1
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Du P, Wu J. Hallmarks of totipotent and pluripotent stem cell states. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:312-333. [PMID: 38382531 PMCID: PMC10939785 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Though totipotency and pluripotency are transient during early embryogenesis, they establish the foundation for the development of all mammals. Studying these in vivo has been challenging due to limited access and ethical constraints, particularly in humans. Recent progress has led to diverse culture adaptations of epiblast cells in vitro in the form of totipotent and pluripotent stem cells, which not only deepen our understanding of embryonic development but also serve as invaluable resources for animal reproduction and regenerative medicine. This review delves into the hallmarks of totipotent and pluripotent stem cells, shedding light on their key molecular and functional features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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2
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MacCarthy CM, Wu G, Malik V, Menuchin-Lasowski Y, Velychko T, Keshet G, Fan R, Bedzhov I, Church GM, Jauch R, Cojocaru V, Schöler HR, Velychko S. Highly cooperative chimeric super-SOX induces naive pluripotency across species. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:127-147.e9. [PMID: 38141611 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of pluripotency remains limited: iPSC generation has only been established for a few model species, pluripotent stem cell lines exhibit inconsistent developmental potential, and germline transmission has only been demonstrated for mice and rats. By swapping structural elements between Sox2 and Sox17, we built a chimeric super-SOX factor, Sox2-17, that enhanced iPSC generation in five tested species: mouse, human, cynomolgus monkey, cow, and pig. A swap of alanine to valine at the interface between Sox2 and Oct4 delivered a gain of function by stabilizing Sox2/Oct4 dimerization on DNA, enabling generation of high-quality OSKM iPSCs capable of supporting the development of healthy all-iPSC mice. Sox2/Oct4 dimerization emerged as the core driver of naive pluripotency with its levels diminished upon priming. Transient overexpression of the SK cocktail (Sox+Klf4) restored the dimerization and boosted the developmental potential of pluripotent stem cells across species, providing a universal method for naive reset in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guangming Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany; International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China; MingCeler Biotech, Guangzhou, China
| | - Vikas Malik
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Taras Velychko
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gal Keshet
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rui Fan
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Ivan Bedzhov
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - George M Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Wyss Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralf Jauch
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vlad Cojocaru
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany; University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; STAR-UBB Institute, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.
| | - Sergiy Velychko
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Wyss Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Choi EB, Vodnala M, Saini P, Anugula S, Zerbato M, Ho JJ, Wang J, Ho Sui SJ, Yoon J, Roels M, Inouye C, Fong YW. Transcription factor SOX15 regulates stem cell pluripotency and promotes neural fate during differentiation by activating the neurogenic gene Hes5. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102996. [PMID: 36764520 PMCID: PMC10023989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
SOX2 and SOX15 are Sox family transcription factors enriched in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The role of SOX2 in activating gene expression programs essential for stem cell self-renewal and acquisition of pluripotency during somatic cell reprogramming is well-documented. However, the contribution of SOX15 to these processes is unclear and often presumed redundant with SOX2 largely because overexpression of SOX15 can partially restore self-renewal in SOX2-deficient ESCs. Here, we show that SOX15 contributes to stem cell maintenance by cooperating with ESC-enriched transcriptional coactivators to ensure optimal expression of pluripotency-associated genes. We demonstrate that SOX15 depletion compromises reprogramming of fibroblasts to pluripotency which cannot be compensated by SOX2. Ectopic expression of SOX15 promotes the reversion of a postimplantation, epiblast stem cell state back to a preimplantation, ESC-like identity even though SOX2 is expressed in both cell states. We also uncover a role of SOX15 in lineage specification, by showing that loss of SOX15 leads to defects in commitment of ESCs to neural fates. SOX15 promotes neural differentiation by binding to and activating a previously uncharacterized distal enhancer of a key neurogenic regulator, Hes5. Together, these findings identify a multifaceted role of SOX15 in induction and maintenance of pluripotency and neural differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Bee Choi
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Munender Vodnala
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Prince Saini
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sharath Anugula
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Madeleine Zerbato
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jaclyn J Ho
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine Center of Excellence, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jianing Wang
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shannan J Ho Sui
- Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joon Yoon
- Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marielle Roels
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carla Inouye
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine Center of Excellence, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Yick W Fong
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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4
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Medina-Cano D, Corrigan EK, Glenn RA, Islam MT, Lin Y, Kim J, Cho H, Vierbuchen T. Rapid and robust directed differentiation of mouse epiblast stem cells into definitive endoderm and forebrain organoids. Development 2022; 149:dev200561. [PMID: 35899604 PMCID: PMC10655922 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) is a powerful model system for deconstructing embryonic development. Although mice are the most advanced mammalian model system for genetic studies of embryonic development, state-of-the-art protocols for directed differentiation of mouse PSCs into defined lineages require additional steps and generates target cell types with lower purity than analogous protocols for human PSCs, limiting their application as models for mechanistic studies of development. Here, we examine the potential of mouse epiblast stem cells cultured in media containing Wnt pathway inhibitors as a starting point for directed differentiation. As a proof of concept, we focused our efforts on two specific cell/tissue types that have proven difficult to generate efficiently and reproducibly from mouse embryonic stem cells: definitive endoderm and neural organoids. We present new protocols for rapid generation of nearly pure definitive endoderm and forebrain-patterned neural organoids that model the development of prethalamic and hippocampal neurons. These differentiation models present new possibilities for combining mouse genetic tools with in vitro differentiation to characterize molecular and cellular mechanisms of embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Medina-Cano
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Emily K. Corrigan
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rachel A. Glenn
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mohammed T. Islam
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yuan Lin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Juliet Kim
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hyunwoo Cho
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Vierbuchen
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
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5
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Glover HJ, Shparberg RA, Morris MB. L-Proline Supplementation Drives Self-Renewing Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells to a Partially Primed Pluripotent State: The Early Primitive Ectoderm-Like Cell. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2490:11-24. [PMID: 35486235 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2281-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) can be grown under a variety of culture conditions as discrete cell states along the pluripotency continuum, ranging from the least mature "ground state" to being "primed" to differentiate. Cells along this continuum are demarcated by differences in gene expression, X chromosome inactivation, ability to form chimeras and epigenetic marks. We have developed a protocol to differentiate "naïve" mESCs to a "partially primed" state by adding the amino acid L-proline to self-renewal medium. These cells express the primitive ectoderm markers Dnmt3b and Fgf5, and are thus called early primitive ectoderm-like (EPL) cells. In addition to changes in gene expression, these cells undergo a morphological change to flattened, dispersed colonies, have an increased proliferation rate, and a predisposition to neural fate. EPL cells can be used to study the cell states along the pluripotency continuum, peri-implantation embryogenesis, and as a starting point for efficient neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Glover
- Bosch Institute and Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Rachel A Shparberg
- Bosch Institute and Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael B Morris
- Bosch Institute and Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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6
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Yeh CY, Huang WH, Chen HC, Meir YJJ. Capturing Pluripotency and Beyond. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123558. [PMID: 34944066 PMCID: PMC8700150 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the development of a multicellular organism, the specification of different cell lineages originates in a small group of pluripotent cells, the epiblasts, formed in the preimplantation embryo. The pluripotent epiblast is protected from premature differentiation until exposure to inductive cues in strictly controlled spatially and temporally organized patterns guiding fetus formation. Epiblasts cultured in vitro are embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which recapitulate the self-renewal and lineage specification properties of their endogenous counterparts. The characteristics of totipotency, although less understood than pluripotency, are becoming clearer. Recent studies have shown that a minor ESC subpopulation exhibits expanded developmental potential beyond pluripotency, displaying a characteristic reminiscent of two-cell embryo blastomeres (2CLCs). In addition, reprogramming both mouse and human ESCs in defined media can produce expanded/extended pluripotent stem cells (EPSCs) similar to but different from 2CLCs. Further, the molecular roadmaps driving the transition of various potency states have been clarified. These recent key findings will allow us to understand eutherian mammalian development by comparing the underlying differences between potency network components during development. Using the mouse as a paradigm and recent progress in human PSCs, we review the epiblast's identity acquisition during embryogenesis and their ESC counterparts regarding their pluripotent fates and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yu Yeh
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-Y.Y.); (W.-H.H.)
| | - Wei-Han Huang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-Y.Y.); (W.-H.H.)
| | - Hung-Chi Chen
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-Y.Y.); (W.-H.H.)
