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Lei YJ, Zhao L, Lai WH, Huang Z, Sun B, Jaumaux P, Sun K, Wang YX, Wang G. Electrochemical coupling in subnanometer pores/channels for rechargeable batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3829-3895. [PMID: 38436202 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01043k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Subnanometer pores/channels (SNPCs) play crucial roles in regulating electrochemical redox reactions for rechargeable batteries. The delicately designed and tailored porous structure of SNPCs not only provides ample space for ion storage but also facilitates efficient ion diffusion within the electrodes in batteries, which can greatly improve the electrochemical performance. However, due to current technological limitations, it is challenging to synthesize and control the quality, storage, and transport of nanopores at the subnanometer scale, as well as to understand the relationship between SNPCs and performances. In this review, we systematically classify and summarize materials with SNPCs from a structural perspective, dividing them into one-dimensional (1D) SNPCs, two-dimensional (2D) SNPCs, and three-dimensional (3D) SNPCs. We also unveil the unique physicochemical properties of SNPCs and analyse electrochemical couplings in SNPCs for rechargeable batteries, including cathodes, anodes, electrolytes, and functional materials. Finally, we discuss the challenges that SNPCs may face in electrochemical reactions in batteries and propose future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Jie Lei
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Lingfei Zhao
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Wei-Hong Lai
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Zefu Huang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Bing Sun
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Pauline Jaumaux
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Kening Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, P. R. China.
| | - Yun-Xiao Wang
- Institute of Energy Materials Science (IEMS), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, P. R. China.
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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2
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Dai L, Guo Z, Wang Z, Xu S, Wang S, Li W, Zhang G, Cheng YJ, Xia Y. Defensive and Ion Conductive Surface Layer Enables High Rate and Durable O3-type NaNi 1/3 Fe 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 Sodium-Ion Battery Cathode. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305019. [PMID: 37661575 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Na-based layered transition metal oxides with an O3-type structure are considered promising cathodes for sodium-ion batteries. However, rapid capacity fading, and poor rate performance caused by serious structural changes and interfacial degradation hamper their use. In this study, a NaPO3 surface modified O3-type layered NaNi1/3 Fe1/3 Mn1/3 O2 cathode is synthesized, with improved high-voltage stability through protecting layer against acid attack, which is achieved by a solid-gas reaction between the cathode particles and gaseous P2 O5 . The NaPO3 nanolayer on the surface effectively stabilizes the crystal structure by inhibiting surface parasitic reactions and increasing the observed average voltage. Superior cyclic stability is exhibited by the surface-modified cathode (80.1% vs 63.6%) after 150 cycles at 1 C in the wide voltage range of 2.0 V-4.2 V (vs Na+ /Na). Moreover, benefiting from the inherent ionic conduction of NaPO3 , the surface-modified cathode presents excellent rate capability (103 mAh g-1 vs 60 mAh g-1 ) at 10 C. The outcome of this study demonstrates a practically relevant approach to develop high rate and durable sodium-ion battery technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Dai
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Ziyin Guo
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Shunjie Xu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Shuilong Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Wenlu Li
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Jun Cheng
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Yonggao Xia
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Gao X, Wang H, Liu H, Hong N, Zhu F, Ga J, Song B, Deng W, Zou G, Hou H, Bugday N, Yasar S, Altin S, Ji X. Post-Substitution Modulated Robust Sodium Layered Oxides. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300635. [PMID: 37572008 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Sodium layered oxides feature in high capacity and diverse composition, however, are plagued by various issues including limited kinetics and interfacial instability with residual alkali. Conventional substitution/doping and heterogeneous coating are promising to tackle the problems of bulk and surface, respectively, but normally insufficient to address both. Herein, a post-substitution strategy is proposed to modify primary sodium-layered-oxide particles that can simultaneously deal with bulk and surficial issues. As a typical example, post Ti-substitution for O3-NaNi1/3 Fe1/3 Mn1/3 O2 is successfully performed by adjusting thermodynamic driving force, resulting in depth-controllable Ti infusion from surface to bulk, as proved by energy dispersive spectroscopy maps collected at the cross-section. Residual alkali species are efficiently diminished and benefited from the surface-to-bulk osmotic reaction, significantly improving Coulombic efficiency. Moreover, remarkable enhancements in reversible capacity (135 mAh g-1 at C/10), rate capability (74% retention at 5 C), and long-term cycling stability (80% retention after 300 cycles at 2 C) are achieved by manipulating gradient-like Ti distribution in a primary particle that brings with increased kinetics and strengthened interfacial stability, surpassing those given by rough heterotic coating and homogeneous Ti-substitution. Such post-substitution is expected to provide a universal strategy to modify primary layered-oxide particles for developing advanced cathode materials of SIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Haoji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Huanqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Ningyun Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Fangjun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Jinqiang Ga
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Bai Song
- Dongying Cospowers Technology Limited Company, Dongying, 257092, China
