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Majelantle TL, Ganswindt A, Hart DW, Hagenah N, Ganswindt SB, Bennett NC. The dissection of a despotic society: exploration, dominance and hormonal traits. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20240371. [PMID: 38714210 PMCID: PMC11095815 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber) live in large colonies with one breeding female (queen), one to three breeding males (BMs) and the remainder are non-reproductive subordinates. The animals have a linear dominance rank with the breeders at the top of the hierarchy. We investigated how dominance rank in naked mole-rats differs with exploration (the propensity to explore a novel environment) and related endocrine markers. Exploration behaviour, faecal progestagen metabolite (fPM), faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM), faecal androgen metabolite (fAM) and plasma prolactin concentrations were quantified in breeding, high-, middle- and low-ranked females and males from five naked mole-rat colonies. There were no significant differences between the dominance rank and exploration behaviour. Interestingly, the queens and high-ranking females had higher fGCM and fAM concentrations compared with middle- and low-ranked females. The queens had significantly higher fPM concentrations than all other ranked females, since they are responsible for procreation. In the males, the BMs had higher fGCM concentrations compared with high- and low-ranked males. In addition, BMs and middle-ranking males had overall higher prolactin levels than all other ranked males, which could be linked to cooperative care. Overall, the results suggest that physiological reproductive suppression is linked to high dominance rank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tshepiso Lesedi Majelantle
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 400364, South Africa
| | - Andre Ganswindt
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 400364, South Africa
| | - Daniel William Hart
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 400364, South Africa
| | - Nicole Hagenah
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 400364, South Africa
| | - Stefanie Birgit Ganswindt
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 400364, South Africa
| | - Nigel Charles Bennett
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 400364, South Africa
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Grundei LL, Wolf TE, Brandes F, Schütte K, Freise F, Siebert U, Touma C, Pees M. Validation of Fecal Glucocorticoid Metabolites as Non-Invasive Markers for Monitoring Stress in Common Buzzards ( Buteo buteo). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1234. [PMID: 38672380 PMCID: PMC11047616 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
For wild animals, being in captivity in wildlife centers can cause considerable stress. Therefore, it is necessary to establish and validate non-invasive tools to measure chronic stress during rehabilitation. Eight Common Buzzards which lived in permanent husbandry were placed individually into prepared aviaries and their feces were collected before, during and after a stress event for biological validation over a period of seven days. The extracted fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCMs) were analyzed with three different enzyme immune assays (EIA) to find the most suitable one. Additionally, we aimed to investigate the stability of fGCM levels after defecation because further metabolization by bacterial enzymes can lead to changed results. The Cortisone-EIA performed best in males and females and showed that the stress event led to an fGCM increase of 629% (557% in females and 702% in males) in relation to basal values. We found no significant differences between the sexes, but observed significant differences between different times of day. FGCM concentration significantly changed after eight hours at room temperature. Our study successfully validated the non-invasive measurement of fGCM as a stress indicator in Common Buzzards and could therefore lay the foundation for future studies providing new insights for animal welfare research in Buzzards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara-Luisa Grundei
- Department of Small Mammal, Reptile and Avian Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Tanja E. Wolf
- Department of Behavioral Biology, School of Biology/Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Barbarastrasse 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Florian Brandes
- Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center, Hohe Warte 1, 31553 Sachsenhagen, Germany
| | - Karolin Schütte
- Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center, Hohe Warte 1, 31553 Sachsenhagen, Germany
| | - Fritjof Freise
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute of Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hanover, Germany
| | - Chadi Touma
- Department of Behavioral Biology, School of Biology/Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Barbarastrasse 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Pees
- Department of Small Mammal, Reptile and Avian Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hanover, Germany
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Majelantle TL, Ganswindt A, Ganswindt SB, Hagenah N, Hart DW, Bennett NC. Non-Invasive Quantification of Faecal and Urine Reproductive Hormone Metabolites in the Naked Mole-Rat ( Heterocephalus glaber). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3039. [PMID: 37835644 PMCID: PMC10571929 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) occurs in colonies with a distinct dominance hierarchy, including one dominant, breeding female (the queen), 1-3 breeding males, and non-reproductive subordinates of both sexes that are reproductively suppressed while in the colony. To non-invasively evaluate reproductive capacity in the species, we first had to examine the suitability of enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for determining progestogen and androgen metabolite concentrations in the naked mole-rat, using urine and faeces. A saline control and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) were administered to twelve (six males and six females) naked mole-rats which were previously identified as dispersers and housed singly. The results revealed that urine is possibly not an ideal matrix for progestogen and androgen metabolite quantification in naked mole-rats as no signal was detected in the matrix post GnRH administration. A 5α-Progesterone EIA and an Epiandrosterone EIA were identified as suitable for quantifying faecal progesterone metabolites (fPMs) and faecal androgen metabolites (fAMs) in males and females, respectively. The results suggest that there are individual variations in baseline fPM and fAM concentrations, and only two out of six females and no males exhibited an increase in fPM concentrations greater than 100% (-20% SD) post GnRH administration. Conversely, only four out of six females and three out of six males had an increase in fAM concentrations greater than 100% (-20% SD) following GnRH administration. These results imply that some naked mole-rat individuals have a reduced reproductive capacity even when they are separated from the queen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tshepiso Lesedi Majelantle
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (A.G.); (S.B.G.); (N.H.); (D.W.H.); (N.C.B.)