- Limbal Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-C.C.); (Y.-J.J.M.)
| | - Yaa-Jyuhn James Meir
- Limbal Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-C.C.); (Y.-J.J.M.)
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7
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Pera MF, Rossant J. The exploration of pluripotency space: Charting cell state transitions in peri-implantation development. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1896-1906. [PMID: 34672948 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent cells in the mammalian embryo undergo state transitions marked by changes in patterns of gene expression and developmental potential as they progress from pre-implantation through post-implantation stages of development. Recent studies of cultured mouse and human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have identified cells representative of an intermediate stage (referred to as the formative state) between naive pluripotency (equivalent to pre-implantation epiblast) and primed pluripotency (equivalent to late post-implantation epiblast). We examine these recent findings in light of our knowledge of peri-implantation mouse and human development, and we consider the implications of this work for deriving human embryo models from pluripotent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet Rossant
- The Hospital for Sick Children and the Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Gairdner Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Kagiwada S, Aramaki S, Wu G, Shin B, Kutejova E, Obridge D, Adachi K, Wrana JL, Hübner K, Schöler HR. YAP establishes epiblast responsiveness to inductive signals for germ cell fate. Development 2021; 148:272520. [PMID: 34528691 PMCID: PMC8571999 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The germ cell lineage in mammals is induced by the stimulation of pluripotent epiblast cells by signaling molecules. Previous studies have suggested that the germ cell differentiation competence or responsiveness of epiblast cells to signaling molecules is established and maintained in epiblast cells of a specific differentiation state. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this process has not been well defined. Here, using the differentiation model of mouse epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs), we have shown that two defined EpiSC lines have robust germ cell differentiation competence. However, another defined EpiSC line has no competence. By evaluating the molecular basis of EpiSCs with distinct germ cell differentiation competence, we identified YAP, an intracellular mediator of the Hippo signaling pathway, as crucial for the establishment of germ cell induction. Strikingly, deletion of YAP severely affected responsiveness to inductive stimuli, leading to a defect in WNT target activation and germ cell differentiation. In conclusion, we propose that the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway creates a potential for germ cell fate induction via mesodermal WNT signaling in pluripotent epiblast cells. Summary: YAP, an intracellular mediator of the Hippo signaling pathway, establishes epiblast competency for germ cell differentiation through activation of the WNT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saya Kagiwada
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Shinya Aramaki
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Guangming Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster 48149, Germany.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Luoxuan Avenue, Haizhu District, 510320 Guangzhou, PRC
| | - Borami Shin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Eva Kutejova
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - David Obridge
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Kenjiro Adachi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Jeffrey L Wrana
- Department of Cancer Biology, Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Karin Hübner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster 48149, Germany.,Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
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9
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Aramaki S, Kagiwada S, Wu G, Obridge D, Adachi K, Kutejova E, Lickert H, Hübner K, Schöler HR. Residual pluripotency is required for inductive germ cell segregation. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52553. [PMID: 34156139 PMCID: PMC8344911 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine‐tuned dissolution of pluripotency is critical for proper cell differentiation. Here we show that the mesodermal transcription factor, T, globally affects the properties of pluripotency through binding to Oct4 and to the loci of other pluripotency regulators. Strikingly, lower T levels coordinately affect naïve pluripotency, thereby directly activating the germ cell differentiation program, in contrast to the induction of germ cell fate of primed models. Contrary to the effect of lower T levels, higher T levels more severely affect the pluripotency state, concomitantly enhancing the somatic differentiation program and repressing the germ cell differentiation program. Consistent with such in vitro findings, nascent germ cells in vivo are detected in the region of lower T levels at the posterior primitive streak. Furthermore, T and core pluripotency regulators co‐localize at the loci of multiple germ cell determinants responsible for germ cell development. In conclusion, our findings indicate that residual pluripotency establishes the earliest and fundamental regulatory mechanism for inductive germline segregation from somatic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Aramaki
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Saya Kagiwada
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Guangming Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - David Obridge
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Kenjiro Adachi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Eva Kutejova
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karin Hübner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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10
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Running the full human developmental clock in interspecies chimeras using alternative human stem cells with expanded embryonic potential. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:25. [PMID: 34001907 PMCID: PMC8128894 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can generate specialized cell lineages that have great potential for regenerative therapies and disease modeling. However, the developmental stage of the lineages generated from conventional hPSC cultures in vitro are embryonic in phenotype, and may not possess the cellular maturity necessary for corrective regenerative function in vivo in adult recipients. Here, we present the scientific evidence for how adult human tissues could generate human–animal interspecific chimeras to solve this problem. First, we review the phenotypes of the embryonic lineages differentiated from conventional hPSC in vitro and through organoid technologies and compare their functional relevance to the tissues generated during normal human in utero fetal and adult development. We hypothesize that the developmental incongruence of embryo-stage hPSC-differentiated cells transplanted into a recipient adult host niche is an important mechanism ultimately limiting their utility in cell therapies and adult disease modeling. We propose that this developmental obstacle can be overcome with optimized interspecies chimeras that permit the generation of adult-staged, patient-specific whole organs within animal hosts with human-compatible gestational time-frames. We suggest that achieving this goal may ultimately have to await the derivation of alternative, primitive totipotent-like stem cells with improved embryonic chimera capacities. We review the scientific challenges of deriving alternative human stem cell states with expanded embryonic potential, outline a path forward for conducting this emerging research with appropriate ethical and regulatory oversight, and defend the case of why current federal funding restrictions on this important category of biomedical research should be liberalized.
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11
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Posfai E, Lanner F, Mulas C, Leitch HG. All models are wrong, but some are useful: Establishing standards for stem cell-based embryo models. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1117-1141. [PMID: 33979598 PMCID: PMC8185978 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed studies of the embryo allow an increasingly mechanistic understanding of development, which has proved of profound relevance to human disease. The last decade has seen in vitro cultured stem cell-based models of embryo development flourish, which provide an alternative to the embryo for accessible experimentation. However, the usefulness of any stem cell-based embryo model will be determined by how accurately it reflects in vivo embryonic development, and/or the extent to which it facilitates new discoveries. Stringent benchmarking of embryo models is thus an important consideration for this growing field. Here we provide an overview of means to evaluate both the properties of stem cells, the building blocks of most embryo models, as well as the usefulness of current and future in vitro embryo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Posfai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Fredrik Lanner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden; Ming Wai Lau Center for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carla Mulas
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Harry G Leitch
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
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12
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Hancock GV, Wamaitha SE, Peretz L, Clark AT. Mammalian primordial germ cell specification. Development 2021; 148:148/6/dev189217. [PMID: 33722957 DOI: 10.1242/dev.189217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The peri-implantation window of mammalian development is the crucial window for primordial germ cell (PGC) specification. Whereas pre-implantation dynamics are relatively conserved between species, the implantation window marks a stage of developmental divergence between key model organisms, and thus potential variance in the cell and molecular mechanisms for PGC specification. In humans, PGC specification is very difficult to study in vivo To address this, the combined use of human and nonhuman primate embryos, and stem cell-based embryo models are essential for determining the origin of PGCs, as are comparative analyses to the equivalent stages of mouse development. Understanding the origin of PGCs in the peri-implantation embryo is crucial not only for accurate modeling of this essential process using stem cells, but also in determining the role of global epigenetic reprogramming upon which sex-specific differentiation into gametes relies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace V Hancock
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sissy E Wamaitha
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lior Peretz
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA .,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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13
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Human ES Cell Culture Conditions Fail to Preserve the Mouse Epiblast State. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:8818356. [PMID: 33828592 PMCID: PMC8004371 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8818356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and mouse epiblast stem cells (mEpiSCs) are the pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of preimplantation embryos at embryonic day 3.5 (E3.5) and postimplantation embryos at E5.5-E7.5, respectively. Depending on their environment, PSCs can exist in the so-called naïve (ESCs) or primed (EpiSCs) states. Exposure to EpiSC or human ESC (hESC) culture condition can convert mESCs towards an EpiSC-like state. Here, we show that the undifferentiated epiblast state is however not stabilized in a sustained manner when exposing mESCs to hESC or EpiSC culture condition. Rather, prolonged exposure to EpiSC condition promotes a transition to a primitive streak- (PS-) like state via an unbiased epiblast-like intermediate. We show that the Brachyury-positive PS-like state is likely promoted by endogenous WNT signaling, highlighting a possible species difference between mouse epiblast-like stem cells and human Embryonic Stem Cells.
