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Ng MHS, Zainal NH, Newman MG. Positive reappraisal coping mediates the relationship between parental abuse and lack of affection on adulthood generalized anxiety severity. J Anxiety Disord 2024; 102:102826. [PMID: 38244467 PMCID: PMC10993168 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to parental abuse and lack of parental affection during childhood are risk factors for adulthood psychopathology. Tendency to engage in positive reappraisal may be a plausible mechanism underlying this relationship. The current study examined if positive reappraisal coping mediated the relationship between maternal/paternal abuse/affection and adulthood generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms. Participant data (N = 3294) from the Midlife Development in the United States study was collected in three waves, spaced nine years apart. Longitudinal structural equation mediation modeling examined whether positive reappraisal coping at Time 2 mediated the relationship between maternal/paternal abuse/affection at Time 1 and GAD symptoms at Time 3, controlling for GAD symptoms at Time 1. Positive reappraisal coping mediated maternal/paternal childhood abuse - GAD symptom severity and maternal/paternal childhood affection - GAD severity relations. Maternal and paternal abuse was associated with lower positive reappraisal tendencies, predicting increased GAD symptom severity. Conversely, higher maternal/paternal affection was associated with increased positive reappraisal, predicting lower GAD severity. Incremental prediction revealed that childhood abuse to GAD severity via positive reappraisal path was significant for maternal but not paternal abuse, whereas affection from both parents remained significant. Positive reappraisal coping may be a possible mechanism linking childhood experiences to adulthood GAD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H S Ng
- Rehabilitation Research Institute of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Nur Hani Zainal
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, USA; Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Kim JH, Chun J, Kim J, Ju HJ, Kim BJ, Jeong J, Lee DH. Emotion regulation from a virtue perspective. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:11. [PMID: 38173038 PMCID: PMC10765715 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01490-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to regulate one's emotional state is an important predictor of several behaviors such as reframing a challenging situation to reduce anger or anxiety, concealing visible signs of sadness or fear, or focusing on reasons to feel happy or calm. This capacity is referred to as emotion regulation. Deficits in this ability can adversely affect one's adaptive coping, thus are associated with a variety of other psychopathological symptoms, including but not limited to depression, borderline personality disorder, substance use disorders, eating disorders, and somatoform disorders. METHODS The present study examined emotion regulation in relation to the virtue-based psychosocial adaptation model (V-PAM). 595 participants were clustered based on their Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) score, producing two clusters (i.e., high functioning vs. low functioning). Then, emotion regulation group membership was discriminated by using five V-PAM virtue constructs, including courage, integrity, practical wisdom, committed action, and emotional transcendence. RESULTS Results show that five virtues contribute to differentiating group membership. Practical wisdom was the strongest contributor, followed by integrity, emotional transcendence, committed action, and courage. Predictive discriminant analysis was conducted and 71% of cases were correctly classified. A discussion of the relationship between emotion regulation and virtues was elaborated. CONCLUSION The concept of virtue holds significant importance in the comprehension of an individual's capacity to regulate their emotions, meriting future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Han Kim
- School of Rehabilitation Services and Counseling, University of Texas - Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W University Dr, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Jina Chun
- Department of Rehabilitation Psychology and Special Education, University of Wisconsin- Madison, 1000 Bascom Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jaeyoung Kim
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Special Education, Michigan State University, 620 Farm Lane, Erickson Hall Rm. 459, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Hyun-Ju Ju
- Department of Early Childhood, Special Education, and Counselor Education, University of Kentucky, 597 S Upper St, Lexington, KY, 40508, USA
| | - Byung Jin Kim
- Department of Counselor Education and Rehabilitation, California State University-Fresno, 5241 N Maple Ave, Fresno, CA, 93740, USA
| | - Jeongwoon Jeong
- Department of Individual, Family, and Community Education, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Traumatic Stress Center, Department of Education, Sungkyunkwan University, 51112 Hoam Hall, 25‑2, Sungkyunkwan‑ro, Jongno‑gu, 03063, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Traumatic Stress Center, Department of Education, Sungkyunkwan University, 16419, Seoul, South Korea.
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Martinez RAM, Howard AG, Fernández-Rhodes L, Maselko J, Pence BW, Dhingra R, Galea S, Uddin M, Wildman DE, Aiello AE. Does biological age mediate the relationship between childhood adversity and depression? Insights from the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study. Soc Sci Med 2024; 340:116440. [PMID: 38039767 PMCID: PMC10843850 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The link between childhood adversity and adulthood depression is well-established; however, the underlying mechanisms are still being explored. Recent research suggests biological age may mediate the relationship between childhood adversity and depression in later life. This study examines if biological age mediates the relationship between childhood adversity and depression symptoms using an expanded set of biological age measures in an urban population-based cohort. Data from waves 1-3 of the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study (DNHS) were used in this analysis. Questions about abuse during childhood were coded to form a childhood adversity score similar to the Adverse Childhood Experience measure. Multiple dimensions of biological age, defined as latent variables, were considered, including systemic biological age (GrimAge, PhenoAge), epigenetic age (Horvath, SkinBlood), and immune age (cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus type 1, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6). Depression symptoms, modeled as a latent variable, were captured through the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Models were adjusted for age, gender, race, parent education, and past depressive symptoms. Total and direct effects of childhood adversity on depression symptoms and indirect effects mediated by biological age were estimated. For total and direct effects, we observed a dose-dependent relationship between cumulative childhood adversity and depression symptoms, with emotional abuse being particularly influential. However, contrary to prior studies, in this sample, we found few direct effects of childhood adversity on biological age or biological age on depression symptoms and no evidence of mediation through the measures of biological age considered in this study. Further research is needed to understand how childhood maltreatment experiences are embodied to influence health and wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae Anne M Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Annie Green Howard
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Joanna Maselko
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brian W Pence
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Radhika Dhingra
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Sandro Galea
- Office of the Dean, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Monica Uddin
- Genomics Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Derek E Wildman
- Genomics Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Allison E Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia, NY, New York, USA; Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia, NY, New York, USA
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Wood BL. The biobehavioral family model and the family relational assessment protocol: Map and GPS for family systems training. FAMILY PROCESS 2023; 62:1322-1345. [PMID: 37946581 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The Biobehavioral Family Model (BBFM) was developed and evolved as a heuristic research model to support the investigation of pathways by which family relational function impacts individual family member wellbeing and disorder. Recently, the BBFM and its related assessment approach, the Family Relational Process Assessment Protocol (FRAP), have emerged as tools for clinical practice and training. The BBFM model will be presented, along with definitions of the dimensions constructed in the model, and research evidence in support of the model. To illustrate how the BBFM and FRAP are used in training, instructions for conducting the FRAP will be presented. Then, transcripts from two contrasting families participating in one of the interaction tasks will illustrate how, in training, the FRAP is interpreted through the BBFM lens to illuminate how these patterns of family relationship impact the identified patient. Finally, three applications of this training approach will exemplify the use of the BBFM and FRAP in the context of a Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Fellowship, a Family Medicine Fellowship, and a Family Therapy Training Program in Istanbul, Turkey. Limitations and future directions for the application of the BBFM in the exploration of multicultural aspects of family function for clinical and training purposes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice L Wood
