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Martinez-Marchese A, Esmaeilizadeh R, Toyserkani E. Defect detection in additively manufactured AlSi10Mg and Ti6Al4V samples using laser ultrasonics and phase shift migration. Ultrasonics 2024; 140:107296. [PMID: 38531114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Laser ultrasonics (LU) is a non-contact and non-destructive method with a high data acquisition rate, making it a promising candidate for in-situ monitoring of defects in different additive manufacturing (AM) processes, including laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and directed energy deposition, as well as final part inspection. In order to see the effect of various artificial defect types on an LU sub-surface reconstruction, AlSi10Mg samples with side through-holes, as well as Ti6Al4V samples with bottom blind holes and trapped powder were printed using LPBF, and then ultrasound B-scans of the samples were obtained using an LU system. The resulting scan data was processed using a custom frequency domain phase shift migration (PSM) algorithm, to reconstruct the defects and their locations. Novel ways of pre-processing the B-scan, used as an input to PSM, and taking advantage of its frequency representation, are demonstrated. Newton's method was used to find a stationary phase approximation, used to account in the frequency domain for the fixed offset emitter-receiver arrangement within the PSM calculation. The Newton's method calculation time was reduced by 33%, by using an approximation of the phase function to find an initial guess. The smallest defects that were detected using this method were in the size range between 200 to 300μm for the bottom hole defects, using an 8 ns laser pulse duration. The effect of the laser on the surface of a part being built, and the challenges and further work needed to integrate LU in a LPBF machine for in-situ inspection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martinez-Marchese
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing (MSAM) Lab, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - R Esmaeilizadeh
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing (MSAM) Lab, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - E Toyserkani
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing (MSAM) Lab, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Zhu Y, Nasiri R, Davoodi E, Zhang S, Saha S, Linn M, Jiang L, Haghniaz R, Hartel MC, Jucaud V, Dokmeci MR, Herland A, Toyserkani E, Khademhosseini A. A Microfluidic Contact Lens to Address Contact Lens-Induced Dry Eye. Small 2023; 19:e2207017. [PMID: 36564357 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The contact lens (CL) industry has made great strides in improving CL-wearing experiences. However, a large amount of CL wearers continue to experience ocular dryness, known as contact lens-induced dry eye (CLIDE), stemming from the reduction in tear volume, tear film instability, increased tear osmolarity followed by inflammation and resulting in ocular discomfort and visual disturbances. In this article, to address tear film thinning between the CL and the ocular surface, the concept of using a CL with microchannels to deliver the tears from the pre-lens tear film (PrLTF) to the post-lens ocular surface using in vitro eye-blink motion is investigated. This study reports an eye-blink mimicking system with microfluidic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly(HEMA)) hydrogel with integrated microchannels to demonstrate eye-blink assisted flow through microchannels. This in vitro experimental study provides a proof-of-concept result that tear transport from PrLTF to post-lens tear film can be enhanced by an artificial eyelid motion in a pressure range of 0.1-5 kPa (similar to human eyelid pressure) through poly(HEMA) microchannels. Simulation is conducted to support the hypothesis. This work demonstrates the feasibility of developing microfluidic CLs with the potential to help prevent or minimize CLIDE and discomfort by the enhanced transport of pre-lens tears to the post-lens ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, 17165, Sweden
| | - Elham Davoodi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sourav Saha
- CooperVision Inc., Pleasanton, CA, 94588, USA
| | | | - Lu Jiang
- CooperVision Inc., Pleasanton, CA, 94588, USA
| | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Martin C Hartel
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Vadim Jucaud
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Mehmet R Dokmeci
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Anna Herland
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, 17165, Sweden
| | - Ehsan Toyserkani
- Multi-scale Additive Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
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Jiang CP, Romario YS, Toyserkani E. Development of a Novel Tape-Casting Multi-Slurry 3D Printing Technology to Fabricate the Ceramic/Metal Part. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:585. [PMID: 36676322 PMCID: PMC9863945 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Printing ceramic/metal parts increases the number of applications in additive manufacturing technology, but printing different materials on the same object with different mechanical properties will increase the difficulty of printing. Multi-material additive manufacturing technology is a solution. This study develops a novel tape-casting 3D printing technology that uses bottom-up photopolymerization to fabricate the green body for low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) that consist of ceramic and copper. The composition of ceramic and copper slurries is optimized to allow printing without delamination and sintering without cracks. Unlike traditional tape-casting processing, the proposed method deposits two slurries on demand on a transparent film, scrapes it flat, then photopolymerization is induced using a liquid crystal displayer to project the layer pattern beneath the film. The experimental results show that both slurries have good bonding strength, with a weight ratio of powder to resin of 70:30, and print a U-shaped copper volume as a circuit within the LTCC green body. A three-stage sintering parameter is derived using thermogravimetric analysis to ensure good mechanical properties for the sintered part. The SEM images show that the ceramic/copper interface of the LTCC sintered part is well-bonded. The average hardness and flexural strength of the sintered ceramic are 537.1 HV and 126.61 MPa, respectively. Volume shrinkage for the LTCC slurry is 67.97%, which is comparable to the value for a copper slurry of 68.85%. The electrical resistance of the printed copper circuit is 0.175 Ω, which is slightly greater than the theoretical value, hence it has good electrical conductivity. The proposed tape-casting 3D printer is used to print an LTCC benchmark. The sintered benchmark part is validated for the application in the LTCC application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Pei Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Yulius Shan Romario
