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Schot M, Araújo-Gomes N, van Loo B, Kamperman T, Leijten J. Scalable fabrication, compartmentalization and applications of living microtissues. Bioact Mater 2023; 19:392-405. [PMID: 35574053 PMCID: PMC9062422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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2
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Sanchez MM, Bagdasarian IA, Darch W, Morgan JT. Organotypic cultures as aging associated disease models. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:9338-9383. [PMID: 36435511 PMCID: PMC9740367 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aging remains a primary risk factor for a host of diseases, including leading causes of death. Aging and associated diseases are inherently multifactorial, with numerous contributing factors and phenotypes at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organismal scales. Despite the complexity of aging phenomena, models currently used in aging research possess limitations. Frequently used in vivo models often have important physiological differences, age at different rates, or are genetically engineered to match late disease phenotypes rather than early causes. Conversely, routinely used in vitro models lack the complex tissue-scale and systemic cues that are disrupted in aging. To fill in gaps between in vivo and traditional in vitro models, researchers have increasingly been turning to organotypic models, which provide increased physiological relevance with the accessibility and control of in vitro context. While powerful tools, the development of these models is a field of its own, and many aging researchers may be unaware of recent progress in organotypic models, or hesitant to include these models in their own work. In this review, we describe recent progress in tissue engineering applied to organotypic models, highlighting examples explicitly linked to aging and associated disease, as well as examples of models that are relevant to aging. We specifically highlight progress made in skin, gut, and skeletal muscle, and describe how recently demonstrated models have been used for aging studies or similar phenotypes. Throughout, this review emphasizes the accessibility of these models and aims to provide a resource for researchers seeking to leverage these powerful tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina M. Sanchez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | | | - William Darch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Joshua T. Morgan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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3
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Barbulescu GI, Bojin FM, Ordodi VL, Goje ID, Barbulescu AS, Paunescu V. Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds for Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering: Current Techniques and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13040. [PMID: 36361824 PMCID: PMC9658138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of global mortality. Over the past two decades, researchers have tried to provide novel solutions for end-stage heart failure to address cardiac transplantation hurdles such as donor organ shortage, chronic rejection, and life-long immunosuppression. Cardiac decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) has been widely explored as a promising approach in tissue-regenerative medicine because of its remarkable similarity to the original tissue. Optimized decellularization protocols combining physical, chemical, and enzymatic agents have been developed to obtain the perfect balance between cell removal, ECM composition, and function maintenance. However, proper assessment of decellularized tissue composition is still needed before clinical translation. Recellularizing the acellular scaffold with organ-specific cells and evaluating the extent of cardiomyocyte repopulation is also challenging. This review aims to discuss the existing literature on decellularized cardiac scaffolds, especially on the advantages and methods of preparation, pointing out areas for improvement. Finally, an overview of the state of research regarding the application of cardiac dECM and future challenges in bioengineering a human heart suitable for transplantation is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Ionela Barbulescu
- Immuno-Physiology and Biotechnologies Center (CIFBIOTEH), Department of Functional Sciences, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Clinical Practical Skills, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Florina Maria Bojin
- Immuno-Physiology and Biotechnologies Center (CIFBIOTEH), Department of Functional Sciences, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Clinical Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu” Timisoara, Center for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer Timisoara-OncoGen, No 156 Liviu Rebreanu, 300723 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Valentin Laurentiu Ordodi
- Clinical Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu” Timisoara, Center for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer Timisoara-OncoGen, No 156 Liviu Rebreanu, 300723 Timisoara, Romania
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, “Politehnica” University Timisoara, No 2 Victoriei Square, 300006 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iacob Daniel Goje
- Department of Medical Semiology I, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Advanced Cardiology and Hemostaseology Research Center, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Andreea Severina Barbulescu
- Center for Advanced Research in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Virgil Paunescu
- Immuno-Physiology and Biotechnologies Center (CIFBIOTEH), Department of Functional Sciences, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Clinical Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu” Timisoara, Center for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer Timisoara-OncoGen, No 156 Liviu Rebreanu, 300723 Timisoara, Romania
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4
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3D printing technology in open living donor nephrectomy. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:2140-2141. [PMID: 36103982 PMCID: PMC9746721 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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5
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Understanding and improving cellular immunotherapies against cancer: From cell-manufacturing to tumor-immune models. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114003. [PMID: 34653533 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is shaped by dynamic metabolic and immune interactions between precancerous and cancerous tumor cells and stromal cells like epithelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and hematopoietically-derived immune cells. The metabolic states of the TME, including the hypoxic and acidic niches, influence the immunosuppressive phenotypes of the stromal and immune cells, which confers resistance to both host-mediated tumor killing and therapeutics. Numerous in vitro TME platforms for studying immunotherapies, including cell therapies, are being developed. However, we do not yet understand which immune and stromal components are most critical and how much model complexity is needed to answer specific questions. In addition, scalable sourcing and quality-control of appropriate TME cells for reproducibly manufacturing these platforms remain challenging. In this regard, lessons from the manufacturing of immunomodulatory cell therapies could provide helpful guidance. Although immune cell therapies have shown unprecedented results in hematological cancers and hold promise in solid tumors, their manufacture poses significant scale, cost, and quality control challenges. This review first provides an overview of the in vivo TME, discussing the most influential cell populations in the tumor-immune landscape. Next, we summarize current approaches for cell therapies against cancers and the relevant manufacturing platforms. We then evaluate current immune-tumor models of the TME and immunotherapies, highlighting the complexity, architecture, function, and cell sources. Finally, we present the technical and fundamental knowledge gaps in both cell manufacturing systems and immune-TME models that must be addressed to elucidate the interactions between endogenous tumor immunity and exogenous engineered immunity.