| | - Wentao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Guoqiang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Hongshuai Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Nesrin Bugday
- Department of Chemistry, Inonu University, Malatya, 44280, Turkey
| | - Sedat Yasar
- Department of Chemistry, Inonu University, Malatya, 44280, Turkey
| | - Serdar Altin
- Department of Physics, Inonu University, Malatya, 44280, Turkey
| | - Xiaobo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
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Ma X, Yang C, Xu Z, Li R, Song L, Zhang M, Yang M, Jin Y. Structural and electrochemical progress of O3-type layered oxide cathodes for Na-ion batteries. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:14737-14753. [PMID: 37661753 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02373g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted great attention being the most promising sustainable energy technology owing to their competitive energy density, great safety and considerable low-cost merits. Nevertheless, the commercialization process of SIBs is still sluggish because of the difficulty in developing high-performance battery materials, especially the cathode materials. The discovery of layered transition metal oxides as the cathode materials of SIBs brings infinite possibilities for practical battery production. Thereinto, the O3-type layered transition metal oxides exhibit attractive advantages in terms of energy density benefiting from their higher sodium content compared to other kinds of layered transition metal oxides. Enormous research studies have largely put forward their progress and explored a wide range of performance improvement approaches from the morphology, coating, doping, phase structure and redox aspects. However, the progress is scattered and has not logically evolved, which is not beneficial for the further development of more advanced cathode materials. Therefore, our work aims to comprehensively review, classify and highlight the most recent advances in O3-type layered transition metal oxides for SIBs, so as to scientifically cognize their progress and remaining challenges and provide reasonable improvement ideas and routes for next-generation high-performance cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Ma
- Institute of Energy Supply Technology for High-End Equipment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210044, P. R. China.
- EYE & ENE Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, P.R. China
| | - Chen Yang
- Institute of Energy Supply Technology for High-End Equipment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210044, P. R. China.
| | - Ziyang Xu
- Institute of Energy Supply Technology for High-End Equipment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210044, P. R. China.
| | - Ruiqi Li
- Institute of Energy Supply Technology for High-End Equipment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210044, P. R. China.
| | - Li Song
- Institute of Energy Supply Technology for High-End Equipment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210044, P. R. China.
| | - Mingdao Zhang
- Institute of Energy Supply Technology for High-End Equipment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210044, P. R. China.
| | - Mei Yang
- EYE & ENE Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, P.R. China
| | - Yachao Jin
- Institute of Energy Supply Technology for High-End Equipment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210044, P. R. China.
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5
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Zheng Y, Li J, Ji S, Hui KS, Wang S, Xu H, Wang K, Dinh DA, Zha C, Shao Z, Hui KN. Zinc-Doping Strategy on P2-Type Mn-Based Layered Oxide Cathode for High-Performance Potassium-ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302160. [PMID: 37162450 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Mn-based layered oxide is extensively investigated as a promising cathode material for potassium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity and natural abundance of manganese. However, the Jahn-Teller distortion caused by high-spin Mn3+ (t2g 3 eg 1 ) destabilizes the host structure and reduces the cycling stability. Here, K0.02 Na0.55 Mn0.70 Ni0.25 Zn0.05 O2 (denoted as KNMNO-Z) is reported to inhibit the Jahn-Teller effect and reduce the irreversible phase transition. Through the implementation of a Zn-doping strategy, higher Mn valence is achieved in the KNMNO-Z electrode, resulting in a reduction of Mn3+ amount and subsequently leading to an improvement in cyclic stability. Specifically, after 1000 cycles, a high retention rate of 97% is observed. Density functional theory calculations reveals that low-valence Zn2+ ions substituting the transition metal position of Mn regulated the electronic structure around the MnO bonding, thereby alleviating the anisotropic coupling between oxidized O2- and Mn4+ and improving the structural stability. K0.02 Na0.55 Mn0.70 Ni0.25 Zn0.05 O2 provided an initial discharge capacity of 57 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1 and a decay rate of only 0.003% per cycle, indicating that the Zn-doped strategy is effective for developing high-performance Mn-based layered oxide cathode materials in PIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Zheng
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Shunping Ji
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Kwan San Hui
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, UK
| | - Shuo Wang
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Huifang Xu
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Kaixi Wang
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Duc Anh Dinh
- VKTech Research Center, NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 700000, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Chenyang Zha
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Zongping Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, China
| | - Kwun Nam Hui
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China
