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Sunyer-Caldú A, Golovko O, Kaczmarek M, Asp H, Bergstrand KJ, Gil-Solsona R, Gago-Ferrero P, Diaz-Cruz MS, Ahrens L, Hultberg M. Occurrence and fate of contaminants of emerging concern and their transformation products after uptake by pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 319:120958. [PMID: 36603758 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recovery and reuse of nutrients is a major challenge in agriculture. A new process contributing to a circular economy is the anaerobic digestion of food waste, which is a sustainable way of recycling nutrients as the digestate can be used as fertiliser in agriculture and horticulture. However, the digestate may be polluted with contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) that can be circulated back into the food chain, posing a risk to the environment and human health. In this work, the nutrient solution was spiked with 18 selected CECs frequently detected in food waste biogas facilities, and subsequent uptake and fate of these CECs were evaluated in pak choi grown in two different nutrient solutions (mineral and organic). All spiked compounds except two (propylparaben, fenbendazole) were taken up by pak choi plants, with perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and sertraline displaying the highest concentrations (270 and 190 μg/kg fresh weight, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences in uptake between mineral and organic nutrient solutions. Uptake of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) was negatively correlated with perfluorocarbon chain length and dependent on the functional group (r = -0.73). Sixteen transformation products (TPs) were tentatively identified using suspect screening, most of which were Phase II or even Phase III metabolites. Six of these TPs were identified for the first time in plant metabolism and their metabolic pathways were considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Sunyer-Caldú
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oksana Golovko
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Michał Kaczmarek
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Asp
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-234 56 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Karl-Johan Bergstrand
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-234 56 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Rubén Gil-Solsona
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - M Silvia Diaz-Cruz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Hultberg
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-234 56 Alnarp, Sweden
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Stando K, Korzeniewska E, Felis E, Harnisz M, Buta-Hubeny M, Bajkacz S. Determination of antimicrobial agents and their transformation products in an agricultural water-soil system modified with manure. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17529. [PMID: 36266434 PMCID: PMC9584908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Manure fertilization is the primary source of veterinary antimicrobials in the water-soil system. The research gap is the fate of antimicrobials after their release into the environment. This study aimed to provide a detailed and multi-faceted examination of fertilized cultivated fields using two types of manure (poultry and bovine) enriched with selected antimicrobials. The research focused on assessing the mobility and stability of antimicrobials in the water-soil system. Additionally, transformation products of antimicrobials in the environment were identified. The extraction (solid-phase extraction and/or solid-liquid extraction) and LC-MS/MS analysis procedures were developed to determine 14 antimicrobials in the soil and pore water samples. Ten out of fourteen antimicrobials were detected in manure-amended soil and pore water samples. The highest concentration in the soil was 109.1 ng g-1 (doxycycline), while in pore water, it was 186.6 ng L-1 (ciprofloxacin). Sixteen transformation products of antimicrobials were identified in the soil and soil-related pore water. The same transformation products were detected in both soil and soil pore water extracts, with significantly higher signal intensities observed in soil extracts than in water. Transformation products were formed in oxidation, carbonylation, and ring-opening reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Stando
- grid.6979.10000 0001 2335 3149Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 6 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ewa Korzeniewska
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ewa Felis
- grid.6979.10000 0001 2335 3149The Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland ,grid.6979.10000 0001 2335 3149Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Power and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Monika Harnisz
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Martyna Buta-Hubeny
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bajkacz
- grid.6979.10000 0001 2335 3149Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 6 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland ,grid.6979.10000 0001 2335 3149The Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Zhang X, Kamali M, Yu X, Costa MEV, Appels L, Cabooter D, Dewil R. Kinetics and mechanisms of the carbamazepine degradation in aqueous media using novel iodate-assisted photochemical and photocatalytic systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153871. [PMID: 35176370 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the kinetics and mechanisms of carbamazepine (CBZ) degradation using a novel UV/iodate (IO3-) system for the first time and explores the influence of process conditions on its degradation. UV/IO3- showed high degradation efficiencies in a wide range of pHs, especially under neutral and acidic conditions, indicating that the system can be considered as a promising method to deal with effluents under various pH conditions. Radical scavenging experiments show that both iodine radicals (IO, IO2 and IO3) and hydroxyl radicals play an important role in CBZ degradation. Furthermore, the combination of UV/IO3- with TiO2 was studied to explore the potential of the addition of IO3- to improve the efficiency of the conventional TiO2 photocatalytic system. Scavenging experiments indicated that iodine radicals (IO, IO2 and IO3) were mainly involved in the degradation of CBZ in the UV/IO3-/TiO2 system, and the reaction mechanism equations were proposed for the first time for the studied UV/IO3-/TiO2 system. Several degradation products and four possible pathways of CBZ degradation were also elucidated using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography in combination with a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Q-TOF MS). Respirometric tests indicated that the treatment has a positive impact on biomass behavior during subsequent biological purification, highlighting that the developed IO3--assisted AOPs are eco-friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, J. De Nayerlaan 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Mohammadreza Kamali
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, J. De Nayerlaan 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Xiaobin Yu
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, J. De Nayerlaan 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Maria Elisabete V Costa
- University of Aveiro, Department of Materials and Ceramics Engineering, Aveiro Institute of Materials, CICECO, 3810s-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lise Appels
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, J. De Nayerlaan 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raf Dewil
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, J. De Nayerlaan 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium.
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Investigation of Photocatalysis by Mesoporous Titanium Dioxide Supported on Glass Fibers as an Integrated Technology for Water Remediation. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The photocatalytic efficiency of an innovative UV-light catalyst consisting of a mesoporous TiO2 coating on glass fibers was investigated for the degradation of pharmaceuticals (PhACs) in wastewater effluents. Photocatalytic activity of the synthesized material was tested, for the first time, on a secondary wastewater effluent spiked with nine PhACs and the results were compared with the photolysis used as a benchmark treatment. Replicate experiments were performed in a flow reactor equipped with a UV radiation source emitting at 254 nm. Interestingly, the novel photocatalyst led to the increase of the degradation of carbamazepine and trimethoprim (about 2.2 times faster than the photolysis). Several transformation products (TPs) resulting from both the spiked PhACs and the compounds naturally occurring in the secondary wastewater effluent were identified through UPLC-QTOF/MS/MS. Some of them, produced mainly from carbamazepine and trimethoprim, were still present at the end of the photolytic treatment, while they were completely or partially removed by the photocatalytic treatment.