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14
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Fujishima A, Takahashi K, Goto M, Hirakawa T, Iwasawa T, Togashi K, Maeda E, Shirasawa H, Miura H, Sato W, Kumazawa Y, Terada Y. Live visualisation of electrolytes during mouse embryonic development using electrolyte indicators. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246337. [PMID: 33513193 PMCID: PMC7845971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that some electrolytes, including Na+ and K+, play important roles in embryonic development. However, these studies evaluated these electrolytes by using inhibitors or knockout mice, with no mention on the changes in the intracellular electrolyte concentrations during embryogenesis. In this study, we used the electrolyte indicators CoroNa Green AM and ION Potassium Green-2 AM to directly visualise intracellular concentrations of Na+ and K+, respectively, at each embryonic developmental stage in mouse embryos. We directly observed intracellular electrolyte concentrations at the morula, blastocyst, and hatching stages. Our results revealed dynamic changes in intracellular electrolyte concentrations; we found that the intracellular Na+ concentration decreased, while K+ concentration increased during blastocoel formation. The degree of change in intensity in response to ouabain, an inhibitor of Na+/K+ ATPase, was considered to correspond to the degree of Na+/K+ ATPase activity at each developmental stage. Additionally, after the blastocyst stage, trophectoderm cells in direct contact with the blastocoel showed higher K+ concentrations than in direct contact with inner cell mass, indicating that Na+/K+ ATPase activity differs depending on the location in the trophectoderm. This is the first study to use CoroNa Green AM and ION Potassium Green-2 AM in mouse embryos and visualise electrolytes during embryonic development. The changes in electrolyte concentration observed in this study were consistent with the activity of Na+/K+ ATPase reported previously, and it was possible to image more detailed electrolyte behaviour in embryo cells. This method can be used to improve the understanding of cell physiology and is useful for future embryonic development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Fujishima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Takahashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Mayumi Goto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Takeo Hirakawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Takuya Iwasawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Omagari Kousei Medical Center, Akita, Japan
| | - Kazue Togashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Eri Maeda
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Public Health, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Shirasawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Wataru Sato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yukiyo Kumazawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Terada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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15
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Şişli HB, Şenkal S, Sağraç D, Hayal TB, Doğan A. Feeder-Dependent/Independent Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Culture Protocol. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2520:101-115. [PMID: 33945144 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) were first derived and cultured nearly 30 years ago and have been beneficial tools to create transgenic mice and to study early mammalian development so far. Fibroblast feeder cell layers are often used at some stage in the culture protocol of mESCs. The feeder layer-often mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs)-contribute to the mESC culture as a substrate to increase culture efficiency, maintain pluripotency, and facilitate survival and growth of the stem cells. Various feeder-dependent and feeder-independent culture and differentiation protocols have been established for mESCs. Here we describe the isolation, culture, and preparation feeder cell layers and establishment of feeder-dependent/independent protocol for mESC culture. In addition, basic mESC protocols for culture, storage, and differentiation were described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Burcu Şişli
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selinay Şenkal
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Sağraç
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Taha Bartu Hayal
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Doğan
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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16
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Ortmann D, Brown S, Czechanski A, Aydin S, Muraro D, Huang Y, Tomaz RA, Osnato A, Canu G, Wesley BT, Skelly DA, Stegle O, Choi T, Churchill GA, Baker CL, Rugg-Gunn PJ, Munger SC, Reinholdt LG, Vallier L. Naive Pluripotent Stem Cells Exhibit Phenotypic Variability that Is Driven by Genetic Variation. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:470-481.e6. [PMID: 32795399 PMCID: PMC7487768 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Variability among pluripotent stem cell (PSC) lines is a prevailing issue that hampers not only experimental reproducibility but also large-scale applications and personalized cell-based therapy. This variability could result from epigenetic and genetic factors that influence stem cell behavior. Naive culture conditions minimize epigenetic fluctuation, potentially overcoming differences in PSC line differentiation potential. Here we derived PSCs from distinct mouse strains under naive conditions and show that lines from distinct genetic backgrounds have divergent differentiation capacity, confirming a major role for genetics in PSC phenotypic variability. This is explained in part through inconsistent activity of extra-cellular signaling, including the Wnt pathway, which is modulated by specific genetic variants. Overall, this study shows that genetic background plays a dominant role in driving phenotypic variability of PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ortmann
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Stephanie Brown
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Daniele Muraro
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Yuanhua Huang
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Rute A Tomaz
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna Osnato
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giovanni Canu
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brandon T Wesley
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Oliver Stegle
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Computational Genomics and Systems Genetics, German Cancer Research, Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ted Choi
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | | | | | - Peter J Rugg-Gunn
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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17
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Lau KX, Mason EA, Kie J, De Souza DP, Kloehn J, Tull D, McConville MJ, Keniry A, Beck T, Blewitt ME, Ritchie ME, Naik SH, Zalcenstein D, Korn O, Su S, Romero IG, Spruce C, Baker CL, McGarr TC, Wells CA, Pera MF. Unique properties of a subset of human pluripotent stem cells with high capacity for self-renewal. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2420. [PMID: 32415101 PMCID: PMC7229198 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Archetypal human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) are widely considered to be equivalent in developmental status to mouse epiblast stem cells, which correspond to pluripotent cells at a late post-implantation stage of embryogenesis. Heterogeneity within hPSC cultures complicates this interspecies comparison. Here we show that a subpopulation of archetypal hPSC enriched for high self-renewal capacity (ESR) has distinct properties relative to the bulk of the population, including a cell cycle with a very low G1 fraction and a metabolomic profile that reflects a combination of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. ESR cells are pluripotent and capable of differentiation into primordial germ cell-like cells. Global DNA methylation levels in the ESR subpopulation are lower than those in mouse epiblast stem cells. Chromatin accessibility analysis revealed a unique set of open chromatin sites in ESR cells. RNA-seq at the subpopulation and single cell levels shows that, unlike mouse epiblast stem cells, the ESR subset of hPSC displays no lineage priming, and that it can be clearly distinguished from gastrulating and extraembryonic cell populations in the primate embryo. ESR hPSC correspond to an earlier stage of post-implantation development than mouse epiblast stem cells. Human pluripotent cells (hPSCs) in standard culture are similar to mouse epiblast cells, but heterogeneity within hPSC cultures complicates comparisons. Here the authors show that a subpopulation of hPSCs enriched for self-renewal capacity have distinct cell cycle, metabolic, DNA methylation, and ATAC-seq profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin X Lau
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Mason
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Centre for Stem Cell Systems, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Joshua Kie
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - David P De Souza
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Joachim Kloehn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Dedreia Tull
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Malcolm J McConville
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew Keniry
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Tamara Beck
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Marnie E Blewitt
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew E Ritchie
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Shalin H Naik
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Daniela Zalcenstein
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Othmar Korn
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Shian Su
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Irene Gallego Romero
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Christine A Wells
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Centre for Stem Cell Systems, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Divisions of Cancer and Hematology and Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Martin F Pera
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia. .,Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia. .,The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA. .,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
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18
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Jouneau A. Heterogeneity in Epiblast Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1123:5-17. [PMID: 31016592 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11096-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) are pluripotent cells that are derived from mouse embryos at gastrulation stages. They represent the primed state of pluripotency, in which cells are on the verge of differentiation and already express markers of the three primary lineages (mesoderm, endoderm, neurectoderm). EpiSCs display some heterogeneity intra- and inter-cell lines in the expression of some of these lineage markers. We relate this heterogeneity to signalling pathways that are active in EpiSCs, either due to addition of growth factors (FGF2 and activin) in the culture medium, or endogenously active (FGF, Nodal, and Wnt). By modulating Wnt or activin/nodal pathways, cell lines close to EpiSCs but with different properties can be obtained. These signalling pathways are all at work in vivo to pattern the pluripotent epiblast and specify cellular fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Jouneau
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France.
