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Li Y, Wang J, Chen W, Lu H, Zhang Y. Comprehensive review of MS-based studies on N-glycoproteome and N-glycome of extracellular vesicles. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300065. [PMID: 37474487 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed particles that can be released by all type of cells. Whereas, as one of the most common post-translational modifications, glycosylation plays a vital role in various biological functions of EVs, such as EV biogenesis, sorting, and cellular recognition. Nevertheless, compared with studies on RNAs or proteins, those investigating the glycoconjugates of EVs are limited. An in-depth investigation of N-glycosylation of EVs can improve the understanding of the biological functions of EVs and help to exploit EVs from different perspectives. The general focus of studies on glycosylation of EVs primarily includes isolation and characterization of EVs, preparation of glycoproteome/glycome samples and MS analysis. However, the low content of EVs and non-standard separation methods for downstream analysis are the main limitations of these studies. In this review, we highlight the importance of glycopeptide/glycan enrichment and derivatization owing to the low abundance of glycoproteins and the low ionization efficiency of glycans. Diverse fragmentation patterns and professional analytical software are indispensable for analysing glycosylation via MS. Altogether, this review summarises recent studies on glycosylation of EVs, revealing the role of EVs in disease progression and their remarkable potential as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Weiyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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2
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Teli P, Vaidya A, Kale V. Signal transduction pathways alter the molecular cargo of extracellular vesicles: implications in regenerative medicine. Regen Med 2023; 18:935-944. [PMID: 38059320 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2023-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) possess regenerative properties and are also considered as future vaccines. All types of cells secrete EVs; however, the amount of EVs secreted by the cells varies under various physiological as well as pathological states. Several articles have reviewed the molecular composition and potential therapeutic applications of EVs. Likewise, the 'sorting signals' associated with specific macromolecules have also been identified, but how the signal transduction pathways prevailing in the parent cells alter the molecular profile of the EVs or the payload they carry has not been sufficiently reviewed. Here, we have specifically discussed the implications of these alterations in the macromolecular cargo of EVs for their therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta Teli
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India
| | - Anuradha Vaidya
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India
| | - Vaijayanti Kale
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India
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Zheng X, Zhao D, Liu Y, Jin Y, Liu T, Li H, Liu D. Regeneration and anti-inflammatory effects of stem cells and their extracellular vesicles in gynecological diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115739. [PMID: 37862976 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many gynecological diseases, among which breast cancer (BC), cervical cancer (CC), endometriosis (EMs), and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are common and difficult to cure. Stem cells (SCs) are a focus of regenerative medicine. They are commonly used to treat organ damage and difficult diseases because of their potential for self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation. SCs are also commonly used for difficult-to-treat gynecological diseases because of their strong directional differentiation ability with unlimited possibilities, their tendency to adhere to the diseased tissue site, and their use as carriers for drug delivery. SCs can produce exosomes in a paracrine manner. Exosomes can be produced in large quantities and have the advantage of easy storage. Their safety and efficacy are superior to those of SCs, which have considerable potential in gynecological treatment, such as inhibiting endometrial senescence, promoting vascular reconstruction, and improving anti-inflammatory and immune functions. In this paper, we review the mechanisms of the regenerative and anti-inflammatory capacity of SCs and exosomes in incurable gynecological diseases and the current progress in their application in genetic engineering to provide a foundation for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zheng
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Ye Jin
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Tianjia Liu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; Baicheng Medical College, Baicheng 137000, China.