- Graduate Institute of Manufacturing Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Ehsan Toyserkani
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Martinez-Marchese A, Ansari M, Wang M, Marzo A, Toyserkani E. On the application of sound radiation force for focusing of powder stream in directed energy deposition. Ultrasonics 2023; 127:106830. [PMID: 36137466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2022.106830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the challenges in directed energy deposition via powder feeding (DED-PF) is the powder stream divergence that results in low catchment efficiency (i.e., the fraction of particles added to the melt pool). This article introduces a new ultrasound-based powder focusing method referred to as ultrasound particle lensing (UPL), tailored for powder used in DED-PF. The method uses an ultrasound phased array to produce a small volume of high-intensity ultrasound with the required period averaged sound intensity profile. UPL was used to acoustically focus streams of Ti64 and SS 316L particles with an average size of 89μm and a particle speed of 0.6 m/s, exiting from a DED-PF nozzle analog. The e-1 powder stream widths downstream of the resulting force fields for both materials were reduced by 30%. The experimental results closely match Lagrangian and Eulerian simulations of the process. This novel setup offers the possibility of fast control of the powder stream divergence angle and effective diameter in the process zone during the DED-PF process. This will in turn improve the feature resolution and catchment efficiency of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martinez-Marchese
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing Lab, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, ON, Canada.
| | - M Ansari
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing Lab, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, ON, Canada
| | - M Wang
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing Lab, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, ON, Canada
| | - A Marzo
- UPNA Lab, Department of Mathematics and Computer Engineering, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, 31006, Spain
| | - E Toyserkani
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing Lab, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, ON, Canada
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Davoodi E, Montazerian H, Mirhakimi AS, Zhianmanesh M, Ibhadode O, Shahabad SI, Esmaeilizadeh R, Sarikhani E, Toorandaz S, Sarabi SA, Nasiri R, Zhu Y, Kadkhodapour J, Li B, Khademhosseini A, Toyserkani E. Additively manufactured metallic biomaterials. Bioact Mater 2022; 15:214-249. [PMID: 35386359 PMCID: PMC8941217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal additive manufacturing (AM) has led to an evolution in the design and fabrication of hard tissue substitutes, enabling personalized implants to address each patient's specific needs. In addition, internal pore architectures integrated within additively manufactured scaffolds, have provided an opportunity to further develop and engineer functional implants for better tissue integration, and long-term durability. In this review, the latest advances in different aspects of the design and manufacturing of additively manufactured metallic biomaterials are highlighted. After introducing metal AM processes, biocompatible metals adapted for integration with AM machines are presented. Then, we elaborate on the tools and approaches undertaken for the design of porous scaffold with engineered internal architecture including, topology optimization techniques, as well as unit cell patterns based on lattice networks, and triply periodic minimal surface. Here, the new possibilities brought by the functionally gradient porous structures to meet the conflicting scaffold design requirements are thoroughly discussed. Subsequently, the design constraints and physical characteristics of the additively manufactured constructs are reviewed in terms of input parameters such as design features and AM processing parameters. We assess the proposed applications of additively manufactured implants for regeneration of different tissue types and the efforts made towards their clinical translation. Finally, we conclude the review with the emerging directions and perspectives for further development of AM in the medical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Davoodi
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing (MSAM) Laboratory, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
| | - Hossein Montazerian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
| | - Anooshe Sadat Mirhakimi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Masoud Zhianmanesh
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Osezua Ibhadode
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing (MSAM) Laboratory, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Shahriar Imani Shahabad
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing (MSAM) Laboratory, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Reza Esmaeilizadeh
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing (MSAM) Laboratory, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Einollah Sarikhani
- Department of Nanoengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Sahar Toorandaz
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing (MSAM) Laboratory, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Shima A. Sarabi
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
| | - Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
| | - Javad Kadkhodapour
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Tehran 16785-163, Iran
- Institute for Materials Testing, Materials Science and Strength of Materials, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Bingbing Li
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
- Department of Manufacturing Systems Engineering and Management, California State University, Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ehsan Toyserkani
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing (MSAM) Laboratory, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Corresponding author.