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19
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Dunn SJ, Li MA, Carbognin E, Smith A, Martello G. A common molecular logic determines embryonic stem cell self-renewal and reprogramming. EMBO J 2018; 38:embj.2018100003. [PMID: 30482756 PMCID: PMC6316172 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During differentiation and reprogramming, new cell identities are generated by reconfiguration of gene regulatory networks. Here, we combined automated formal reasoning with experimentation to expose the logic of network activation during induction of naïve pluripotency. We find that a Boolean network architecture defined for maintenance of naïve state embryonic stem cells (ESC) also explains transcription factor behaviour and potency during resetting from primed pluripotency. Computationally identified gene activation trajectories were experimentally substantiated at single‐cell resolution by RT–qPCR. Contingency of factor availability explains the counterintuitive observation that Klf2, which is dispensable for ESC maintenance, is required during resetting. We tested 124 predictions formulated by the dynamic network, finding a predictive accuracy of 77.4%. Finally, we show that this network explains and predicts experimental observations of somatic cell reprogramming. We conclude that a common deterministic program of gene regulation is sufficient to govern maintenance and induction of naïve pluripotency. The tools exemplified here could be broadly applied to delineate dynamic networks underlying cell fate transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara-Jane Dunn
- Microsoft Research, Cambridge, UK.,Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Meng Amy Li
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elena Carbognin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Austin Smith
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Li T, Zheng Y, Li Y, Ye D. Comparison of in vitro Neuronal Differentiation Capacity Between Mouse Epiblast Stem Cells Derived From Nuclear Transfer and Naturally Fertilized Embryos. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:392. [PMID: 30425619 PMCID: PMC6218595 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) can give rise to fertile adults, but the successful perinatal and postnatal developmental rates are inefficient, including delayed developmental behaviors, and respiratory failure. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms remain elusive. Mouse epiblast stem cells (mEpiSCs) from E5.5-6.5 epiblasts share defining features with human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), providing a new opportunity to study early mammalian development in vitro. In this study, mEpiSCs were established from naturally fertilized mouse embryos (F-mEpiSCs) and SCNT mouse embryos (NT-mEpiSCs). Also, the in vitro neuronal differentiation capacity of F-mEpiSCs and NT-mEpiSCs was compared. Morphology analysis showed less and smaller neurospheres formation and lower percentage of early neurons generation in NT-mEpiSCs. The immunocytochemical analysis and altered mRNA expression levels of the neuronal markers in differentiated cells further confirmed that neurogenesis was slower in NT-mEpiSCs than in F-mEpiSCs. Moreover, neuronal differentiation capacity was correlated with the basal expression levels of Atox1 and Vinculin but not Brachyury and Otx2, emphasizing that developmental aberrations in neurogenesis were associated with the NT technique but not random variations between clones. This study provided an important in vitro platform using mEpiSCs to study early epigenetic and developmental processes associated with neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Danna Ye
- Department of Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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21
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Kondo M, Sugimoto M, Abe K. A Simplified and Efficient Protocol for Derivation and Maintenance of High-Quality Mouse Primed Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Wnt Inhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 46:e60. [PMID: 30005143 DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) are primed pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) derived from mouse postimplantation embryos. Interestingly, EpiSCs share many characteristics with human PSCs such as human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced PSCs (hiPSC). Thus, EpiSCs can serve as a model for studying primed states of pluripotency. This article describes a simple yet highly efficient protocol for EpiSC derivation and maintenance of homogenous EpiSCs using an inhibitor of WNT secretion. Using this method, EpiSCs can be readily derived from mouse strains with different genetic background including C57BL/6N. The EpiSCs derived by this protocol maintain a homogenous, undifferentiated status, yet retain high differentiation potential. Unlike EpiSCs established by the original protocol, the new EpiSC lines require the continued presence of WNT inhibitor, suggesting intrinsic differences from EpiSCs made by the original method. This new version of EpiSCs will provide clues to understand the nature of primed states of mammalian pluripotent cells and may facilitate establishment of a better protocol for directed differentiation from the primed state. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Kondo
- Technology and Development Team for Mammalian Genome Dynamics, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Michihiko Sugimoto
- Technology and Development Team for Mammalian Genome Dynamics, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Division of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kuniya Abe
- Technology and Development Team for Mammalian Genome Dynamics, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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22
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Yachie-Kinoshita A, Onishi K, Ostblom J, Langley MA, Posfai E, Rossant J, Zandstra PW. Modeling signaling-dependent pluripotency with Boolean logic to predict cell fate transitions. Mol Syst Biol 2018; 14:e7952. [PMID: 29378814 PMCID: PMC5787708 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20177952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) exist in multiple stable states, each with specific cellular properties and molecular signatures. The mechanisms that maintain pluripotency, or that cause its destabilization to initiate development, are complex and incompletely understood. We have developed a model to predict stabilized PSC gene regulatory network (GRN) states in response to input signals. Our strategy used random asynchronous Boolean simulations (R-ABS) to simulate single-cell fate transitions and strongly connected components (SCCs) strategy to represent population heterogeneity. This framework was applied to a reverse-engineered and curated core GRN for mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and used to simulate cellular responses to combinations of five signaling pathways. Our simulations predicted experimentally verified cell population compositions and input signal combinations controlling specific cell fate transitions. Extending the model to PSC differentiation, we predicted a combination of signaling activators and inhibitors that efficiently and robustly generated a Cdx2+Oct4- cells from naïve mESCs. Overall, this platform provides new strategies to simulate cell fate transitions and the heterogeneity that typically occurs during development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Yachie-Kinoshita
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Systems Biology Institute, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kento Onishi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joel Ostblom
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew A Langley
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eszter Posfai
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Janet Rossant
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter W Zandstra
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada .,The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Medicine by Design, A Canada First Research Excellence Program at the University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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23
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Trusler O, Huang Z, Goodwin J, Laslett AL. Cell surface markers for the identification and study of human naive pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2018; 26:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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24
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Williams EO, Taylor AK, Bell EL, Lim R, Kim DM, Guarente L. Sirtuin 1 Promotes Deacetylation of Oct4 and Maintenance of Naive Pluripotency. Cell Rep 2017; 17:809-820. [PMID: 27732856 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The enhancer landscape is dramatically restructured as naive preimplantation epiblasts transition to the post-implantation state of primed pluripotency. A key factor in this process is Otx2, which is upregulated during the early stages of this transition and ultimately recruits Oct4 to a different set of enhancers. In this study, we discover that the acetylation status of Oct4 regulates the induction of the primed pluripotency gene network. Maintenance of the naive state requires the NAD-dependent deacetylase, SirT1, which deacetylates Oct4. The activity of SirT1 is reduced during the naive-to-primed transition; Oct4 becomes hyper-acetylated and binds to an Otx2 enhancer to induce Otx2 expression. Induction of Otx2 causes the reorganization of acetylated Oct4 and results in the induction of the primed pluripotency gene network. Regulation of Oct4 by SirT1 may link stem cell development to environmental conditions, and it may provide strategies to manipulate epiblast cell state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric O Williams
- Glenn Laboratory for the Science of Aging and the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Amy K Taylor
- Glenn Laboratory for the Science of Aging and the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eric L Bell
- Glenn Laboratory for the Science of Aging and the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rachelle Lim
- Glenn Laboratory for the Science of Aging and the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel M Kim
- Glenn Laboratory for the Science of Aging and the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leonard Guarente
- Glenn Laboratory for the Science of Aging and the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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25
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Naive-like ESRRB + iPSCs with the Capacity for Rapid Neural Differentiation. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1825-1838. [PMID: 29129686 PMCID: PMC5785673 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several groups have reported the existence of a form of pluripotency that resembles that of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), i.e., a naive state, in human pluripotent stem cells; however, the characteristics vary between reports. The nuclear receptor ESRRB is expressed in mESCs and plays a significant role in their self-renewal, but its expression has not been observed in most naive-like human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). In this study, we modified several methods for converting hiPSCs into a naive state through the transgenic expression of several reprogramming factors. The resulting cells express the components of the core transcriptional network of mESCs, including ESRRB, at high levels, which suggests the existence of naive-state hiPSCs that are similar to mESCs. We also demonstrate that these cells differentiate more readily into neural cells than do conventional hiPSCs. These features may be beneficial for their use in disease modeling and regenerative medicine.