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Pavanello A, Fabbri D, Calza P, Battiston D, Miranda MA, Marin ML. Photocatalytic degradation of drugs in water mediated by acetylated riboflavin and visible light: A mechanistic study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 221:112250. [PMID: 34243022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There is a current concern, among the scientific community, on the pollutants classified as "persistent organic pollutants (POPs)". Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) belong to this family of contaminants; therefore, it is necessary to find more efficient techniques able to achieve their removal from the environment. This study focuses on two different pharmaceuticals: carbamazepine and atenolol, chosen for their widespread use and their different chemical and medical properties. In this work, an organic dye, acetylated riboflavin, has been used in combination with visible light to achieve the photodegradation of these two POPs in <2 h. Moreover, photophysical experiments demonstrated the involvement of the singlet and triplet excited states of acetylated riboflavin and the generated singlet oxygen in the removal of these drugs. Besides, a detailed UFLC-MS-MS analysis of the photoproducts confirmed the oxidation of the drugs. Finally, a plausible mechanism has been postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pavanello
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, E-46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Debora Fabbri
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Calza
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Debora Battiston
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Miguel A Miranda
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, E-46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - M Luisa Marin
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, E-46022 Valencia, Spain.
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Peng J, Guo J, Lei Y, Mo J, Sun H, Song J. Integrative analyses of transcriptomics and metabolomics in Raphidocelis subcapitata treated with clarithromycin. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:128933. [PMID: 33223212 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As a macrolide antibiotic, clarithromycin (CLA) has a high detection rate in surface water and sewage treatment plant effluents worldwide, posing a considerably high ecological risk to aquatic ecosystem. However, algal transcriptome and metabolome in response to CLA remains largely unknown. In this study, a model alga Raphidocelis subcapitata (R. subcapitata), was exposed to CLA at the concentrations of 0, 3, 10, and 15 μg L-1. Transcriptomic analysis was performed for all the treatment groups, whereas metabolomics was merely applied to 0, 3, and 10 μg L-1 groups because of the limited amount of algal biomass. After 7 d cultivation, the growth of R. subcapitata was significantly hindered at the concentrations above 10 μg L-1. A total of 115, 1833, 2911 genes were differentially expressed in 3, 10, and 15 μg L-1 groups, respectively; meanwhile, 134 and 84 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were found in the 3 and 10 μg L-1 groups. Specifically, expression levels of DEGs and DAMs related to xenobiotic metabolism, electron transport and energy synthesis were dysregulated, leading to the produced reactive oxygen species (ROS). To confront the CLA-induced injury, the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids of R. subcapitata in 3 μg L-1 were up-regulated; although the photosynthesis was up-regulated in both 10 μg L-1 and 15 μg L-1 groups, the energy synthesis and the ability to resist ROS in these two groups were down-regulated. Overall, this study shed light on the mechanism underlying the inhibitory effects of macrolide antibiotics in algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Peng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Jiahua Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China.
| | - Yuan Lei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Jiezhang Mo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haotian Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Jinxi Song
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China.
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Overview of Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Methods to Analysis Pharmaceutical Active Compounds in Waters Matrices. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the environment, pharmaceutical residues are a field of particular interest due to the adverse effects to either human health or aquatic and soil environment. Because of the diversity of these compounds, at least 3000 substances were identified and categorized into 49 different therapeutic classes, and several actions are urgently required at multiple steps, the main ones: (i) occurrence studies of pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) in the water cycle; (ii) the analysis of the potential impact of their introduction into the aquatic environment; (iii) the removal/degradation of the pharmaceutical compounds; and, (iv) the development of more sensible and selective analytical methods to their monitorization. This review aims to present the current state-of-the-art sample preparation methods and chromatographic analysis applied to the study of PhACs in water matrices by pinpointing their advantages and drawbacks. Because it is almost impossible to be comprehensive in all PhACs, instruments, extraction techniques, and applications, this overview focuses on works that were published in the last ten years, mainly those applicable to water matrices.
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Dal Bello F, Medana C, Zorzi M, Kuck B, Fabbri D, Calza P. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analytical determination of gabapentin transformation products by heterogeneous photocatalysis and environmental evaluation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8925. [PMID: 32845556 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gabapentin is a drug used to treat epilepsy and peripheral neuropathic pain. It is an analog of gamma-aminobutyric acid, and it is a selective blocker of voltage-gated calcium channels. The drug is excreted unmetabolized; it is stable in the environment and is classified as a persistent mobile organic contaminant. Because wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are not completely efficient, some bioactive molecules may be released unaltered into the environment. The aim of this study was to provide information about degradation pathways of gabapentin in water by studying its photoinduced transformation products (TPs) through laboratory simulation experiments. Gabapentin and its TPs were monitored in influent and effluent water samples from WWTPs in Germany and Italy. METHODS The laboratory simulation used heterogeneous photodegradation mediated by titanium dioxide (TiO2 ). Chromatographic separation was achieved using a C18 reverse-phase column, and the structural identification of TPs was performed using high-resolution electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HRMS) and multistage MSn experiments. RESULTS Several TPs were observed during TiO2 photodegradation. Nine new compounds were detected, and potential structures were assigned by studying the fragmentation pathways of the [M + H]+ ions of these TPs and gabapentin. Gabapentin and some of the newly identified TPs were found in environmental samples from WWTPs. CONCLUSIONS The developed high-performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry method was used to identify TPs from gabapentin. It was then successfully applied to real environmental samples to monitor the TPs as potential environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Dal Bello
- Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences Department, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Medana
- Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences Department, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Michael Zorzi
- Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences Department, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Bertram Kuck
- Institute of Sanitary, Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Debora Fabbri
- Chemistry Department, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Calza
- Chemistry Department, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Synthesis and Characterization of B/NaF and Silicon Phthalocyanine-Modified TiO2 and an Evaluation of Their Photocatalytic Removal of Carbamazepine. SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/separations7040071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the synthesis of two different types of photocatalysts, namely, boron/sodium fluoride co-doped titanium dioxide (B/NaF-TiO2), and its analogue, a dye-sensitized form of silicon-based axial methoxy substituted phthalocyanine (B/NaF-TiO2SiPc). Structural and morphological characterizations were performed via X-ray diffraction (XRD); Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR); N2 adsorption–desorption at 77 K by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) methods; transmission electron microscopy (TEM); X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); and UV–visible absorption spectroscopy. The estimated crystallite size of pure TiO2 and pure B/NaF-TiO2 was 24 nm, and that of B/NaF-TiO2SiPc was 29 nm, whereas particle sizes determined by TEM were 25, 28, and 31 nm for pure TiO2, B/NaF-TiO2 and B/NaF-TiO2SiPc respectively. No significant differences between B/NaF-TiO2 and B/NaF-TiO2SiPc were observed for surface area by (BET) analysis (13 m2/g) or total pore volume by the BJH application model (0.05 cm3/g). Energy band gap values obtained for B/NaF-TiO2 and B/NaF-TiO2SiPc were 3.10 and 2.90 eV respectively, lower than pure TiO2 (3.17 eV). The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized materials was tested using carbamazepine (CBZ) as the model substrate. Carbamazepine removal after 4 h of irradiation was almost 100% for B/NaF-TiO2 and 70% for B/NaF-TiO2SiPc; however, the substrate mineralization proceeded slower, suggesting the presence of organic intermediates after the complete disappearance of the pollutant.
