 94022, USA
| | - Xingchi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Xuegang Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence: or
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31
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Li G, Huang D, Li P, Yuan X, Yarotskyy V, Li PL. Regulation of exosome release by lysosomal acid ceramidase in coronary arterial endothelial cells: Role of TRPML1 channel. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2022; 90:37-63. [PMID: 36368874 PMCID: PMC9842397 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal acid ceramidase (AC) has been reported to determine multivesicular body (MVB) fate and exosome secretion in different mammalian cells including coronary arterial endothelial cells (CAECs). However, this AC-mediated regulation of exosome release from CAECs and associated underlying mechanism remain poorly understood. In the present study, we hypothesized that AC controls lysosomal Ca2+ release through TRPML1 channel to regulate exosome release in murine CAECs. To test this hypothesis, we isolated and cultured CAECs from WT/WT and endothelial cell-specific Asah1 gene (gene encoding AC) knockout mice. Using these CAECs, we first demonstrated a remarkable increase in exosome secretion and significant reduction of lysosome-MVB interaction in CAECs lacking Asah1 gene compared to those cells from WT/WT mice. ML-SA1, a TRPML1 channel agonist, was found to enhance lysosome trafficking and increase lysosome-MVB interaction in WT/WT CAECs, but not in CAECs lacking Asah1 gene. However, sphingosine, an AC-derived sphingolipid, was able to increase lysosome movement and lysosome-MVB interaction in CAECs lacking Asah1 gene, leading to reduced exosome release from these cells. Moreover, Asah1 gene deletion was shown to substantially inhibit lysosomal Ca2+ release through suppression of TRPML1 channel activity in CAECs. Sphingosine as an AC product rescued the function of TRPML1 channel in CAECs lacking Asah1 gene. These results suggest that Asah1 gene defect and associated deficiency of AC activity may inhibit TRPML1 channel activity, thereby reducing MVB degradation by lysosome and increasing exosome release from CAECs. This enhanced exosome release from CAECs may contribute to the development of coronary arterial disease under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Dandan Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Pengyang Li
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Xinxu Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Viktor Yarotskyy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
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Tsering T, Li M, Chen Y, Nadeau A, Laskaris A, Abdouh M, Bustamante P, Burnier JV. EV-ADD, a database for EV-associated DNA in human liquid biopsy samples. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12270. [PMID: 36271888 PMCID: PMC9587709 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a key role in cellular communication both in physiological conditions and in pathologies such as cancer. Emerging evidence has shown that EVs are active carriers of molecular cargo (e.g. protein and nucleic acids) and a powerful source of biomarkers and targets. While recent studies on EV‐associated DNA (EV‐DNA) in human biofluids have generated a large amount of data, there is currently no database that catalogues information on EV‐DNA. To fill this gap, we have manually curated a database of EV‐DNA data derived from human biofluids (liquid biopsy) and in‐vitro studies, called the Extracellular Vesicle‐Associated DNA Database (EV‐ADD). This database contains validated experimental details and data extracted from peer‐reviewed published literature. It can be easily queried to search for EV isolation methods and characterization, EV‐DNA isolation techniques, quality validation, DNA fragment size, volume of starting material, gene names and disease context. Currently, our database contains samples representing 23 diseases, with 13 different types of EV isolation techniques applied on eight different human biofluids (e.g. blood, saliva). In addition, EV‐ADD encompasses EV‐DNA data both representing the whole genome and specifically including oncogenes, such as KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, MYC, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). An EV‐ADD data metric system was also integrated to assign a compliancy score to the MISEV guidelines based on experimental parameters reported in each study. While currently available databases document the presence of proteins, lipids, RNA and metabolites in EVs (e.g. Vesiclepedia, ExoCarta, ExoBCD, EVpedia, and EV‐TRACK), to the best of our knowledge, EV‐ADD is the first of its kind to compile all available EV‐DNA datasets derived from human biofluid samples. We believe that this database provides an important reference resource on EV‐DNA‐based liquid biopsy research, serving as a learning tool and to showcase the latest developments in the EV‐DNA field. EV‐ADD will be updated yearly as newly published EV‐DNA data becomes available and it is freely available at www.evdnadatabase.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thupten Tsering
- Cancer Research ProgramResearch Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Mingyang Li
- Cancer Research ProgramResearch Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Yunxi Chen
- Cancer Research ProgramResearch Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Amélie Nadeau
- Cancer Research ProgramResearch Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Alexander Laskaris
- Cancer Research ProgramResearch Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Mohamed Abdouh
- Cancer Research ProgramResearch Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Prisca Bustamante
- Cancer Research ProgramResearch Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Julia V. Burnier