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26
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Boroviak T, Nichols J. Primate embryogenesis predicts the hallmarks of human naïve pluripotency. Development 2017; 144:175-186. [PMID: 28096211 PMCID: PMC5430762 DOI: 10.1242/dev.145177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Naïve pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) resemble the preimplantation epiblast and efficiently contribute to chimaeras. Primate ESCs correspond to the postimplantation embryo and fail to resume development in chimaeric assays. Recent data suggest that human ESCs can be ‘reset’ to an earlier developmental stage, but their functional capacity remains ill defined. Here, we discuss how the naïve state is inherently linked to preimplantation epiblast identity in the embryo. We hypothesise that distinctive features of primate development provide stringent criteria to evaluate naïve pluripotency in human and other primate cells. Based on our hypothesis, we define 12 key hallmarks of naïve pluripotency, five of which are specific to primates. These hallmarks may serve as a functional framework to assess human naïve ESCs. Summary: This Hypothesis article highlights several fundamental differences between rodent and primate early development and exploits these to predict key hallmarks of naïve pluripotency in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Boroviak
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 4BG, UK
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27
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Festuccia N, Owens N, Navarro P. Esrrb, an estrogen-related receptor involved in early development, pluripotency, and reprogramming. FEBS Lett 2017; 592:852-877. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Festuccia
- Epigenetics of Stem Cells; Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology; Institut Pasteur; CNRS UMR3738; Paris France
| | - Nick Owens
- Epigenetics of Stem Cells; Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology; Institut Pasteur; CNRS UMR3738; Paris France
| | - Pablo Navarro
- Epigenetics of Stem Cells; Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology; Institut Pasteur; CNRS UMR3738; Paris France
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28
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Smith A. Formative pluripotency: the executive phase in a developmental continuum. Development 2017; 144:365-373. [PMID: 28143843 PMCID: PMC5430734 DOI: 10.1242/dev.142679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The regulative capability of single cells to give rise to all primary embryonic lineages is termed pluripotency. Observations of fluctuating gene expression and phenotypic heterogeneity in vitro have fostered a conception of pluripotency as an intrinsically metastable and precarious state. However, in the embryo and in defined culture environments the properties of pluripotent cells change in an orderly sequence. Two phases of pluripotency, called naïve and primed, have previously been described. In this Hypothesis article, a third phase, called formative pluripotency, is proposed to exist as part of a developmental continuum between the naïve and primed phases. The formative phase is hypothesised to be enabling for the execution of pluripotency, entailing remodelling of transcriptional, epigenetic, signalling and metabolic networks to constitute multi-lineage competence and responsiveness to specification cues. Summary: This Hypothesis article poses that a third state of pluripotency, called formative pluripotency, exists between the naïve and primed states, and is enabling for the execution of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Smith
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
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29
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Deb A, Sarkar A, Ghosh Z. Dissecting the variation in transcriptional circuits between naive and primed pluripotent states. FEBS Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Deb
- Bioinformatics Centre; Bose Institute; Kolkata India
| | | | - Zhumur Ghosh
- Bioinformatics Centre; Bose Institute; Kolkata India
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30
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Zimmerlin L, Park TS, Zambidis ET. Capturing Human Naïve Pluripotency in the Embryo and in the Dish. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1141-1161. [PMID: 28537488 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) were first derived almost 20 years ago, it was only recently acknowledged that they share closer molecular and functional identity to postimplantation lineage-primed murine epiblast stem cells than to naïve preimplantation inner cell mass-derived mouse ESCs (mESCs). A myriad of transcriptional, epigenetic, biochemical, and metabolic attributes have now been described that distinguish naïve and primed pluripotent states in both rodents and humans. Conventional hESCs and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) appear to lack many of the defining hallmarks of naïve mESCs. These include important features of the naïve ground state murine epiblast, such as an open epigenetic architecture, reduced lineage-primed gene expression, and chimera and germline competence following injection into a recipient blastocyst-stage embryo. Several transgenic and chemical methods were recently reported that appear to revert conventional human PSCs to mESC-like ground states. However, it remains unclear if subtle deviations in global transcription, cell signaling dependencies, and extent of epigenetic/metabolic shifts in these various human naïve-reverted pluripotent states represent true functional differences or alternatively the existence of distinct human pluripotent states along a spectrum. In this study, we review the current understanding and developmental features of various human pluripotency-associated phenotypes and discuss potential biological mechanisms that may support stable maintenance of an authentic epiblast-like ground state of human pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Zimmerlin
- 1 Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tea Soon Park
- 1 Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elias T Zambidis
- 1 Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins , Baltimore, Maryland
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31
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Morgani S, Nichols J, Hadjantonakis AK. The many faces of Pluripotency: in vitro adaptations of a continuum of in vivo states. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 17:7. [PMID: 28610558 PMCID: PMC5470286 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-017-0150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotency defines the propensity of a cell to differentiate into, and generate, all somatic, as well as germ cells. The epiblast of the early mammalian embryo is the founder population of all germ layer derivatives and thus represents the bona fide in vivo pluripotent cell population. The so-called pluripotent state spans several days of development and is lost during gastrulation as epiblast cells make fate decisions towards a mesoderm, endoderm or ectoderm identity. It is now widely recognized that the features of the pluripotent population evolve as development proceeds from the pre- to post-implantation period, marked by distinct transcriptional and epigenetic signatures. During this period of time epiblast cells mature through a continuum of pluripotent states with unique properties. Aspects of this pluripotent continuum can be captured in vitro in the form of stable pluripotent stem cell types. In this review we discuss the continuum of pluripotency existing within the mammalian embryo, using the mouse as a model, and the cognate stem cell types that can be derived and propagated in vitro. Furthermore, we speculate on embryonic stage-specific characteristics that could be utilized to identify novel, developmentally relevant, pluripotent states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Morgani
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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32
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Links between DNA Replication, Stem Cells and Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8020045. [PMID: 28125050 PMCID: PMC5333035 DOI: 10.3390/genes8020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers can be categorized into two groups: those whose frequency increases with age, and those resulting from errors during mammalian development. The first group is linked to DNA replication through the accumulation of genetic mutations that occur during proliferation of developmentally acquired stem cells that give rise to and maintain tissues and organs. These mutations, which result from DNA replication errors as well as environmental insults, fall into two categories; cancer driver mutations that initiate carcinogenesis and genome destabilizing mutations that promote aneuploidy through excess genome duplication and chromatid missegregation. Increased genome instability results in accelerated clonal evolution leading to the appearance of more aggressive clones with increased drug resistance. The second group of cancers, termed germ cell neoplasia, results from the mislocation of pluripotent stem cells during early development. During normal development, pluripotent stem cells that originate in early embryos give rise to all of the cell lineages in the embryo and adult, but when they mislocate to ectopic sites, they produce tumors. Remarkably, pluripotent stem cells, like many cancer cells, depend on the Geminin protein to prevent excess DNA replication from triggering DNA damage-dependent apoptosis. This link between the control of DNA replication during early development and germ cell neoplasia reveals Geminin as a potential chemotherapeutic target in the eradication of cancer progenitor cells.