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Degradation of Carbamazepine by Photo(electro)catalysis on Nanostructured TiO2 Meshes: Transformation Products and Reaction Pathways. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a pharmaceutical compound recalcitrant to conventional wastewater treatment plants and widely detected in wastewater bodies. In the present study, advanced oxidation processes for carbamazepine removal are investigated, with particular regard to the degradation pathways of carbamazepine by photoelectrocatalysis and conventional photocatalysis. Photoelectrocatalysis was carried out onto TiO2 meshes obtained by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation, a well-known technique in the field of industrial surface treatments, in view of an easy scale-up of the process. By photoelectrocatalysis, 99% of carbamazepine was removed in 55 min while only 65% removal was achieved by photolysis. The investigation of the transformation products (TPs) was carried out by means of UPLC-QTOF/MS/MS. Several new TPs were identified and accordingly reaction pathways were proposed. Above 80 min the transformation products disappear, probably forming organic acids of low-molecular weight as final degradation products. The results demonstrated that photoelectrocatalysis onto TiO2 meshes obtained by plasma electrolytic oxidation is a useful alternative to common advanced oxidation processes as wastewater tertiary treatment aimed at removing compounds of emerging concern.
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Zhu Z, Lu W, Xu T, Li N, Wang G, Chen W. High-Valent Iron-Oxo Complexes as Dominant Species to Eliminate Pharmaceuticals and Chloride-Containing Intermediates by the Activation of Peroxymonosulfate Under Visible Irradiation. Catal Letters 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-019-03047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Generally, the sulfate (SO4·−) and hydroxyl (HO·) radicals are the dominant active species in most catalytic oxidation processes with peroxymonosulfate (PMS). However, the existence of various natural organic and inorganic matters in aquatic environments might influence the oxidation efficiency of these radicals, and/or form more toxic and refractory intermediates than the parent, especially in chlorine-ion-containing conditions. Here, we constructed a novel visible-light catalytic system with PMS based on iron hexadecachlorophthalocyanine-poly (4-vinylpyridine)/polyacrylonitrile nanofibers through pyridine ligands to generate high-valent iron-oxo (Fe(IV)=O) species as the main active species. The coordination structure was characterized by UV–Vis diffuse reflection, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, etc. The high-valent iron-oxo generation from peroxysulfate O–O bond heterolytic cleavage was proved by high-definition electrospray ionization mass spectrometer. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-definition mass spectrometry showed that the photocatalytic system was efficient for the degradation of carbamazepine and the chlorinated intermediates by iron-oxo active species in chlorine-ion-containing conditions.
Graphic Abstract
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12
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Stability Indicating HPLC-ECD Method for the Analysis of Clarithromycin in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Method Scaling versus Re-Validation. Sci Pharm 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm87040031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic method using electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) for the quantitation of clarithromycin (CLA) was developed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on a Central Composite Design (CCD). The method was validated using International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines with an analytical run time of 20 min. Method re-validation following a change in analytical column was successful in reducing the analytical run time to 13 min, decreasing solvent consumption thus facilitating environmental and financial sustainability. The applicability of using the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) method scaling approach in place of method re-validation using a column with a different L–designation to the original analytical column, was investigated. The scaled method met all USP system suitability requirements for resolution, tailing factor and % relative standard deviation (RSD). The re-validated and scaled method was successfully used to resolve CLA from manufacturing excipients in commercially available dosage forms. Although USP method scaling is only permitted for columns within the same L-designation, these data suggest that it may also be applicable to columns of different designation.
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Krakkó D, Gombos E, Licul-Kucera V, Dóbé S, Mihucz VG, Záray G. Enhanced photolytic and photooxidative treatments for removal of selected pharmaceutical ingredients and their degradation products in water matrices. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lu G, Hu J. Effect of alpha-hydroxy acids on transformation products formation and degradation mechanisms of carbamazepine by UV/H 2O 2 process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:70-78. [PMID: 31271991 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of dissolved organic matters (DOM) in the matrix of water on the degradation of refractory pharmaceutical has aroused broad concerns. However, The effect of alpha-hydroxy acids as vulnerable aliphatic acids in the water on the degradation of Carbamazepine (CBZ) has been lack of research. The decomposition kinetics and transformation products (TPs) of CBZ by UV/H2O2 process were studied in the existence of glycolic acid (GA) and lactic acid (LA) and the degradation pathways were proposed. Both GA and LA had significantly negative effects on the decomposition kinetics and mineralization of CBZ by UV/H2O2 process. The declination of steady-state OH concentration in the presence of GA and LA justified the negative effects. GA was demonstrated to be stronger at scavenging and competing OH with CBZ, compared with LA, with the rate constant of slightly less than the common OH scavenger methanol. One-step dosing mode of H2O2 was better than multi-step dosing mode for CBZ decomposition, especially in the presence of GA and LA. The identification of TP253a, TP253b, TP271a, TP271b, TP226, and TP180 in the absence and presence of GA and LA were performed by HPLC-MS/MS and two main degradation pathways were presented. Except for TP271a and TP271b, GA and LA retarded the abundance peaks of other four TPs, of which the formation kinetics rates and decay kinetics rates were negatively affected. Tailing peaks of all TPs caused by GA and LA inevitably resulted in the toxicity of the treated effluent of UV/H2O2 process even when CBZ was decomposed completely. Therefore, alpha-hydroxy acids play important roles in determining the fate and transformation of refractory pharmaceuticals in AOPs treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Jiangyong Hu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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Rodríguez-Chueca J, Garcia-Cañibano C, Sarro M, Encinas Á, Medana C, Fabbri D, Calza P, Marugán J. Evaluation of transformation products from chemical oxidation of micropollutants in wastewater by photoassisted generation of sulfate radicals. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:509-519. [PMID: 30953896 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this research, the degradation of seven different micropollutants (MPs) and the formation of their transformation products (TPs) have been assessed during the application of different advanced oxidation processes: photolytic and photocatalytic activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and persulfate (PS). The results were compared with those obtained from the photolytic experiments using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as oxidant. A significant abatement of almost all MPs was achieved, even with very low UV-C contact time (9 and 28 s). The degradation of atenolol (ATN) and caffeine (CFN) ranged from 84 to 100% with a dose of 0.5 mM of any oxidant. The efficiencies for bisphenol-A (BPA), carbamazepine (CBZ), diclofenac (DCF), ibuprofen (IBP), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) varied depending on the oxidation system and operating conditions (oxidant dose and UV-C contact time), leading to the photolysis of PMS to higher efficiencies than PS and H2O2. In all cases, the abatement of MPs ranged from 63 to 83%, even with the lowest PMS dosage. Moreover, the addition of Fe(II) as a catalyst enhanced the removal efficiency, reaching almost total removal, especially over CBZ, DCF, and IBP. The Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) removal ranged between 44 and 62%, suggesting the transformation of MPs in intermediate compounds. The identification of transformation products was carried out for each micropollutant and each oxidation treatment, being observed some transformation products specific of oxidation by sulfate radicals. For example, m/z 165.0432 only appeared after PMS/Fe(II)/UV-C on the degradation of BFA, m/z 251.082 appeared after photolytic activation of PMS and PS on CBZ removal, and m/z 128.0452 was observed after any sulfate radical oxidation treatment, but not after photolysis of H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rodríguez-Chueca