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Acebo L, Drewett NE, Saurel D, Bonilla F, Rojo T, Galceran M. Investigating the effect of synthesis selection on O3-sodium layered oxide structural changes and electrochemical properties. Front Chem 2023; 11:1151656. [PMID: 37090253 PMCID: PMC10117976 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1151656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transition metal (TM) layered oxides constitute a promising family of materials for use in Na-ion battery cathodes. Here O3-Na (Ni1/3Mn1/3Fe1/3) O2 was synthesised using optimised sol-gel and solid-state routes, and the physico- and electrochemical natures of the resulting materials were thoroughly studied. Significant differences in electrochemical behaviour were observed, and the use of in operando XRD determined this stemmed from the suppression of the P3 phase in the sol-gel material during cycling. This was attributable to differences in the degree of transition metal migration in the materials ensuing from the selection of synthetic route. This demonstrates that not only the choice of material, but also that of synthesis route, can have dramatic impact on the resulting structural and electrochemical nature, making such considerations critical in the future development of advanced Na-ion cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Acebo
- Center for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC EnergiGUNE), Parque Tecnológico de Alava, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - N. E. Drewett
- Center for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC EnergiGUNE), Parque Tecnológico de Alava, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- *Correspondence: N. E. Drewett, ; M. Galceran,
| | - D. Saurel
- Center for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC EnergiGUNE), Parque Tecnológico de Alava, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - F. Bonilla
- Center for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC EnergiGUNE), Parque Tecnológico de Alava, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - T. Rojo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - M. Galceran
- Center for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC EnergiGUNE), Parque Tecnológico de Alava, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- *Correspondence: N. E. Drewett, ; M. Galceran,
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Wang Z, Cui G, Zheng Q, Ren X, Yang Q, Yuan S, Bao X, Shu C, Zhang Y, Li L, He YS, Chen L, Ma ZF, Liao XZ. Ultrafast Charge-Discharge Capable and Long-Life Na 3.9 Mn 0.95 Zr 0.05 V(PO 4 ) 3 /C Cathode Material for Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206987. [PMID: 36725320 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Na4 MnV(PO4 )3 /C (NMVP) has been considered an attractive cathode for sodium-ion batteries with higher working voltage and lower cost than Na3 V2 (PO4 )3 /C. However, the poor intrinsic electronic conductivity and Jahn-Teller distortion caused by Mn3+ inhibit its practical application. In this work, the remarkable effects of Zr-substitution on prompting electronic and Na-ion conductivity and also structural stabilization are reported. The optimized Na3.9 Mn0.95 Zr0.05 V(PO4 )3 /C sample shows ultrafast charge-discharge capability with discharge capacities of 108.8, 103.1, 99.1, and 88.0 mAh g-1 at 0.2, 1, 20, and 50 C, respectively, which is the best result for cation substituted NMVP samples reported so far. This sample also shows excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 81.2% at 1 C after 500 cycles. XRD analyses confirm the introduction of Zr into the lattice structure which expands the lattice volume and facilitates the Na+ diffusion. First-principle calculation indicates that Zr modification reduces the band gap energy and leads to increased electronic conductivity. In situ XRD analyses confirm the same structure evolution mechanism of the Zr-modified sample as pristine NMVP, however the strong ZrO bond obviously stabilizes the structure framework that ensures long-term cycling stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhou Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Guijia Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Qinfeng Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, in situ Center for Physical Sciences, Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Device Research Center and Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Ren
- School of Material Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Qingheng Yang
- Jiangsu PYLON BATTERY CO., LTD, Yangzhou, 211400, P. R. China
| | - Siqi Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xu Bao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Chaojiu Shu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, in situ Center for Physical Sciences, Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Device Research Center and Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Linsen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Shi He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Liwei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, in situ Center for Physical Sciences, Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Device Research Center and Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Feng Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Zhen Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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8
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Chen X, Zheng S, Liu P, Sun Z, Zhu K, Li H, Liu Y, Jiao L. Fluorine Substitution Promotes Air-Stability of P'2-Type Layered Cathodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205789. [PMID: 36420673 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most promising cathode materials in sodium-ion batteries, manganese-based layered oxides have aroused wide attention due to their high specific capacity and plentiful reserves. However, they are plagued by poor air stability rooting in water/Na+ exchange and adverse structural reconstruction, hindering their practical applications. Herein, it is demonstrated that utilizing fluorine to substitute oxygen atoms can narrow the interlayer spacing of novel P'2-Na0.67 MnO1.97 F0.03 (NMOF) cathode material, which resists the attack of water molecules, significantly prolonging exposure time in air. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation results indicate that fluorine substitution alleviates the insertion of water molecules and spontaneous extraction of Na+ effectively. Benefiting from the structural modulation, NMOF can deliver a high specific capacity of 227.1 mAh g-1 at 20 mA g-1 and a promising capacity retention of 84.0% after 100 cycles at 200 mA g-1 . This facile and available strategy provides a feasible way to strengthen the air-stability and expands the scope of practical applications of layered oxide cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Siyu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhiqin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Kunjie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Haixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yongchang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lifang Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Kanwade A, Gupta S, Kankane A, Tiwari MK, Srivastava A, Kumar Satrughna JA, Chand Yadav S, Shirage PM. Transition metal oxides as a cathode for indispensable Na-ion batteries. RSC Adv 2022; 12:23284-23310. [PMID: 36090429 PMCID: PMC9382698 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03601k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential requirement to harness well-known renewable energy sources like wind energy, solar energy, etc. as a component of an overall plan to guarantee global power sustainability will require highly efficient, high power and energy density batteries to collect the derived electrical power and balance out variations in both supply and demand. Owing to the continuous exhaustion of fossil fuels, and ever increasing ecological problems associated with global warming, there is a critical requirement for searching for an alternative energy storage technology for a better and sustainable future. Electrochemical energy storage technology could be a solution for a sustainable source of clean energy. Sodium-ion battery (SIB) technology having a complementary energy storage mechanism to the lithium-ion battery (LIB) has been attracting significant attention from the scientific community due to its abundant resources, low cost, and high energy densities. Layered transition metal oxide (TMO) based materials for SIBs could be a potential candidate for SIBs among all other cathode materials. In this paper, we discussed the latest improvement in the various structures of the layered oxide materials for SIBs. Moreover, their synthesis, overall electrochemical performance, and several challenges associated with SIBs are comprehensively discussed with a stance on future possibilities. Many articles discussed the improvement of cathode materials for SIBs, and most of them have pondered the use of Na x MO2 (a class of TMOs) as a possible positive electrode material for SIBs. The different phases of layered TMOs (Na x MO2; TM = Co, Mn, Ti, Ni, Fe, Cr, Al, V, and a combination of multiple elements) show good cycling capacity, structural stability, and Na+ ion conductivity, which make them promising cathode material for SIBs. This review discusses and summarizes the electrochemical redox reaction, structural transformations, significant challenges, and future prospects to improve for Na x MO2. Moreover, this review highlights the recent advancement of several layered TMO cathode materials for SIBs. It is expected that this review will encourage further development of layered TMOs for SIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Kanwade
- Department of Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Sheetal Gupta
- Department of Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Akash Kankane
- Department of Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Manish Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Abhishek Srivastava
- Department of Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | | | - Subhash Chand Yadav
- Department of Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Parasharam M Shirage
- Department of Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
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10
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Chang YX, Yu L, Xing X, Guo YJ, Xie ZY, Xu S. Ion Substitution Strategy of Manganese-Based Layered Oxide Cathodes for Advanced and Low-Cost Sodium Ion Batteries. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200122. [PMID: 35832018 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have recently been promising in the large-scale electric energy storage system, due to the low cost, abundant sodium resources. Mn-based layered oxide cathode materials have been widely investigated, because of the high theoretical specific capacity, low cost, and abundant reserves. However, their development is limited by the problems of Jahn-Teller distortion, Na+ /vacancy ordering, complex phase transitions, and irreversible anionic redox during cycling. Ion substitution strategy is one simple and effective way to regulate the crystal structure and boost sodium-storage performances of Mn-based cathode materials. In this review, we summarize the progress and mechanism of ion-substituted Mn-based oxides, establish a composition-crystal structure-electrochemical performance relationship, and also offer perspectives for guiding the design of high-performance Mn-based oxides for SIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lianzheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xuanxuan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yu-Jie Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Sailong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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11
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Boosting the ionic transport and structural stability of Zn-doped O3-type NaNi1/3Mn1/3Fe1/3O2 cathode material for half/full sodium-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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12
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Cui G, Wang H, Yu F, Che H, Liao X, Li L, Yang W, Ma Z. Scalable synthesis of Na3V2(PO4)3/C with high safety and ultrahigh-rate performance for sodium-ion batteries. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Li S, Sun Y, Pang Y, Xia S, Chen T, Sun H, Zheng S, Yuan T. Recent developments of layered transition metal oxide cathodes for sodium‐ion batteries toward desired high performance. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siqing Li
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Yuepeng Pang
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Shuixin Xia
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Taiqiang Chen
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Hao Sun
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Shiyou Zheng
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Tao Yuan
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
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14