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33
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Betschinger J. Charting Developmental Dissolution of Pluripotency. J Mol Biol 2016; 429:1441-1458. [PMID: 28013029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The formation of tissues and organs during metazoan development begs fundamental questions of cellular plasticity: How can the very same genome program have diverse cell types? How do cell identity programs unfold during development in space and time? How can defects in these mechanisms cause disease and also provide opportunities for therapeutic intervention? And ultimately, can developmental programs be exploited for bioengineering tissues and organs? Understanding principle designs of cellular identity and developmental progression is crucial for providing answers. Here, I will discuss how the capture of embryonic pluripotency in murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro has allowed fundamental insights into the molecular underpinnings of a developmental cell state and how its ordered disassembly during differentiation prepares for lineage specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Betschinger
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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34
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Rao J, Greber B. Concise Review: Signaling Control of Early Fate Decisions Around the Human Pluripotent Stem Cell State. Stem Cells 2016; 35:277-283. [PMID: 27758015 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) present a fascinating and powerful system for generating specialized cell types of the human body. Culture and directed differentiation of these cells however requires an understanding of the pluripotent ground state and of how cell lineage decisions in this system are made. In this review, we highlight both these aspects in light of recent findings and technical progress. Hence, advances in culturing the human preimplantation embryo beyond the implantation barrier and in analyzing it at the single-cell level shed new light on the hESC tissue of origin. We argue that these findings have important implications for our view of hESC identity and we critically discuss recent efforts in converting these cells to a more primitive state. With an emphasis on the roles played by major signaling pathways, we furthermore attempt to infer key principles underlying cell fate control in hESCs from recently published work. This integrated model combines defined signaling pathway manipulation with the regulation of core hESC genes, to aid in controlling cell lineage allocation in a rational manner. Stem Cells 2017;35:277-283.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Rao
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Human Stem Cell Pluripotency Group, Münster, Germany.,Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Boris Greber
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Human Stem Cell Pluripotency Group, Münster, Germany.,Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany
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35
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Russell R, Ilg M, Lin Q, Wu G, Lechel A, Bergmann W, Eiseler T, Linta L, Kumar P P, Klingenstein M, Adachi K, Hohwieler M, Sakk O, Raab S, Moon A, Zenke M, Seufferlein T, Schöler HR, Illing A, Liebau S, Kleger A. A Dynamic Role of TBX3 in the Pluripotency Circuitry. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 5:1155-1170. [PMID: 26651606 PMCID: PMC4682344 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotency represents a cell state comprising a fine-tuned pattern of transcription factor activity required for embryonic stem cell (ESC) self-renewal. TBX3 is the earliest expressed member of the T-box transcription factor family and is involved in maintenance and induction of pluripotency. Hence, TBX3 is believed to be a key member of the pluripotency circuitry, with loss of TBX3 coinciding with loss of pluripotency. We report a dynamic expression of TBX3 in vitro and in vivo using genetic reporter tools tracking TBX3 expression in mouse ESCs (mESCs). Low TBX3 levels are associated with reduced pluripotency, resembling the more mature epiblast. Notably, TBX3-low cells maintain the intrinsic capability to switch to a TBX3-high state and vice versa. Additionally, we show TBX3 to be dispensable for induction and maintenance of naive pluripotency as well as for germ cell development. These data highlight novel facets of TBX3 action in mESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Russell
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Marcus Ilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Qiong Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Guangming Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - André Lechel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Wendy Bergmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tim Eiseler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Leonhard Linta
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pavan Kumar P
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Moritz Klingenstein
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kenjiro Adachi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Meike Hohwieler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Olena Sakk
- Core Facility Transgenic Mice, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefanie Raab
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne Moon
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Martin Zenke
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Hans R Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anett Illing
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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36
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Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes self-renewal and inhibits the primed state transition in naïve human embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6382-E6390. [PMID: 27698112 PMCID: PMC5081574 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613849113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In both mice and humans, pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) exist in at least two distinct states of pluripotency, known as the naïve and primed states. Our understanding of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that enable PSCs to self-renew and to transition between different pluripotent states is important for understanding early development. In mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), Wnt proteins stimulate mESC self-renewal and support the naïve state. In human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), Wnt/β-catenin signaling is active in naïve-state hESCs and is reduced or absent in primed-state hESCs. However, the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in naïve hESCs remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of the secretion of Wnts or inhibition of the stabilization of β-catenin in naïve hESCs reduces cell proliferation and colony formation. Moreover, we show that addition of recombinant Wnt3a partially rescues cell proliferation in naïve hESCs caused by inhibition of Wnt secretion. Notably, inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in naïve hESCs did not cause differentiation. Instead, it induced primed hESC-like proteomic and metabolic profiles. Thus, our results suggest that naïve hESCs secrete Wnts that activate autocrine or paracrine Wnt/β-catenin signaling to promote efficient self-renewal and inhibit the transition to the primed state.
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37
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Zimmerlin L, Park TS, Huo JS, Verma K, Pather SR, Talbot CC, Agarwal J, Steppan D, Zhang YW, Considine M, Guo H, Zhong X, Gutierrez C, Cope L, Canto-Soler MV, Friedman AD, Baylin SB, Zambidis ET. Tankyrase inhibition promotes a stable human naïve pluripotent state with improved functionality. Development 2016; 143:4368-4380. [PMID: 27660325 DOI: 10.1242/dev.138982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The derivation and maintenance of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in stable naïve pluripotent states has a wide impact in human developmental biology. However, hPSCs are unstable in classical naïve mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) WNT and MEK/ERK signal inhibition (2i) culture. We show that a broad repertoire of conventional hESC and transgene-independent human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines could be reverted to stable human preimplantation inner cell mass (ICM)-like naïve states with only WNT, MEK/ERK, and tankyrase inhibition (LIF-3i). LIF-3i-reverted hPSCs retained normal karyotypes and genomic imprints, and attained defining mouse ESC-like functional features, including high clonal self-renewal, independence from MEK/ERK signaling, dependence on JAK/STAT3 and BMP4 signaling, and naïve-specific transcriptional and epigenetic configurations. Tankyrase inhibition promoted a stable acquisition of a human preimplantation ICM-like ground state via modulation of WNT signaling, and was most efficacious in efficiently reprogrammed conventional hiPSCs. Importantly, naïve reversion of a broad repertoire of conventional hiPSCs reduced lineage-primed gene expression and significantly improved their multilineage differentiation capacities. Stable naïve hPSCs with reduced genetic variability and improved functional pluripotency will have great utility in regenerative medicine and human disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Zimmerlin
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tea Soon Park
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Huo
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Karan Verma
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sarshan R Pather
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - C Conover Talbot
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jasmin Agarwal
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Diana Steppan
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yang W Zhang
- Division of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael Considine
- Division of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hong Guo
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xiufeng Zhong
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Christian Gutierrez
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Leslie Cope
- Division of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - M Valeria Canto-Soler
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | | - Stephen B Baylin
- Division of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elias T Zambidis
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA .,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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38
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Abstract
Embryonic pluripotency can be recapitulated in vitro by a spectrum of pluripotent stem cell states stabilized with different culture conditions. Their distinct spatiotemporal characteristics provide an unprecedented tool for the study of early human development. The newly unveiled ability of some stem cell types for crossing xeno-barriers will facilitate the generation of interspecies chimeric embryos from distant species, including humans. When combined with efficient zygote genome editing technologies, xenogeneic human pluripotent stem cells may also open new frontiers for regenerative medicine applications, including the possibility of generating human organs in animals via interspecies chimeric complementation.
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39
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Cripto is essential to capture mouse epiblast stem cell and human embryonic stem cell pluripotency. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12589. [PMID: 27586544 PMCID: PMC5025790 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Known molecular determinants of developmental plasticity are mainly transcription factors, while the extrinsic regulation of this process has been largely unexplored. Here we identify Cripto as one of the earliest epiblast markers and a key extracellular determinant of the naive and primed pluripotent states. We demonstrate that Cripto sustains mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) self-renewal by modulating Wnt/β-catenin, whereas it maintains mouse epiblast stem cell (EpiSC) and human ESC pluripotency through Nodal/Smad2. Moreover, we provide unprecedented evidence that Cripto controls the metabolic reprogramming in ESCs to EpiSC transition. Remarkably, Cripto deficiency attenuates ESC lineage restriction in vitro and in vivo, and permits ESC transdifferentiation into trophectoderm lineage, suggesting that Cripto has earlier functions than previously recognized. All together, our studies provide novel insights into the current model of mammalian pluripotency and contribute to the understanding of the extrinsic regulation of the first cell lineage decision in the embryo. Stem cell plasticity is crucial for early embryo development and the differentiation of stem cells. Here, the authors show that the extracellular protein Cripto sustains mouse ESC self-renewal and maintains mouse EpiSC as well as human ESC pluripotency and controls the metabolic reprogramming in ESCs to EpiSC transition.