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Sousa M, Peixoto M, Cruz O, Cruz S. Academic Performance in Institutionalized and Noninstitutionalized Children: The Role of Cognitive Ability and Negative Lability. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1405. [PMID: 37628405 PMCID: PMC10453080 DOI: 10.3390/children10081405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
More research is needed to understand the factors that contribute to low academic achievement in institutionalized children. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cognitive and emotion regulation skills and academic performance, by comparing institutionalized and noninstitutionalized Portuguese children. The sample comprised 94 participants (46 institutionalized (22 boys) and 48 noninstitutionalized (23 boys) children), aged between 6 and 10 years, matched for age and sex. We used Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM) to measure cognitive abilities. Emotional regulation and negative lability were assessed using the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERC). Academic performance was assessed with the Competence Academic Scale (CAS) of the Portuguese version of the Social Skills Rating System-Teacher Form (SSRS-T). Institutionalized children exhibited poorer academic performance than their noninstitutionalized counterparts (effect size, η2 = 0.174). Cognitive ability (β = 0.28) and negative lability (β = -0.28) were significant predictors of academic performance. In addition to institutionalization, cognitive ability, and the challenges of managing negative emotions may contribute to the observed differences in academic performance. Interventions aimed at fostering cognitive and emotional competencies may play a protective role for institutionalized children facing academic and social difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Sousa
- The Psychology for Development Research Center, Lusíada University of Porto, 4100-346 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Manuela Peixoto
- Centro for Psychology, Universty of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Orlanda Cruz
- Faculty of Psychology and Sciences of Education, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Sara Cruz
- The Psychology for Development Research Center, Lusíada University of Porto, 4100-346 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
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Jones EJ, Marsland AL, Gianaros PJ. Do trait-level emotion regulation strategies moderate associations between retrospective reports of childhood trauma and prospective changes in systemic inflammation? Stress Health 2023; 39:525-538. [PMID: 36265175 PMCID: PMC10518806 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Childhood trauma may confer risk for poorer adult health through changes in systemic inflammation. Emotion regulation may plausibly moderate associations between childhood trauma and adult psychological well-being, but it remains unclear whether moderation effects extend to differences in systemic inflammation. To examine whether childhood trauma and emotion regulation separately and interactively predict prospective changes in C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and whether biopsychosocial factors account for observed associations. Healthy midlife adults (N = 331) retrospectively reported on childhood trauma, current trait-level cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, and had their blood drawn. At baseline and then a median of 2.85 years later, 279 of the 331 participants had their blood drawn, body mass index calculated, and reported on health behaviours (smoking, sleep), psychological distress (perceived stress, depressive symptoms), and years of education. Childhood trauma predicted prospective increases in CRP (B = 0.004, p = 0.049), which were partially accounted for by differences in adiposity, psychological distress, and health behaviours. In contrast, cognitive reappraisal predicted prospective decreases in IL-6 (B = -0.007, p = 0.006), which were independent of biopsychosocial influences. Cognitive reappraisal further moderated the association between childhood trauma and prospective changes in IL-6 (B = -0.001, p = 0.012) such that childhood trauma predicted greater IL-6 increases but only among adults lower in cognitive reappraisal (B = 0.006, p = 0.007). There were no main or moderation effects of expressive suppression (ps > 0.05). Cognitive reappraisal may attenuate IL-6 changes over time and may moderate the prospective association between childhood trauma and systemic inflammation in midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna L. Marsland
- Department of Psychology, Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter J. Gianaros
- Department of Psychology, Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Haver A, Krampe H, Danbolt LJ, Stålsett G, Schnell T. Emotion regulation moderates the association between COVID-19 stress and mental distress: findings on buffering, exacerbation, and gender differences in a cross-sectional study from Norway. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1121986. [PMID: 38427783 PMCID: PMC10325689 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1121986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Maintaining good mental health is important during a crisis. However, little attention has been given to how people achieve this, or how they evaluate emotions associated with stressors, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to (1) investigate whether emotion regulation, in particular cognitive reappraisal and suppression, moderates the relationship between COVID-19 stress and general mental distress and (2) examine gender differences in the interrelations between COVID-19 stress, emotion regulation, and mental distress. Methods Data from a population in Norway (n = 1.225) were collected using a cross-sectional survey during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Emotion regulation was measured using the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire Scale (ERQ), COVID-19 stress with the COVID-19 Stress Scale, and mental distress with the Patient Health Questionnaire 4 (PHQ-4). Moderation analyses were conducted using the PROCESS macro for SPSS. Results There was a strong association between COVID-19 stress and general mental distress (r = 0.61). The moderation analyses showed substantial moderation effects of cognitive reappraisal and suppression on the relationship between COVID-19 stress and mental distress. Cognitive reappraisal served as a buffer (p = 0.001) and suppression (p = 0.002) exacerbated the relation between COVID-19 stress and mental distress. Men had higher scores of suppression (p < 0.001), and women had higher scores of cognitive reappraisal (p = 0.025). The buffering effect of cognitive reappraisal presented itself only in women (p < 0.001), while the exacerbation effect of suppression appeared only in men (p < 0.001). Conclusion The current study suggests that COVID-19 pandemic-related stress is easier to deal with for those who have the tendency to cognitively reappraise. In contrast, suppression is associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety. The prevention of mental distress can be supported by guiding people about the importance of using healthy emotion regulation strategies, as well as helping them to become more aware of the way they interpret and regulate their emotions. Gender differences in emotion regulation suggest gender awareness, e.g., tailored programs for men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Haver
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Norwegian School of Hotel Management, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- School of Psychology, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences, and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Henning Krampe
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Johan Danbolt
- MF Norwegian School of Theology, Religion and Society, Majorstuen, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Psychology of Religion, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
| | - Gry Stålsett
- MF Norwegian School of Theology, Religion and Society, Majorstuen, Oslo, Norway
- Modum Bad Psychiatric Center, Vikersund, Norway
| | - Tatjana Schnell
- MF Norwegian School of Theology, Religion and Society, Majorstuen, Oslo, Norway
- Existential Psychology Lab, Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