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6
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Farzin A, Hassan S, Teixeira LSM, Gurian M, Crispim JF, Manhas V, Carlier A, Bae H, Geris L, Noshadi I, Shin SR, Leijten J. Self-Oxygenation of Tissues Orchestrates Full-Thickness Vascularization of Living Implants. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2100850. [PMID: 34924912 PMCID: PMC8680410 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202100850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Bioengineering of tissues and organs has the potential to generate functional replacement organs. However, achieving the full-thickness vascularization that is required for long-term survival of living implants has remained a grand challenge, especially for clinically sized implants. During the pre-vascular phase, implanted engineered tissues are forced to metabolically rely on the diffusion of nutrients from adjacent host-tissue, which for larger living implants results in anoxia, cell death, and ultimately implant failure. Here it is reported that this challenge can be addressed by engineering self-oxygenating tissues, which is achieved via the incorporation of hydrophobic oxygen-generating micromaterials into engineered tissues. Self-oxygenation of tissues transforms anoxic stresses into hypoxic stimulation in a homogenous and tissue size-independent manner. The in situ elevation of oxygen tension enables the sustained production of high quantities of angiogenic factors by implanted cells, which are offered a metabolically protected pro-angiogenic microenvironment. Numerical simulations predict that self-oxygenation of living tissues will effectively orchestrate rapid full-thickness vascularization of implanted tissues, which is empirically confirmed via in vivo experimentation. Self-oxygenation of tissues thus represents a novel, effective, and widely applicable strategy to enable the vascularization living implants, which is expected to advance organ transplantation and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Farzin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shabir Hassan
- Division of Engineering in Medicine Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Liliana S Moreira Teixeira
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering Technical Medical Centre University of Twente Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Melvin Gurian
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering Technical Medical Centre University of Twente Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - João F Crispim
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering Technical Medical CentreUniversity of Twente Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Varun Manhas
- Biomechanics Research Unit GIGA In Silico Medicine University of Liège Chemin des Chevreuils 1, B52/3, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Carlier
- Laboratory for Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering MERLN Institute University of Maastricht Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hojae Bae
- KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology Konkuk University Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit GIGA In Silico Medicine University of Liège Chemin des Chevreuils 1, B52/3, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Iman Noshadi
- Department of Bioengineering University of California Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Division of Engineering in Medicine Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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7
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Guttenplan APM, Tahmasebi Birgani Z, Giselbrecht S, Truckenmüller RK, Habibović P. Chips for Biomaterials and Biomaterials for Chips: Recent Advances at the Interface between Microfabrication and Biomaterials Research. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100371. [PMID: 34033239 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of microfabrication techniques has allowed biomaterials studies which were originally carried out at larger length scales to be miniaturized as so-called "on-chip" experiments. These miniaturized experiments have a range of advantages which have led to an increase in their popularity. A range of biomaterial shapes and compositions are synthesized or manufactured on chip. Moreover, chips are developed to investigate specific aspects of interactions between biomaterials and biological systems. Finally, biomaterials are used in microfabricated devices to replicate the physiological microenvironment in studies using so-called "organ-on-chip," "tissue-on-chip" or "disease-on-chip" models, which can reduce the use of animal models with their inherent high cost and ethical issues, and due to the possible use of human cells can increase the translation of research from lab to clinic. This review gives an overview of recent developments at the interface between microfabrication and biomaterials science, and indicates potential future directions that the field may take. In particular, a trend toward increased scale and automation is apparent, allowing both industrial production of micron-scale biomaterials and high-throughput screening of the interaction of diverse materials libraries with cells and bioengineered tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. M. Guttenplan
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering MERLN Institute for Technology‐Inspired Regenerative Medicine Maastricht University Universiteitssingel 40 Maastricht 6229ER The Netherlands
| | - Zeinab Tahmasebi Birgani
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering MERLN Institute for Technology‐Inspired Regenerative Medicine Maastricht University Universiteitssingel 40 Maastricht 6229ER The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Giselbrecht
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering MERLN Institute for Technology‐Inspired Regenerative Medicine Maastricht University Universiteitssingel 40 Maastricht 6229ER The Netherlands
| | - Roman K. Truckenmüller
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering MERLN Institute for Technology‐Inspired Regenerative Medicine Maastricht University Universiteitssingel 40 Maastricht 6229ER The Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibović
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering MERLN Institute for Technology‐Inspired Regenerative Medicine Maastricht University Universiteitssingel 40 Maastricht 6229ER The Netherlands
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8