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Visualization of the Epiblast and Visceral Endodermal Cells Using Fgf5-P2A-Venus BAC Transgenic Mice and Epiblast Stem Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159246. [PMID: 27409080 PMCID: PMC4943650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 5 (Fgf5) has been widely used as a marker for the epiblast in the postimplantation embryo and epiblast stem cells (mEpiSCs) in the mouse, making it valuable for study of differentiation of various tissues and epiblast cells in vivo and in vitro. Here, we report for the first time the generation of Fgf5-P2A-Venus BAC transgenic (Tg) mice and show that the BAC Tg can recapitulate endogenous Fgf5 expression in epiblast and visceral endodermal cells of E6.5 and 7.5 embryos. We also show that Fgf5-P2A-Venus BAC Tg mEpiSCs in the undifferentiated state expressed abundant Venus, and upon reprogramming into naïve state, Venus was suppressed. Furthermore, while most Tg mEpiSCs expressed Venus abundantly, surprisingly the Tg mEpiSCs contained a minor subpopulation of Venus-negative cells that were capable of conversion to Venus-positive cells, indicating that even Fgf5 expression shows dynamic heterogeneity in mEpiSCs. Taken together, Fgf5-P2A-Venus BAC Tg mice and mEpiSCs generated in this study will be useful for developmental biology as well as stem cell biology research.
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Garg V, Morgani S, Hadjantonakis AK. Capturing Identity and Fate Ex Vivo: Stem Cells from the Mouse Blastocyst. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 120:361-400. [PMID: 27475857 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During mouse preimplantation development, three molecularly, morphologically, and spatially distinct lineages are formed, the embryonic epiblast, the extraembryonic primitive endoderm, and the trophectoderm. Stem cell lines representing each of these lineages have now been derived and can be indefinitely maintained and expanded in culture, providing an unlimited source of material to study the interplay of tissue-specific transcription factors and signaling pathways involved in these fundamental cell fate decisions. Here we outline our current understanding of the derivation, maintenance, and properties of these in vitro stem cell models representing the preimplantation embryonic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Garg
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, United States
| | - S Morgani
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - A-K Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, United States.
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42
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Song L, Chen J, Peng G, Tang K, Jing N. Dynamic Heterogeneity of Brachyury in Mouse Epiblast Stem Cells Mediates Distinct Response to Extrinsic Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) Signaling. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15212-25. [PMID: 27226536 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.705418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse pluripotent cells, such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs), provide excellent in vitro systems to study imperative pre- and postimplantation events of in vivo mammalian development. It is known that mouse ESCs are dynamic heterogeneous populations. However, it remains largely unclear whether and how EpiSCs possess heterogeneity and plasticity similar to that of ESCs. Here, we show that EpiSCs are discriminated by the expression of a specific marker T (Brachyury) into two populations. The T-positive (T(+)) and the T-negative (T(-)) populations can be interconverted within the same culture condition. In addition, the two populations display distinct responses to bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and different developmental potentials. The T(-) EpiSCs are preferentially differentiated into ectoderm lineages, whereas T(+) EpiSCs have a biased potential for mesendoderm fates. Mechanistic studies reveal that T(+) EpiSCs have an earlier and faster response to BMP4 stimulation than T(-) EpiSCs. Id1 mediates the commitment of T(-) EpiSCs to epidermal lineage during BMP4 treatment. On the other hand, Snail modulates the conversion of T(+) EpiSCs to mesendoderm fates with the presence of BMP4. Furthermore, T expression is essential for epithelial-mesenchymal transition during EpiSCs differentiation. Our findings suggest that the dynamic heterogeneity of the T(+)/T(-) subpopulation primes EpiSCs toward particular cell lineages, providing important insights into the dynamic development of the early mouse embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Song
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Jun Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Guangdun Peng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Ke Tang
- the Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Naihe Jing
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
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Pandolfini L, Luzi E, Bressan D, Ucciferri N, Bertacchi M, Brandi R, Rocchiccioli S, D'Onofrio M, Cremisi F. RISC-mediated control of selected chromatin regulators stabilizes ground state pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells. Genome Biol 2016; 17:94. [PMID: 27154007 PMCID: PMC4858858 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-0952-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Embryonic stem cells are intrinsically unstable and differentiate spontaneously if they are not shielded from external stimuli. Although the nature of such instability is still controversial, growing evidence suggests that protein translation control may play a crucial role. Results We performed an integrated analysis of RNA and proteins at the transition between naïve embryonic stem cells and cells primed to differentiate. During this transition, mRNAs coding for chromatin regulators are specifically released from translational inhibition mediated by RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). This suggests that, prior to differentiation, the propensity of embryonic stem cells to change their epigenetic status is hampered by RNA interference. The expression of these chromatin regulators is reinstated following acute inactivation of RISC and it correlates with loss of stemness markers and activation of early cell differentiation markers in treated embryonic stem cells. Conclusions We propose that RISC-mediated inhibition of specific sets of chromatin regulators is a primary mechanism for preserving embryonic stem cell pluripotency while inhibiting the onset of embryonic developmental programs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-016-0952-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pandolfini
- Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7, 56124, Pisa, Italy.,Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Ettore Luzi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Dario Bressan
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Nadia Ucciferri
- Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Bertacchi
- Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7, 56124, Pisa, Italy.,University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 28 Avenue Valrose, F-06108, Nice, France
| | - Rossella Brandi
- Genomics Facility, European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) "Rita Levi-Montalcini", Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mara D'Onofrio
- Genomics Facility, European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) "Rita Levi-Montalcini", Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Cremisi
- Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7, 56124, Pisa, Italy. .,Institute of Biomedical Technologies (ITB), National Research Council (CNR) of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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Tang Y, Hong YZ, Bai HJ, Wu Q, Chen CD, Lang JY, Boheler KR, Yang HT. Plant Homeo Domain Finger Protein 8 Regulates Mesodermal and Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells Through Mediating the Histone Demethylation of pmaip1. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1527-40. [PMID: 26866517 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Histone demethylases have emerged as key regulators of biological processes. The H3K9me2 demethylase plant homeo domain finger protein 8(PHF8), for example, is involved in neuronal differentiation, but its potential function in the differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to cardiomyocytes is poorly understood. Here, we explored the role of PHF8 during mesodermal and cardiac lineage commitment of mouse ESCs (mESCs). Using a phf8 knockout (ph8(-/Y) ) model, we found that deletion of phf8 in ESCs did not affect self-renewal, proliferation or early ectodermal/endodermal differentiation, but it did promote the mesodermal lineage commitment with the enhanced cardiomyocyte differentiation. The effects were accompanied by a reduction in apoptosis through a caspase 3-independent pathway during early ESC differentiation, without significant differences between differentiating wide-type (ph8(+/Y) ) and ph8(-/Y) ESCs in cell cycle progression or proliferation. Functionally, PHF8 promoted the loss of a repressive mark H3K9me2 from the transcription start site of a proapoptotic gene pmaip1 and activated its transcription. Furthermore, knockdown of pmaip1 mimicked the phenotype of ph8(-/Y) by showing the decreased apoptosis during early differentiation of ESCs and promoted mesodermal and cardiac commitment, while overexpression of pmaip1 or phf8 rescued the phenotype of ph8(-/Y) ESCs by increasing the apoptosis and weakening the mesodermal and cardiac differentiation. These results reveal that the histone demethylase PHF8 regulates mesodermal lineage and cell fate decisions in differentiating mESCs through epigenetic control of the gene critical to programmed cell death pathways. Stem Cells 2016;34:1527-1540.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Zhen Hong
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua-Jun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Charlie Degui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Yu Lang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kenneth R Boheler
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, School of Biomedical Sciences, Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Huang-Tian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Sudheer S, Liu J, Marks M, Koch F, Anurin A, Scholze M, Senft AD, Wittler L, Macura K, Grote P, Herrmann BG. Different Concentrations of FGF Ligands, FGF2 or FGF8 Determine Distinct States of WNT-Induced Presomitic Mesoderm. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1790-800. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Smita Sudheer
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU; United Kingdom
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
| | - Matthias Marks
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
| | - Frederic Koch
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