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Sousa M, Peixoto MM, Cruz O, Cruz S. The Relationship Between Temperament Characteristics and Emotion Regulation Abilities in Institutionalized and Noninstitutionalized Children. PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES 2023; 68:1-13. [PMID: 37361514 PMCID: PMC10185962 DOI: 10.1007/s12646-023-00735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the role of institutionalization and temperament dimensions on emotion regulation and negative lability in school-aged (6-10 years) children. Participants were 46 institutionalized (22 boys; 24 girls) and 48 noninstitutionalized children (23 boys; 25 girls), matched in age and sex. Emotion regulation and negative lability were assessed with the Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC). The School-Age Temperament Inventory (SATI) was used to measure temperament dimensions. No significant between-group differences emerged in temperament dimensions, emotion regulation and negative lability. After controlling for institutionalization status, results indicated that (a) approach/withdrawal (sociability) and persistence positively predicted emotion regulation, (b) negative reactivity positively predicted negative lability, and (c) persistence negatively predicted negative lability. Institutionalization did not predict emotion regulation or negative lability. The protective role that specific temperament characteristics, such as persistence and approach/withdrawal (sociability), may have for at risk populations (e.g., institutionalized) and typically developing (e.g., noninstitutionalized) children is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Sousa
- The Psychology for Positive Development Research Center, Lusíada University - Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuela Peixoto
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Sciences of Education of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Orlanda Cruz
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Sciences of Education of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Cruz
- The Psychology for Positive Development Research Center, Lusíada University - Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Wang D, Cao D, Kiani A. How and when can job-insecure employees prevent psychological distress against the COVID-19 pandemic? The role of cognitive appraisal and reappraisal. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-13. [PMID: 36776148 PMCID: PMC9904252 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected economies around the world, causing record unemployment rates that have exacerbated the already prevalent job insecurity, thereby leading to psychological distress among many individuals. The present study aims to reveal the underlying mechanisms of psychological distress induced by the COVID-19 pandemic among job-insecure employees and to identify one of the emotion regulation strategies (i.e., cognitive reappraisal) as a protective factor that mitigates psychological distress. Drawing upon transactional theory, we proposed and tested a moderated mediation model, wherein cognitive reappraisal serves as a moderator of the direct and indirect relationship between job insecurity and psychological distress via stress appraisals (i.e., threat appraisal and challenge appraisal) based on data from 922 employees. Results show that threat appraisal and challenge appraisal positively and negatively mediate the relationship between job insecurity and psychological distress, respectively. Furthermore, as an emotion regulation strategy, cognitive reappraisal mitigates psychological distress among job-insecure employees, weakens the positive indirect effect of threat appraisal, but intensifies the negative indirect effect of challenge appraisal. Our findings suggest that cognition plays an important role in individuals' emotional reactions to COVID-19-related stress, and cognition reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy in mitigating psychological distress. Therefore, cognition reappraisal skills should be improved to reduce psychological distress induced by COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, No.96, Jinzhai Road, Baohe District, Hefei, 230026 Anhui China
| | - Dongmei Cao
- School of Public Administration, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Ataullah Kiani
- School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Dell’Acqua C, Mura F, Messerotti Benvenuti S, Patron E, Palomba D. Reduced heart rate variability and expressive suppression interact to prospectively predict COVID-19 pandemic-related post-traumatic stress symptoms. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21311. [PMID: 36494439 PMCID: PMC9734110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25915-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is a unique period of stress that, in some cases, led to post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSSs). Emotion regulation strategies are known to modulate the emotional response to stressful events. Expressive suppression (ES) is a maladaptive strategy related to the exacerbation of the physiological stress response. Heart rate variability (HRV), an index of cardiac autonomic balance strictly related to ES, was also shown to predict PTSSs. This was the first study to investigate whether the pre-pandemic ES use and resting-state HRV predicted pandemic-related PTSSs. Before the pandemic, 83 (58 females) university students completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), self-report measures of anxiety and depressive symptoms, and a three-minute resting-state electrocardiogram recording. After 12 months, 61 (45 females) participants completed a self-report measure of pandemic-related PTSSs and repeated the self-report psychological measures. Pre-pandemic anxiety symptoms prospectively predicted greater PTSSs. Moreover, a significant interaction between HRV and ES in predicting PTSSs emerged, whereby those who had higher levels of ES and reduced HRV showed higher PTSSs. These findings suggest that an integrated assessment of HRV and ES might be useful for identifying individuals who are more vulnerable to the development of PTSSs during crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Dell’Acqua
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, 8, 35131 Padua, Italy ,grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Mura
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, 8, 35131 Padua, Italy ,grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Simone Messerotti Benvenuti
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, 8, 35131 Padua, Italy ,grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padua, Padua, Italy ,grid.411474.30000 0004 1760 2630Hospital Psychology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Patron
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, 8, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Daniela Palomba
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, 8, 35131 Padua, Italy ,grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Bendezú JJ, Handley ED, Manly JT, Toth SL, Cicchetti D. Psychobiological foundations of coping and emotion regulation: Links to maltreatment and depression in a racially diverse, economically disadvantaged sample of adolescent girls. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 143:105826. [PMID: 35700563 PMCID: PMC9357119 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent risk for depression and passive or active suicidal ideation (PASI) involves disturbance across multiple systems (e.g., arousal regulatory, affective valence, neurocognitive). Exposure to maltreatment while growing up as a child or teenager may potentiate this risk by noxiously impacting these systems. However, research exploring how coordinated disturbance across these systems (i.e., profiles) might be uniquely linked to depressogenic function, and how past maltreatment contributes to such disturbance, is lacking. Utilizing a racially diverse, economically disadvantaged sample of adolescent girls, this person-centered study identified psychobiological profiles and linked them to maltreatment histories, as well as current depressive symptoms and PASI. Girls (N = 237, Mage=13.98, SD=0.85) who were non-depressed/non-maltreated (15.1%), depressed/non-maltreated (40.5%), or depressed/maltreated (44.4%) provided morning saliva samples, completed questionnaires, a clinical interview, and a neurocognitive battery. Latent profile analysis of girls' morning cortisol:C-reactive protein ratio, positive and negative affect levels, and attentional set-shifting ability revealed four profiles. Relative to Normative (66.6%), girls exhibiting a Pro-inflammatory Affective Disturbance (13.1%), Severe Affective Disturbance (10.1%), or Hypercortisol Affective Neurocognitive Disturbance (n = 24, 10.1%) profile reported exposure to a greater number of maltreatment subtypes while growing up. Girls exhibiting these dysregulated profiles were also more likely (relative to Normative) to report current depressive symptoms (all three profiles) and PASI (only Pro-inflammatory Affective Disturbance and Hypercortisol Affective Neurocognitive Disturbance). Of note, girls' cognitive reappraisal utilization moderated profile membership-depression linkages (depressive symptoms, but not PASI). A synthesis of the findings is presented alongside implications for person-centered tailoring of intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason José Bendezú
- The Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, USA.