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ESCET), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Department of Industrial Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Cañibano
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ESCET), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Sarro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Ángel Encinas
- Department of Innovation & Technology, FCC Aqualia, S.A., C/ Montesinos 28, 06002, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Claudio Medana
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Debora Fabbri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Calza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Javier Marugán
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ESCET), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
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An Easy Synthesis for Preparing Bio-Based Hybrid Adsorbent Useful for Fast Adsorption of Polar Pollutants. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9050731. [PMID: 31083562 PMCID: PMC6566375 DOI: 10.3390/nano9050731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, γ-Al2O3 and Bio-Based Substances (BBS) hybrids (A-BBS) were prepared through a simple electrostatic interaction occurring between alumina, used as a support, and BBS (Bio-Based Substance from composted biowastes) carrying positive and negative charges, respectively. We evaluated the optimal amount of BBS to be immobilized on the support and the stability of the resulting A-BBS in order to use this novel hybrid material as an adsorbent for the removal of polar pollutants. Characterization was carried out by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) for evaluating the crystal structure of the support, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to evidence the presence of BBS on the hybrid material, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to measure the thermal stability of the hybrid materials and quantify the BBS amount immobilized on the support, N2 adsorption at 77 K for the evaluation of the surface area and porosity of the systems, Zeta potential measurements to evaluate the effect of BBS immobilization on the surface charge of the particles and choose the substrates possibly interacting with them. Firstly, we tested the adsorption capability of three samples differently coated with BBS toward cationic species considering various adsorbate/adsorbent ratio. Crystal Violet (CV) was chosen as model pollutant to compare the performance of the hybrid materials with those of other materials described in the literature. The adsorption data were modeled by Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Then, we studied the adsorption capability of the developed material towards molecules with different structures; for this purpose, two contaminants of emerging concerns (carbamazepine and atenolol) were tested. The results indicate that A-BBS could be applied in wastewater treatment for the removal of a significant amount of polar species. In addition, a comparison with literature data concerning CV adsorption was carried out in order to evaluate the environmental impact of synthetic routes used to prepare different adsorbents.
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Maddaleno A, Pokrant E, Yanten F, San Martin B, Cornejo J. Implementation and Validation of an Analytical Method for Lincomycin Determination in Feathers and Edible Tissues of Broiler Chickens by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2019; 2019:4569707. [PMID: 30931158 PMCID: PMC6410436 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4569707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have detected different antimicrobial residues in broiler chicken feathers, where they persisted for longer periods of time and at greater concentrations than in edible tissues. However, until today, lincomycin behaviour in this nonedible tissue has not been assessed yet. Considering this, an analytical methodology to detect and quantify this antibiotic concentration in feathers, muscle, and liver tissues from broiler chickens was implemented and in-house validated. The methodology will allow the determination of the bioaccumulation of this highly persistent antibiotic in feathers of treated birds. For this purpose, 98% lincomycin and 95% lincomycin D3 standards were used. Methanol was selected as the extraction solvent, and Chromabond® Florisil® cartridges were used for the clean-up stage. The separation of analytes was performed through the analytical column SunFire C18 with a running time of 4 minutes, and the instrumental analysis was performed through an LC-MS/MS, with a liquid chromatograph Agilent® 1290 Infinity, coupled to an AB SCIEX® API 5500 mass spectrometer. An internal protocol for an in-house validation was designed based on recommendations from Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and the Guidance document on the estimation of limit of detection and limit of quantification for measurements in the field of contaminants in feed and food. The average retention time for lincomycin was 2.255 min (for quantifier ion, 126.0). The calibration curves showed a coefficient of determination (r 2) greater than 0.99 for all matrices, while recovery levels ranged between 98% and 101%. The limit of detection (LOD) calculated was of 19, 22, and 10 μg·kg-1, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was of 62, 73, and 34 μg·kg-1 in feathers, muscle, and liver, respectively. This method detects lincomycin in the studied matrices, confidently and accurately, as it is required for designing analytical studies of drug residues in edible and nonedible tissues, such as feathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Maddaleno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, 8820808 Santiago, Chile
| | - Ekaterina Pokrant
- Food Safety Unit, Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, 8820808 Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Yanten
- Food Safety Unit, Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, 8820808 Santiago, Chile
| | - Betty San Martin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, 8820808 Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Cornejo
- Food Safety Unit, Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, 8820808 Santiago, Chile
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18
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Fabbri D, López-Muñoz MJ, Daniele A, Medana C, Calza P. Photocatalytic abatement of emerging pollutants in pure water and wastewater effluent by TiO2 and Ce-ZnO: degradation kinetics and assessment of transformation products. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:845-852. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00311d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A good removal efficiency was obtained for a mixture of seven emerging contaminants in wastewater effluent using two catalysts, Ce-ZnO and TiO2-SG, as evidenced by the formation of several transient transformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Fabbri
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Turin
- Turin
- Italy
| | - María José López-Muñoz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology
- Rey Juan Carlos University
- Móstoles
- Spain
| | | | - Claudio Medana
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences
- University of Turin
- Turin
- Italy
| | - Paola Calza
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Turin
- Turin
- Italy
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Cravanzola S, Sarro M, Cesano F, Calza P, Scarano D. Few-Layer MoS₂ Nanodomains Decorating TiO₂ Nanoparticles: A Case Study for the Photodegradation of Carbamazepine. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8040207. [PMID: 29596373 PMCID: PMC5923537 DOI: 10.3390/nano8040207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
S-doped TiO2 and hybrid MoS2/TiO2 systems have been synthesized, via the sulfidation with H2S of the bare TiO2 and of MoOx supported on TiO2 systems, with the aim of enhancing the photocatalytic properties of TiO2 for the degradation of carbamazepine, an anticonvulsant drug, whose residues and metabolites are usually inefficiently removed in wastewater treatment plants. The focus of this study is to find a relationship between the morphology/structure/surface properties and photoactivity. The full characterization of samples reveals the strong effects of the H2S action on the properties of TiO2, with the formation of defects at the surface, as shown by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and infrared spectroscopy (IR), while also the optical properties are strongly affected by the sulfidation treatment, with changes in the electronic states of TiO2. Meanwhile, the formation of small and thin few-layer MoS2 domains, decorating the TiO2 surface, is evidenced by both high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and UV-Vis/Raman spectroscopies, while Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra give insights into the nature of Ti and Mo surface sites. The most interesting findings of our research are the enhanced photoactivity of the MoS2/TiO2 hybrid photocatalyst toward the carbamazepine mineralization. Surprisingly, the formation of hazardous compounds (i.e., acridine derivatives), usually obtained from carbamazepine, is precluded when treated with MoS2/TiO2 systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cravanzola