| | - Anna Anurin
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
- Department of Biology; Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Manuela Scholze
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
| | - Anna Dorothea Senft
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE; United Kingdom
| | - Lars Wittler
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
| | - Karol Macura
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
| | - Phillip Grote
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main; Germany
| | - Bernhard G. Herrmann
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
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46
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Illich DJ, Zhang M, Ursu A, Osorno R, Kim KP, Yoon J, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Wu G, Esch D, Sabour D, Colby D, Grassme KS, Chen J, Greber B, Höing S, Herzog W, Ziegler S, Chambers I, Gao S, Waldmann H, Schöler HR. Distinct Signaling Requirements for the Establishment of ESC Pluripotency in Late-Stage EpiSCs. Cell Rep 2016; 15:787-800. [PMID: 27149845 PMCID: PMC4850425 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has previously been reported that mouse epiblast stem cell (EpiSC) lines comprise heterogeneous cell populations that are functionally equivalent to cells of either early- or late-stage postimplantation development. So far, the establishment of the embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency gene regulatory network through the widely known chemical inhibition of MEK and GSK3beta has been impractical in late-stage EpiSCs. Here, we show that chemical inhibition of casein kinase 1alpha (CK1alpha) induces the conversion of recalcitrant late-stage EpiSCs into ESC pluripotency. CK1alpha inhibition directly results in the simultaneous activation of the WNT signaling pathway, together with inhibition of the TGFbeta/SMAD2 signaling pathway, mediating the rewiring of the gene regulatory network in favor of an ESC-like state. Our findings uncover a molecular mechanism that links CK1alpha to ESC pluripotency through the direct modulation of WNT and TGFbeta signaling. Inhibition of CK1alpha induces ESC conversion in EpiSCs recalcitrant to 2i/LIF The ESC conversion acts via WNT activation and TGFbeta/SMAD2 inhibition MEK inhibition stabilizes the conversion and restores germline competence CK1 inhibition promotes activation and maintenance of the pluripotency network
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Jacob Illich
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Miao Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andrei Ursu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Osorno
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kee-Pyo Kim
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Juyong Yoon
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marcos J Araúzo-Bravo
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Guangming Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Esch
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Davood Sabour
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Douglas Colby
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland
| | | | - Jiayu Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Boris Greber
- Human Stem Cell Pluripotency Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany; Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Susanne Höing
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Wiebke Herzog
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany; University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Slava Ziegler
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ian Chambers
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland
| | - Shaorong Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany; University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Evolution and functions of Oct4 homologs in non-mammalian vertebrates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:770-9. [PMID: 27058398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PouV class transcription factor Oct4/Pou5f1 is a central regulator of indefinite pluripotency in mammalian embryonic stem cells (ESCs) but also participates in cell lineage specification in mouse embryos and in differentiating cell cultures. The molecular basis for this versatility, which is shared between Oct4 and its non-mammalian homologs Pou5f1 and Pou5f3, is not yet completely understood. Here, I review the current understanding of the evolution of PouV class transcription factors and discuss equivalent and diverse roles of Oct4 homologs in pluripotency, differentiation, and cell behavior in different vertebrate embryos. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The Oct Transcription Factor Family, edited by Dr. Dean Tantin.
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48
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Ursu A, Illich DJ, Takemoto Y, Porfetye AT, Zhang M, Brockmeyer A, Janning P, Watanabe N, Osada H, Vetter IR, Ziegler S, Schöler HR, Waldmann H. Epiblastin A Induces Reprogramming of Epiblast Stem Cells Into Embryonic Stem Cells by Inhibition of Casein Kinase 1. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:494-507. [PMID: 27049670 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of novel small molecules that induce stem cell reprogramming and give efficient access to pluripotent stem cells is of major importance for potential therapeutic applications and may reveal novel insights into the factors controlling pluripotency. Chemical reprogramming of mouse epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) into cells corresponding to embryonic stem cells (cESCs) is an inefficient process. In order to identify small molecules that promote this cellular transition, we analyzed the LOPAC library in a phenotypic screen monitoring Oct4-GFP expression and identified triamterene (TR) as initial hit. Synthesis of a TR-derived compound collection and investigation for reprogramming of EpiSCs into cESCs identified casein kinases 1 (CK1) α/δ/ɛ as responsible cellular targets of TR and unraveled the structural parameters that determine reprogramming. Delineation of a structure-activity relationship led to the development of Epiblastin A, which engages CK1 isoenzymes in cell lysate and induces efficient conversion of EpiSCs into cESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Ursu
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Chemical Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Damir J Illich
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Yasushi Takemoto
- Bioprobe Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Arthur T Porfetye
- Chemical Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany; Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Brockmeyer
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Petra Janning
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nobumoto Watanabe
- Bioprobe Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Bioprobe Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Slava Ziegler
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany; University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Chemical Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany.
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Abstract
Pluripotency is a unique developmental state that lays the foundation upon which the entire embryo is built. Pluripotent cells possess the unique capacity to generate, in an exquisitely defined sequence, all the distinct cell types comprising the fetal and adult organism. The discovery of pluripotent stem cells and now the ability to generate them from differentiated cells has had a profound impact on a vast array of scientific disciplines. In addition to their clinical potential as a source of therapeutic cell types, pluripotent stem cells provide scalable access to otherwise experimentally inaccessible development- and disease-associated biology. Here I provide my perspective on the continuum of pluripotency in the early mammalian embryo. I also discuss how novel genomic technologies are now enabling the capture of molecular “snapshots” of the several distinct pluripotent states that stem cells undergo during this pivotal developmental period. Pluripotency is a developmental continuum Snapshots of pluripotency can be captured in derivative stem cell lines Two dominant attractor states of pluripotency can be maintained in vitro Synergistic studies of both states have provided a new understanding of development
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Tesar
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Girlovanu M, Susman S, Soritau O, Rus-Ciuca D, Melincovici C, Constantin AM, Mihu CM. Stem cells - biological update and cell therapy progress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 88:265-71. [PMID: 26609255 PMCID: PMC4632881 DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the advances in stem cell research have suggested that the human body may have a higher plasticity than it was originally expected. Until now, four categories of stem cells were isolated and cultured in vivo: embryonic stem cells, fetal stem cells, adult stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Although multiple studies were published, several issues concerning the stem cells are still debated, such as: the molecular mechanisms of differentiation, the methods to prevent teratoma formation or the ethical and religious issues regarding especially the embryonic stem cell research. The direct differentiation of stem cells into specialized cells: cardiac myocytes, neural cells, pancreatic islets cells, may represent an option in treating incurable diseases such as: neurodegenerative diseases, type I diabetes, hematologic or cardiac diseases. Nevertheless, stem cell-based therapies, based on stem cell transplantation, remain mainly at the experimental stages and their major limitation is the development of teratoma and cancer after transplantation. The induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) represent a prime candidate for future cell therapy research because of their significant self-renewal and differentiation potential and the lack of ethical issues. This article presents an overview of the biological advances in the study of stem cells and the current progress made in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Girlovanu
- Morphological Sciences Department 1, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sergiu Susman
- Morphological Sciences Department 1, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Olga Soritau
- Research Department, Prof. Dr. I. Chiricuta Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan Rus-Ciuca
- Department of Pathology, Karlstad Central Hospital, Sweden
| | - Carmen Melincovici
- Morphological Sciences Department 1, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anne-Marie Constantin
- Morphological Sciences Department 1, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carmen Mihaela Mihu
- Morphological Sciences Department 1, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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