- Cancer Research ProgramResearch Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of OncologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Experimental Pathology UnitDepartment of PathologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
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Feasibility of Leukemia-Derived Exosome Enrichment and Co-isolated dsDNA Sequencing in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients: A Proof of Concept for New Leukemia Biomarkers Detection. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184504. [PMID: 36139664 PMCID: PMC9497185 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present pilot study aimed at investigating the feasibility of a leukemia-derived exosome enrichment approach followed by exosomal dsDNA target re-sequencing for adult Acute Myeloid Leukemias (AML) marker detection. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a proof-of-concept combining a leukemia-derived exosome enrichment strategy based on a commercial CE-IVD kit and next-generation sequencing was applied in a cohort of adult AML patients. The reported approach is easy, quick and user friendly and gives the possibility of obtaining a good quantity of exosomal dsDNA (composed of exosomal cargo and surrounding DNA) suitable for further analysis. The time-effective procedure opens up future effective clinical applications. This pilot study presents the potential of a proof-of-concept based on exosome analysis to be applied in clinical practice, as well as the feasibility of this kind of investigations using a certified kit, avoiding many additional analyses. It may encourage further studies regarding extracellular vesicles in myeloid neoplasia. Abstract Exosomes are extracellular vesicles playing a pivotal role in the intercellular communication. They shuttle different cargoes, including nucleic acids from their cell of origin. For this reason, they have been studied as carriers of tumor markers in different liquid biopsy approaches, in particular for solid tumors. Few data are available concerning exosomes as markers of myeloid neoplasia. To better understand their real potential and the best approach to investigate leukemic exosomes, we present the results of a pilot feasibility study evaluating the application of next-generation sequencing analysis of dsDNA derived from exosomes isolated in 14 adult patients affected by acute myeloid leukemias. In particular, leukemia-derived exosome fractions have been analyzed. The concentration of dsDNA co-extracted with exosomes and the number and types of mutations detected were considered and compared with ones identified in the Bone Marrow (BM) and Peripheral Blood (PB) cells. Exosomal DNA concentration, both considering the cargo and the DNA surrounding the lipid membrane resulted in a linear correlation with leukemic burden. Moreover, exosomal DNA mutation status presented 86.5% of homology with BM and 75% with PB. The results of this pilot study confirmed the feasibility of a leukemia-derived exosome enrichment approach followed by exosomal dsDNA NGS analysis for AML biomarker detection. These data point to the use of liquid biopsy in myeloid neoplasia for the detection of active leukemic cells resident in the BM via a painless procedure.
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Lucotti S, Kenific CM, Zhang H, Lyden D. Extracellular vesicles and particles impact the systemic landscape of cancer. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109288. [PMID: 36052513 PMCID: PMC9475536 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular cross talk between cancer cells and stromal and immune cells is essential for tumor progression and metastasis. Extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) are a heterogeneous class of secreted messengers that carry bioactive molecules and that have been shown to be crucial for this cell-cell communication. Here, we highlight the multifaceted roles of EVPs in cancer. Functionally, transfer of EVP cargo between cells influences tumor cell growth and invasion, alters immune cell composition and function, and contributes to stromal cell activation. These EVP-mediated changes impact local tumor progression, foster cultivation of pre-metastatic niches at distant organ-specific sites, and mediate systemic effects of cancer. Furthermore, we discuss how exploiting the highly selective enrichment of molecules within EVPs has profound implications for advancing diagnostic and prognostic biomarker development and for improving therapy delivery in cancer patients. Altogether, these investigations into the role of EVPs in cancer have led to discoveries that hold great promise for improving cancer patient care and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Lucotti
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Meyer Cancer CenterWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Candia M Kenific
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Meyer Cancer CenterWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Meyer Cancer CenterWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - David Lyden
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Meyer Cancer CenterWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