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Morrissey J, Mesquita FCP, Hochman-Mendez C, Taylor DA. Whole Heart Engineering: Advances and Challenges. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 211:395-405. [PMID: 33640893 DOI: 10.1159/000511382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioengineering a solid organ for organ replacement is a growing endeavor in regenerative medicine. Our approach - recellularization of a decellularized cadaveric organ scaffold with human cells - is currently the most promising approach to building a complex solid vascularized organ to be utilized in vivo, which remains the major unmet need and a key challenge. The 2008 publication of perfusion-based decellularization and partial recellularization of a rat heart revolutionized the tissue engineering field by showing that it was feasible to rebuild an organ using a decellularized extracellular matrix scaffold. Toward the goal of clinical translation of bioengineered tissues and organs, there is increasing recognition of the underlying need to better integrate basic science domains and industry. From the perspective of a research group focusing on whole heart engineering, we discuss the current approaches and advances in whole organ engineering research as they relate to this multidisciplinary field's 3 major pillars: organ scaffolds, large numbers of cells, and biomimetic bioreactor systems. The success of whole organ engineering will require optimization of protocols to produce biologically-active scaffolds for multiple organ systems, and further technological innovation both to produce the massive quantities of high-quality cells needed for recellularization and to engineer a bioreactor with physiologic stimuli to recapitulate organ function. Also discussed are the challenges to building an implantable vascularized solid organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelynn Morrissey
- Regenerative Medicine Research Department, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fernanda C P Mesquita
- Regenerative Medicine Research Department, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Camila Hochman-Mendez
- Regenerative Medicine Research Department, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
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9
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Barbaglia A, Dipalo M, Melle G, Iachetta G, Deleye L, Hubarevich A, Toma A, Tantussi F, De Angelis F. Mirroring Action Potentials: Label-Free, Accurate, and Noninvasive Electrophysiological Recordings of Human-Derived Cardiomyocytes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004234. [PMID: 33410191 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The electrophysiological recording of action potentials in human cells is a long-sought objective due to its pivotal importance in many disciplines. Among the developed techniques, invasiveness remains a common issue, causing cytotoxicity or altering unpredictably cell physiological response. In this work, a new approach for recording intracellular signals of outstanding quality and with noninvasiveness is introduced. By taking profit of the concept of mirror charge in classical electrodynamics, the new proposed device transduces cell ionic currents into mirror charges in a microfluidic chamber, thus realizing a virtual mirror cell. By monitoring mirror charge dynamics, it is possible to effectively record the action potentials fired by the cells. Since there is no need for accessing or interacting with the cells, the method is intrinsically noninvasive. In addition, being based on optical recording, it shows high spatial resolution and high parallelization. As shown through a set of experiments, the presented methodology is an ideal candidate for the next generation devices for the reliable assessment of cardiotoxicity on human-derived cardiomyocytes. More generally, it paves the way toward a new family of in vitro biodevices that will lay a new milestone in the field of electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Barbaglia
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Michele Dipalo
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Giovanni Melle
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | | | - Lieselot Deleye
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Toma
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
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10
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Ludwig JC, Trimmer BA. Metamorphosis in Insect Muscle: Insights for Engineering Muscle-Based Actuators. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 27:330-340. [PMID: 33012237 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the major limitations to advancing the development of soft robots is the absence of lightweight, effective soft actuators. While synthetic systems, such as pneumatics and shape memory alloys, have created important breakthroughs in soft actuation, they typically rely on large external power sources and some rigid components. Muscles provide an ideal actuator for soft constructs, as they are lightweight, deformable, biodegradable, silent, and powered by energy-dense hydrocarbons such as glucose. Vertebrate cell lines and embryonic cultures have allowed critical foundational work to this end, but progress there is limited by the difficulty of identifying individual pathways in embryonic development, and the divergence of immortal cell lines from these normal developmental programs. An alternative to culturing muscles from embryonic cells is to exploit the advantages of species with metamorphic stages. In these animals, muscles develop from a predefined pool of myoblasts with well-characterized contacts to other tissues. In addition, the endocrine triggers for development into adult muscles are often known and tractable for experimental manipulation. This is particularly true for metamorphic muscle development in holometabolous insects, which provide exciting new avenues for tissue engineering. Using insect tissues for actuator development confers additional benefits; insect muscles are more robust to varying pH, temperature, and oxygenation than are vertebrate cells. Given that biohybrid robots are likely to be used in ambient conditions and changing environments, this sort of hardiness is likely to be required for practical use. In this study, we summarize key processes and signals in metamorphic muscle development, drawing attention to those pathways that offer entry points for manipulation. By focusing on lessons learned from in vivo insect development, we propose that future culture designs will be able to use more systematic, hypothesis-driven approaches to optimizing engineered muscle. Impact statement This review summarizes our current understanding of metamorphic muscle development in insects. It provides a framework for engineering muscle-based actuators that can be used in robotic applications in a wide range of ambient conditions. The focus is on identifying key processes that might be manipulated to solve current challenges in controlling tissue development such as myoblast proliferation, myotube formation and fusion, cytoskeletal alignment, myotendinous attachment and full differentiation. An important goal is to gather findings that cross disciplinary boundaries and to promote the development of better bioactuators for nonclinical applications.