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Ren H, Li Y, Ni Q, Bai Y, Zhao H, Wu C. Unraveling Anionic Redox for Sodium Layered Oxide Cathodes: Breakthroughs and Perspectives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106171. [PMID: 34783392 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) as the next generation of sustainable energy technologies have received widespread investigations for large-scale energy storage systems (EESs) and smart grids due to the huge natural abundance and low cost of sodium. Although the great efforts are made in exploring layered transition metal oxide cathode for SIBs, their performances have reached the bottleneck for further practical application. Nowadays, anionic redox in layered transition metal oxides has emerged as a new paradigm to increase the energy density of rechargeable batteries. Based on this point, in this review, the development history of anionic redox reaction is attempted to systematically summarize and provide an in-depth discussion on the anionic redox mechanism. Particularly, the major challenges of anionic redox and the corresponding available strategies toward triggering and stabilizing anionic redox are proposed. Subsequently, several types of sodium layered oxide cathodes are classified and comparatively discussed according to Na-rich or Na-deficient materials. A large amount of progressive characterization techniques of anionic oxygen redox is also summarized. Finally, an overview of the existing prospective and the future development directions of sodium layered transition oxide with anionic redox reaction are analyzed and suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Ni
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Ying Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Huichun Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing, 314019, P. R. China
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15
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Fu H, Wang YP, Fan G, Guo S, Xie X, Cao X, Lu B, Long M, Zhou J, Liang S. Synergetic stability enhancement with magnesium and calcium ion substitution for Ni/Mn-based P2-type sodium-ion battery cathodes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:726-736. [PMID: 35173937 PMCID: PMC8768886 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05715d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The conventional P2-type cathode material Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 suffers from an irreversible P2-O2 phase transition and serious capacity fading during cycling. Here, we successfully carry out magnesium and calcium ion doping into the transition-metal layers (TM layers) and the alkali-metal layers (AM layers), respectively, of Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2. Both Mg and Ca doping can reduce O-type stacking in the high-voltage region, leading to enhanced cycling endurance, however, this is associated with a decrease in capacity. The results of density functional theory (DFT) studies reveal that the introduction of Mg2+ and Ca2+ make high-voltage reactions (oxygen redox and Ni4+/Ni3+ redox reactions) less accessible. Thanks to the synergetic effect of co-doping with Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions, the adverse effects on high-voltage reactions involving Ni-O bonding are limited, and the structural stability is further enhanced. The finally obtained P2-type Na0.62Ca0.025Ni0.28Mg0.05Mn0.67O2 exhibits a satisfactory initial energy density of 468.2 W h kg-1 and good capacity retention of 83% after 100 cycles at 50 mA g-1 within the voltage range of 2.2-4.35 V. This work deepens our understanding of the specific effects of Mg2+ and Ca2+ dopants and provides a stability-enhancing strategy utilizing abundant alkaline earth elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Electronic Packaging and Advanced Functional Materials of Hunan Province, Central South University Changsha 410083 China
| | - Yun-Peng Wang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-micro Structure and Ultrafast Process, Central South University 932 South Lushan Road Changsha China
| | - Guozheng Fan
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen Bremen 28359 Germany
| | - Shan Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Electronic Packaging and Advanced Functional Materials of Hunan Province, Central South University Changsha 410083 China
| | - Xuesong Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Electronic Packaging and Advanced Functional Materials of Hunan Province, Central South University Changsha 410083 China
| | - Xinxin Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Electronic Packaging and Advanced Functional Materials of Hunan Province, Central South University Changsha 410083 China
| | - Bingan Lu
- School of Physics and Electronics, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
| | - Mengqiu Long
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University Changsha 410083 Hunan P. R. China
| | - Jiang Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Electronic Packaging and Advanced Functional Materials of Hunan Province, Central South University Changsha 410083 China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University Jishou Hunan 416000 P. R. China
| | - Shuquan Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Electronic Packaging and Advanced Functional Materials of Hunan Province, Central South University Changsha 410083 China
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16
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Siriwardena DP, Fernando JF, Wang T, Firestein KL, Zhang C, Brand HE, Jones MW, Kewish CM, Berntsen P, Jenkins T, Lewis CEM, von Treifeldt JE, Dubal DP, Golberg DV. Probing the effect of Mg doping on triclinic Na2Mn3O7 transition metal oxide as cathode material for sodium-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Boron-doped sodium layered oxide for reversible oxygen redox reaction in Na-ion battery cathodes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5267. [PMID: 34489437 PMCID: PMC8421359 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Na-ion cathode materials operating at high voltage with a stable cycling behavior are needed to develop future high-energy Na-ion cells. However, the irreversible oxygen redox reaction at the high-voltage region in sodium layered cathode materials generates structural instability and poor capacity retention upon cycling. Here, we report a doping strategy by incorporating light-weight boron into the cathode active material lattice to decrease the irreversible oxygen oxidation at high voltages (i.e., >4.0 V vs. Na+/Na). The presence of covalent B-O bonds and the negative charges of the oxygen atoms ensures a robust ligand framework for the NaLi1/9Ni2/9Fe2/9Mn4/9O2 cathode material while mitigating the excessive oxidation of oxygen for charge compensation and avoiding irreversible structural changes during cell operation. The B-doped cathode material promotes reversible transition metal redox reaction enabling a room-temperature capacity of 160.5 mAh g-1 at 25 mA g-1 and capacity retention of 82.8% after 200 cycles at 250 mA g-1. A 71.28 mAh single-coated lab-scale Na-ion pouch cell comprising a pre-sodiated hard carbon-based anode and B-doped cathode material is also reported as proof of concept.