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Sedej I, Štalekar M, Tušek Žnidarič M, Goričar K, Kojc N, Kogovšek P, Dolžan V, Arnol M, Lenassi M. Extracellular vesicle-bound DNA in urine is indicative of kidney allograft injury. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12268. [PMID: 36149031 PMCID: PMC9503341 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle‐bound DNA (evDNA) is an understudied extracellular vesicle (EV) cargo, particularly in cancer‐unrelated research. Although evDNA has been detected in urine, little is known about its characteristics, localization, and biomarker potential for kidney pathologies. To address this, we enriched EVs from urine of well‐characterized kidney transplant recipients undergoing allograft biopsy, characterized their evDNA and its association to allograft injury. The SEC‐based method enriched pure EVs from urine of kidney transplant recipients, regardless of the allograft injury. Urinary evDNA represented up to 29.2 ± 8% (mean ± SD) of cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) and correlated with cfDNA in several characteristics but was less fragmented (P < 0.001). Importantly, using DNase treatment and immunogold labelling TEM, we demonstrated that evDNA was bound to the surface of urinary EVs. Normalised evDNA yield (P = 0.042) and evDNA copy number (P = 0.027) significantly differed between patients with normal histology, rejection injury and non‐rejection injury, the later groups having significantly larger uEVs (mean diameter, P = 0.045) and more DNA bound per uEV. ddDNA is detectable in uEV samples of kidney allograft recipients, but its quantity is highly variable. In a proof‐of‐principle study, several evDNA characteristics correlated with clinical and histological parameters (P = 0.040), supporting that the potential of evDNA as a biomarker for kidney allograft injury should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Sedej
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Štalekar
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Magda Tušek Žnidarič
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Goričar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nika Kojc
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polona Kogovšek
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vita Dolžan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Arnol
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Lenassi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Mishra LC, Pandey U, Gupta A, Gupta J, Sharma M, Mishra G. Alternating exosomes and their mimetics as an emergent strategy for targeted cancer therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:939050. [PMID: 36032679 PMCID: PMC9399404 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.939050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, a subtype of the class of extracellular vesicles and nano-sized particles, have a specific membrane structure that makes them an alternative proposition to combat with cancer through slight modification. As constituents of all most all the primary body fluids, exosomes establish the status of intercellular communication. Exosomes have specific proteins/mRNAs and miRNAs which serve as biomarkers, imparting a prognostic tool in clinical and disease pathologies. They have efficient intrinsic targeting potential and efficacy. Engineered exosomes are employed to deliver therapeutic cargos to the targeted tumor cell or the recipient. Exosomes from cancer cells bring about changes in fibroblast via TGFβ/Smad pathway, augmenting the tumor growth. These extracellular vesicles are multidimensional in terms of the functions that they perform. We herein discuss the uptake and biogenesis of exosomes, their role in various facets of cancer studies, cell-to-cell communication and modification for therapeutic and diagnostic use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Utkarsh Pandey
- Department of Zoology, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhikarsh Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyotsna Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Monal Sharma
- Betterhumans Inc., Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Gauri Mishra
- Department of Zoology, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Division Radiopharmaceuticals and Radiation Biology, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Gul B, Syed F, Khan S, Iqbal A, Ahmad I. Characterization of extracellular vesicles by flow cytometry: Challenges and promises. Micron 2022; 161:103341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2022.103341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Elzanowska J, Berrocal L, García-Peláez B, Vives-Usano M, Sebo BP, Maia J, Batista S, Teppo J, Varjosalo M, Moraes MCS, Molina-Vila MÁ, Costa-Silva B. Defining Optimal Conditions for Tumor Extracellular Vesicle DNA Extraction for Mutation Profiling. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133258. [PMID: 35805031 PMCID: PMC9265681 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as crucial players in the communication between cells in both physiological and pathological scenarios. The functions of EVs are strongly determined by their molecular content, which includes all bioactive molecules, such as proteins, lipids, RNA, and, as more recently described, double-stranded DNA. It has been shown that in oncological settings DNA associated with EVs (EV-DNA) is representative of the genome of parental cells and that it reflects the mutational status of the tumor, gaining much attention as a promising source of biomarker mutant DNA. However, one of the challenges in studies of EV-DNA is the lack of standardization of protocols for the DNA extraction from EVs, as well as ways to assess quality control, which hinders its future implementation in clinics. (2) Methods: We performed a comprehensive comparison of commonly used approaches for EV-DNA extraction by assessing DNA quantity, quality, and suitability for downstream analyses. (3) Results: We here established strategic points to consider for EV-DNA preparation for mutational analyses, including qPCR and NGS. (4) Conclusions: We put in place a workflow that can be applied for the detection of clinically relevant mutations in the EV-DNA of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Elzanowska
- Champalimaud Physiology and Cancer Programme, Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.E.); (B.P.S.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (M.C.S.M.)