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E. Farag H, Toyserkani E, Khamesee MB. Non-Destructive Testing Using Eddy Current Sensors for Defect Detection in Additively Manufactured Titanium and Stainless-Steel Parts. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22145440. [PMID: 35891120 PMCID: PMC9320217 DOI: 10.3390/s22145440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, different eddy-current based probe designs (absolute and commercial reflection) are used to detect artificial defects with different sizes and at different depths in parts composed of stainless-steel (316) and titanium (TI-64) made by Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM). The measured defect signal value using the probes is in the range of (20-200) millivolts. Both probes can detect subsurface defects on stainless-steel samples with average surface roughness of 11.6 µm and titanium samples with average surface roughness of 8.7 µm. It is found the signal reading can be improved by adding a coating layer made of thin paper to the bottom of the probes. The layer will decrease the surface roughness effect and smooth out the detected defect signal from any ripples. The smallest subsurface artificial defect size detected by both probes is an artificially made notch with 0.07 mm width and 25 mm length. In addition, both probes detected subsurface artificial blind holes in the range of 0.17 mm-0.3 mm radius. Results show that the absolute probe is more suitable to detect cracks and incomplete fusion holes, whereas the reflection probe is more suitable to detect small diameter blind holes. The setup can be used for defect detection during the additive manufacturing process once the melt pool is solidified.
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Kumar P, Malik S, Toyserkani E, Khamesee MB. Development of an Electromagnetic Micromanipulator Levitation System for Metal Additive Manufacturing Applications. Micromachines 2022; 13:mi13040585. [PMID: 35457890 PMCID: PMC9025447 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnetism and magnetic levitation has found significant interest within the field of micromanipulation of objects. Additive manufacturing (AM), which is the computer-controlled process for creating 3D objects through the deposition of materials, has also been relevant within the academic environment. Despite the research conducted individually within the two fields, there has been minimal overlapping research. The non-contact nature of magnetic micromanipulator levitation systems makes it a prime candidate within AM environments. The feasibility of integrating magnetic micromanipulator levitation system, which includes two concentric coils embedded within a high permeability material and carrying currents in opposite directions, for additive manufacturing applications is presented in this article. The working principle, the optimization and relevant design decisions pertaining to the micromanipulator levitation system are discussed. The optimized dimensions of the system allow for 920 turns in the inner coil and 800 turns in the outer coil resulting in a Ninnercoil:Noutercoil ratio of 1.15. Use of principles of free levitation, which is production of levitation and restoration forces with the coils, to levitate non-magnetic conductive materials with compatibility and applications within the AM environment are discussed. The Magnetomotive Force (MMF) ratio of the coils are adjusted by incorporation of an resistor in parallel to the outer coil to facilitate sufficient levitation forces in the axial axis while producing satisfactory restoration forces in the lateral axes resulting in the levitation of an aluminum disc with a levitation height of 4.5 mm. An additional payload of up to 15.2 g (59% of mass of levitated disc) was added to a levitated aluminum disk of 26 g showing the system capability coping with payload variations, which is crucial in AM process to gradually deploy masses. The final envisioned system is expected to have positional stability within the tolerance range of a few μm. The system performance is verified through the use of simulations (ANSYS Maxwell) and experimental analyses. A novel method of using the ratio of conductivity (σ) of the material to density (ρ) of the material to determine the compatibility of the levitation ability of non-magnetic materials with magnetic levitation application is also formulated. The key advantage of this method is that it does not rely on experimental analyses to determine the levitation ability of materials.