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Davoodi E, Sarikhani E, Montazerian H, Ahadian S, Costantini M, Swieszkowski W, Willerth S, Walus K, Mofidfar M, Toyserkani E, Khademhosseini A, Ashammakhi N. Extrusion and Microfluidic-based Bioprinting to Fabricate Biomimetic Tissues and Organs. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 5:1901044. [PMID: 33072855 PMCID: PMC7567134 DOI: 10.1002/admt.201901044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Next generation engineered tissue constructs with complex and ordered architectures aim to better mimic the native tissue structures, largely due to advances in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting techniques. Extrusion bioprinting has drawn tremendous attention due to its widespread availability, cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and its facile and rapid processing. However, poor printing resolution and low speed have limited its fidelity and clinical implementation. To circumvent the downsides associated with extrusion printing, microfluidic technologies are increasingly being implemented in 3D bioprinting for engineering living constructs. These technologies enable biofabrication of heterogeneous biomimetic structures made of different types of cells, biomaterials, and biomolecules. Microfluiding bioprinting technology enables highly controlled fabrication of 3D constructs in high resolutions and it has been shown to be useful for building tubular structures and vascularized constructs, which may promote the survival and integration of implanted engineered tissues. Although this field is currently in its early development and the number of bioprinted implants is limited, it is envisioned that it will have a major impact on the production of customized clinical-grade tissue constructs. Further studies are, however, needed to fully demonstrate the effectiveness of the technology in the lab and its translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Davoodi
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Einollah Sarikhani
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hossein Montazerian
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marco Costantini
- Biomaterials Group, Materials Design Division, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry – Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Swieszkowski
- Biomaterials Group, Materials Design Division, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stephanie Willerth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Konrad Walus
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mohammad Mofidfar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ehsan Toyserkani
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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12
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Scognamiglio C, Soloperto A, Ruocco G, Cidonio G. Bioprinting stem cells: building physiological tissues one cell at a time. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C465-C480. [PMID: 32639873 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00124.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bioprinting aims to direct the spatial arrangement in three dimensions of cells, biomaterials, and growth factors. The biofabrication of clinically relevant constructs for the repair or modeling of either diseased or damaged tissues is rapidly advancing, resulting in the ability to three-dimensional (3D) print biomimetic platforms which imitate a large number of tissues in the human body. Primary tissue-specific cells are typically isolated from patients and used for the fabrication of 3D models for drug screening or tissue repair purposes. However, the lack of resilience of these platforms, due to the difficulties in harnessing, processing, and implanting patient-specific cells can limit regeneration ability. The printing of stem cells obviates these hurdles, producing functional in vitro models or implantable constructs. Advancements in biomaterial science are helping the development of inks suitable for the encapsulation and the printing of stem cells, promoting their functional growth and differentiation. This review specifically aims to investigate the most recent studies exploring innovative and functional approaches for the printing of 3D constructs to model disease or repair damaged tissues. Key concepts in tissue physiology are highlighted, reporting stem cell applications in biofabrication. Bioprinting technologies and biomaterial inks are listed and analyzed, including recent advancements in biomaterial design for bioprinting applications, commenting on the influence of biomaterial inks on the encapsulated stem cells. Ultimately, most recent successful efforts and clinical potentials for the manufacturing of functional physiological tissue substitutes are reported here, with a major focus on specific tissues, such as vasculature, heart, lung and airways, liver, bone and muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giancarlo Ruocco
- Center for Life Nano Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Cidonio
- Center for Life Nano Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
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13
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Aronsson C, Jury M, Naeimipour S, Boroojeni FR, Christoffersson J, Lifwergren P, Mandenius CF, Selegård R, Aili D. Dynamic peptide-folding mediated biofunctionalization and modulation of hydrogels for 4D bioprinting. Biofabrication 2020; 12:035031. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab9490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Wang K, Man K, Liu J, Liu Y, Chen Q, Zhou Y, Yang Y. Microphysiological Systems: Design, Fabrication, and Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3231-3257. [PMID: 33204830 PMCID: PMC7668566 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems, including organoids, 3-D printed tissue constructs and organ-on-a-chips (organ chips), are physiologically relevant in vitro models and have experienced explosive growth in the past decades. Different from conventional, tissue culture plastic-based in vitro models or animal models, microphysiological systems recapitulate key microenvironmental characteristics of human organs and mimic their primary functions. The advent of microphysiological systems is attributed to evolving biomaterials, micro-/nanotechnologies and stem cell biology, which enable the precise control over the matrix properties and the interactions between cells, tissues and organs in physiological conditions. As such, microphysiological systems have been developed to model a broad spectrum of organs from microvasculature, eye, to lung and many others to understand human organ development and disease pathology and facilitate drug discovery. Multiorgans-on-a-chip systems have also been developed by integrating multiple associated organ chips in a single platform, which allows to study and employ the organ function in a systematic approach. Here we first discuss the design principles of microphysiological systems with a focus on the anatomy and physiology of organs, and then review the commonly used fabrication techniques and biomaterials for microphysiological systems. Subsequently, we discuss the recent development of microphysiological systems, and provide our perspectives on advancing microphysiological systems for preclinical investigation and drug discovery of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Kun Man