| | - Laura Berrocal
- Laboratorio de Oncología/Pangaea Oncology, Hospital Universitario Quirón-Dexeus, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.); (B.G.-P.); (M.V.-U.)
| | - Beatriz García-Peláez
- Laboratorio de Oncología/Pangaea Oncology, Hospital Universitario Quirón-Dexeus, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.); (B.G.-P.); (M.V.-U.)
| | - Marta Vives-Usano
- Laboratorio de Oncología/Pangaea Oncology, Hospital Universitario Quirón-Dexeus, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.); (B.G.-P.); (M.V.-U.)
| | - Beatriz Passos Sebo
- Champalimaud Physiology and Cancer Programme, Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.E.); (B.P.S.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (M.C.S.M.)
| | - Joana Maia
- Champalimaud Physiology and Cancer Programme, Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.E.); (B.P.S.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (M.C.S.M.)
| | - Silvia Batista
- Champalimaud Physiology and Cancer Programme, Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.E.); (B.P.S.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (M.C.S.M.)
| | - Jaakko Teppo
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Molecular Systems Biology Research Group and Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Molecular Systems Biology Research Group and Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Maria Carolina Strano Moraes
- Champalimaud Physiology and Cancer Programme, Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.E.); (B.P.S.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (M.C.S.M.)
| | - Miguel Ángel Molina-Vila
- Laboratorio de Oncología/Pangaea Oncology, Hospital Universitario Quirón-Dexeus, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.); (B.G.-P.); (M.V.-U.)
- Correspondence: (M.Á.M.-V.); (B.C.-S.)
| | - Bruno Costa-Silva
- Champalimaud Physiology and Cancer Programme, Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.E.); (B.P.S.); (J.M.); (S.B.); (M.C.S.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.Á.M.-V.); (B.C.-S.)
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Han B, Molins L, He Y, Viñolas N, Sánchez-Lorente D, Boada M, Guirao A, Díaz T, Martinez D, Ramirez J, Moisés J, Acosta-Plasencia M, Monzo M, Marrades RM, Navarro A. Characterization of the MicroRNA Cargo of Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from a Pulmonary Tumor-Draining Vein Identifies miR-203a-3p as a Relapse Biomarker for Resected Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137138. [PMID: 35806142 PMCID: PMC9266391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), post-surgical recurrence occurs in around 40% of patients, highlighting the necessity to identify relapse biomarkers. An analysis of the extracellular vesicle (EV) cargo from a pulmonary tumor-draining vein (TDV) can grant biomarker identification. We studied the pulmonary TDV EV-miRNAome to identify relapse biomarkers in a two-phase study (screening and validation). In the screening phase, a 17-miRNA relapse signature was identified in 18 selected patients by small RNAseq. The most expressed miRNA from the signature (EV-miR-203a-3p) was chosen for further validation. Pulmonary TDV EV-miR-203a-3p was studied by qRT-PCR in a validation cohort of 70 patients, where it was found to be upregulated in relapsed patients (p = 0.0194) and in patients with cancer spread to nearby lymph nodes (N+ patients) (p = 0.0396). The ROC curve analysis showed that TDV EV-miR-203a-3p was able to predict relapses with a sensitivity of 88% (AUC: 0.67; p = 0.022). Moreover, patients with high TDV EV-miR-203a-3p had a shorter time to relapse than patients with low levels (43.6 vs. 97.6 months; p = 0.00703). The multivariate analysis showed that EV-miR-203a-3p was an independent, predictive and prognostic post-surgical relapse biomarker. In conclusion, pulmonary TDV EV-miR-203a-3p is a promising new relapse biomarker for resected NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Molecular Oncology and Embryology Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Medical Specializations, Human Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (B.H.); (Y.H.); (T.D.); (M.A.-P.); (M.M.)
| | - Laureano Molins
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.); (D.S.-L.); (M.B.); (A.G.)
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (N.V.); (D.M.); (J.R.); (R.M.M.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c. Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Yangyi He
- Molecular Oncology and Embryology Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Medical Specializations, Human Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (B.H.); (Y.H.); (T.D.); (M.A.-P.); (M.M.)
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Nuria Viñolas
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (N.V.); (D.M.); (J.R.); (R.M.M.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c. Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Clínic de Malalties Hemato-Oncològiques (ICMHO), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-Lorente
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.); (D.S.-L.); (M.B.); (A.G.)