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Davoodi E, Montazerian H, Zhianmanesh M, Abbasgholizadeh R, Haghniaz R, Baidya A, Pourmohammadali H, Annabi N, Weiss PS, Toyserkani E, Khademhosseini A. Template‐Enabled Biofabrication of Thick 3D Tissues with Patterned Perfusable Macrochannels (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 7/2022). Adv Healthc Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202270038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Davoodi E, Montazerian H, Zhianmanesh M, Abbasgholizadeh R, Haghniaz R, Baidya A, Pourmohammadali H, Annabi N, Weiss PS, Toyserkani E, Khademhosseini A. Template-Enabled Biofabrication of Thick 3D Tissues with Patterned Perfusable Macrochannels. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102123. [PMID: 34967148 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interconnected pathways in 3D bioartificial organs are essential to retaining cell activity in thick functional 3D tissues. 3D bioprinting methods have been widely explored in biofabrication of functionally patterned tissues; however, these methods are costly and confined to thin tissue layers due to poor control of low-viscosity bioinks. Here, cell-laden hydrogels that could be precisely patterned via water-soluble gelatin templates are constructed by economical extrusion 3D printed plastic templates. Tortuous co-continuous plastic networks, designed based on triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS), serve as a sacrificial pattern to shape the secondary sacrificial gelatin templates. These templates are eventually used to form cell-encapsulated gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel scaffolds patterned with the complex interconnected pathways. The proposed fabrication process is compatible with photo-crosslinkable hydrogels wherein prepolymer casting enables incorporation of high cell populations with high viability. The cell-laden hydrogel constructs are characterized by robust mechanical behavior. In vivo studies demonstrate a superior cell ingrowth into the highly permeable constructs compared to the bulk hydrogels. Perfusable complex interconnected networks within cell-encapsulated hydrogels may assist in engineering thick and functional tissue constructs through the permeable internal channels for efficient cellular activities in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Davoodi
- Multi‐Scale Additive Manufacturing Laboratory Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department University of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- Department of Bioengineering University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation Los Angeles CA 90024 USA
| | - Hossein Montazerian
- Department of Bioengineering University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation Los Angeles CA 90024 USA
| | - Masoud Zhianmanesh
- School of Biomedical Engineering University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | | | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation Los Angeles CA 90024 USA
| | - Avijit Baidya
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Homeyra Pourmohammadali
- Department of System Design Engineering University of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- Department of Bioengineering University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Ehsan Toyserkani
- Multi‐Scale Additive Manufacturing Laboratory Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department University of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
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Davoodi E, Montazerian H, Esmaeilizadeh R, Darabi AC, Rashidi A, Kadkhodapour J, Jahed H, Hoorfar M, Milani AS, Weiss PS, Khademhosseini A, Toyserkani E. Additively Manufactured Gradient Porous Ti-6Al-4V Hip Replacement Implants Embedded with Cell-Laden Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogels. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:22110-22123. [PMID: 33945249 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Laser additive manufacturing has led to a paradigm shift in the design of next-generation customized porous implants aiming to integrate better with the surrounding bone. However, conflicting design criteria have limited the development of fully functional porous implants; increasing porosity improves body fluid/cell-laden prepolymer permeability at the expense of compromising mechanical stability. Here, functionally gradient porosity implants and scaffolds designed based on interconnected triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) are demonstrated. High local porosity is defined at the implant/tissue interface aiming to improve the biological response. Gradually decreasing porosity from the surface to the center of the porous constructs provides mechanical strength in selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4V implants. The effect of unit cell size is studied to discover the printability limit where the specific surface area is maximized. Furthermore, mechanical studies on the unit cell topology effects suggest that the bending-dominated architectures can provide significantly enhanced strength and deformability, compared to stretching-dominated architectures. A finite element (FE) model developed also showed great predictability (within ∼13%) of the mechanical responses of implants to physical activities. Finally, in vitro biocompatibility studies were conducted for two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cases. The results of the 2D in conjunction with surface roughness show favored physical cell attachment on the implant surface. Also, the results of the 3D biocompatibility study for the scaffolds incorporated with a cell-laden gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel show excellent viability. The design procedure proposed here provides new insights into the development of porous hip implants with simultaneous high mechanical and biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Davoodi
- Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
| | - Hossein Montazerian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
| | - Reza Esmaeilizadeh
- Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ali Ch Darabi
- Institute for Materials Testing, Materials Science and Strength of Materials, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Armin Rashidi
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Javad Kadkhodapour
- Institute for Materials Testing, Materials Science and Strength of Materials, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hamid Jahed
- Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Abbas S Milani
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Paul S Weiss
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
| | - Ehsan Toyserkani
- Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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11
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Davoodi E, Montazerian H, Khademhosseini A, Toyserkani E. Sacrificial 3D printing of shrinkable silicone elastomers for enhanced feature resolution in flexible tissue scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2020; 117:261-272. [PMID: 33031967 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Silicone implants and scaffolds are emerging as potential replacement of flexible tissues, cosmetic and biomedical device implants due to their bioinert and flexible characteristics. The state-of-the-art direct-write silicone three-dimensional (3D) printers however cannot easily 3D print structures with sub-millimeter dimensions because of high viscosity and long curing times of their prepolymers. In the present study, a template-assisted 3D printing of ordered porous silicone constructs is demonstrated. The sacrificial molds were fabricated by low-cost and well-accessible material extrusion 3D printers. The 3D printed molds represent interconnected tortuous high specific surface area porous architectures based on triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) in which the silicone prepolymer is cast and cured. We engineered silicone prepolymer with additives allowing on-demand structural shrinkage upon solvent treatment. This enabled 3D printing at a larger scale compatible with extrusion 3D printer resolution followed by isotropic shrinkage. This procedure led to a volumetric shrinkage of up to ~70% in a highly controllable manner. In this way, pore sizes in the order of 500-600 µm were obtained. The porous constructs were characterized with full strain recovery under extreme compressive deformations of up to 85% of the initial scaffold length. We further demonstrated the ability to infill cell-laden hydrogels such as gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) into the interconnected pores while maintaining the cell viability of ~90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Davoodi
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing Lab, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hossein Montazerian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Ehsan Toyserkani
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing Lab, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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12
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Minasyan T, Aydinyan S, Toyserkani E, Hussainova I. Parametric Study on In Situ Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Mo(Si 1-x,Al x) 2. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E4849. [PMID: 33138230 PMCID: PMC7662898 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mo(Si1-x,Alx)2 composites were produced by a pulsed laser reactive selective laser melting of MoSi2 and 30 wt.% AlSi10Mg powder mixture. The parametric study, altering the laser power between 100 and 300 W and scan speed between 400 and 1500 mm·s-1, has been conducted to estimate the effect of processing parameters on printed coupon samples' quality. It was shown that samples prepared at 150-200 W laser power and 400-500 mm·s-1 scan speed, as well as 250 W laser power along with 700 mm·s-1 scan speed, provide a relatively good surface finish with 6.5 ± 0.5 µm-10.3 ± 0.8 µm roughness at the top of coupons, and 9.3 ± 0.7 µm-13.2 ± 1.1 µm side surface roughness in addition to a remarkable chemical and microstructural homogeneity. An increase in the laser power and a decrease in the scan speed led to an apparent improvement in the densification behavior resulting in printed coupons of up to 99.8% relative density and hardness of ~600 HV1 or ~560 HV5. The printed parts are composed of epitaxially grown columnar dendritic melt pool cores and coarser dendrites beyond the morphological transition zone in overlapped regions. An increase in the scanning speed at a fixed laser power and a decrease in the power at a fixed scan speed prohibited the complete single displacement reaction between MoSi2 and aluminum, leading to unreacted MoSi2 and Al lean hexagonal Mo(Si1-x,Alx)2 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Minasyan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia;
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., West Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - S. Aydinyan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - E. Toyserkani
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., West Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - I. Hussainova
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia;
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Minasyan T, Aydinyan S, Toyserkani E, Hussainova I. In Situ Mo(Si,Al) 2-Based Composite through Selective Laser Melting of a MoSi 2-30 wt.% AlSi10Mg Mixture. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13173720. [PMID: 32842477 PMCID: PMC7504486 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The laser power bed fusion approach has been successfully employed to manufacture Mo(Si,Al)2-based composites through the selective laser melting of a MoSi2-30 wt.% AlSi10Mg mixture for high-temperature structural applications. Composites were manufactured by leveraging the in situ reaction of the components during printing at 150–300 W laser power, 500–1000 mm·s−1 laser scanning speed, and 100–134 J·mm−3 volumetric energy density. Microcomputed tomography scans indicated a negligible induced porosity throughout the specimens. The fully dense Mo(Si1-x,Alx)2-based composites, with hardness exceeding 545 HV1 and low roughness for both the top (horizontal) and side (vertical) surfaces, demonstrated that laser-based additive manufacturing can be exploited to create unique structures containing hexagonal Mo(Si0.67Al0.33)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatevik Minasyan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia;
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., West Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (I.H.)
| | - Sofiya Aydinyan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Ehsan Toyserkani
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., West Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Irina Hussainova
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia;
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (I.H.)