| | | | - Jody T Manly
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, USA
| | - Sheree L Toth
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, USA
| | - Dante Cicchetti
- The Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, USA
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12
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Muñoz‐Martínez AM, Naismith I. Social connectedness, emotional regulation, and health behaviors as correlates of distress during lockdown for COVID‐19: A diary study. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2022; 15:536-560. [PMID: 35986601 PMCID: PMC9538517 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mass lockdowns are a powerful infection‐reduction strategy but are a significant stressor. This study aimed to explore whether various factors known to predict distress in normal contexts (e.g. social connectedness, emotional‐regulation strategies, and health‐related behaviors) are associated with daily distress under lockdown conditions. A time‐based diary study evaluated how perceived social connectedness, health‐promoting, and risk behaviors predicted within‐person and between‐person psychological distress. One hundred and nine adults completed surveys on these variables daily for 15 days while under stringent COVID‐19 lockdown in Colombia. Emotional suppression and reappraisal were measured at the start of the study to explore whether they predicted distress. Distress was lower on the days that people experienced greater social connectedness (within‐person analyses) but was not significantly predicted by between‐participant differences in emotional regulation. Health‐promoting behaviors such as exercising and meaningful activity were associated with lower distress, while watching COVID‐19 news and eating high‐calorie food were associated with higher distress. Looking at individual dynamics provides meaningful insights on daily behaviors associated with distress that might improve people's wellbeing during lockdown, such as social connectedness, meaningful activity, nutrition, exercise, and minimizing news exposure. Future research with alternative designs will enable causal conclusions to be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iona Naismith
- Department of Psychology University of the Andes Bogota Colombia
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13
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Willner CJ, Hoffmann JD, Bailey CS, Harrison AP, Garcia B, Ng ZJ, Cipriano C, Brackett MA. The Development of Cognitive Reappraisal From Early Childhood Through Adolescence: A Systematic Review and Methodological Recommendations. Front Psychol 2022; 13:875964. [PMID: 35814075 PMCID: PMC9258621 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.875964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive reappraisal is an important emotion regulation strategy that shows considerable developmental change in its use and effectiveness. This paper presents a systematic review of the evidence base regarding the development of cognitive reappraisal from early childhood through adolescence and provides methodological recommendations for future research. We searched Scopus, PsycINFO, and ERIC for empirical papers measuring cognitive reappraisal in normative samples of children and youth between the ages of 3 and 18 years published in peer-reviewed journals through August 9th, 2018. We identified 118 studies that met our inclusion criteria. We first present a quantitative review of the methodologies used to investigate cognitive reappraisal in children and adolescents, with attention to variations in methodologies by the sample age range. We then present a qualitative review of findings with attention to: (1) the age at which children begin to effectively use cognitive reappraisal to regulate their emotions, and (2) developmental changes in cognitive reappraisal from early childhood through adolescence. We consider how methodological differences may contribute to inconsistencies in findings, highlight gaps in the literature that remain to be addressed, and make recommendations for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica D. Hoffmann
- Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence, Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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14
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Huber FA, Kell PA, Kuhn BL, Lannon EW, Palit S, Payne MF, Hellman N, Sturycz CA, Güereca YM, Toledo TA, Demuth MJ, Hahn BJ, Shadlow JO, Rhudy JL. The Association Between Adverse Life Events, Psychological Stress, and Pain-Promoting Affect and Cognitions in Native Americans: Results from the Oklahoma Study of Native American Pain Risk. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2022; 9:215-226. [PMID: 33428157 PMCID: PMC8272727 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-020-00945-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Native Americans (NAs) experience higher rates of chronic pain. To examine the mechanisms for this pain inequity, we have previously shown that NAs report higher levels of pain-related anxiety and pain catastrophizing, which are in turn related to pronociceptive (pain-promoting) processes. But, it is currently unclear why NAs would report greater pain-related anxiety and catastrophizing. Given that NAs are also more likely to experience adverse life events (ALEs) and associated psychological distress, it was hypothesized that higher anxiety/catastrophizing in NAs would be partially explained by higher rates of ALEs and psychological distress. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze these pathways (NA ethnicity ➔ ALEs ➔ psychological distress ➔ pain anxiety/catastrophizing) in 305 healthy, pain-free adults (N = 155 NAs, N = 150 non-Hispanic Whites [NHWs]). Pain-related anxiety and situational pain catastrophizing were assessed in response to a variety of painful tasks. The Life Events Checklist was used to assess cumulative exposure to ALEs that directly happened to each participant. A latent psychological distress variable was modeled from self-reported perceived stress and psychological symptoms. Results found that NAs experienced more ALEs and greater psychological distress which was associated with higher rates of pain-related anxiety and pain catastrophizing. Notably, NAs did not report greater psychological distress when controlling for ALE exposure. This suggests that a higher risk of chronic pain in NAs may be due, in part, to psychological distress, pain-related anxiety, and pain catastrophizing that are promoted by exposure to ALEs. These results highlight several targets for intervention to decrease NA pain risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas A Huber
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | - Parker A Kell
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | - Bethany L Kuhn
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | - Edward W Lannon
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | - Shreela Palit
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
- Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael F Payne
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Natalie Hellman
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | - Cassandra A Sturycz
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | - Yvette M Güereca
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | - Tyler A Toledo
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | - Mara J Demuth
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | - Burkhart J Hahn
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | - Joanna O Shadlow
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | - Jamie L Rhudy
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA.
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15
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Mao H, Zhang B, Peng Y, Xiong S. The relationship between negative life events and wechat addiction among chinese college students: the roles of maladaptive cognition toward wechat and rumination. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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16
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Chen S, Zhou W, Luo T, Huang L. Relationships Between Mental Health, Emotion Regulation, and Meaning in Life of Frontline Nurses During the COVID-19 Outbreak. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:798406. [PMID: 35422715 PMCID: PMC9001838 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.798406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sporadic outbreak of COVID-19 and the constant mutation of the virus have put the public in panic. Frontline nurses' appropriate emotional regulation and mental health are the key to win the victory of fighting against the epidemic. The relationships between these variables directly influence the availability of human resources to combat COVID-19. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between meaning in life, emotional regulation, and mental health of frontline nurses during the Delta virus epidemic. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted in August 2021 among 105 nurses from the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, who were deployed at the COVID-19 units in Zhangjiajie People's Hospital. The Chinese Meaning in Life Questionnaire, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Psychological Questionnaire for Emergent Events of Public Health were used to evaluate their meaning in life, emotion regulation, and mental health. Their correlation and the moderating effect of emotion regulation were conducted. RESULTS In total, 105 (100%) nurses responded. There were 14 men and 91 women and the mean age was (30.295 ± 4.653) years. The average score of meaning in life and mental health of frontline nurses was 49.971 ± 6.386 and 2.755 ± 2.580, respectively. The meaning in life of frontline nurses was positively correlated with cognitive reappraisal and negatively correlated with expressive suppression and mental health. Mental health was negatively correlated with cognitive reappraisal and positively correlated with expressive suppression. The emotional regulation of frontline nurses has a moderating effect between meaning in life and mental health. CONCLUSION Meaning in life and emotion regulation of frontline nurses were significantly correlated with mental health under the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Changing the emotion regulation of frontline nurses, strengthening cognitive reappraisal, and weakening expressive suppression could reduce the predictive effect of meaning in life on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lingzhi Huang
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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17
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Emotion Dysregulation as a Mediator of the Relationship between Anxiety, Compulsive Exercise and Eating Disorder Symptoms in Adolescents. CHILDREN 2021; 8:children8121088. [PMID: 34943286 PMCID: PMC8700564 DOI: 10.3390/children8121088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety has been suggested to be a key contributing factor for compulsive exercise, however, existing literature has demonstrated contradictory relationships between anxiety and compulsive exercise among adolescents. According to the Emotional Cascade Model (ECM), factors such as rumination and emotional suppression may mediate the association between affect and exercise. The current study therefore aimed to investigate whether rumination and emotional suppression mediate the relationship between anxiety and compulsive exercise in predicting ED symptoms in adolescents. Questionnaires assessing compulsive exercise, anxiety, depressive rumination, emotional suppression, and ED symptoms were completed by 212 adolescent males (Mage = 13.39, SD = 1.22) and 189 adolescent females (Mage = 13.64, SD = 1.29). The structural equation model showed indirect effects between anxiety and compulsive exercise through rumination and emotional suppression in males but not in females. Moreover, anxiety had an indirect effect on eating disorder symptoms through rumination, emotional suppression and compulsive exercise in both males and females. In line with ECM, the results suggest that rumination and emotional suppression may have a key role in the association between anxiety, compulsive exercise and eating disorder symptoms in adolescents. These findings suggest that compulsive exercise may be used as a dysfunctional coping mechanism to escape from a negative emotional cascade generated by the interaction of anxiety, rumination and emotional suppression. Future longitudinal studies to test the role of compulsive exercise as a dysfunctional behaviour in the ECM are needed.