- Department of Chemistry, NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces) Inter-Departmental Centre and INSTM Centro di Riferimento, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Marco Sarro
- Department of Chemistry, NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces) Inter-Departmental Centre and INSTM Centro di Riferimento, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Federico Cesano
- Department of Chemistry, NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces) Inter-Departmental Centre and INSTM Centro di Riferimento, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Paola Calza
- Department of Chemistry, NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces) Inter-Departmental Centre and INSTM Centro di Riferimento, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Domenica Scarano
- Department of Chemistry, NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces) Inter-Departmental Centre and INSTM Centro di Riferimento, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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20
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Oropesa AL, Beltrán FJ, Floro AM, Sagasti JJP, Palma P. Ecotoxicological efficiency of advanced ozonation processes with TiO 2 and black light used in the degradation of carbamazepine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:1670-1682. [PMID: 29101690 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ecotoxicological efficiency of two advanced ozonation processes (AOzPs), the catalytic ozonation (O3/TiO2) and the photocatalytic ozonation (O3/TiO2/black light), in the remotion of carbamazepine. The ecotoxicological efficiency was assessed through the use of lethal and sublethal assays with species Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna. Results demonstrated that the AOzPs presented an efficiency of carbamazepine removal higher than 99% (carbamazepine < 2 μg/L) after 12 min of treatment. Relatively to ecotoxicological evaluation, application of acute assay to V. fischeri and chronic assay to D. magna allowed us to highlight that these technologies may form some transformation products that induce toxicity in the bacteria and the crustacean, once these organisms exposed to the undiluted solutions (100%) showed a decrease in the bioluminescence (vibrio) and end up dying before and during the first reproduction (daphnia). Despite that, when the chronic results obtained with the diluted solutions (50 and 25%; important to assess a more realistic scenario considering the dilution factor at the environment) were analyzed, no mortality at the mothers was observed. Compared to a carbamazepine solution (200 μg/L), diluted solutions improved of the reproduction parameters, and no toxic effects in the juvenoid system and in the embryonic development were observed. Relatively to the ecdysteroid effect of a carbamazepine solution (200 μg/L), only the photocatalytic ozonation treatment was able to remove the action of the drug. These results highlight the importance of complementing chemical analysis with ecotoxicological bioassays to assess the best technology to improve the surface water and effluent quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lourdes Oropesa
- Unidad de Toxicología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071, Badajoz, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Biotecnología Ganadera y Cinegética (INBIO G+C), Universidad de Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Fernando Juan Beltrán
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071, Badajoz, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Cambio Climático y Sostenibilidad (IACYS), Universidad de Extremadura, 06071, Badajoz, Spain
| | - António Miguel Floro
- Departamento de Tecnologias e Ciências Aplicadas, Escola Superior Agrária de Beja, 7801-295, Beja, Portugal
| | - Juan José Pérez Sagasti
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Patrícia Palma
- Departamento de Tecnologias e Ciências Aplicadas, Escola Superior Agrária de Beja, 7801-295, Beja, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIMA), FCT, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
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Pan Y, Cheng S, Yang X, Ren J, Fang J, Shang C, Song W, Lian L, Zhang X. UV/chlorine treatment of carbamazepine: Transformation products and their formation kinetics. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 116:254-265. [PMID: 28343060 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is one of the pharmaceuticals most frequently detected in the aqueous environment. This study investigated the transformation products when CBZ is degraded by chlorine under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (the UV/chlorine process). Detailed pathways for the degradation of CBZ were elucidated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS). CBZ is readily degraded by hydroxyl radicals (HO) and chlorine radicals (Cl) in the UV/chlorine process, and 24 transformation products were identified. The products indicate that the 10,11-double bond and aromatic ring in CBZ are the sites most susceptible to attack by HO and Cl. Subsequent reaction produces hydroxylated and chlorinated aromatic ring products. Four specific products were quantified and their evolution was related with the chlorine dose, pH, and natural organic matter concentration. Their yields showed an increase followed by a decreasing trend with prolonged reaction time. CBZ-10,11-epoxide (I), the main quantified transformation product from HO oxidation, was observed with a peak transformation yield of 3-32% depending on the conditions. The more toxic acridine (IV) was formed involving both HO and Cl with peak transformation yields of 0.4-1%. All four quantified products together amounted to a peak transformation yield of 34.5%. The potential toxicity of the transformation products was assayed by evaluating their inhibition of the bioluminescence of the bacterium Vibrio Fischeri. The inhibition increased at first and the decreased at longer reaction times, which was in parallel with the evolution of transformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanheng Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - ShuangShuang Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Jingyue Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Weihua Song
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lushi Lian
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xinran Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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22
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Raeke J, Lechtenfeld OJ, Seiwert B, Meier T, Riemenschneider C, Reemtsma T. Photochemically Induced Bound Residue Formation of Carbamazepine with Dissolved Organic Matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5523-5530. [PMID: 28474521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
More than 400 new nitrogen containing products were detected upon experimental sunlight photolysis of the pharmaceutical carbamazepine (CBZ) in the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). These products were presumably formed through covalent binding of CBZ phototransformation products with DOM molecules. About 50% of these newly formed bound residues contained one nitrogen atom and had a molecular mass between 375 and 525 Da, which was 150 to 200 Da higher than for an average DOM molecule. In addition, a previously unknown CBZ phototransformation product, 3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (3-QCA), was identified by liquid chromatography high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). 3-QCA was likely formed through oxidative ring cleavage and subsequent decarboxylation of acridine, a well-known phototransformation product of CBZ. Collision induced dissociation experiments and Kendrick mass defect analyses corroborated that about 160 of the new products were formed via covalent binding of 3-QCA with DOM molecules of above-average O/C and H/C ratios. Experiments at lower CBZ concentration suggested that the importance of bound residue formation increases with increasing DOM/CBZ ratios. Photochemically induced bound residue formation of polar contaminants with DOM in the aqueous phase is thus a disregarded pathway along which contaminants can be transformed in the environment. The method presented here offers a new possibility to study the formation of bound residues, which may be of relevance also for other transformation processes in natural waters where radical intermediates are generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Raeke
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and ‡ProVIS - Centre for Chemical Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver J Lechtenfeld