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Davoodi E, Sarikhani E, Montazerian H, Ahadian S, Costantini M, Swieszkowski W, Willerth S, Walus K, Mofidfar M, Toyserkani E, Khademhosseini A, Ashammakhi N. Extrusion and Microfluidic-based Bioprinting to Fabricate Biomimetic Tissues and Organs. Adv Mater Technol 2020; 5:1901044. [PMID: 33072855 PMCID: PMC7567134 DOI: 10.1002/admt.201901044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Next generation engineered tissue constructs with complex and ordered architectures aim to better mimic the native tissue structures, largely due to advances in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting techniques. Extrusion bioprinting has drawn tremendous attention due to its widespread availability, cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and its facile and rapid processing. However, poor printing resolution and low speed have limited its fidelity and clinical implementation. To circumvent the downsides associated with extrusion printing, microfluidic technologies are increasingly being implemented in 3D bioprinting for engineering living constructs. These technologies enable biofabrication of heterogeneous biomimetic structures made of different types of cells, biomaterials, and biomolecules. Microfluiding bioprinting technology enables highly controlled fabrication of 3D constructs in high resolutions and it has been shown to be useful for building tubular structures and vascularized constructs, which may promote the survival and integration of implanted engineered tissues. Although this field is currently in its early development and the number of bioprinted implants is limited, it is envisioned that it will have a major impact on the production of customized clinical-grade tissue constructs. Further studies are, however, needed to fully demonstrate the effectiveness of the technology in the lab and its translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Davoodi
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Einollah Sarikhani
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hossein Montazerian
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marco Costantini
- Biomaterials Group, Materials Design Division, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry – Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Swieszkowski
- Biomaterials Group, Materials Design Division, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stephanie Willerth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Konrad Walus
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mohammad Mofidfar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ehsan Toyserkani
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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15
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Nazeri K, Ahmed F, Ahsani V, Joe HE, Bradley C, Toyserkani E, Jun MBG. Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber Mach-Zehnder Interferometer for Gas Sensing. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E2807. [PMID: 32429091 PMCID: PMC7284782 DOI: 10.3390/s20102807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel and compact interferometric refractive index (RI) point sensor is developed using hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF) and experimentally demonstrated for high sensitivity detection and measurement of pure gases. To construct the device, the sensing element fiber (HC-PCF) was placed between two single-mode fibers with airgaps at each side. Great measurement repeatability was shown in the cyclic test for the detection of various gases. The RI sensitivity of 4629 nm/RIU was demonstrated in the RI range of 1.0000347-1.000436 for the sensor with an HC-PCF length of 3.3 mm. The sensitivity of the proposed Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) sensor increases when the length of the sensing element decreases. It is shown that response and recovery times of the proposed sensor inversely change with the length of HC-PCF. Besides, spatial frequency analysis for a wide range of air-gaps revealed information on the number and power distribution of modes. It is shown that the power is mainly carried by two dominant modes in the proposed structure. The proposed sensors have the potential to improve current technology's ability to detect and quantify pure gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Nazeri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada; (K.N.); (V.A.); (C.B.)
| | - Farid Ahmed
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Vahid Ahsani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada; (K.N.); (V.A.); (C.B.)
| | - Hang-Eun Joe
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (H.-E.J.); (M.B.G.J.)
| | - Colin Bradley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada; (K.N.); (V.A.); (C.B.)
| | - Ehsan Toyserkani
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Martin B. G. Jun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (H.-E.J.); (M.B.G.J.)
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16
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Davoodi E, Montazerian H, Haghniaz R, Rashidi A, Ahadian S, Sheikhi A, Chen J, Khademhosseini A, Milani AS, Hoorfar M, Toyserkani E. 3D-Printed Ultra-Robust Surface-Doped Porous Silicone Sensors for Wearable Biomonitoring. ACS Nano 2020; 14:1520-1532. [PMID: 31904931 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional flexible porous conductors have significantly advanced wearable sensors and stretchable devices because of their specific high surface area. Dip coating of porous polymers with graphene is a facile, low cost, and scalable approach to integrate conductive layers with the flexible polymer substrate platforms; however, the products often suffer from nanoparticle delamination and overtime decay. Here, a fabrication scheme based on accessible methods and safe materials is introduced to surface-dope porous silicone sensors with graphene nanoplatelets. The sensors are internally shaped with ordered, interconnected, and tortuous internal geometries (i.e., triply periodic minimal surfaces) using fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printed sacrificial molds. The molds were dip coated to transfer-embed graphene onto the silicone rubber (SR) surface. The presented procedure exhibited a stable coating on the porous silicone samples with long-term electrical resistance durability over ∼12 months period and high resistance against harsh conditions (exposure to organic solvents). Besides, the sensors retained conductivity upon severe compressive deformations (over 75% compressive strain) with high strain-recoverability and behaved robustly in response to cyclic deformations (over 400 cycles), temperature, and humidity. The sensors exhibited a gauge factor as high as 10 within the compressive strain range of 2-10%. Given the tunable sensitivity, the engineered biocompatible and flexible devices captured movements as rigorous as walking and running to the small deformations resulted by human pulse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Davoodi
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing Lab, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI) , University of California, Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Hossein Montazerian