| | - Huijing Li
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Da Liu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
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Olumesi KR, Goldberg DJ. A review of exosomes and their application in cutaneous medical aesthetics. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:2628-2634. [PMID: 37498301 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes have gained recent popularity in aesthetic medicine; however, there is still a dearth of understanding on the etiology of exosomes, their physiologic function, and regenerative capabilities. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to summarize some of the physiologic functions of exosomes, their mechanistic role, and current commercial landscape in regenerative aesthetics. METHODS A Medline search was conducted with the keywords, exosomes, extracellular vesicles, stem cells, skin rejuvenation, and cutaneous aesthetics. MeSH term "exosomes" filtered by relevant subheadings was also utilized. Pertinent original articles encompassing animal studies, cell studies, and human studies were included. We restricted to articles published in the last 10 years. RESULTS Pre-clinical studies have demonstrated the therapeutic capabilities of exosomes in wound healing, scar modulation, alopecia, and skin rejuvenation. Exosomes primarily exert their effects in a paracrine function and modulate the interactions between keratinocytes and other cells of the skin. Exogenous exosomes can be utilized in a variety of settings to bring about desired aesthetic outcomes and to date, has only been approved for topical administration. CONCLUSION The safety, efficacy, potency, and dosages of exosomes remains to be determined via robust human clinical trials. Isolation and purification techniques have yet to be standardized, and this would be required for regulatory approval of all delivery modes. Overall, exosomes deliver yet another therapeutic option in regenerative aesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Raji Olumesi
- Skin Laser and Surgery Specialists- A Division of Schweiger Dermatology Group, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - David J Goldberg
- Skin Laser and Surgery Specialists- A Division of Schweiger Dermatology Group, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
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Chen N, Sun XY, Ding ZC, Hu JQ, Li WJ, Zhan L, Xie ZW. Small Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Peri-urethral Tissues Regulate Fibroblast Function and Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence. Curr Med Sci 2023; 43:803-810. [PMID: 37405606 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2737-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the existence of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) in peri-urethral tissues and the role of abnormal expression of sEVs in the pathogenesis of female stress urinary incontinence (SUI). METHODS sEVs were extracted from peri-urethral vaginal wall tissues using differential centrifugation and were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The number of sEVs and their protein contents were compared between SUI and control groups using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay. Fibroblasts were cultured separately with SUI (SsEVs group) and normal tissue sEVs (NsEVs group). Proliferation and migration of fibroblasts were compared between groups using CCK-8 and wound healing assays, respectively. Expression levels of collagen I and III were compared among blank control (BC), NsEVs, and SsEVs groups using real-time PCR. Protein mass spectrometry was used to test the differentially expressed proteins contained in sEVs between groups. RESULTS sEVs were extracted and found under the electron microscope. There were significantly more sEVs extracted from the SUI group compared to the normal group. Fibroblasts showed increased proliferative and decreased migratory abilities, and expressed more collagen in the SsEVs group compared to the NsEVs and BC groups. Protein spectrum analysis demonstrated several differentially expressed targets, including components of microfibrils, elastin polymer, and anti-inflammatory factors. CONCLUSION sEVs were detected in the peri-urethral tissues. SUI tissues expressed more sEVs than control. The abnormal expression of sEVs and their protein contents may contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of SUI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Sun
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Zhi-Chen Ding
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Jia-Qi Hu
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Wen-Juan Li
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Li Zhan
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Zhen-Wei Xie
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
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Sousa P, Lopes B, Sousa AC, Moreira A, Coelho A, Alvites R, Alves N, Geuna S, Maurício AC. Advancements and Insights in Exosome-Based Therapies for Wound Healing: A Comprehensive Systematic Review (2018-June 2023). Biomedicines 2023; 11:2099. [PMID: 37626596 PMCID: PMC10452374 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have shown promising potential as a therapeutic approach for wound healing. Nevertheless, the translation from experimental studies to commercially available treatments is still lacking. To assess the current state of research in this field, a systematic review was performed involving studies conducted and published over the past five years. A PubMed search was performed for English-language, full-text available papers published from 2018 to June 2023, focusing on exosomes derived from mammalian sources and their application in wound healing, particularly those involving in vivo assays. Out of 531 results, 148 papers were selected for analysis. The findings revealed that exosome-based treatments improve wound healing by increasing angiogenesis, reepithelization, collagen deposition, and decreasing scar formation. Furthermore, there was significant variability in terms of cell sources and types, biomaterials, and administration routes under investigation, indicating the need for further research in this field. Additionally, a comparative examination encompassing diverse cellular origins, types, administration pathways, or biomaterials is imperative. Furthermore, the predominance of rodent-based animal models raises concerns, as there have been limited advancements towards more complex in vivo models and scale-up assays. These constraints underscore the substantial efforts that remain necessary before attaining commercially viable and extensively applicable therapeutic approaches using exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Sousa
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (P.S.); (B.L.); (A.C.S.); (A.M.); (A.C.); (R.A.)
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bruna Lopes
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (P.S.); (B.L.); (A.C.S.); (A.M.); (A.C.); (R.A.)
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Sousa
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (P.S.); (B.L.); (A.C.S.); (A.M.); (A.C.); (R.A.)
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alícia Moreira
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (P.S.); (B.L.); (A.C.S.); (A.M.); (A.C.); (R.A.)
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - André Coelho
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (P.S.); (B.L.); (A.C.S.); (A.M.); (A.C.); (R.A.)
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Alvites
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (P.S.); (B.L.); (A.C.S.); (A.M.); (A.C.); (R.A.)
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde (CESPU), Avenida Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Paredes, Portugal
| | - Nuno Alves
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal;
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Cavalieri Ottolenghi Neuroscience Institute, University of Turin, Ospedale San Luigi, 10043 Turin, Italy;
| | - Ana Colette Maurício
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (P.S.); (B.L.); (A.C.S.); (A.M.); (A.C.); (R.A.)