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and ‡ProVIS - Centre for Chemical Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bettina Seiwert
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and ‡ProVIS - Centre for Chemical Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Till Meier
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and ‡ProVIS - Centre for Chemical Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina Riemenschneider
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and ‡ProVIS - Centre for Chemical Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and ‡ProVIS - Centre for Chemical Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Trawiński J, Skibiński R. Studies on photodegradation process of psychotropic drugs: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:1152-1199. [PMID: 27696160 PMCID: PMC5306312 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of psychotropic drugs is still increasing, especially in high-income countries. One of the most crucial consequences of this fact is significant release of them to the environment. Considerable amounts of atypical antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and their metabolites were detected in river, lake, and sea water, as well as in tissues of aquatic organisms. Their ecotoxicity was proved by numerous studies. It should be noticed that interaction between psychotropic pharmaceuticals and radiation may lead to formation of potentially more toxic intermediates. On the other hand, photo-assisted wastewater treatment methods can be used as an efficient way to eliminate them from the environment. Many methods based on photolysis and photocatalysis were proposed and developed recently; nevertheless, the problem is still unsolved. However, according to recent studies, photocatalysis could be considered as the most promising and far more effective than regular photolysis. An overview on photolytic as well as homogenous and heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation methods with the use of various catalysts is presented. The photostability and phototoxicity of pharmaceuticals were also discussed. Various analytical methods were used for the photodegradation research, and this issue was also compared and summarized. Use of high-resolution multistage mass spectrometry (Q-TOF, ion trap, Orbitrap) was suggested. The combined techniques such as LC-MS, GC-MS, and LC-NMR, which enable qualitative and quantitative analyses in one run, proved to be the most valuable in this case. Assembling of MS/MS spectra libraries of drug molecules and their phototransformation products was identified as the future challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Trawiński
- Department of Medicinal, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Robert Skibiński
- Department of Medicinal, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
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Meribout R, Zuo Y, Khodja AA, Piram A, Lebarillier S, Cheng J, Wang C, Wong-Wah-Chung P. Photocatalytic degradation of antiepileptic drug carbamazepine with bismuth oxychlorides (BiOCl and BiOCl/AgCl composite) in water: Efficiency evaluation and elucidation degradation pathways. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Buchicchio A, Bianco G, Sofo A, Masi S, Caniani D. Biodegradation of carbamazepine and clarithromycin by Trichoderma harzianum and Pleurotus ostreatus investigated by liquid chromatography - high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (FTICR MS-IRMPD). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 557-558:733-739. [PMID: 27039063 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the capability of pharmaceutical biodegradation of fungus Trichoderma harzianum was evaluated through the comparison with the well-known biodegradation capability of white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. The study was performed in aqueous phase under aerobic conditions, using two of the most frequently detected drugs in water bodies: carbamazepine and clarithromycin, with concentrations commonly found in treated wastewater (4μg/l and 0.03μg/l respectively). For the first time, we demonstrated that T. harzianum is able to remove carbamazepine and clarithromycin. The analyses were performed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, using high-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry upon electrospray ionization in positive ion mode. The high selectivity and mass accuracy provided by high-resolution mass spectrometry, allowed us to identify some unknown metabolites. On the basis of our study, the major metabolites detected in liquid culture treated by T. harzianum were: 14-hydroxy-descladinosyl- and descladinosyl-clarithromycin, which are pharmacologically inactive products not dangerous for the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Buchicchio
- Scuola di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Giuliana Bianco
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Adriano Sofo
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Salvatore Masi
- Scuola di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Donatella Caniani
- Scuola di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
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Tandarić T, Vrček V, Šakić D. A quantum chemical study of HOCl-induced transformations of carbamazepine. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:10866-10874. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02166b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The computational chemistry approach in predicting products and recalcitrans in hypochlorous acid promoted carbamazepine degradation in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tana Tandarić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute
- Bijenička cesta 54
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Valerije Vrček
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry
- University of Zagreb
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Davor Šakić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry
- University of Zagreb
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
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de Almeida CAA, Oliveira MS, Mallmann CA, Martins AF. Determination of the psychoactive drugs carbamazepine and diazepam in hospital effluent and identification of their metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:17192-201. [PMID: 26139407 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4948-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study addresses the occurrence of carbamazepine and diazepam and their metabolites in the wastewater of the University Hospital (HUSM) of the Federal University of Santa Maria, RS-Brazil. Samples were collected from three sampling points of the sewage treatment system: point A ('emergency effluent'), point B ('general effluent') and point C ('water course-receptor'). Eight metabolites were identified: carbamazepine-10-11-epoxide, 10-dihydro-carbamazepine, 2-OH-carbamazepine, iminoquinone, acridone, nordiazepam, oxazepam and temazepam. The mean concentrations in the emergency, general effluent and water course-receptor were as follows: 433.0 ± 4.7, 349.0 ± 5.0 and 485.0 ± 5.6 ng L(-1), for carbamazepine and 550.0 ± 4.3, 441.0 ± 7.9 and 586.6 ± 9.3 ng L(-1), for diazepam, respectively. Liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS) proved to be a method fit-to-purpose. The determination of carbamazepine and diazepam, and the identification of active metabolites showing environmental persistence (carbamazepine-10-11-epoxide, nordiazepam and oxazepam) revealed the need for a more effective treatment of the HUSM effluent. As far as we know, no similar study has been carried out on the wastewater of Brazilian hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A A de Almeida
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Maurício S Oliveira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Carlos A Mallmann
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ayrton F Martins
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Camobi, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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28