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Jiafeng Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Yang Liu
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Qi Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
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15
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Marquis K, Chasse B, Regan DP, Boutiette AL, Khalil A, Howell C. Vascularized Polymers Spatially Control Bacterial Cells on Surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900216. [PMID: 32293124 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nature uses vascular systems to permit large-area control over the functionality of surfaces that lie above them. In this work, the application of this concept to the control of a hybrid living-nonliving system is demonstrated. Defined arrangements of vascular channels are created in agar using a fugitive ink printing method. The antibiotic gentamicin is then introduced into the vascular network where it diffuses to the surface and interacts with a model system of Escherichia coli cells. The cells either live or die depending on their distance from the underlying channels, permitting spatial control over the biological system. Using single-channel systems to define critical parameters, a theoretical model is developed to define the final surface pattern based solely on the arrangement of the underlying vascular channels. The model is then successfully used to create more complex arrangements of cells at the surface. Finally, by introducing different types of active compounds into separate vascular channels, a mixture of bacterial species is separated and localized at defined points. This work demonstrates the ability of bioinspired embedded vascular systems to predictably control a biological system at a surface, laying the groundwork for future spatially and temporally controlled biointerfaces in both industry and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Marquis
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, 5737 Jenness Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Benjamin Chasse
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, 5737 Jenness Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Daniel P Regan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, 5737 Jenness Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, 5775 Stodder Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Amber L Boutiette
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, 5737 Jenness Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Andre Khalil
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, 5737 Jenness Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, 5775 Stodder Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Caitlin Howell
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, 5737 Jenness Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, 5775 Stodder Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
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16
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Crowley C, Butler CR, Camilli C, Hynds RE, Kolluri KK, Janes SM, De Coppi P, Urbani L. Non-Invasive Longitudinal Bioluminescence Imaging of Human Mesoangioblasts in Bioengineered Esophagi. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2020; 25:103-113. [PMID: 30648471 PMCID: PMC6389770 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2018.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal engineering aims to create replacement solutions by generating hollow organs using a combination of cells, scaffolds, and regeneration-stimulating factors. Currently, the fate of cells on tissue-engineered grafts is generally determined retrospectively by histological analyses. Unfortunately, quality-controlled cell seeding protocols for application in human patients are not standard practice. As such, the field requires simple, fast, and reliable techniques for non-invasive, highly specific cell tracking. Here, we show that bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a suitable method to track human mesoangioblast seeding of an esophageal tubular construct at every stage of the preclinical bioengineering pipeline. In particular, validation of BLI as longitudinal quantitative assessment of cell density, proliferation, seeding efficiency, bioreactor culture, and cell survival upon implantation in vivo was performed against standard methods in 2D cultures and in 3D decellularized esophageal scaffolds. The technique is simple, non-invasive, and provides information on mesoangioblast distribution over entire scaffolds. Bioluminescence is an invaluable tool in the development of complex bioartificial organs and can assist in the development of standardized cell seeding protocols, with the ability to track cells from bioreactor through to implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Crowley
- 1 Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colin R Butler
- 1 Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,2 Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlotta Camilli
- 1 Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert E Hynds
- 2 Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Krishna K Kolluri
- 2 Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sam M Janes
- 2 Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- 1 Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Urbani
- 1 Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,3 Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Fetah KL, DiPardo BJ, Kongadzem EM, Tomlinson JS, Elzagheid A, Elmusrati M, Khademhosseini A, Ashammakhi N. Cancer Modeling-on-a-Chip with Future Artificial Intelligence Integration. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1901985. [PMID: 31724305 PMCID: PMC6929691 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, despite the large efforts to improve the understanding of cancer biology and development of treatments. The attempts to improve cancer treatment are limited by the complexity of the local milieu in which cancer cells exist. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a diverse population of tumor cells and stromal cells with immune constituents, microvasculature, extracellular matrix components, and gradients of oxygen, nutrients, and growth factors. The TME is not recapitulated in traditional models used in cancer investigation, limiting the translation of preliminary findings to clinical practice. Advances in 3D cell culture, tissue engineering, and microfluidics have led to the development of "cancer-on-a-chip" platforms that expand the ability to model the TME in vitro and allow for high-throughput analysis. The advances in the development of cancer-on-a-chip platforms, implications for drug development, challenges to leveraging this technology for improved cancer treatment, and future integration with artificial intelligence for improved predictive drug screening models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Lee Fetah