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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Du S, Guan Y, Xie A, Yan Z, Gao S, Li W, Rao L, Chen X, Chen T. Extracellular vesicles: a rising star for therapeutics and drug delivery. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:231. [PMID: 37475025 PMCID: PMC10360328 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, natural, cell-derived vesicles that contain the same nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids as their source cells. Thus, they can serve as natural carriers for therapeutic agents and drugs, and have many advantages over conventional nanocarriers, including their low immunogenicity, good biocompatibility, natural blood-brain barrier penetration, and capacity for gene delivery. This review first introduces the classification of EVs and then discusses several currently popular methods for isolating and purifying EVs, EVs-mediated drug delivery, and the functionalization of EVs as carriers. Thereby, it provides new avenues for the development of EVs-based therapeutic strategies in different fields of medicine. Finally, it highlights some challenges and future perspectives with regard to the clinical application of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Du
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Yucheng Guan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Aihua Xie
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Zhao Yan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Sijia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Room 6007, N22, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China
| | - Weirong Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Lang Rao
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Room 6007, N22, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Tongkai Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
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8
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Pincela Lins PM, Pirlet E, Szymonik M, Bronckaers A, Nelissen I. Manufacture of extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stromal cells. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:965-981. [PMID: 36750391 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising therapy for various diseases ranging from ischemic stroke to wound healing and cancer. Their therapeutic effects are mainly mediated by secretome-derived paracrine factors, with extracellular vesicles (EVs) proven to play a key role. This has led to promising research on the potential of MSC-EVs as regenerative, off-the-shelf therapeutic agents. However, the translation of MSC-EVs into the clinic is hampered by the poor scalability of their production. Recently, new advanced methods have been developed to upscale MSC cultivation and EV production yields, ranging from new cell culture devices to priming procedures. This review gives an overview of these innovative strategies for manufacturing MSC-EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Pincela Lins
- Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Health Department, Boeretang, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Elke Pirlet
- Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Michal Szymonik
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Health Department, Boeretang, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Inge Nelissen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Health Department, Boeretang, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
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9
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Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles derived from endocytosis, formed by fusion of multivesicular bodies with membranes and secreted into the extracellular matrix or body fluids. Many studies have shown that exosomes can be present in a variety of biological fluids, such as plasma, urine, saliva, amniotic fluid, ascites, and sweat, and most types of cells can secrete exosomes. Exosomes play an important role in many aspects of human development, including immunity, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and neoplasia. Urine can be an alternative to blood or tissue samples as a potential source of disease biomarkers because of its simple, noninvasive, sufficient, and stable characteristics. Therefore, urinary exosomes have valuable potential for early screening, monitoring disease progression, prognosis, and treatment. The method for isolating urinary exosomes has been perfected, and exosome proteomics is widely used. Therefore, we review the potential use of urinary exosomes for disease diagnosis and summarize the related literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhao Wang
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, China
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, China
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10
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Gao J, Li A, Hu J, Feng L, Liu L, Shen Z. Recent developments in isolating methods for exosomes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1100892. [PMID: 36714629 PMCID: PMC9879965 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are the smallest extracellular vesicles that can be released by practically all cell types, and range in size from 30 nm to 150 nm. As the major marker of liquid biopsies, exosomes have great potential for disease diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. However, their inherent heterogeneity, the complexity of biological fluids, and the presence of nanoscale contaminants make the isolation of exosomes a great challenge. Traditional isolation methods of exosomes are cumbersome and challenging with complex and time-consuming operations. In recent years, the emergence of microfluidic chips, nanolithography, electro-deposition, and other technologies has promoted the combination and innovation of the isolation methods. The application of these methods has brought very considerable benefits to the isolation of exosomes such as ultra-fast, portable integration, and low loss. There are significant functional improvements in isolation yield, isolation purity, and clinical applications. In this review, a series of methods for the isolation of exosomes are summarized, with emphasis on the emerging methods, and in-depth comparison and analysis of each method are provided, including their principles, merits, and demerits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Liu Liu
- *Correspondence: Zuojun Shen, ; Liu Liu,
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11
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Davies OG, Williams S, Goldie K. The therapeutic and commercial landscape of stem cell vesicles in regenerative dermatology. J Control Release 2023; 353:1096-1106. [PMID: 36535543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid enveloped nanoparticles that are naturally produced by cells and function in the intercellular transfer of biological material such as proteins, RNAs and metabolites. They have been shown to act in an autocrine and paracrine manner to alter the functions of local and distant recipient cells, with a growing body of evidence highlighting their wide-ranging functions in regenerative processes such as stem cell maintenance, tissue repair and immune modulation. EVs offer several potential advantages over stem cell therapies such as improved safety profiles, scalability, and enhanced storage and quality control of the final product. In fact, many of the pro-regenerative outcomes of stem cell therapies have been attributed to the release of mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) and their potent effects on extracellular matrix turnover, local cell recruitment, proliferation and angiogenesis is now well described. These positive outcomes have led to clinical trials assessing the safety of MSC-EVs for applications in wound healing and the treatment of cutaneous ulcers, as well as the emergence of multiple commercial MSC-EV sources marketed for topical application in cosmetic medicine. However, regenerative EV therapeutics remain in their infancy and pertinent questions regarding product standardisation, potency and the regulatory landscape surrounding the development of these promising nano-therapeutics must be addressed to ensure safe and effective clinical adoption. In this article we provide an overview of the emerging landscape of MSC-EVs in regenerative dermatology and cosmetic science, highlighting the underlying biological mechanisms pertinent to their application and providing a perspective on current safety considerations, regulation and future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- O G Davies
- School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.