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (N.V.); (D.M.); (J.R.); (R.M.M.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c. Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Marc Boada
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.); (D.S.-L.); (M.B.); (A.G.)
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (N.V.); (D.M.); (J.R.); (R.M.M.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c. Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Angela Guirao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.); (D.S.-L.); (M.B.); (A.G.)
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (N.V.); (D.M.); (J.R.); (R.M.M.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c. Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Tania Díaz
- Molecular Oncology and Embryology Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Medical Specializations, Human Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (B.H.); (Y.H.); (T.D.); (M.A.-P.); (M.M.)
| | - Daniel Martinez
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (N.V.); (D.M.); (J.R.); (R.M.M.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c. Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Ramirez
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (N.V.); (D.M.); (J.R.); (R.M.M.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c. Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Moisés
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c. Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Melissa Acosta-Plasencia
- Molecular Oncology and Embryology Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Medical Specializations, Human Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (B.H.); (Y.H.); (T.D.); (M.A.-P.); (M.M.)
| | - Mariano Monzo
- Molecular Oncology and Embryology Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Medical Specializations, Human Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (B.H.); (Y.H.); (T.D.); (M.A.-P.); (M.M.)
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (N.V.); (D.M.); (J.R.); (R.M.M.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c. Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Ramón M. Marrades
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (N.V.); (D.M.); (J.R.); (R.M.M.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c. Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pneumology, Institut Clínic Respiratori (ICR), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfons Navarro
- Molecular Oncology and Embryology Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Medical Specializations, Human Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (B.H.); (Y.H.); (T.D.); (M.A.-P.); (M.M.)
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (N.V.); (D.M.); (J.R.); (R.M.M.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c. Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-4021903
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Li X, Wang Q, Wang R. Roles of Exosome Genomic DNA in Colorectal Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:923232. [PMID: 35721181 PMCID: PMC9198365 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.923232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that mediate cell-to-cell communication. Bioactive substances such as DNA, RNA, lipids, and proteins are present in it, and they play an essential role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). The role of RNA and protein in exosomes has been extensively studied. Exosome DNA has recently attracted the attention of a great deal of scientists. According to studies, exosome DNA mainly contains genomic DNA (gDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), of which exosome gDNA is widely used in liquid biopsy of CRC. It includes a variety of clinically relevant tumor-specific mutation genes. In addition to liquid biopsy, researchers find that exosome gDNA regulates immune and metabolic functions in CRC, making it an important research object. However, the primary research on exosome gDNA is still limited. Here, we describe the occurrence and composition of exosomes. Summarize the essential characteristics and mode of action of exosome gDNA. Remarkably, this paper constitutes a comprehensive summary on the role of exosome gDNA on CRC with the intent of providing a theoretical basis and reference for early diagnosis and clinical treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuai Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiushi Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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41
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Liu C, Liang T, Zhang Z, Chen J, Xue J, Zhan X, Ren L. Transfer of microRNA-22-3p by M2 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles facilitates the development of ankylosing spondylitis through the PER2-mediated Wnt/β-catenin axis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:269. [PMID: 35606376 PMCID: PMC9126881 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00900-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pathological osteogenesis and inflammation possess critical significance in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The current study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms regarding extracellular vesicle (EV)-packaged microRNA-22-3p (miR-22-3p) from M2 macrophages in the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in AS. EVs were initially isolated from M2 macrophages, which had been treated with either restored or depleted miR-22-3p. AS-BMSCs were subsequently treated with M2 macrophage-derived EVs to detect osteogenic differentiation in BMSCs using gain- or loss-of-function experiments. The binding affinity among miR-22-3p, period circadian protein 2 (PER2), and Wnt7b was identified. Finally, AS mouse models were established for testing the effects of M2-EV-miR-22-3p on the bone metastatic microenvironment in vivo. miR-22-3p from M2 macrophages could be transferred into BMSCs via EVs, which promoted the osteogenic differentiation of AS-BMSCs. miR-22-3p inhibited PER2, while PER2 blocked the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway via Wnt7b inhibition. M2-EV-shuttled miR-22-3p facilitated alkaline phosphatase activity and extracellular matrix mineralization via PER2-regulated Wnt/β-catenin axis, stimulating the BMSC osteogenic differentiation. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that miR-22-3p in M2 macrophage-released EVs downregulates PER2 to facilitate the osteogenesis of MSCs via Wnt/β-catenin axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Liu
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, P. R. China
| | - Tuo Liang
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, P. R. China
| | - Zide Zhang
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, P. R. China
| | - Jiarui Chen
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, P. R. China
| | - Jang Xue
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, P. R. China
| | - Xinli Zhan
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, P. R. China.
| | - Liang Ren
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, P.R. China.