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Benjamin J DiPardo
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Eve-Mary Kongadzem
- School of Technology and Innovations, University of Vaasa, FI-65101, Vaasa, Finland
| | - James S Tomlinson
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Adam Elzagheid
- Biotechnology Research Center, Libyan Authority for Research, Science and Technology, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Mohammed Elmusrati
- School of Technology and Innovations, University of Vaasa, FI-65101, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- School of Technology and Innovations, University of Vaasa, FI-65101, Vaasa, Finland
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oulu University, FI-9001, Oulu, Finland
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18
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Pena CD, Zhang S, Majeska R, Venkatesh T, Vazquez M. Invertebrate Retinal Progenitors as Regenerative Models in a Microfluidic System. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101301. [PMID: 31652654 PMCID: PMC6829900 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative retinal therapies have introduced progenitor cells to replace dysfunctional or injured neurons and regain visual function. While contemporary cell replacement therapies have delivered retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) within customized biomaterials to promote viability and enable transplantation, outcomes have been severely limited by the misdirected and/or insufficient migration of transplanted cells. RPCs must achieve appropriate spatial and functional positioning in host retina, collectively, to restore vision, whereas movement of clustered cells differs substantially from the single cell migration studied in classical chemotaxis models. Defining how RPCs interact with each other, neighboring cell types and surrounding extracellular matrixes are critical to our understanding of retinogenesis and the development of effective, cell-based approaches to retinal replacement. The current article describes a new bio-engineering approach to investigate the migratory responses of innate collections of RPCs upon extracellular substrates by combining microfluidics with the well-established invertebrate model of Drosophila melanogaster. Experiments utilized microfluidics to investigate how the composition, size, and adhesion of RPC clusters on defined extracellular substrates affected migration to exogenous chemotactic signaling. Results demonstrated that retinal cluster size and composition influenced RPC clustering upon extracellular substrates of concanavalin (Con-A), Laminin (LM), and poly-L-lysine (PLL), and that RPC cluster size greatly altered collective migratory responses to signaling from Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), a primary chemotactic agent in Drosophila. These results highlight the significance of examining collective cell-biomaterial interactions on bio-substrates of emerging biomaterials to aid directional migration of transplanted cells. Our approach further introduces the benefits of pairing genetically controlled models with experimentally controlled microenvironments to advance cell replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline D Pena
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA.
| | - Stephanie Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The State University of New York at Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
| | - Robert Majeska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA.
| | - Tadmiri Venkatesh
- Department of Biology, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA.
| | - Maribel Vazquez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA.
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19
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Kratz SRA, Höll G, Schuller P, Ertl P, Rothbauer M. Latest Trends in Biosensing for Microphysiological Organs-on-a-Chip and Body-on-a-Chip Systems. BIOSENSORS 2019; 9:E110. [PMID: 31546916 PMCID: PMC6784383 DOI: 10.3390/bios9030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Organs-on-chips are considered next generation in vitro tools capable of recreating in vivo like, physiological-relevant microenvironments needed to cultivate 3D tissue-engineered constructs (e.g., hydrogel-based organoids and spheroids) as well as tissue barriers. These microphysiological systems are ideally suited to (a) reduce animal testing by generating human organ models, (b) facilitate drug development and (c) perform personalized medicine by integrating patient-derived cells and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into microfluidic devices. An important aspect of any diagnostic device and cell analysis platform, however, is the integration and application of a variety of sensing strategies to provide reliable, high-content information on the health status of the in vitro model of choice. To overcome the analytical limitations of organs-on-a-chip systems a variety of biosensors have been integrated to provide continuous data on organ-specific reactions and dynamic tissue responses. Here, we review the latest trends in biosensors fit for monitoring human physiology in organs-on-a-chip systems including optical and electrochemical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rudi Adam Kratz
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gregor Höll
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Patrick Schuller
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Peter Ertl
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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20
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Fetah K, Tebon P, Goudie MJ, Eichenbaum J, Ren L, Barros N, Nasiri R, Ahadian S, Ashammakhi N, Dokmeci MR, Khademhosseini A. The emergence of 3D bioprinting in organ-on-chip systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ab23df] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Ostrovidov S, Salehi S, Costantini M, Suthiwanish K, Ebrahimi M, Sadeghian RB, Fujie T, Shi X, Cannata S, Gargioli C, Tamayol A, Dokmeci MR, Orive G, Swieszkowski W, Khademhosseini A. 3D Bioprinting in Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1805530. [PMID: 31012262 PMCID: PMC6570559 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201805530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle tissue engineering (SMTE) aims at repairing defective skeletal muscles. Until now, numerous developments are made in SMTE; however, it is still challenging to recapitulate the complexity of muscles with current methods of fabrication. Here, after a brief description of the anatomy of skeletal muscle and a short state-of-the-art on developments made in SMTE with "conventional methods," the use of 3D bioprinting as a new tool for SMTE is in focus. The current bioprinting methods are discussed, and an overview of the bioink formulations and properties used in 3D bioprinting is provided. Finally, different advances made in SMTE by 3D bioprinting are highlighted, and future needs and a short perspective are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Ostrovidov