| | - S Williams
- School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - K Goldie
- European Medical Aesthetics Ltd, London, UK
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12
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Subhan BS, Ki M, Verzella A, Shankar S, Rabbani PS. Behind the Scenes of Extracellular Vesicle Therapy for Skin Injuries and Disorders. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2022; 11:575-597. [PMID: 34806432 PMCID: PMC9419953 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2021.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Skin wounds and disorders compromise the protective functions of skin and patient quality of life. Although accessible on the surface, they are challenging to address due to paucity of effective therapies. Exogenous extracellular vesicles (EVs) and cell-free derivatives of adult multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) are developing as a treatment modality. Knowledge of origin MSCs, EV processing, and mode of action is necessary for directed use of EVs in preclinical studies and methodical translation. Recent Advances: Nanoscale to microscale EVs, although from nonskin cells, induce functional responses in cutaneous wound cellular milieu. EVs allow a shift from cell-based to cell-free/derived modalities by carrying the MSC beneficial factors but eliminating risks associated with MSC transplantation. EVs have demonstrated striking efficacy in resolution of preclinical wound models, specifically within the complexity of skin structure and wound pathology. Critical Issues: To facilitate comparison across studies, tissue sources and processing of MSCs, culture conditions, isolation and preparations of EVs, and vesicle sizes require standardization as these criteria influence EV types and contents, and potentially determine the induced biological responses. Procedural parameters for all steps preceding the actual therapeutic administration may be the key to generating EVs that demonstrate consistent efficacy through known mechanisms. We provide a comprehensive review of such parameters and the subsequent tissue, cellular and molecular impact of the derived EVs in different skin wounds/disorders. Future Directions: We will gain more complete knowledge of EV-induced effects in skin, and specificity for different wounds/conditions. The safety and efficacy of current preclinical xenogenic applications will favor translation into allogenic clinical applications of EVs as a biologic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi S. Subhan
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michelle Ki
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexandra Verzella
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shruthi Shankar
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Piul S. Rabbani
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Azari Z, Nazarnezhad S, Webster TJ, Hoseini SJ, Brouki Milan P, Baino F, Kargozar S. Stem Cell-Mediated Angiogenesis in Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing. Wound Repair Regen 2022; 30:421-435. [PMID: 35638710 PMCID: PMC9543648 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The timely management of skin wounds has been an unmet clinical need for centuries. While there have been several attempts to accelerate wound healing and reduce the cost of hospitalisation and the healthcare burden, there remains a lack of efficient and effective wound healing approaches. In this regard, stem cell‐based therapies have garnered an outstanding position for the treatment of both acute and chronic skin wounds. Stem cells of different origins (e.g., embryo‐derived stem cells) have been utilised for managing cutaneous lesions; specifically, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from foetal (umbilical cord) and adult (bone marrow) tissues paved the way to more satisfactory outcomes. Since angiogenesis plays a critical role in all four stages of normal wound healing, recent therapeutic approaches have focused on utilising stem cells for inducing neovascularisation. In fact, stem cells can promote angiogenesis via either differentiation into endothelial lineages or secreting pro‐angiogenic exosomes. Furthermore, particular conditions (e.g., hypoxic environments) can be applied in order to boost the pro‐angiogenic capability of stem cells before transplantation. For tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications, stem cells can be combined with specific types of pro‐angiogenic biocompatible materials (e.g., bioactive glasses) to enhance the neovascularisation process and subsequently accelerate wound healing. As such, this review article summarises such efforts emphasising the bright future that is conceivable when using pro‐angiogenic stem cells for treating acute and chronic skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoleikha Azari
- Department of Anatomy and cell Biology, School of Medicine, MashhadUniversity of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Simin Nazarnezhad
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Javad Hoseini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Peiman Brouki Milan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Francesco Baino
- Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, Italy
| | - Saeid Kargozar
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Extracellular Vesicles—New Players in Cell-To-Cell Communication in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020462. [PMID: 35203669 PMCID: PMC8962272 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in extracellular vesicles (EVs) has contributed to a better understanding of physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Biologically active cargo, such as miRNAs and proteins, is critical in many different biological processes. In this context, pregnancy is one of the most complex physiological states, which needs a highly regulated system to ensure the correct nourishment and development of the baby. However, pre-existent maternal conditions and habits can modify the EV-cargo and dysregulate the system leading to pregnancy complications, with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) being one of the most reported and influential. Calcification and aging of muscle cells, protein modification in vascular control or variations in the levels of specific miRNAs are some of the changes observed or led by EV populations as adaptation to GDM. Interestingly, insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance changes are not fully understood to date. Nevertheless, the increasing evidence generated has opened new possibilities in the biomarker discovery field but also in the understanding of cellular mechanisms modified and involved in GDM. This brief review aims to discuss some of the findings in GDM and models used for that purpose and their potential roles in the metabolic alterations during pregnancy, with a focus on insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance.