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Brown KL, Ganswindt A, Steenkamp G, Tordiffe ASW. Responses to Reduced Feeding Frequency in Captive-Born Cheetahs ( Acinonyx jubatus): Implications for Behavioural and Physiological Stress and Gastrointestinal Health. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2783. [PMID: 37685047 PMCID: PMC10486355 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Unnatural diet composition and frequent feeding regimes may play an aetiological role in the multiple diseases prevalent in captive cheetahs. This study investigated the responses of captive-born (hand-reared) cheetahs (n = 6) to a reduced feeding frequency schedule distinguished by offering larger quantities of food less frequently. The study cheetahs were fed four once-daily meals per week during the 3-week treatment period, followed by a 3-week control period in which they were fed two daily rations six days a week. Total weekly food intake was maintained throughout the study. Variations in behaviour, faecal consistency score (FCS), and faecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentration were measured. Less frequent feeding resulted in higher FCS (p < 0.01) and locomotory behaviour (p < 0.05) among the studied cheetahs. Faecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentration demonstrated an initial acute stress response to the change in feeding frequency (p < 0.05) and subsequent adaptation. The results of the FCS analysis suggest that the more natural feeding pattern could have benefited the studied cheetahs' gastrointestinal health without a significant behavioural or physiological stress response overall to the change in feeding frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Lee Brown
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - André Ganswindt
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Steenkamp
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Adrian Stephen Wolferstan Tordiffe
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
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Lacomme L, Guerbois C, Fritz H, Ganswindt A, Rey B. Validation of a field-friendly faeces drying and storage method for quantifying faecal glucocorticoid metabolites in African elephants (Loxodonta africana) opens up new perspectives for conservationists. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad053. [PMID: 37538993 PMCID: PMC10395557 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCMs) are a relevant means of non-invasively assessing adrenocortical activity and thus, a key physiological stress response in wildlife populations. However, the widespread use of fGCMs as a stress-related biomarker in conservation biology is often hampered by the logistical challenge of storing collected faecal material frozen until it reaches the laboratory for analysis. Although alternative approaches to minimize potential alteration of fGCM composition post-defecation have been recently identified, there is to our knowledge, no satisfactory alternative method established for the preservation of elephant dung. In this study, we validated a field-friendly protocol for dehydrating African elephant faeces samples using a food dehydrator with desiccant and investigated the stability of fGCM concentrations in the dehydrated faeces when stored at ambient temperature. We collected 40 faecal samples from African elephants and compared fGCM concentrations of freeze-dried and dehydrated sample sub-sets. Samples dried in the field showed a slight but significant overall -6% reduction in fGCM concentration compared with frozen control samples. However, fGCM concentrations following field dehydration protocol match those of control samples with high accuracy, as evidenced by the low bias and strong coefficient of determination between the two approaches (R2 = 0.88). In addition, over nearly 2 months, storage time at ambient temperature of the dehydrated samples had no effect on the fGCM concentrations compared with those measured in the control samples (F-statistic = 1.82; P = 0.18). Dehydrating the samples in the field thus provides an easy and cost-effective alternative to freezing, especially when working in remote areas with unstable electrical supply. Our results encourage the widespread use of fGCMs by conservationists as non-invasive means of steroid monitoring of African elephants in the current context of a general increase in wildlife welfare research. Future studies are needed to extend the use of this protocol to other species and to other steroid classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lacomme
- Corresponding author: Biometry and Evolutionary Biology laboratory (LBBE), French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Unit 5558, University of Lyon 1, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France.