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18
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Xie Y, Gabriel E, Fan L, Hwang I, Li X, Zhu H, Ren Y, Sun C, Pipkin J, Dustin M, Li M, Chen Z, Lee E, Xiong H. Role of Lithium Doping in P2-Na 0.67Ni 0.33Mn 0.67O 2 for Sodium-Ion Batteries. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021; 33:4445-4455. [PMID: 34276133 PMCID: PMC8276578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
P2-structured Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 (PNNMO) is a promising Na-ion battery cathode material, but its rapid capacity decay during cycling remains a hurdle. Li doping in layered transition-metal oxide (TMO) cathode materials is known to enhance their electrochemical properties. Nevertheless, the influence of Li at different locations in the structure has not been investigated. Here, the crystallographic role and electrochemical impact of lithium on different sites in PNNMO is investigated in Li x Na0.67-y Ni0.33Mn0.67O2+δ (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.2, y = 0, 0.1). Lithium occupancy on prismatic Na sites is promoted in Na-deficient (Na < 0.67) PNNMO, evidenced by ex situ and operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and 7Li solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. Partial substitution of Na with Li leads to enhanced stability and slightly increased specific capacity compared to PNNMO. In contrast, when lithium is located primarily on octahedral TM sites, capacity is increased but at the cost of stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xie
- Micron
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Eric Gabriel
- Micron
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Longlong Fan
- ChemMatCARS, University of
Chicago c/o APS/ANL, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Inhui Hwang
- X-ray
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Xiang Li
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Haoyu Zhu
- Micron
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Yang Ren
- X-ray
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Chengjun Sun
- X-ray
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Julie Pipkin
- Micron
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Malia Dustin
- Micron
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Matthew Li
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Zonghai Chen
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Eungje Lee
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Hui Xiong
- Micron
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- Center
for Advanced Energy Studies, Idaho
Falls, Idaho 83401, United States
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19
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Kang W, Ma P, Liu Z, Wang Y, Wang X, Chen H, He T, Luo W, Sun D. Tunable Electrochemical Activity of P2-Na 0.6Mn 0.7Ni 0.3O 2-xF x Microspheres as High-Rate Cathodes for High-Performance Sodium Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:15333-15343. [PMID: 33769033 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As an important cathode candidate for the high-performance sodium ion batteries (SIBs), P2-type oxides with layered structures are needed to balance the specific capacities and cycling stability. As a result, a cation and anion codoped strategy has been adopted to tune the electrochemical activity of the redox centers and modulate the structure properties. Herein, a series of P2-Na0.6Mn0.7Ni0.3O2-xFx (x = 0, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.07) cathodes with microsphere structures are synthesized, using a solid-state reaction in the presence of MnO2 microsphere self-templates. Compared with the cation-doped Na0.6Mn0.7Ni0.3O2, additional F-doping can affect the lattice parameters and redox centers of Na0.6Mn0.7Ni0.3O2-xFx. Comprehensively considering the specific capacities, cycling stability, and rate capability, the optimized x value in Na0.6Mn0.7Ni0.3O2-xFx is determined to be 0.05. In the half cells, Na0.6Mn0.7Ni0.3O1.95F0.05 (F-0.05) maintains a capacity of 90.5 mA h g-1 in the first cycle at 1.0 A g-1, giving a capacity retention of 78% within 900 cycles. The superior rate capability of F-0.05 is guaranteed by the larger diffusion coefficient of Na+ (DNa) combined with higher charge transfer speed. In addition, when coupled with MoSe2/PC anodes, the full cells also exhibit impressive electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpei Kang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, P. R. China
| | - Ping Ma
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, P. R. China
| | - Zhanning Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, P. R. China
| | - Yuyu Wang
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, P. R. China
| | - Huang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, P. R. China
| | - Tinglei He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, P. R. China
| | - Weicong Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, P. R. China
| | - Daofeng Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, P. R. China
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20
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Bi L, Liu X, Li X, Chen B, Zheng Q, Xie F, Huo Y, Lin D. Modulation of the Crystal Structure and Ultralong Life Span of a Na 3V 2(PO 4) 3-Based Cathode for a High-Performance Sodium-Ion Battery by Niobium–Vanadium Substitution. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linnan Bi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Bingbing Chen
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaoji Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Fengyu Xie
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yu Huo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Dunmin Lin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
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21
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Ishado Y, Hasegawa H, Okada S, Mizuhata M, Maki H, Matsui M. An experimental and first-principle investigation of the Ca-substitution effect on P3-type layered Na xCoO 2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8107-8110. [PMID: 32555815 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01675f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We experimentally and computationally investigated the Ca substitution effect on the electrochemical performance of P3-NaxCoO2. The cycle performance of Ca-substituted NaxCa0.04CoO2 was effectively improved due to its better crystallinity retention after charging. Our DFT calculations suggested that the presence of Ca2+ ions in Na sites kinetically mitigates phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ishado