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sahar Salehi
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Marco Costantini
- Institute of Physical Chemistry – Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kasinan Suthiwanish
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Majid Ebrahimi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S3G9, Canada
| | - Ramin Banan Sadeghian
- Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Toshinori Fujie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-50, 4259 Nagatsuta -cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Xuetao Shi
- National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China, University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Stefano Cannata
- Department of Biology, Tor Vergata Rome University, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Cesare Gargioli
- Department of Biology, Tor Vergata Rome University, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Mehmet Remzi Dokmeci
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN). Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain; BTI Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Wojciech Swieszkowski
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), Department of Bioengineering, and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Centre University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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22
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Li S, Zheng J, Yan J, Wu Z, Zhou Q, Tan L. Gate-Free Hydrogel-Graphene Transistors as Underwater Microphones. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:42573-42582. [PMID: 30426742 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A perfect impedance match from water-rich hydrogels to an oceanic background makes hydrogel microphones ideal for long-distance, underwater acoustic reception with zero reflection. A novel hydrogel-graphene transistor is thus designed to work under a gate-free mode, in which a sheet of graphene directly converts mechanical vibrations from a microstructured hydrogel into electrical current. This work shows that the quantum capacitance of graphene plays an important role in determining the shift of the Fermi level in graphene and subsequently the amplitude of the current signal. Once employed underwater, this device provides a response to sound waves with high stability, low noise, and high sensitivity in a much-needed low-frequency domain.
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23
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Nguyen DT, Althage M, Magnone MC, Heydarkhan-Hagvall S. Translational strategy: humanized mini-organs. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1812-1817. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Microfluidic technology has affirmed itself as a powerful tool in medical and biological research by offering the possibility of managing biological samples in tiny channels and chambers. Among the different applications, the use of microfluidics for cell cultures has attracted much interest from scientists worldwide. Traditional cell culture methods need high quantities of samples and reagents that are strongly reduced in miniaturized systems. In addition, the microenvironment is better controlled by scaling down. In this paper, we provide an overview of the aspects related to the design of a novel microfluidic culture chamber, the fabrication approach based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) soft-lithography, and the most critical issues in shrinking the size of the system.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Ahadian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600, USA
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26
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Erten E, Arslan YE. The Great Harmony in Translational Medicine: Biomaterials and Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1119:21-39. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Ahadian S, Civitarese R, Bannerman D, Mohammadi MH, Lu R, Wang E, Davenport-Huyer L, Lai B, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Mandla S, Korolj A, Radisic M. Organ-On-A-Chip Platforms: A Convergence of Advanced Materials, Cells, and Microscale Technologies. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 29034591 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances in biomaterials, stem cell biology, and microscale technologies have enabled the fabrication of biologically relevant tissues and organs. Such tissues and organs, referred to as organ-on-a-chip (OOC) platforms, have emerged as a powerful tool in tissue analysis and disease modeling for biological and pharmacological applications. A variety of biomaterials are used in tissue fabrication providing multiple biological, structural, and mechanical cues in the regulation of cell behavior and tissue morphogenesis. Cells derived from humans enable the fabrication of personalized OOC platforms. Microscale technologies are specifically helpful in providing physiological microenvironments for tissues and organs. In this review, biomaterials, cells, and microscale technologies are described as essential components to construct OOC platforms. The latest developments in OOC platforms (e.g., liver, skeletal muscle, cardiac, cancer, lung, skin, bone, and brain) are then discussed as functional tools in simulating human physiology and metabolism. Future perspectives and major challenges in the development of OOC platforms toward accelerating clinical studies of drug discovery are finally highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Ahadian
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Robert Civitarese
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Dawn Bannerman
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Rick Lu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Erika Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Locke Davenport-Huyer
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Ben Lai
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Yimu Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Serena Mandla
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Anastasia Korolj
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