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI) , University of California, Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Composites Research Network-Okanagan Node (CRN), School of Engineering , University of British Columbia , 3333 University Way , Kelowna , British Columbia V1V 1V7 , Canada
- Advanced Thermo-fluidic Laboratory (ATFL), School of Engineering , University of British Columbia , 3333 University Way , Kelowna , British Columbia V1V 1V7 , Canada
| | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI) , University of California, Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Armin Rashidi
- Composites Research Network-Okanagan Node (CRN), School of Engineering , University of British Columbia , 3333 University Way , Kelowna , British Columbia V1V 1V7 , Canada
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI) , University of California, Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Amir Sheikhi
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI) , University of California, Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering , The Pennsylvania State University , 106 Greenberg Building , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI) , University of California, Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Radiology , University of California, Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Abbas S Milani
- Composites Research Network-Okanagan Node (CRN), School of Engineering , University of British Columbia , 3333 University Way , Kelowna , British Columbia V1V 1V7 , Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- Advanced Thermo-fluidic Laboratory (ATFL), School of Engineering , University of British Columbia , 3333 University Way , Kelowna , British Columbia V1V 1V7 , Canada
| | - Ehsan Toyserkani
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing Lab, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
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Iu J, Massicotte E, Li SQ, Hurtig MB, Toyserkani E, Santerre JP, Kandel RA. * In Vitro Generated Intervertebral Discs: Toward Engineering Tissue Integration. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:1001-1010. [PMID: 28486045 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intervertebral disc (IVD) is composed of nucleus pulposus (NP) surrounded by multilamellated annulus fibrosus (AF), and is located between the vertebral bodies. Current treatments for chronic neck or low back pain do not completely restore the functionality of degenerated IVDs. Thus, developing biological disc replacements is an approach of great interest. Given the complex structure of the IVD, tissue engineering of the individual IVD components and then combining them together may be the only way to achieve this. The engineered disc must then be able to integrate into the host spine to ensure mechanical stability. The goal of this study was to generate an integrated model of an IVD in vitro. Multilamellated AF tissues were generated in vitro using aligned nanofibrous polycarbonate urethane scaffolds and AF cells. After 3 weeks in culture, it was placed around NP tissue formed on and integrated with a porous bone substitute material (calcium polyphosphate). The two tissues were cocultured to fabricate the IVD model. The AF tissue composed of six lamellae containing type I collagen-rich extracellular matrix (ECM) and the NP tissue had type II collagen- and aggrecan-rich ECM. Immunofluorescence studies showed both type I and II collagen at the AF-NP interface. There was evidence of integration of the tissues. The peel test for AF lamellae showed an interlamellar shear stress of 0.03 N/mm. The AF and NP were integrated as the pushout test demonstrated that the AF-NP interface had significantly increased mechanical stability by 2 weeks of coculture. To evaluate if these tissues remained integrated, allogeneic IVD model constructs were implanted into defects freshly made in the NP-inner AF and bone of the bovine coccygeal spine. One month postimplantation, the interfaces between the AF lamellae remained intact and there was integration with the host AF tissue. No inflammatory reaction was noted at this time period. In summary, an engineered IVD implant with mechanically stable integration between AF lamellae and AF-NP can be generated in vitro. Further study is required to scale up the size of this construct and evaluate its ability to serve as a biological disc replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Iu
- 1 Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada .,2 BioEngineering of Skeletal Tissues Team, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
| | - Eric Massicotte
- 3 Division of Neurosurgery, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Hospital , Toronto, Canada
| | - Shu-Qiu Li
- 3 Division of Neurosurgery, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Hospital , Toronto, Canada
| | - Mark B Hurtig
- 4 Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada
| | - Ehsan Toyserkani
- 5 Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Canada
| | - J Paul Santerre
- 1 Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
| | - Rita A Kandel
- 1 Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada .,2 BioEngineering of Skeletal Tissues Team, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
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Russo P, Liang R, Jabari E, Marzbanrad E, Toyserkani E, Zhou YN. Single-step synthesis of graphene quantum dots by femtosecond laser ablation of graphene oxide dispersions. Nanoscale 2016; 8:8863-77. [PMID: 27071944 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01148a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have attracted the attention of many research groups for their outstanding properties, which include low toxicity, chemical stability and photoluminescence. One of the challenges of GQD synthesis is finding a single-step, cheap and sustainable approach for synthesizing these promising nanomaterials. In this study, we demonstrate that femtosecond laser ablation of graphene oxide (GO) dispersions could be employed as a facile and environmentally friendly synthesis method for GQDs. With the proper control of laser ablation parameters, such as ablation time and laser power, it is possible to produce GQDs with average sizes of 2-5 nm, emitting a blue luminescence at 410 nm. We tested the feasibility of the synthesized GQDs as materials for electronic devices by aerosol-jet printing of an ink that is a mixture of water dispersion of laser synthesized GQDs and silver nanoparticle dispersion, which resulted in lower resistivity of the final printed patterns. Preliminary results showed that femtosecond laser synthesized GQDs can be mixed with silver nanoparticle dispersion to fabricate a hybrid material, which can be employed in printing electronic devices by either printing patterns that are more conductive and/or reducing costs of the ink by decreasing the concentration of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the ink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Russo
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada. and Centre for Advanced Materials Joining, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Robert Liang