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15
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Li T, Yu H, Zhang D, Feng T, Miao M, Li J, Liu X. Matrix Vesicles as a Therapeutic Target for Vascular Calcification. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:825622. [PMID: 35127686 PMCID: PMC8814528 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.825622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is linked to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and atherosclerotic plaque rupture. It is a cell-active process regulated by vascular cells rather than pure passive calcium (Ca) deposition. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted extensive attention because of their essential role in the process of VC. Matrix vesicles (MVs), one type of EVs, are especially critical in extracellular matrix mineralization and the early stages of the development of VC. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) have the potential to undergo phenotypic transformation and to serve as a nucleation site for hydroxyapatite crystals upon extracellular stimulation. However, it is not clear what underlying mechanism that MVs drive the VSMCs phenotype switching and to result in calcification. This article aims to review the detailed role of MVs in the progression of VC and compare the difference with other major drivers of calcification, including aging, uremia, mechanical stress, oxidative stress, and inflammation. We will also bring attention to the novel findings in the isolation and characterization of MVs, and the therapeutic application of MVs in VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongchi Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tang Feng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Michael Miao
- Division of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, University of North Carolina Adams School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jianwei Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jianwei Li, ; Xiaoheng Liu,
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jianwei Li, ; Xiaoheng Liu,
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16
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Phan TH, Kim SY, Rudge C, Chrzanowski W. Made by cells for cells - extracellular vesicles as next-generation mainstream medicines. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:273969. [PMID: 35019142 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Current medicine has only taken us so far in reducing disease and tissue damage. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are membranous nanostructures produced naturally by cells, have been hailed as a next-generation medicine. EVs deliver various biomolecules, including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, which can influence the behaviour of specific target cells. Since EVs not only mirror composition of their parent cells but also modify the recipient cells, they can be used in three key areas of medicine: regenerative medicine, disease detection and drug delivery. In this Review, we discuss the transformational and translational progress witnessed in EV-based medicine to date, focusing on two key elements: the mechanisms by which EVs aid tissue repair (for example, skin and bone tissue regeneration) and the potential of EVs to detect diseases at an early stage with high sensitivity and specificity (for example, detection of glioblastoma). Furthermore, we describe the progress and results of clinical trials of EVs and demonstrate the benefits of EVs when compared with traditional medicine, including cell therapy in regenerative medicine and solid biopsy in disease detection. Finally, we present the challenges, opportunities and regulatory framework confronting the clinical application of EV-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Huyen Phan
- The University of Sydney, Sydney Nano Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy and Bank Building A15, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sally Yunsun Kim
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Christopher Rudge
- The University of Sydney, Sydney Health Law, New Law Building F10, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Wojciech Chrzanowski
- The University of Sydney, Sydney Nano Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy and Bank Building A15, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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17
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Feng ZY, Zhang QY, Tan J, Xie HQ. Techniques for increasing the yield of stem cell-derived exosomes: what factors may be involved? SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 65:1325-1341. [PMID: 34637101 PMCID: PMC8506103 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-1997-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-scale extracellular vesicles secreted by cells and constitute an important part in the cell-cell communication. The main contents of the exosomes include proteins, microRNAs, and lipids. The mechanism and safety of stem cell-derived exosomes have rendered them a promising therapeutic strategy for regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, limited yield has restrained full explication of their functions and clinical applications To address this, various attempts have been made to explore the up- and down-stream manipulations in a bid to increase the production of exosomes. This review has recapitulated factors which may influence the yield of stem cell-derived exosomes, including selection and culture of stem cells, isolation and preservation of the exosomes, and development of artificial exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yuan Feng