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18
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Milojevich HM, Lindquist KA, Sheridan MA. Adversity and Emotional Functioning. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2021; 2:324-344. [PMID: 36059901 PMCID: PMC9382958 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-021-00054-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to early adversity has been linked to variations in emotional functioning. To date, however, the precise nature of these variations has been difficult to pinpoint given widespread differences in the ways in which aspects of emotional functioning are defined and measured. Here, more consistent with models of emotional functioning in typically developing populations (e.g., Halberstadt et al., 2001), we propose defining emotional functioning as consisting of distinct domains of emotion expression, perception, knowledge, reactivity, and regulation. We argue that this framework is useful for guiding hypothesis generation about the specific impact of early adversity on children's emotional functioning. We operationalize the construct of emotional functioning, highlight what is currently known about the association between adversity exposure and each domain of emotional functioning, propose potential mechanisms for these associations, and set the stage for future research examining the development of emotional functioning in the context of early adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Milojevich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1000 NE 13th Street, Nicholson Tower Suite 4976, OK 73104 Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Kristen A. Lindquist
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Margaret A. Sheridan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
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19
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Romm KF, Park YW, Hughes JL, Gentzler AL. Risk and Protective Factors for Changes in Adolescent Psychosocial Adjustment During COVID-19. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2021; 31:546-559. [PMID: 34448304 PMCID: PMC8646485 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined (1) changes in psychosocial adjustment among adolescents completing two surveys before COVID-19 and those completing the final survey during COVID-19 and (2) related risk/protective factors. Participants were 208 US adolescents (Mage = 15.09, SD = 0.50, 48.8% female, 86.1% White; 40.9% COVID group) who completed longitudinal surveys assessing psychosocial adjustment and related risk/protective factors (e.g., emotion regulation, well-being pursuits). Only adolescents completing Wave 3 during COVID-19 experienced increases in depressive symptoms, negative affect, and isolation and decreases in positive affect and friendship. Several variables served as risk (i.e., dampening) and protective (i.e., eudaimonic and hedonic motives) factors of these changes. Findings highlight the range of factors that are distinctly associated with negative changes in adolescent adjustment during COVID-19.
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20
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de Maat DA, Schuurmans IK, Jongerling J, Metcalf SA, Lucassen N, Franken IHA, Prinzie P, Jansen PW. Early life stress and behavior problems in early childhood: Investigating the contributions of child temperament and executive functions to resilience. Child Dev 2021; 93:e1-e16. [PMID: 34448495 PMCID: PMC9291511 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This preregistered study examined whether child temperament and executive functions moderated the longitudinal association between early life stress (ELS) and behavior problems. In a Dutch population-based cohort (n = 2803), parents reported on multiple stressors (age 0-6 years), child temperament (age 5), and executive functions (age 4), and teachers rated child internalizing and externalizing problems (age 7). Results showed that greater ELS was related to higher levels of internalizing and externalizing problems, with betas reflecting small effects. Lower surgency buffered the positive association of ELS with externalizing problems, while better shifting capacities weakened the positive association between ELS and internalizing problems. Other child characteristics did not act as moderators. Findings underscore the importance of examining multiple protective factors simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna A de Maat
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel K Schuurmans
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joran Jongerling
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen A Metcalf
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicole Lucassen
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingmar H A Franken
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Prinzie
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline W Jansen
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Sandner M, Zeier P, Lois G, Wessa M. Cognitive emotion regulation withstands the stress test: An fMRI study on the effect of acute stress on distraction and reappraisal. Neuropsychologia 2021; 157:107876. [PMID: 33930388 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive emotion regulation is a key mechanism for the maintenance of mental health, but may fail, when individuals are exposed to acute stress. To date, it is not well understood whether and to what extent acute stress effects contribute to impairments in emotion regulation capacities as the sparse existing studies have yielded heterogeneous results, indicating that stress timing might be a crucial factor. In the present study, 81 healthy participants underwent either an acute stress task (ScanSTRESS-C; n = 40) or a control condition (n = 41) while lying in the MRI scanner. In the subsequent Cognitive Emotion Regulation Task (CERT), participants were confronted with neutral or negative pictures and instructed to either view them, or regulate their upcoming emotions using either distraction or reappraisal. Subjective ratings of affective state as well as functional brain imaging data served to indicate emotion regulation. The results showed a successful stress manipulation as indicated by group differences in subjective wellbeing, saliva cortisol concentrations, heart rate, and functional brain activity in regions implicated in stress processing. With respect to emotion regulation, CERT data revealed a significant regulation effect at the neural and behavioral level (less negative emotional ratings after reappraisal and distraction trials compared to view trials) in both groups. However, no significant group differences were observed, neither in BOLD responses to the CERT, nor in behavioral ratings. Contrary to previous studies, our study did not reveal further evidence of stress-related effects on emotion regulation, potentially being related to differences between studies in experimental setting, timing, and procedures. This study therefore underlines the need of future studies that disentangle the complex interplay of stress and emotion regulation and identify different factors influencing their bidirectional relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Sandner
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Zeier
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Giannis Lois
- Department of Microeconomics and Public Economics, School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Michèle Wessa
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Research Group Wessa, Mainz, Germany.