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada. and Centre for Advanced Materials Joining, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Elahe Jabari
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Multi-scale Additive Manufacturing Laboratory, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ehsan Marzbanrad
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada. and Centre for Advanced Materials Joining, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ehsan Toyserkani
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Multi-scale Additive Manufacturing Laboratory, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Y Norman Zhou
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada. and Centre for Advanced Materials Joining, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Sheydaeian E, Vlasea M, Woo A, Pilliar R, Hu E, Toyserkani E. Effect of glycerol concentrations on the mechanical properties of additive manufactured porous calcium polyphosphate structures for bone substitute applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2016; 105:828-835. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esmat Sheydaeian
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Mihaela Vlasea
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Ami Woo
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Robert Pilliar
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5S 3G9 Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5G 1G6 Canada
| | - Eugene Hu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5S 3G9 Canada
| | - Ehsan Toyserkani
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
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Basalah A, Esmaeili S, Toyserkani E. A novel additive manufacturing-based technique for developing bio-structures with conformal channels and encapsulated voids. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/1/4/045007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hu Y, Shanjani Y, Toyserkani E, Grynpas M, Wang R, Pilliar R. Porous calcium polyphosphate bone substitutes: Additive manufacturing versus conventional gravity sinter processing-Effect on structure and mechanical properties. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 102:274-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youxin Hu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Yaser Shanjani
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing Laboratory; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Ontario Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Ehsan Toyserkani
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing Laboratory; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Ontario Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Marc Grynpas
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3G9
- CIHR-Bioengineering of Skeletal Tissues Team, Mount Sinai Hospital; Toronto Ontario Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Rizhi Wang
- Department of Materials Engineering; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Robert Pilliar
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3G9
- Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5G 1G6 Canada
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Shanjani Y, Hu Y, Toyserkani E, Grynpas M, Kandel RA, Pilliar RM. Solid freeform fabrication of porous calcium polyphosphate structures for bone substitute applications:In vivostudies. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 101:972-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Basalah A, Shanjani Y, Esmaeili S, Toyserkani E. Characterizations of additive manufactured porous titanium implants. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2012; 100:1970-9. [PMID: 22865677 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This article describes physical, chemical, and mechanical characterizations of porous titanium implants made by an additive manufacturing method to gain insight into the correlation of process parameters and final physical properties of implants used in orthopedics. For the manufacturing chain, the powder metallurgy technology was combined with the additive manufacturing to fabricate the porous structure from the pure tanium powder. A 3D printing machine was employed in this study to produce porous bar samples. A number of physical parameters such as titanium powder size, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) amount, sintering temperature and time were investigated to control the mechanical properties and porosity of the structures. The produced samples were characterized through porosity and shrinkage measurements, mechanical compression test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed a level of porosity in the samples in the range of 31-43%, which is within the range of the porosity of the cancelluous bone and approaches the range of the porosity of the cortical bone. The results of the mechanical test showed that the compressive strength is in the wide range of 56-509 MPa implying the effect of the process parameters on the mechanical strengths. This technique of manufacturing of Ti porous structures demonstrated a low level of shrinkage with the shrinkage percentage ranging from 1.5 to 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Basalah
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Shanjani Y, Hu Y, Pilliar RM, Toyserkani E. Mechanical characteristics of solid-freeform-fabricated porous calcium polyphosphate structures with oriented stacked layers. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:1788-96. [PMID: 21185409 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study addresses the mechanical properties of calcium polyphosphate (CPP) structures formed by stacked layers using a powder-based solid freeform fabrication (SFF) technique. The mechanical properties of the 35% porous structures were characterized by uniaxial compression testing for compressive strength determination and diametral compression testing to determine tensile strength. Fracture cleavage surfaces were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The effects of the fabrication process on the microarchitecture of the CPP samples were also investigated. Results suggest that the orientation of the stacked layers has a substantial influence on the mechanical behavior of the SFF-made CPP samples. The samples with layers stacked parallel to the mechanical compressive load are 48% stronger than those with the layers stacked perpendicular to the load. However, the samples with different stacking orientations are not significantly different in tensile strength. The observed anisotropic mechanical properties were analyzed based on the physical microstructural properties of the CPP structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Shanjani
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Shanjani Y, De Croos JNA, Pilliar RM, Kandel RA, Toyserkani E. Solid freeform fabrication and characterization of porous calcium polyphosphate structures for tissue engineering purposes. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2010; 93:510-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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