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, Med-X Center for Materials, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qing-Yi Zhang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, Med-X Center for Materials, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie Tan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, Med-X Center for Materials, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hui-Qi Xie
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, Med-X Center for Materials, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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18
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Scaled preparation of extracellular vesicles from conditioned media. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113940. [PMID: 34419502 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) especially of mesenchymal stem/stomal cells (MSCs) are increasingly considered as biotherapeutic agents for a variety of different diseases. For translating them effectively into the clinics, scalable production processes fulfilling good manufacturing practice (GMP) are needed. Like for other biotherapeutic agents, the manufacturing of EV products can be subdivided in the upstream and downstream processing and the subsequent quality control, each of them containing several unit operations. During upstream processing (USP), cells are isolated, stored (cell banking) and expanded; furthermore, EV-containing conditioned media are produced. During downstream processing (DSP), conditioned media (CM) are processed to obtain concentrated and purified EV products. CM are either stored until DSP or are directly processed. As first unit operation in DSP, clarification removes remaining cells, debris and other larger impurities. The key operations of each EV DSP is volume-reduction combined with purification of the concentrated EVs. Most of the EV preparation methods used in conventional research labs including differential centrifugation procedures are limited in their scalability. Consequently, it is a major challenge in the therapeutic EV field to identify appropriate EV concentration and purification methods allowing scale up. As EVs share several features with enveloped viruses, that are used for more than two decades in the clinics now, several principles can be adopted to EV manufacturing. Here, we introduce and discuss volume reducing and purification methods frequently used for viruses and analyze their value for the manufacturing of EV-based therapeutics.
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19
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Rodrigues SC, Cardoso RMS, Freire PC, Gomes CF, Duarte FV, Neves RPD, Simões-Correia J. Immunomodulatory Properties of Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles and Their Therapeutic Potential for Inflammatory Skin Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9797. [PMID: 34575956 PMCID: PMC8468428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood (UCB) has long been seen as a rich source of naïve cells with strong regenerative potential, likely mediated by paracrine signals. More recently, small extracellular vesicles (sEV), such as exosomes, have been shown to play essential roles in cell-to-cell communication, via the transport of numerous molecules, including small RNAs. Often explored for their potential as biomarkers, sEV are now known to have regenerative and immunomodulating characteristics, particularly if isolated from stem cell-rich tissues. In this study, we aim to characterize the immunomodulating properties of umbilical cord blood mononuclear cell-derived sEV (UCB-MNC-sEV) and explore their therapeutic potential for inflammatory skin diseases. UCB-MNC-sEV were shown to shift macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, which in turn exert paracrine effects on fibroblasts, despite previous inflammatory stimuli. Additionally, the incubation of PBMC with UCB-MNC-sEV resulted in a reduction of total CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation and cytokine release, while specifically supporting the development of regulatory T-cells (Treg), by influencing FOXP3 expression. In a 3D model of psoriatic skin, UCB-MNC-sEV reduced the expression of inflammatory and psoriatic markers IL6, IL8, CXCL10, COX2, S100A7, and DEFB4. In vivo, UCB-MNC-sEV significantly prevented or reversed acanthosis in imiquimod-induced psoriasis, and tendentially increased the number of Treg in skin, without having an overall impact on disease burden. This work provides evidence for the anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic effect of UCB-MNC-sEV, which may be harnessed for the treatment of Th17-driven inflammatory skin diseases, such as psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia C. Rodrigues
- Exogenus Therapeutics, S.A., 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (S.C.R.); (R.M.S.C.); (P.C.F.); (C.F.G.); (F.V.D.); (R.P.d.N.)
- Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Renato M. S. Cardoso
- Exogenus Therapeutics, S.A., 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (S.C.R.); (R.M.S.C.); (P.C.F.); (C.F.G.); (F.V.D.); (R.P.d.N.)
| | - Patricia C. Freire
- Exogenus Therapeutics, S.A., 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (S.C.R.); (R.M.S.C.); (P.C.F.); (C.F.G.); (F.V.D.); (R.P.d.N.)
| | - Cláudia F. Gomes
- Exogenus Therapeutics, S.A., 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (S.C.R.); (R.M.S.C.); (P.C.F.); (C.F.G.); (F.V.D.); (R.P.d.N.)
| | - Filipe V. Duarte
- Exogenus Therapeutics, S.A., 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (S.C.R.); (R.M.S.C.); (P.C.F.); (C.F.G.); (F.V.D.); (R.P.d.N.)
| | - Ricardo Pires das Neves
- Exogenus Therapeutics, S.A., 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (S.C.R.); (R.M.S.C.); (P.C.F.); (C.F.G.); (F.V.D.); (R.P.d.N.)