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42
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Mamtimin M, Pinarci A, Han C, Braun A, Anders HJ, Gudermann T, Mammadova-Bach E. Extracellular DNA Traps: Origin, Function and Implications for Anti-Cancer Therapies. Front Oncol 2022; 12:869706. [PMID: 35574410 PMCID: PMC9092261 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.869706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular DNA may serve as marker in liquid biopsies to determine individual diagnosis and prognosis in cancer patients. Cell death or active release from various cell types, including immune cells can result in the release of DNA into the extracellular milieu. Neutrophils are important components of the innate immune system, controlling pathogens through phagocytosis and/or the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs also promote tumor progression and metastasis, by modulating angiogenesis, anti-tumor immunity, blood clotting and inflammation and providing a supportive niche for metastasizing cancer cells. Besides neutrophils, other immune cells such as eosinophils, dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, mast cells, basophils and lymphocytes can also form extracellular traps (ETs) during cancer progression, indicating possible multiple origins of extracellular DNA in cancer. In this review, we summarize the pathomechanisms of ET formation generated by different cell types, and analyze these processes in the context of cancer. We also critically discuss potential ET-inhibiting agents, which may open new therapeutic strategies for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medina Mamtimin
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Akif Pinarci
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Chao Han
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Braun
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Elmina Mammadova-Bach
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
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43
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Bai S, Wang Z, Wang M, Li J, Wei Y, Xu R, Du J. Tumor-Derived Exosomes Modulate Primary Site Tumor Metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:752818. [PMID: 35309949 PMCID: PMC8924426 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.752818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) are actively produced and released by tumor cells and carry messages from tumor cells to healthy cells or abnormal cells, and they participate in tumor metastasis. In this review, we explore the underlying mechanism of action of TDEs in tumor metastasis. TDEs transport tumor-derived proteins and non-coding RNA to tumor cells and promote migration. Transport to normal cells, such as vascular endothelial cells and immune cells, promotes angiogenesis, inhibits immune cell activation, and improves chances of tumor implantation. Thus, TDEs contribute to tumor metastasis. We summarize the function of TDEs and their components in tumor metastasis and illuminate shortcomings for advancing research on TDEs in tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Bai
- Longgang District People´s Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zunyun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Longgang District People´s Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junai Li
- Longgang District People´s Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Longgang District People´s Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruihuan Xu
- Longgang District People´s Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juan Du
- Longgang District People´s Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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44
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Ruan S, Erwin N, He M. Light-induced high-efficient cellular production of immune functional extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12194. [PMID: 35230743 PMCID: PMC8886920 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV)‐based therapies and vaccines are emerging. However, employment at the scale for population‐based dose development is always a huge bottleneck. In order to overcome such a roadblock, we introduce a simple and straightforward approach for promoting cellular production of dendritic cell derived EVs (DEVs) by leveraging phototherapy based light induction. Under the optimization of light wavelengths, intensities, and exposure times, we achieved more than 13‐fold enhancement in DEV production rate, while maintaining good integral quality and immune function from produced EVs. The LED light at 365 nm is optimal to reliably trigger enhanced cellular production of EVs no matter cell line types. Our observation and other reported studies support longer near UV wavelength does not impair cell growth. We conducted a series of investigations in terms of size, zeta potential, morphology, immune surface markers and cytokines, biocompatibility, cellular uptake behaviour, and immune‐modulation ability on eliciting cellular responses in vitro. We also validated the biodistribution, immunogenicity, and administration safety using light‐promoted DEVs in mice models from both male and female genders. Overall data supports that light promoted DEVs are highly immune functional with great biocompatibility for serving as good therapeutic platforms. The in vivo animal study also demonstrated light‐promoted DEVs are as well tolerated as native DEVs, with no safety concerns. Taken together, the data supports that light promoted DEVs are in excellent quality, high biocompatibility, in vivo tolerant, and viable for serving as an ideal therapeutic platform in scalable production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Ruan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nina Erwin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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45