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen 6-1, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hirona Hasegawa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Shigeto Okada
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan and Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalyst and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Minoru Mizuhata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan. and Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Hideshi Maki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Masaki Matsui
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan. and Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalyst and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Japan
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22
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Chen S, Che H, Feng F, Liao J, Wang H, Yin Y, Ma ZF. Poly(vinylene carbonate)-Based Composite Polymer Electrolyte with Enhanced Interfacial Stability To Realize High-Performance Room-Temperature Solid-State Sodium Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:43056-43065. [PMID: 31660726 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state rechargeable batteries using polymer electrolytes have been considered, which can avoid safety issues and enhance energy density. However, commercial application of the polymer electrolyte solid-state battery is still significantly limited by the low room-temperature ionic conductivity, poor mechanical properties, and weak interfacial compatibility between the electrolyte and electrode, especially for the room-temperature solid-state rechargeable battery. In this work, a poly(vinylene carbonate)-based composite polymer electrolyte (PVC-CPE) is reported for the first time to realize room-temperature solid-state sodium batteries with high performances. This in situ solidified PVC-CPE possesses superior ionic conductivity (0.12 mS cm-1 at 25 °C), high Na+ transference number (tNa+ = 0.60), as well as enhanced electrode/electrolyte interfacial stability. Notably, the composite cathode NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 (c-NFM) is designed through the in situ growth of the polymer electrolyte inside the electrode to decrease interfacial resistance and facilitate effective ion transport in electrode/electrolyte interfaces. It is demonstrated that the solid-state c-NFM/PVC-CPE/Na battery assembled by a one-step in situ solidification method exhibits remarkably enhanced cell performances at room temperature compared with a reference NFM/PVC-CPE/Na assembled through a conventional ex situ method. The battery presents a high initial specific capacity of 104.2 mA h g-1 at 0.2 C with a capacity retention of 86.8% over 250 cycles and ∼80.2 mA h g-1 at 1 C. This study suggests that PVC-CPE is a very promising electrolyte for solid-state sodium batteries. This study also suggests a new method to design high-performance polymer electrolytes for other solid-state rechargeable batteries to realize high safety and considerable electrochemical performance at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suli Chen
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Haiying Che
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
- Zhejiang Natrium Energy Co. Ltd. , Shaoxing 312000 , Zhejiang , China
| | - Fan Feng
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Jianping Liao
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
- Zhejiang Natrium Energy Co. Ltd. , Shaoxing 312000 , Zhejiang , China
| | - Hong Wang
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Yimei Yin
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Zi-Feng Ma
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
- Zhejiang Natrium Energy Co. Ltd. , Shaoxing 312000 , Zhejiang , China
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23
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Xue X, Xu Y. Double Donors Tuning Conductivity of LiVPO 4F for Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:38849-38858. [PMID: 31556590 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To fulfill the increasing demand of lithium-ion batteries for realizing high energy density and great cycling stability under high rate, the cathode material capable of efficient electron and Li+-ion transportation is necessarily demanded. Herein, we propose a double-donor doping strategy by taking the carbon-coated LiVPO4F as a model system. The Hall effect confirms that either or both Mg2+ substitution of Li+ and Nb5+ substitution of V3+ cause the carrier-type transformation from p-type to n-type. The great enhancements of electronic conductivity and ionic conductivity are realized in Li0.995Mg0.005V0.98Nb0.02PO4F, which also exhibits a markedly improved Li+ diffusion coefficient and reduced electrochemical polarization. The carbon-coating layer can effectively prevent the decomposition reaction of electrolyte, allowing for good structural stability of Li0.995Mg0.005V0.98Nb0.02PO4F when suffering fast Li+ insertion/extraction. As expected, the Li0.995Mg0.005V0.98Nb0.02PO4F cathode exhibited superior electrochemical properties with an initial discharge capacity of 124.5 mA h g-1 and capacity retention of 97.3% after 600 cycles at 1.6C. Even under a high rate of 8C, the discharge energy density was 392 Wh kg-1 at the beginning and showed a retention rate of 84.4% after 2000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xue
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronic Science and Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Advanced Energy Materials & Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Youlong Xu
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronic Science and Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Advanced Energy Materials & Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
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24