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC—Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Simões-Correia
- Exogenus Therapeutics, S.A., 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (S.C.R.); (R.M.S.C.); (P.C.F.); (C.F.G.); (F.V.D.); (R.P.d.N.)
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC—Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
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20
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Rodrigues SC, Cardoso RMS, Gomes CF, Duarte FV, Freire PC, Neves R, Simoes-Correia J. Toxicological Profile of Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11090647. [PMID: 34564463 PMCID: PMC8472372 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11090647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development and adoption of cell therapies has been largely limited by difficulties associated with their safety, handling, and storage. Extracellular vesicles (EV) have recently emerged as a likely mediator for the therapeutic effect of cells, offering several advantages over cell therapies. Due to their small size and inability to expand and metastasize, EV are generally considered safer than cell transplantation. Nevertheless, few studies have scrutinized the toxicity profile of EV, particularly after repeated high-dose administration. The present study aimed to evaluate a preparation of small EV obtained from umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (UCB-MNC-sEV) for its cytotoxicity in different cell lines, as well as its differential accumulation, distribution, and toxicity following repeated intravenous (IV) administrations in a rodent model. In vitro, repeated sEV exposure in concentrations up to 1 × 1011 particles/mL had no deleterious impact on the viability or metabolic activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, THP-1 monocytes, THP-1-derived macrophages, normal dermal human fibroblasts, or human umbilical vein endothelial cells. DiR-labelled sEV, injected intravenously for four weeks in healthy rats, were detected in clearance organs, particularly the kidneys, spleen, and liver, similarly to control dye. Moreover, repeated administrations for six and twelve weeks of up to 1 × 1010 total particles of sEV dye were well-tolerated, with no changes in general haematological cell counts, or kidney and liver toxicity markers. More importantly, unlabelled sEV likewise did not induce significant alterations in cellular and biochemical blood parameters, nor any morphological changes in the heart, kidney, lung, spleen, or liver tissue. In sum, our data show that UCB-MNC-sEV have no significant toxicity in vitro or in vivo, even when administered repeatedly at high concentrations, therefore confirming their safety profile and potential suitability for future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia C. Rodrigues
- Exogenus Therapeutics, S.A., Biocant Park, Núcleo 4, Lote 2, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (S.C.R.); (R.M.S.C.); (C.F.G.); (F.V.D.); (P.C.F.); (R.N.)
- Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Renato M. S. Cardoso
- Exogenus Therapeutics, S.A., Biocant Park, Núcleo 4, Lote 2, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (S.C.R.); (R.M.S.C.); (C.F.G.); (F.V.D.); (P.C.F.); (R.N.)
| | - Claudia F. Gomes
- Exogenus Therapeutics, S.A., Biocant Park, Núcleo 4, Lote 2, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (S.C.R.); (R.M.S.C.); (C.F.G.); (F.V.D.); (P.C.F.); (R.N.)
| | - Filipe V. Duarte
- Exogenus Therapeutics, S.A., Biocant Park, Núcleo 4, Lote 2, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (S.C.R.); (R.M.S.C.); (C.F.G.); (F.V.D.); (P.C.F.); (R.N.)
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patricia C. Freire
- Exogenus Therapeutics, S.A., Biocant Park, Núcleo 4, Lote 2, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (S.C.R.); (R.M.S.C.); (C.F.G.); (F.V.D.); (P.C.F.); (R.N.)
| | - Ricardo Neves
- Exogenus Therapeutics, S.A., Biocant Park, Núcleo 4, Lote 2, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (S.C.R.); (R.M.S.C.); (C.F.G.); (F.V.D.); (P.C.F.); (R.N.)
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (3Is), University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Simoes-Correia
- Exogenus Therapeutics, S.A., Biocant Park, Núcleo 4, Lote 2, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (S.C.R.); (R.M.S.C.); (C.F.G.); (F.V.D.); (P.C.F.); (R.N.)