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Clancy JW, Sheehan CS, Boomgarden AC, D'Souza-Schorey C. Recruitment of DNA to tumor-derived microvesicles. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110443. [PMID: 35235806 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The shedding of extracellular vesicles (EVs) represents an important but understudied means of cell-cell communication in cancer. Among the currently described classes of EVs, tumor-derived microvesicles (TMVs) comprise a class of vesicles released directly from the cell surface. TMVs contain abundant cargo, including functional proteins and miRNA, which can be transferred to and alter the behavior of recipient cells. Here, we document that a fraction of extracellular double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) is enclosed within TMVs and protected from nuclease degradation. dsDNA inclusion in TMVs is regulated by ARF6 cycling and occurs with the cytosolic DNA sensor, cGAS, but independent of amphisome or micronuclei components. Our studies suggest that dsDNA is trafficked to TMVs via a mechanism distinct from the multivesicular body-dependent secretion reported for the extracellular release of cytosolic DNA. Furthermore, TMV dsDNA can be transferred to recipient cells with consequences to recipient cell behavior, reinforcing its relevance in mediating cell-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Clancy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Colin S Sheehan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Alex C Boomgarden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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46
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Hua Y, Chang X, Fang L, Wang Z. Subgroups of Extracellular Vesicles: Can They Be Defined by "Labels?". DNA Cell Biol 2022; 41:249-256. [PMID: 35171005 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2021.0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a class of lipid bilayer membranes, containing lipids, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), proteins, and other substances. They are produced by almost all types of cells and act as signaling intermediaries between cells and/or tissues through different mechanisms involving complex signals. EVs produced by each type of cells are composed of highly heterogeneous and inhomogeneous subgroups with different biological functions. Therefore, in the past few decades, researchers have tried to use different "labels" to define the subgroups of EVs, and explore the differences in them. However, a unified standard for defining the populations of EVs has not yet been established so far. In this study, we review and summarize the use of different "labels" to define subgroups of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiulin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liaoqiong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhibiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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47
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Ramirez-Garrastacho M, Bajo-Santos C, Line A, Martens-Uzunova ES, de la Fuente JM, Moros M, Soekmadji C, Tasken KA, Llorente A. Extracellular vesicles as a source of prostate cancer biomarkers in liquid biopsies: a decade of research. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:331-350. [PMID: 34811504 PMCID: PMC8810769 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a global cancer burden and considerable effort has been made through the years to identify biomarkers for the disease. Approximately a decade ago, the potential of analysing extracellular vesicles in liquid biopsies started to be envisaged. This was the beginning of a new exciting area of research investigating the rich molecular treasure found in extracellular vesicles to identify biomarkers for a variety of diseases. Vesicles released from prostate cancer cells and cells of the tumour microenvironment carry molecular information about the disease that can be analysed in several biological fluids. Numerous studies document the interest of researchers in this field of research. However, methodological issues such as the isolation of vesicles have been challenging. Remarkably, novel technologies, including those based on nanotechnology, show promise for the further development and clinical use of extracellular vesicles as liquid biomarkers. Development of biomarkers is a long and complicated process, and there are still not many biomarkers based on extracellular vesicles in clinical use. However, the knowledge acquired during the last decade constitutes a solid basis for the future development of liquid biopsy tests for prostate cancer. These are urgently needed to bring prostate cancer treatment to the next level in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ramirez-Garrastacho
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Aija Line
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Elena S Martens-Uzunova
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Urology, Laboratory of Experimental Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jesus Martinez de la Fuente
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Moros
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Soekmadji
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kristin Austlid Tasken
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- Department for Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.