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22
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Duprey EB, Handley ED, Manly JT, Cicchetti D, Toth SL. Child maltreatment, recent stressful life events, and suicide ideation: A test of the stress sensitivity hypothesis. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 113:104926. [PMID: 33444849 PMCID: PMC7880899 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to child maltreatment is a well-known risk factor for suicide ideation among adolescents. Recent stressful life events may also contribute to this risk. However, the association between these risk factors is unclear in the etiology of suicide ideation for adolescents from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds. OBJECTIVE The present study tested the stress generation and stress sensitivity hypotheses in relation to child maltreatment, recent stressful life events (in the past year), and suicide ideation (in the past two weeks). PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING We utilized a sample of diverse, socioeconomically disadvantaged, depressed adolescent girls (N = 175) who were part of a depression treatment intervention. RESULTS Child maltreatment was significantly associated with adolescent suicide ideation, β = .40, p < .001. Results supported the stress sensitivity hypothesis, in that exposure to interpersonal stressors in the past year exacerbated the association between child maltreatment and adolescents' suicide ideation, β = .18, p < .05. We found evidence for a protective factor, cognitive reappraisal, in the association between stressful life events and suicide ideation, β = -.15, p < .05. CONCLUSIONS These findings have several implications for clinical practice and suicide prevention with adolescent girls, and contribute to the extant literature on the role of chronic and acute stress in the etiology of adolescent suicide ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinn B Duprey
- Center for the Study and Prevention of Suicide, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 300 Crittenden Blvd, Rochester, NY, United States; Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, 187 Edinburgh St, Rochester, NY, United States.
| | - Elizabeth D Handley
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, 187 Edinburgh St, Rochester, NY, United States.
| | - Jody Todd Manly
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, 187 Edinburgh St, Rochester, NY, United States.
| | - Dante Cicchetti
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, 187 Edinburgh St, Rochester, NY, United States; Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
| | - Sheree L Toth
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, 187 Edinburgh St, Rochester, NY, United States.
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23
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Prospective Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Predictors of Initiation and Cessation of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury among Chinese Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249454. [PMID: 33348636 PMCID: PMC7766568 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
(1) Purpose: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) possibly emerges as well as remits in adolescence. To explore the development and transition of NSSI, this study examined the association between a wide range of interpersonal and intrapersonal predictors of NSSI initiation and cessation. (2) Methods: Chinese adolescents (N = 913) completed self-reported surveys at baseline and at a six-month follow-up. The sample included 625 adolescents who reported no NSSI and 288 adolescents who reported engagement in NSSI at baseline. (3) Results: Among the adolescents without NSSI at baseline, 24.3% engaged in NSSI at follow-up (NSSI initiation group). Among the adolescents with NSSI at baseline, 33.3% reported no NSSI at follow-up (NSSI cessation group). Loneliness, beliefs about adversity, problem behavior, and prosocial behavior were the significant factors in predicting subsequent NSSI initiation. None of the potential predicting factors were associated with subsequent NSSI cessation. (4) Conclusions: These results indicate the importance of intrapersonal factors in Chinese culture, which could be used to identify at-risk adolescents and to design interventions.
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24
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Milojevich HM, Machlin L, Sheridan MA. Early adversity and children's emotion regulation: Differential roles of parent emotion regulation and adversity exposure. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 32:1788-1798. [PMID: 33427171 PMCID: PMC8034486 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420001273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to early life adversity (ELA) is associated with increased rates of psychopathology and poor physical health. The present study builds on foundational work by Megan Gunnar identifying how ELA results in poor long-term outcomes through alterations in the stress response system, leading to major disruptions in emotional and behavioral regulation. Specifically, the present study tested the direct effects of ELA against the role of parent socialization to shed light on the mechanisms by which ELA leads to emotion regulation deficits. Children ages 4-7 years (N = 64) completed interviews about their experiences of deprivation and threat, a fear conditioning and extinction paradigm, and an IQ test. Parents of the children completed questionnaires regarding their own emotion regulation difficulties and psychopathology, their children's emotion regulation, and child exposure to adversity. At the bivariate level, greater exposure to threat and parental difficulties with emotion regulation were associated with poorer emotion regulation in children, assessed both via parental report and physiologically. In models where parental difficulties with emotion regulation, threat, and deprivation were introduced simultaneously, regression results indicated that parental difficulties with emotion regulation, but not deprivation or threat, continued to predict children's emotion regulation abilities. These results suggest that parental socialization of emotion is a robust predictor of emotion regulation tendencies in children exposed to early adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Milojevich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Laura Machlin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Margaret A Sheridan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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25
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Joppa MC. Dating Violence in Adolescence: Implications for Girls' Sexual Health. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2020; 33:332-338. [PMID: 32087402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents in the United States are too often involved in relationships characterized by coercion and violence. An emerging body of research suggests that dating violence is linked with other health risks in adolescent relationships, particularly sexual risk behavior. The confluence of risks conferred by dating violence and sexual risk behavior are particularly acute for adolescent girls. Adolescent gynecology providers need to understand the nature of dating violence in adolescence and the ways in which dating violence and sexual risk behavior are mutually influential. This article reviews the literature on the links between dating violence and sexual risk in adolescent girls' relationships. The prevalence, risk factors, and consequences of dating violence in adolescence are discussed, followed by a review of the research linking dating violence and sexual risk, with a focus on common mechanisms underlying these relationship risk behaviors. The review concludes with implications for screening, prevention, intervention, and future directions for research.
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26
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The Psychometric Properties of a Portuguese Version of the Trait-Meta Mood Scale: an Attachment Framework. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-020-09817-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kalia V, Knauft K. Emotion regulation strategies modulate the effect of adverse childhood experiences on perceived chronic stress with implications for cognitive flexibility. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235412. [PMID: 32589644 PMCID: PMC7319341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to early life adversity is associated with chronic stress and a range of stress-related health problems in adulthood. Since chronic stress debilitates activity in the prefrontal cortex (pFC), maladaptive regulatory strategies in response to stress have been proposed as one explanation for the impact of early life adversity on health outcomes in adulthood. We conducted a study to examine the impact of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on cognitive flexibility, a key executive function implicated in activity in the pFC, in a sample of adults (N = 486). Additionally, we investigated whether perceptions of chronic stress in adulthood would mediate the influence of ACEs on cognitive flexibility. However, stress is a subjective experience, and emotion regulation strategies can attenuate the stress response. So, we also examined if individual differences in emotion regulation strategies would modulate the relationship between ACEs and chronic stress. Our results demonstrate that early life adversity, as characterized by ACEs, is associated with decreased cognitive flexibility in adulthood. Additionally, number of ACEs was positively correlated with perceived stress, which in turn was negatively correlated with cognitive flexibility. But, individual differences in the habitual use of emotion regulation strategies moderated the influence of ACEs on chronic stress. Specifically, habitual use of cognitive reappraisal attenuated the stress levels whereas habitual use of expressive suppression exacerbated stress levels. Overall, our study highlights the importance of examining emotion regulation in individuals who have experienced early life adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrinda Kalia
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Katherine Knauft
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
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Psychosocial Job Stressors and Mental Health: The Potential Moderating Role of Emotion Regulation. J Occup Environ Med 2019; 60:e518-e524. [PMID: 30059358 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examines whether emotion regulation moderates the association between psychosocial job stressors and psychological distress. METHODS We used data from the Work and Wellbeing Survey of 1044 Australian working adults. An adjusted linear regression model was used to estimate the moderating effect of emotion regulation. RESULTS The impact of low fairness and low control at work on distress was stronger in individuals with low (rather than high) cognitive reappraisal [β = 2.42, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.07 to 4.76; β = 2.58, 95% CI = 0.04 to 5.12, respectively], whereas the impact of high demands on distress was stronger in those with high (rather than low) expressive suppression (β = 2.94, 95% CI = 0.78 to 5.10). CONCLUSION Individual differences in emotion regulation in response to adverse job conditions should be considered in the management of workplace mental health.