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Heuett NV, Batchu SR, Gardinali PR. Understanding the magnitude of emergent contaminant releases through target screening and metabolite identification using high resolution mass spectrometry: Illicit drugs in raw sewage influents. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 282:41-50. [PMID: 25174793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A QExactive Orbitrap was used for the identification of phase I and II transformation products (TPs) of illicit drugs in raw sewage influents. Two operating modes (targeted MS(2) and Data-dependent screening) were used for data acquisition. Even though, data-dependent scan is a faster route towards the potential identification of metabolites, it suffered from its limitation to provide enough data points across the chromatographic peak during the MS(2) cycle in contrast to targeted MS(2). Therefore, the later technique was implemented as the method of choice in this study for the positive confirmation and quantitation of TPs (n=54). The vast majority of the identified TPs were products of phase I transformation reactions, with the latter being more prevalent in the nature. Estimated mole fractions showed that for a large number of the analytes, TPs must also be monitored in order to fully understand their environmental fate and calculate potential consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nubia V Heuett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA; Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Sudha Rani Batchu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA; Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Piero R Gardinali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA; Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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Hernández F, Ibáñez M, Bade R, Bijlsma L, Sancho J. Investigation of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in waters by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Antonopoulou M, Konstantinou I. Photocatalytic treatment of metribuzin herbicide over TiO2 aqueous suspensions: Removal efficiency, identification of transformation products, reaction pathways and ecotoxicity evaluation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Richardson SD, Ternes TA. Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2813-48. [PMID: 24502364 DOI: 10.1021/ac500508t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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Boix C, Ibáñez M, Zamora T, Sancho JV, Niessen WMA, Hernández F. Identification of new omeprazole metabolites in wastewaters and surface waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 468-469:706-714. [PMID: 24061062 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Omeprazole is one of the world-wide most consumed pharmaceuticals for treatment of gastric diseases. As opposed to other frequently used pharmaceuticals, omeprazole is scarcely detected in urban wastewaters and environmental waters. This was corroborated in a previous research, where parent omeprazole was not detected while four transformation products (TPs), mainly resulting from hydrolysis, were found in effluent wastewaters and surface waters. However, the low abundance of omeprazole TPs in the water samples together with the fact that omeprazole suffers an extensive metabolism, with a wide range of excretion rates (between 0.01 and 30%), suggests that human urinary metabolites should be investigated in the water environment. In this work, the results obtained in excretion tests after administration of a 40 mg omeprazole dose in three healthy volunteers are reported. Analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF MS) reported low concentrations of omeprazole in urine. Up to twenty-four omeprazole metabolites (OMs) were detected and tentatively elucidated. The most relevant OM was an omeprazole isomer, which obviously presented the same exact mass (m/z 346.1225), but also shared a major common fragment at m/z 198.0589. Subsequent analyses of surface water and effluent wastewater samples by both LC-QTOF MS and LC-MS/MS with triple quadrupole revealed that this metabolite (named as OM10) was the compound most frequently detected in water samples, followed by OM14a and OM14b. Up to our knowledge, OM10 had not been used before as urinary biomarker of omeprazole in waters. On the contrary, parent omeprazole was never detected in any of the water samples. After this research, it seems clear that monitoring the presence of omeprazole in the aquatic environment should be focused on the OMs suggested in this article instead of the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boix
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
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Ahmed MM, Chiron S. Solar photo-Fenton like using persulphate for carbamazepine removal from domestic wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 48:229-236. [PMID: 24095595 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed at decontaminating biologically treated domestic wastewater effluent from pharmaceutical residues by using sulphate radical based homogeneous photo-Fenton involving persulphate (PS) as an oxidant, ferrous iron (Fe(II)) as a catalyst and simulated solar irradiation as a light source. This is the first time that the beneficiary use of solar energy in PS/Fe(II)/UV-Vis system was evaluated by using carbamazepine (CBZ) as a probe compound. In wastewater, CBZ was fully degraded in 30 min for an initial CBZ concentration of 50 μM and an optimal PS:Fe(II) molar ratio of 2:1 thanks to the high selectivity in reactivity of the sulphate radical limiting scavenging effects of organic matter and inorganic ions. Seventeen by-products were identified using liquid chromatography-high resolution-mass spectrometry allowing for the establishment of degradation pathways. CBZ first underwent degradation through one electron transfer oxidation processes due to sulphate radical reactivity followed by hydroxylation processes through hydroxyl radical formed by Fe(III) photoreduction. The sequential generation of sulphate radical and hydroxyl radical has made PS/Fe(II)/UV-Vis a kinetically effective process in removing CBZ from wastewater without the accumulation of toxic intermediates and opens new remediation strategies for tertiary treatment in domestic wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Mahdi Ahmed
- UMR HydroSciences 5569, Montpellier I University, 15 Avenue Ch. Flahault, 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Jelic A, Michael I, Achilleos A, Hapeshi E, Lambropoulou D, Perez S, Petrovic M, Fatta-Kassinos D, Barcelo D. Transformation products and reaction pathways of carbamazepine during photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 263 Pt 1:177-86. [PMID: 23972790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the degradation of the antiepileptic carbamazepine (CBZ) by sonolysis, TiO2-based heterogeneous photocatalysis under UV-A and simulated solar irradiation, and by the combined use of UV-A and ultrasound irradiation (i.e. sonophotocatalysis) in demineralized water, ground water and effluent wastewater. The processes were compared with respect to substrate conversion rate and the extent of DOC reduction as a measure of mineralization. CBZ was degraded following a pseudo-first order kinetics. Sonophotocatalysis provided the highest rate of CBZ transformation over the time-course of the experiment while the degree of DOC removal in pure water was similar for all the studied treatments (around 40%), and always lower than CBZ conversion. This indicated that a considerable organic load remained in the treated solutions that could also be attributed to the presence of persistent oxidation products. UPLC-(+ESI)-QToF-MS was employed to determine major CBZ-related transformation products. Several recalcitrant hydroxy- and keto-derivatives of CBZ were tentatively identified. A Daphnia magna bioassay was used to evaluate the potential toxicity of the samples collected at different time points showing that the mixtures were highly toxic to D. magna.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jelic
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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35
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Fedorova G, Randak T, Lindberg RH, Grabic R. Comparison of the quantitative performance of a Q-Exactive high-resolution mass spectrometer with that of a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer for the analysis of illicit drugs in wastewater. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1751-1762. [PMID: 23821568 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Analysis of drugs in wastewater is gaining more interest, as new approaches to estimate drug consumption from the amount of drug residues in wastewater have been proposed. The aim of this study was to compare the quantitative performance of high-resolution mass spectrometry with that of triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. METHODS A Q-Exactive mass spectrometer was operated in full scan (HRFS) (70 000 FWHM) and product scan (HRPS) (17 500 FWHM) modes. The first and third quadrupoles of the QqQ MS/MS instrument were operated at 0.7 FWHM. A mass-extracted window of 5 ppm around the theoretical m/z of each analyte was used to construct chromatograms. An HESI-II ion source was used for the ionization of target compounds. In-line-SPE-LC configuration was used for the extraction and separation of target analytes. RESULTS All three methods showed good linearity and repeatability. High-resolution detection of product ions exhibited better sensitivity and selectivity for some compounds. For most of the tested compounds, LOQs ranged from 0.46 to 20 ng L(-1) . Good agreement between measured and nominal concentrations was observed for most of the compounds at different levels of fortification. Both MS/MS methods showed good selectivity, while HRFS gave some false positive results. CONCLUSIONS The Q-Exactive mass spectrometer proved to be suitable for trace detection and quantification of most of the tested drugs in wastewater, with performance comparable to that of the commonly used MS/MS triple quadrupole, but with better selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Fedorova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic.