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48
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Pink RC, Beaman EM, Samuel P, Brooks SA, Carter DRF. Utilising extracellular vesicles for early cancer diagnostics: benefits, challenges and recommendations for the future. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:323-330. [PMID: 35013578 PMCID: PMC8810954 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To increase cancer patient survival and wellbeing, diagnostic assays need to be able to detect cases earlier, be applied more frequently, and preferably before symptoms develop. The expansion of blood biopsy technologies such as detection of circulating tumour cells and cell-free DNA has shown clinical promise for this. Extracellular vesicles released into the blood from tumour cells may offer a snapshot of the whole of the tumour. They represent a stable and multifaceted complex of a number of different types of molecules including DNA, RNA and protein. These represent biomarker targets that can be collected and analysed from blood samples, offering great potential for early diagnosis. In this review we discuss the benefits and challenges of the use of extracellular vesicles in this context and provide recommendations on where this developing field should focus their efforts to bring future success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Charles Pink
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ellie-May Beaman
- grid.7628.b0000 0001 0726 8331Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Priya Samuel
- grid.7628.b0000 0001 0726 8331Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan Ann Brooks
- grid.7628.b0000 0001 0726 8331Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - David Raul Francisco Carter
- grid.7628.b0000 0001 0726 8331Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK ,Therapeutics Limited Oxford Science Park Medawar Centre 2nd Floor East Building Robert Robinson Avenue, Oxford, OX4 4HG UK
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49
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Tumor-Derived Exosomes in Tumor-Induced Immune Suppression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031461. [PMID: 35163380 PMCID: PMC8836190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a class of small membrane-bound extracellular vesicles released by almost all cell types and present in all body fluids. Based on the studies of exosome content and their interactions with recipient cells, exosomes are now thought to mediate “targeted” information transfer. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) carry a cargo of molecules different from that of normal cell-derived exosomes. TEX functions to mediate distinct biological effects such as receptor discharge and intercellular cross-talk. The immune system defenses, which may initially restrict tumor progression, are progressively blunted by the broad array of TEX molecules that activate suppressive pathways in different immune cells. Herein, we provide a review of the latest research progress on TEX in the context of tumor-mediated immune suppression and discuss the potential as well as challenges of TEX as a target of immunotherapy.
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50
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Puhka M, Thierens L, Nicorici D, Forsman T, Mirtti T, af Hällström T, Serkkola E, Rannikko A. Exploration of Extracellular Vesicle miRNAs, Targeted mRNAs and Pathways in Prostate Cancer: Relation to Disease Status and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030532. [PMID: 35158801 PMCID: PMC8833493 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate cancer lacks non-invasive specific biomarkers for aggressive disease. Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEV) could provide such markers; however, due to technical challenges, little is known regarding the pathogenesis pathways reflected in uEV. We performed a miRNA, target mRNA and pathway study focused on uEV, exploring the differences between cancer (1) status groups (Gleason score) and (2) progression groups. The uEV provided a surprisingly comprehensive presentation of differentially expressed miRNAs, target mRNAs and pathogenesis pathways. The miRNAs associated with prostate cancer status or progression were mostly unique, but still targeted overlapping sets of signalling, resistance, hormonal and immune pathways. Interestingly, mRNA targets of the key miRNAs (miR-892a, miR-223-3p, miR-146a-5p) were widely expressed in both uEV and plasma EV from PCa patients. The study thus suggests that uEV carry a vast presentation of PCa status and progression-linked RNAs that are worth further exploration in large personalized medicine trials. Abstract Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) lacks non-invasive specific biomarkers for aggressive disease. We studied the potential of urinary extracellular vesicles (uEV) as a liquid PCa biopsy by focusing on the micro RNA (miRNA) cargo, target messenger RNA (mRNA) and pathway analysis. Methods: We subjected uEV samples from 31 PCa patients (pre-prostatectomy) to miRNA sequencing and matched uEV and plasma EV (pEV) from three PCa patients to mRNA sequencing. EV quality control was performed by electron microscopy, Western blotting and particle and RNA analysis. We compared miRNA expression based on PCa status (Gleason Score) and progression (post-prostatectomy follow-up) and confirmed selected miRNAs by quantitative PCR. Expression of target mRNAs was mapped in matched EV. Results: Quality control showed typical small uEV, pEV, RNA and EV-protein marker enriched samples. Comparisons between PCa groups revealed mostly unique differentially expressed miRNAs. However, they targeted comprehensive and largely overlapping sets of cancer and progression-associated signalling, resistance, hormonal and immune pathways. Quantitative PCR confirmed changes in miR-892a (Gleason Score 7 vs. ≥8), miR-223-3p (progression vs. no progression) and miR-146a-5p (both comparisons). Their target mRNAs were expressed widely in PCa EV. Conclusions: PCa status and progression-linked RNAs in uEV are worth exploration in large personalized medicine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Puhka
- HiPrep and EV Core, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (A.R.)
| | - Lisse Thierens
- HiPrep and EV Core, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Daniel Nicorici
- Orion Pharma, Orion Corporation, 02200 Espoo, Finland; (D.N.); (T.F.); (E.S.)
| | - Tarja Forsman
- Orion Pharma, Orion Corporation, 02200 Espoo, Finland; (D.N.); (T.F.); (E.S.)
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- Department of Pathology, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Elina Serkkola
- Orion Pharma, Orion Corporation, 02200 Espoo, Finland; (D.N.); (T.F.); (E.S.)
| | - Antti Rannikko
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (A.R.)
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