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Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Risky Behaviors, Resilience, and Distress Tolerance in Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH RISK BEHAVIORS AND ADDICTION 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/ijhrba.93481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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Teachers' caring behavior and problem behaviors in adolescents: The mediating roles of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Kökönyei G, Kocsel N, Király O, Griffiths MD, Galambos A, Magi A, Paksi B, Demetrovics Z. The Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in Problem Gaming Among Adolescents: A Nationally Representative Survey Study. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:273. [PMID: 31110482 PMCID: PMC6501698 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Explanatory theoretical models have proposed an association between problematic online gaming and abilities or strategies in alleviating distress or negative emotions in times of stress as proximal non-gaming-related personality factors. However, there is little research that has targeted how emotion regulation relates to problematic online gaming-especially during adolescence when gaming behavior is most prevalent. In emotion regulation research, there has been a particular emphasis on rumination because it is strongly associated with overall psychopathology. However, it is unknown whether this putatively maladaptive strategy relates to problematic online gaming and whether it is a gender-dependent association. Consequently, the present study examined how emotion regulation strategies, and particularly rumination, related to problem gaming and tested whether gender moderated this relationship in adolescents. In a national representative adolescent sample, 46.9% of the participants (N = 1,646) reported online gaming in the past 12 months and provided information on problematic gaming, and it was these data that were used for further analysis. Their data concerning problematic online gaming and emotion regulation strategies were analyzed, including rumination along with other putatively maladaptive (e.g., catastrophizing) and adaptive (e.g., positive reappraisal) strategies, while controlling for age, gender, and game genre preference. Results of linear regression analyses showed that all the putatively maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (including self-blame, other blame, catastrophizing, and rumination) were positively related to problematic online gaming. Positive reappraisal proved to be a protective factor; it was inversely related to problematic online gaming. In addition, the relationship between rumination and online gaming was moderated by gender (i.e., the relationship was stronger among boys). Based on the results, it is argued that emotion regulation is a useful framework to study problematic online gaming. The present study highlighted that the relative predictive value of rumination for problematic online gaming varied for boys and girls, suggesting that trait rumination might be a gender-specific vulnerability factor for problematic online gaming, but this requires further investigation and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyöngyi Kökönyei
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- SE-NAP2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Natália Kocsel
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- SE-NAP2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Király
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Attila Galambos
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- SE-NAP2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Magi
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Borbála Paksi
- Institute of Education, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Fritz J, Fried EI, Goodyer IM, Wilkinson PO, van Harmelen AL. A Network Model of Resilience Factors for Adolescents with and without Exposure to Childhood Adversity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15774. [PMID: 30361515 PMCID: PMC6202387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Resilience factors (RFs) help prevent mental health problems after childhood adversity (CA). RFs are known to be related, but it is currently unknown how their interrelations facilitate mental health. Here, we used network analysis to examine the interrelations between ten RFs in 14-year-old adolescents exposed ('CA'; n = 638) and not exposed to CA ('no-CA'; n = 501). We found that the degree to which RFs are assumed to enhance each other is higher in the no-CA compared to the CA group. Upon correction for general distress levels, the global RF connectivity also differed between the two groups. More specifically, in the no-CA network almost all RFs were positively interrelated and thus may enhance each other, whereas in the CA network some RFs were negatively interrelated and thus may hamper each other. Moreover, the CA group showed more direct connections between the RFs and current distress. Therefore, CA seems to influence how RFs relate to each other and to current distress, potentially leading to a dysfunctional RF system. Translational research could explore whether intervening on negative RF interrelations so that they turn positive and RFs can enhance each other, may alter 'RF-mental distress' relations, resulting in a lower risk for subsequent mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fritz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.
| | - E I Fried
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - I M Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - P O Wilkinson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - A-L van Harmelen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
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Mediating effects of emotion regulation strategies in the relations between stressful life events and life satisfaction in a longitudinal sample of early adolescents. J Sch Psychol 2018; 70:16-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Fritz J, de Graaff AM, Caisley H, van Harmelen AL, Wilkinson PO. A Systematic Review of Amenable Resilience Factors That Moderate and/or Mediate the Relationship Between Childhood Adversity and Mental Health in Young People. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:230. [PMID: 29971021 PMCID: PMC6018532 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Up to half of Western children and adolescents experience at least one type of childhood adversity. Individuals with a history of childhood adversity have an increased risk of psychopathology. Resilience enhancing factors reduce the risk of psychopathology following childhood adversity. A comprehensive overview of empirically supported resilience factors is critically important for interventions aimed to increase resilience in young people. Moreover, such an overview may aid the development of novel resilience theories. Therefore, we conducted the first systematic review of social, emotional, cognitive and/or behavioral resilience factors after childhood adversity. Methods: We systematically searched Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Scopus (e.g., including MEDLINE) for English, Dutch, and German literature. We included cohort studies that examined whether a resilience factor was a moderator and/or a mediator for the relationship between childhood adversity and psychopathology in young people (mean age 13-24). Therefore, studies were included if the resilience factor was assessed prior to psychopathology, and childhood adversity was assessed no later than the resilience factor. Study data extraction was based on the STROBE report and study quality was assessed with an adapted version of Downs and Black's scale. The preregistered protocol can be found at: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42016051978. Results: The search identified 1969 studies, of which 22 were included (eight nationalities, study sample n range: 59-6780). We found empirical support for 13 of 25 individual-level (e.g., high self-esteem, low rumination), six of 12 family-level (e.g., high family cohesion, high parental involvement), and one of five community-level resilience factors (i.e., high social support), to benefit mental health in young people exposed to childhood adversity. Single vs. multiple resilience factor models supported the notion that resilience factors should not be studied in isolation, and that interrelations between resilience factors should be taken into account when predicting psychopathology after childhood adversity. Conclusions: Interventions that improve individual, family, and/or social support resilience factors may reduce the risk of psychopathology following childhood adversity. Future research should scrutinize whether resilience factors function as a complex interrelated system that benefits mental health resilience after childhood adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Fritz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anne M. de Graaff
- Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Helen Caisley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care East of England, National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul O. Wilkinson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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35
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Cameron LD, Carroll P, Hamilton WK. Evaluation of an intervention promoting emotion regulation skills for adults with persisting distress due to adverse childhood experiences. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 79:423-433. [PMID: 29544158 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This phase II trial evaluated psychosocial and health outcomes of an intervention designed to improve emotion regulation skills in adults suffering from Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs). The study utilized a pretest-posttest design in which 92 adults enrolled in the community-based program completed pretest measures, attended either a faith-based or secular version of the 12-week ACE Overcomers program, and then completed posttest measures. The theory-guided program involved group sessions providing education and skills training to improve emotion regulation, self-awareness, resilience, and social functioning. Pretest and posttest surveys included measures of emotional regulation (suppression, rumination, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness), resilience (ego resilience and general self-efficacy), emotional experiences (perceived stress, moods, and depressive symptoms), quality of life (the SF-36 domains), and physical symptoms and illness (symptom load and sick days). Analyses revealed significant improvements from pretest to posttest in all facets of emotion regulation (p < .01), psychological resilience (p < .001), mental well-being (p < .001) and physical symptoms and illness (p < .001), and in specific facets of quality of life (p < .001). The faith-based and secular versions of the program yielded comparable improvements in well-being. Improvements were comparable for older versus younger participants, except that younger participants reported greater improvements in perceived stress (p < .05). These preliminary findings support the application of an emotion regulation perspective to interventions for adults with high ACEs. The study, with its single-group design, represents a promising step in the translational research pathway and provides support for further studies utilizing comparison groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda D Cameron
- Psychological Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts, University of California, Merced, North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, California, USA.