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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21
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Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: Applications in Regenerative Medicine. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081959. [PMID: 34440728 PMCID: PMC8393426 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles, produced within multivesicular bodies, that are then released into the extracellular space through a merging of the multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. These vesicles are secreted by almost all cell types to aid in a vast array of cellular functions, including intercellular communication, cell differentiation and proliferation, angiogenesis, stress response, and immune signaling. This ability to contribute to several distinct processes is due to the complexity of exosomes, as they carry a multitude of signaling moieties, including proteins, lipids, cell surface receptors, enzymes, cytokines, transcription factors, and nucleic acids. The favorable biological properties of exosomes including biocompatibility, stability, low toxicity, and proficient exchange of molecular cargos make exosomes prime candidates for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Exploring the functions and molecular payloads of exosomes can facilitate tissue regeneration therapies and provide mechanistic insight into paracrine modulation of cellular activities. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of exosome biogenesis, composition, and isolation methods. We also discuss emerging healing properties of exosomes and exosomal cargos, such as microRNAs, in brain injuries, cardiovascular disease, and COVID-19 amongst others. Overall, this review highlights the burgeoning roles and potential applications of exosomes in regenerative medicine.
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22
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Cardoso RMS, Rodrigues SC, Gomes CF, Duarte FV, Romao M, Leal EC, Freire PC, Neves R, Simões‐Correia J. Development of an optimized and scalable method for isolation of umbilical cord blood-derived small extracellular vesicles for future clinical use. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:910-921. [PMID: 33577723 PMCID: PMC8133342 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are a promising therapeutic tool in regenerative medicine. These particles were shown to accelerate wound healing, through delivery of regenerative mediators, such as microRNAs. Herein we describe an optimized and upscalable process for the isolation of EV smaller than 200 nm (sEV), secreted by umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (UCB-MNC) under ischemic conditions and propose quality control thresholds for the isolated vesicles, based on the thorough characterization of their protein, lipid and RNA content. Ultrafiltration and size exclusion chromatography (UF/SEC) optimized methodology proved superior to traditional ultracentrifugation (UC), regarding production time, standardization, scalability, and vesicle yield. Using UF/SEC, we were able to recover approximately 400 times more sEV per mL of media than with UC, and upscaling this process further increases EV yield by about 3-fold. UF/SEC-isolated sEV display many of the sEV/exosomes classical markers and are enriched in molecules with anti-inflammatory and regenerative capacity, such as hemopexin and miR-150. Accordingly, treatment with sEV promotes angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling, in vitro. In vivo, UCB-MNC-sEV significantly accelerate skin regeneration in a mouse model of delayed wound healing. The proposed isolation protocol constitutes a significant improvement compared to UC, the gold-standard in the field. Isolated sEV maintain their regenerative properties, whereas downstream contaminants are minimized. The use of UF/SEC allows for the standardization and upscalability required for mass production of sEV to be used in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia C. Rodrigues
- Exogenus Therapeutics, S.A, Biocant ParkCantanhedePortugal
- Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB)Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra.CoimbraPortugal
| | | | | | - Maryse Romao
- Institut CurieParis Sciences Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144ParisFrance
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Core Facility PICT‐IBiSAInstitut CurieParisFrance
| | - Ermelindo C. Leal
- CNC—Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- 3Is—Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | | | - Ricardo Neves
- Exogenus Therapeutics, S.A, Biocant ParkCantanhedePortugal
- CNC—Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- 3Is—Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Joana Simões‐Correia
- Exogenus Therapeutics, S.A, Biocant ParkCantanhedePortugal
- CNC—Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
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Atkinson SP. A preview of selected articles. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021. [PMCID: PMC8133349 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.21-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Li JK, Yang C, Su Y, Luo JC, Luo MH, Huang DL, Tu GW, Luo Z. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Acute Kidney Injury. Front Immunol 2021; 12:684496. [PMID: 34149726 PMCID: PMC8209464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.684496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and potential life-threatening disease in patients admitted to hospital, affecting 10%-15% of all hospitalizations and around 50% of patients in the intensive care unit. Severe, recurrent, and uncontrolled AKI may progress to chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease. AKI thus requires more efficient, specific therapies, rather than just supportive therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered to be promising cells for cellular therapy because of their ease of harvesting, low immunogenicity, and ability to expand in vitro. Recent research indicated that the main therapeutic effects of MSCs were mediated by MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs). Furthermore, compared with MSCs, MSC-EVs have lower immunogenicity, easier storage, no tumorigenesis, and the potential to be artificially modified. We reviewed the therapeutic mechanism of MSCs and MSC-EVs in AKI, and considered recent research on how to improve the efficacy of MSC-EVs in AKI. We also summarized and analyzed the potential and limitations of EVs for the treatment of AKI to provide ideas for future clinical trials and the clinical application of MSC-EVs in AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Kun Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Chao Luo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Hao Luo
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Lei Huang
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhe Luo, ; Guo-Wei Tu,
| | - Guo-Wei Tu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhe Luo, ; Guo-Wei Tu,
| | - Zhe Luo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Zhe Luo, ; Guo-Wei Tu,
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