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Calza P, Medana C, Padovano E, Giancotti V, Minero C. Fate of selected pharmaceuticals in river waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:2262-2270. [PMID: 22851223 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aqueous environmental fate of two antibiotics, lincomycin and clarithromycin, and an antiepileptic drug, carbamazepine, was investigated by monitoring drugs decomposition and identifying intermediates in Po river water (North Italy). Initially, control experiments in the dark and under illumination were performed on river water spiked with drugs to simulate all possible transformation processes occurring in the aquatic system. Under illumination, these pharmaceuticals were degraded and transformed into numerous organic intermediate compounds. Several species were formed and characterised by analysing MS and MS(n) spectra and by comparison with parent molecule fragmentation pathways. River water was sampled at three sampling points in an urban area. The selected pharmaceuticals were detected in all samples. Eight transformation products identified in the laboratory simulation were found in natural river water from carbamazepine degradation, three from clarithromycin and two from lincomycin. Their transformation occurring in aquatic system mainly involved mono- and poly-hydroxylation followed by oxidation of the hydroxyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Calza
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy.
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Donner E, Kosjek T, Qualmann S, Kusk KO, Heath E, Revitt DM, Ledin A, Andersen HR. Ecotoxicity of carbamazepine and its UV photolysis transformation products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 443:870-6. [PMID: 23247289 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbamazepine, an anti-epileptic pharmaceutical agent commonly found in wastewater, is highly recalcitrant to standard wastewater treatment practices. This study investigated the mixture toxicity of carbamazepine transformation products formed during ultraviolet (UV) photolysis using three standard ecotoxicity assays (representing bacteria, algae and crustaceans). UV-treatment of 6 mg L(-1) carbamazepine solution was carried out over a 120 min period and samples were removed periodically over the course of the experiment. Quantification results confirmed the degradation of carbamazepine throughout the treatment period, together with concurrent increases in acridine and acridone concentrations. Ecotoxicity was shown to increase in parallel with carbamazepine degradation indicating that the mixture of degradation products formed was more toxic than the parent compound, and all three ecotoxicity endpoints were still inhibited >60% relative to control populations upon dosing with 90+min UV-treated carbamazepine solution. Single compound toxicity testing also confirmed the higher toxicity of measured degradation products relative to the parent compound. These results show that transformation products considerably more toxic than carbamazepine itself may be produced during UV-treatment of wastewater effluents and/or photo-induced degradation of carbamazepine in natural waters. This study highlights the need to consider mixture toxicity and the formation and persistence of toxicologically relevant transformation products when assessing the environmental risks posed by pharmaceutical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Donner
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia, Building X, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, SA-5095 Australia.
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Abstract
Quinine (QN) and quinidine (QND) have been commonly used as effective and affordable antimalarials for over many years. Quinine primarily is used for severe malaria treatment. However, plasmodia resistance to these drugs and poor patient compliance limits their administration to the patients. The declining sensitivity of the parasite to the drugs can thus be dealt with by combining with a suitable partner drug. In the present study QN/QND was assessed in combination with clarithromycin (CLTR), an antibiotic of the macrolide family. In vitro interactions of these drugs with CLTR against Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) have shown a synergistic response with mean sum fractional inhibitory concentrations (ΣFICs) of ≤1 (0.85 ± 0.11 for QN + CLTR and 0.64 ± 0.09 for QND + CLTR) for all the tested combination ratios. Analysis of this combination of QN/QND with CLTR in mouse model against Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis multi-drug resistant (P. yoelii nigeriensis MDR) showed that a dose of 200 mg/kg/day for 4 days of QN or QND produces 100% curative effect with 200 mg/kg/day for 7 days and 150 mg/kg/day for 7 days CLTR respectively, while the same dose of individual drugs could produce only up to a maximum 20% cure. It is postulated that CLTR, a CYP3A4 inhibitor, might have caused reduced CYP3A4 activity leading to increased plasma level of the QN/QND to produce enhanced antimalarial activity. Further, parasite apicoplast disruption by CLTR synergies the antimalarial action of QN and QND.
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De Laurentiis E, Chiron S, Kouras-Hadef S, Richard C, Minella M, Maurino V, Minero C, Vione D. Photochemical fate of carbamazepine in surface freshwaters: laboratory measures and modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:8164-73. [PMID: 22795037 DOI: 10.1021/es3015887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
It is shown here that carbamazepine (CBZ) would undergo direct photolysis and reaction with (•)OH as the main phototransformation pathways in surface waters. Environmental lifetimes are expected to vary from a few weeks to several months, and predictions are in good agreement with available field data. Acridine (I) and 10,11-dihydro-10,11-trans-dihydroxy-CBZ (V) are the main quantified phototransformation intermediates upon direct photolysis and (•)OH reaction, respectively. The photochemical yield of mutagenic I from CBZ is in the 3-3.5% range, and it is similar for both direct photolysis and (•)OH reaction: it would undergo limited variation with environmental conditions. In contrast, the yield of V would vary in the 4-8.5% range depending on the conditions, because V is formed from CBZ by (•)OH (9.0% yield) more effectively than upon direct photolysis (1.4% yield). Other important photointermediates, mostly formed from CBZ upon (•)OH reaction, are an aromatic-ring-dihydroxylated CBZ (VI) and N,N-bis(2-carboxyphenyl)urea (VII). Compounds VI and VII are formed by photochemistry and are not reported as human metabolites; thus, they could be used as tracers of CBZ phototransformation in surface waters. Interestingly, VI has recently been detected in river water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa De Laurentiis
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
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