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Peng F, Yu L, Yuan S, Liao XZ, Wen J, Tan G, Feng F, Ma ZF. Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Sodium Manganese Ferrocyanide by Na 3(VOPO 4) 2F Coating for Sodium-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:37685-37692. [PMID: 31525888 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sodium manganese ferrocyanide NaxMn[Fe(CN)6]y is an attractive cathode material for sodium-ion batteries. However, NaxMn[Fe(CN)6]y prepared by simple coprecipitation of Mn2+ and [Fe(CN)6]4- usually shows poor cycling performance, which hinders its practical application. In this work, electrochemical performance of a Na1.6Mn[Fe(CN)6]0.9 (PBM) sample prepared by the simple precipitation method was greatly improved by coating with Na3(VOPO4)2F (NVOPF) via a solution precipitation method. The as-prepared PBM@NVOPF with a coating quantity of 2.0% molar ratio showed enhanced rate capability and superior cyclic stability. The discharge capacities of PBM@NVOPF were 101.5 mA h g-1 (1 C) and 91.4 mA h g-1 (10 C), with a capacity retention of 84.3% after 500 cycles at 1 C, 20 °C. It also exhibited excellent cyclic stability at elevated temperature with an initial capacity of 109.5 mA h g-1 and a capacity retention of 78.8% after 200 cycles at 1 C, 55 °C. In comparison, uncoated PBM showed a discharge capacity of 105.7 mA h g-1 (1 C) and 76.7 mA h g-1 (10 C), with a capacity retention of only 42.0% after 500 cycles at 1 C, 20 °C. The high-temperature performance of bare PBM was very poor, and the capacity retention was only 35.7% after 40 cycles because of serious Mn/Fe dissolution which caused structural deterioration of PBM. NVOPF coating protected the PBM from suffering corrosion in the electrolyte, thus ensured the framework stability of PBM during long-term cycling and contributed to the excellent electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangwei Peng
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Lei Yu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , China
| | - Siqi Yuan
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Xiao-Zhen Liao
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Jianguo Wen
- Center for Nanoscale Materials , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Guoqiang Tan
- School of Materials Science & Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Fan Feng
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Zi-Feng Ma
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
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25
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Wang F, Zhang N, Zhao X, Wang L, Zhang J, Wang T, Liu F, Liu Y, Fan L. Realizing a High-Performance Na-Storage Cathode by Tailoring Ultrasmall Na 2FePO 4F Nanoparticles with Facilitated Reaction Kinetics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900649. [PMID: 31380194 PMCID: PMC6662290 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the synthesis of ultrasmall Na2FePO4F nanoparticles (≈3.8 nm) delicately embedded in porous N-doped carbon nanofibers (denoted as Na2FePO4F@C) by electrospinning is reported. The as-prepared Na2FePO4F@C fiber film tightly adherent on aluminum foil features great flexibility and is directly used as binder-free cathode for sodium-ion batteries, exhibiting admirable electrochemical performance with high reversible capacity (117.8 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C), outstanding rate capability (46.4 mAh g-1 at 20 C), and unprecedentedly high cyclic stability (85% capacity retention after 2000 cycles). The reaction kinetics and mechanism are explored by a combination study of cyclic voltammetry, ex situ structure/valence analyses, and first-principles computations, revealing the highly reversible phase transformation of Na2FeIIPO4F ↔ NaFeIIIPO4F, the facilitated Na+ diffusion dynamics with low energy barriers, and the desirable pseudocapacitive behavior for fast charge storage. Pouch-type Na-ion full batteries are also assembled employing the Na2FePO4F@C nanofibers cathode and the carbon nanofibers anode, demonstrating a promising energy density of 135.8 Wh kg-1 and a high capacity retention of 84.5% over 200 cycles. The distinctive network architecture of ultrafine active materials encapsulated into interlinked carbon nanofibers offers an ideal platform for enhancing the electrochemical reactivity, electronic/ionic transmittability, and structural stability of Na-storage electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental ScienceHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)Nankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Lixuan Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering and AutomationTianjin Polytechnic UniversityTianjin300387China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Tianshi Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Fanfan Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Yongchang Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Li‐Zhen Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
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26
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Liu Y, Yang J, Guo B, Han X, Yuan Q, Fu Q, Lin H, Liu G, Xu M. Enhanced electrochemical performance of Na 0.5Ni 0.25Mn 0.75O 2 micro-sheets at 3.8 V for Na-ion batteries with nanosized-thin AlF 3 coating. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:12625-12630. [PMID: 29942952 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02604a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Na0.5Ni0.25Mn0.75O2 (NNMO) micro-sheets are novel and attractive cathode materials for Na-ion batteries because of the high capacity and a considerable operating voltage of 3.8 V versus Na/Na+, while the rate and cycling capabilities were not satisfactory. In this paper, AlF3 and Al2O3 were employed as surface modifying materials to enhance the electrochemical performance of NNMO micro-sheets by a simple wet chemical process. XRD, SEM and TEM analyses indicated that the AlF3 layer was amorphous and evenly coated on the surface of NNMO, while the Al2O3 layer was attached to the NNMO surface with the morphology of nanoparticles. Different coating modes led to different electrochemical results. AlF3 coated NNMO (NNMO@AlF3) delivered a better rate and cycling performance than the pristine NNMO, while the Al2O3 coated NNMO (NNMO@Al2O3) could not. The NNMO@AlF3 exhibited a 1C discharge capacity of 108 mA h g-1 and 0.2C capacity retention of 80% up to 100 cycles with the almost invariable high potential. The electrochemistry impedance spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that the AlF3 coated NNMO had the best structure stability and fastest Na-intercalation kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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