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Fujii E, Yamazaki M, Kawai S, Ohtani Y, Watanabe T, Kato A, Suzuki M. A simple method for histopathological evaluation of organoids. J Toxicol Pathol 2017; 31:81-85. [PMID: 29479145 PMCID: PMC5820108 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2017-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro-cultured 3D structures called organoids have become important tools for biological research, but there is little information concerning simple and efficient methods to evaluate organoid morphology. To address this issue, we attempted to establish a simple method by applying conventional histopathology that enables observation of multiple organoids on a single cross section, maintains good morphology, and is applicable to various histopathological stains. By centrifugation in unsolidified agarose solution, we were able to accumulate the organoids onto a single plane. The morphology was well preserved, and the various morphological types and sizes of organoid structures were identified. This method was also applicable for special staining, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence staining. This method makes it possible to utilize the advantages of conventional pathological methods when studying organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Fujii
- Forerunner Pharma Research Co., Ltd., Komaba Open Laboratory, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro,Tokyo 153-8904, Japan.,Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamazaki
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Shigeto Kawai
- Forerunner Pharma Research Co., Ltd., Komaba Open Laboratory, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro,Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Ohtani
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Kato
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Masami Suzuki
- Forerunner Pharma Research Co., Ltd., Komaba Open Laboratory, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro,Tokyo 153-8904, Japan.,Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
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Evstrapov AA. Micro- and nanofluidic systems in devices for biological, medical and environmental research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/917/2/022002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Leijten J, Seo J, Yue K, Santiago GTD, Tamayol A, Ruiz-Esparza GU, Shin SR, Sharifi R, Noshadi I, Álvarez MM, Zhang YS, Khademhosseini A. Spatially and Temporally Controlled Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. R, REPORTS : A REVIEW JOURNAL 2017; 119:1-35. [PMID: 29200661 PMCID: PMC5708586 DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen tremendous advances in the field of hydrogel-based biomaterials. One of the most prominent revolutions in this field has been the integration of elements or techniques that enable spatial and temporal control over hydrogels' properties and functions. Here, we critically review the emerging progress of spatiotemporal control over biomaterial properties towards the development of functional engineered tissue constructs. Specifically, we will highlight the main advances in the spatial control of biomaterials, such as surface modification, microfabrication, photo-patterning, and three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, as well as advances in the temporal control of biomaterials, such as controlled release of molecules, photocleaving of proteins, and controlled hydrogel degradation. We believe that the development and integration of these techniques will drive the engineering of next-generation engineered tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Leijten
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jungmok Seo
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kan Yue
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Grissel Trujillo-de Santiago
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Microsystems Technologies Laboratories, MIT, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Guillermo U. Ruiz-Esparza
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Roholah Sharifi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Iman Noshadi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mario Moisés Álvarez
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Microsystems Technologies Laboratories, MIT, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia
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Remuzzi A. Artificial organs: current status and future directions. Int J Artif Organs 2017; 39:587-589. [PMID: 28194748 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Remuzzi
- IRCCS - Mario Negri Institute of Pharmacological Research, Anna Maria Astori Center, Bergamo - Italy
- Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, Dalmine (Bergamo) - Italy
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Jansen K, Schuurmans CCL, Jansen J, Masereeuw R, Vermonden T. Hydrogel-Based Cell Therapies for Kidney Regeneration: Current Trends in Biofabrication and In Vivo Repair. Curr Pharm Des 2017; 23:3845-3857. [PMID: 28699526 PMCID: PMC6302346 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666170710155726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Facing the problems of limited renal regeneration capacity and the persistent shortage of donor kidneys, dialysis remains the only treatment option for many end-stage renal disease patients. Unfortunately, dialysis is only a medium-term solution because large and protein-bound uremic solutes are not efficiently cleared from the body and lead to disease progression over time. Current strategies for improved renal replacement therapies (RRTs) range from whole organ engineering to biofabrication of renal assist devices and biological injectables for in vivo regeneration. Notably, all approaches coincide with the incorporation of cellular components and biomimetic micro-environments. Concerning the latter, hydrogels form promising materials as scaffolds and cell carrier systems due to the demonstrated biocompatibility of most natural hydrogels, tunable biochemical and mechanical properties, and various application possibilities. In this review, the potential of hydrogel-based cell therapies for kidney regeneration is discussed. First, we provide an overview of current trends in the development of RRTs and in vivo regeneration options, before examining the possible roles of hydrogels within these fields. We discuss major application-specific hydrogel design criteria and, subsequently, assess the potential of emergent biofabrication technologies, such as micromolding, microfluidics and electrodeposition for the development of new RRTs and injectable stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Jansen
- Utrecht University Div. Pharmacology Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht. Netherlands
| | - Carl C L Schuurmans
- Utrecht University Div. Pharmacology Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht. Netherlands
| | - Jitske Jansen
- Utrecht University Div. Pharmacology Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht. Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Utrecht University Div. Pharmacology Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht. Netherlands
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Utrecht University Div. Pharmacology Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht. Netherlands
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