| | - Paul Carroll
- Psychological Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts, University of California, Merced, North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, California, USA.
| | - W Kyle Hamilton
- Psychological Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts, University of California, Merced, North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, California, USA.
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The interplay of negative experiences, emotions and affective styles in adolescents' cybervictimization: A moderated mediation analysis. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Jiang H, Li S, Yang J. Work Stress and Depressive Symptoms in Fishermen With a Smoking Habit: A Mediator Role of Nicotine Dependence and Possible Moderator Role of Expressive Suppression and Cognitive Reappraisal. Front Psychol 2018; 9:386. [PMID: 29632504 PMCID: PMC5879124 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined pathways of influence between work stress, depressive symptoms, nicotine dependence, expressive suppression, and cognitive reappraisal in fishermen with smoking habits in Qionghai, Hainan province, China (N = 1068). These fishermen responded to multiple assessments a week before leaving on a deep-sea fishing trip, including a Mental Stressor Investigation Questionnaire (MSIQ), the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Russell Reason for Smoking Questionnaire (RRSQ), and an Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). Structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses of the collected data in Mplus 7 showed that work stress and nicotine dependence were independent predictors of depressive symptoms. The relationship between work stress and depressive symptoms was found to be partially mediated by nicotine dependence and be moderated by cognitive reappraisal. The evidence suggests it advantageous to examine the need of work stress, nicotine dependence, and cognitive reappraisal when attempting to understand depressive symptoms in fishermen with a smoking habit. These findings suggest that improving nicotine dependence through work stress management and training in cognitive reappraisal could be utilized as effective modalities for improving depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Jiang
- Department of Psychology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Sailan Li
- Hainan Anning Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Psychology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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Ng ZJ, Huebner ES, Maydeu-Olivares A, Hills KJ. Confirmatory Factor Analytic Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents in a Longitudinal Sample of Adolescents. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0734282917732891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
While adolescence is a critical stage of development marked by heightened bottom-up emotional reactivity and immature top-down regulatory control, research on emotion regulation has relatively neglected middle childhood to adolescence years. This may be attributed to the limited number and scope of age-appropriate, reliable, and valid measures of emotion regulation. This study examines the confirmatory factor analytic structure and measurement invariance of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ERQ-CA), a 10-item self-report measure designed to measure habitual use of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, across a 1-year time interval in school samples of adolescents. Results indicate low test–retest reliability but high to acceptable internal consistency over a 1-year time period. The two-factor model has an approximate but close fit to the data collected, which is consistent with underlying theoretical framework and prior empirical findings. Tests of measurement equivalence support strong invariance, indicating that there were no statistically significant differences in factor means, variances, and correlations over a 1-year interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Jia Ng
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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39
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Halliburton AE, Ridenour TA, White BA, Deater-Deckard K. Clinically differentiating life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited conduct problems: Is age-of-onset really enough? JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 52:34-45. [PMID: 29176919 PMCID: PMC5699469 DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One important subtyping of behavior problems is Moffitt's (1993) "life-course-persistent" (LCP) and "adolescent limited" (AL) categories of antisocial behavior, which she differentiated in terms of high impulsivity, poor academic performance, and aggression. These problems may be exacerbated by the cumulative effects of chronic stress. Copious evidence has documented validity and developmental differences between these subtypes, whereas far fewer data exist regarding their clinical utility, in spite of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual's nomenclature including corresponding subtypes based on age-of-onset of behavioral symptoms. The present study evaluated how well age-of-onset based subtyping identifies distinct developmental patterns of antisocial behavior corresponding to Moffitt's subtypes in terms of risk factors and gender between LCP and AL in a prospective sample of chronically stressed youth. A computerized assessment tool (ALEXSA©) was used to obtain data from 1,147 youth aged 8-16. Implications for clinical assessment and intervention strategy, particularly with stressed youth, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E. Halliburton
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ty A. Ridenour
- Research Triangle Institute, International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Bradley A. White
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
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Puuskari V, Aalto-Setälä T, Komulainen E, Marttunen M. Low self-esteem and high psychological distress are common among depressed adolescents presenting to the Pediatric Emergency Department. Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol 2017. [DOI: 10.21307/sjcapp-2017-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Moderating Effects of Gender on Outcomes Associated with Stressful Life Events Among Elementary School-Age Youth. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2016; 47:593-602. [PMID: 26429570 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-015-0592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Stressful life events have been associated with child and adolescent maladjustment, including elevated levels of aggression and anxiety (Attar et al. in J Clin Child Psychol 23:391-400, 1994; Fox et al. in J Adolesc 33:43-54, 2010). However, gender specific outcomes associated with stressful life events among elementary school-age youth are less known. Accordingly, the current study examined the role of gender in the associations between stressful life events and anxiety and proactive and reactive aggression. Participants included 294 elementary school-age children (M = 8.71, SD = 1.17, 50.7 % male). Regression analyses indicated that stressful life events were positively associated with anxiety and reactive, but not proactive, aggression. There were no gender differences with regard to the associations with anxiety symptoms or proactive aggression. However, gender moderated the association between stressful life events and reactive aggression, such that stressful life events were only positively associated with reactive aggression for boys. Future directions and implications of this research are presented.
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42
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The Costs and Benefits of Active Coping for Adolescents Residing in Urban Poverty. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 45:1323-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-016-0487-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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