| | - Chloé Guerbois
- Sustainability Research Unit, Nelson Mandela University, George Campus, Madiba Drive, George 6529, South Africa
| | - Hervé Fritz
- Sustainability Research Unit, Nelson Mandela University, George Campus, Madiba Drive, George 6529, South Africa
| | - André Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Institute (MRI), Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield Campus, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Benjamin Rey
- Biometry and Evolutionary Biology laboratory (LBBE), French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS),Unit 5558, University of Lyon 1, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
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Malungo IB, Gravett N, Ganswindt A, Manger PR. Male blue wildebeest increase activity during the rut, but not at the expense of rest. J Comp Physiol B 2023:10.1007/s00360-023-01493-6. [PMID: 37115234 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Rest is a state of adaptive inactivity that increases the efficiency of activity by regulating its timing and reducing energy use when activity is not beneficial. Thus, animals can go without rest when specific demands, such as mating, favour being awake. Sexually active male blue wildebeest (bulls) are typically territorial, and it has been reported that when a bull is protecting a harem during the mating season (rut), he neither eats nor rests. We examined the daily activity and inactivity patterns of dominant bulls by means of actigraphy for 3 months, which included the rut. We also measured faecal androgen metabolite (fAM) levels and subcutaneous temperature, both of which have variances known to delineate the rut. During the rut, wildebeest bulls experienced higher levels of activity, fAM, and a greater daily range of subcutaneous temperature. Despite previous reports, the male blue wildebeest rested daily during the rut, and while the amount of rest was low, it was not substantially lower than prior to the rut. The amount of time spent inactive increased substantially after the rut. The timing of daily activity and inactivity patterns did not vary substantially across the recording period. Across the recording period, the average daily ambient temperatures decreased (seasonality), and the subcutaneous temperature followed this pattern, although it was not as marked. It appears that in the post-rut period a substantive increase in time spent at rest occurs, potentially allowing the wildebeest bulls time to recover following a period of intense activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illke B Malungo
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Nadine Gravett
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - André Ganswindt
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Rd, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Rd, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
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Majelantle TL, Bennett NC, Ganswindt SB, Hart DW, Ganswindt A. Validation of Enzyme Immunoassays via an Adrenocorticotrophic Stimulation Test for the Non-Invasive Quantification of Stress-Related Hormone Metabolites in Naked Mole-Rats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081424. [PMID: 37106986 PMCID: PMC10135013 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Small size in mammals usually restricts long-term, frequent monitoring of endocrine function using plasma as a matrix. Thus, the non-invasive monitoring of hormone metabolite concentrations in excreta may provide an invaluable approach. The aim of the current study was to examine the suitability of enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for monitoring responses to stressors in the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber, NMR) using urine and feces as hormone matrices. A saline control administration, and a high- and low-dose adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge were performed on six male and six female disperser morph NMRs. The results revealed that a 5α-pregnane-3β,11β,21-triol-20-one EIA detecting glucocorticoid metabolites (GCMs) with a 5α-3β-11β-diol structure is the most suitable assay for measuring concentrations in male urine samples, whereas an 11-oxoaetiocholanolone EIA detecting GCMs with a 5β-3α-ol-11-one structure appears the most suitable EIA for quantifying GCMs in female urine. An 11-oxoaetiocholanolone EIA detecting 11,17 dioxoandrostanes was the most suitable EIA for quantifying GCMs in the feces of both sexes. There were sex-related differences in response to the high- and low-dose ACTH challenge. We recommend using feces as a more suitable matrix for non-invasive GCM monitoring for NMRs which can be valuable when investigating housing conditions and other welfare aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tshepiso Lesedi Majelantle
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Nigel Charles Bennett
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Stefanie Birgit Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Daniel William Hart
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Andre Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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Erasmus LM, van Marle-Köster E, Masenge A, Ganswindt A. Exploring the effect of auditory stimuli on activity levels, milk yield and faecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in Holstein cows. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2023; 82:106767. [PMID: 36244193 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2022.106767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Health and welfare are inextricably linked within efficient and sustainable dairy production, and several potential risk factors may affect the well-being of dairy cows, including chronic stress. Although auditory stimuli could be used as a tool to decrease the potential stress that cows might experience, it is seldom applied to livestock production systems due to the perception that enrichment is an unnecessary expense. This study aimed to explore the effect of auditory stimuli as a form of enrichment in a Holstein herd by monitoring fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations (a non-invasive, stress-associated biomarker). Cow activity level and milk yield were also measured. Nine cows in their second and third lactation were divided into 3 groups, using a Latin Square experimental design, exposing each cow group to each of the 3 treatments, namely constant exposure (CE), limited exposure (LE), and no exposure (NE) to classical music. FGCMs were quantified using a group-specific enzyme immunoassay detecting 11,17-dioxoandrostanes. Compared to LE and NE animals, cows exposed to constant music had significantly lower fGCM concentrations (P = 0.012), as well as higher milk yields (P < 0.0001) and lowered activity levels during the morning (P = 0.005) and the evening activity period (P = 0.048). These findings indicate that auditory stimuli in the form of classical music may have a positive effect on the welfare of cows as well as milk yield, which hold economic benefits for the producer and potentially reduces the number of cows needed for profitable production.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-M Erasmus
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - E van Marle-Köster
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - A Masenge
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - A Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Institute (MRI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
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Campbell KM, Wilson JA, Morfeld KA. Predictors of testosterone in zoo-managed male African elephants (Loxodonta Africana). Zoo Biol 2022; 42:268-282. [PMID: 36169243 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive complications for both male and female zoo-managed African elephants (Loxodonta africana) contribute to the rapidly declining population. In zoo-managed bull elephants, few studies have explored the potential physiological, physical, social, and environmental factors that influence bull fertility, particularly, androgen production. Testosterone is the essential steroid hormone for male sexual maturation and inadequate concentrations can be detrimental for spermatogenesis. Testosterone, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites, leptin, glucose, insulin, and triglycerides were analyzed from weekly fecal and blood serum samples taken over 6 months from six zoo-managed African elephant bulls (10-19 years of age). Testosterone levels were compared to endocrine factors, weekly social and environmental variables, daily musth signs, and body condition scores (BCS). The glucose-to-insulin ratio (G:I) was the only physiological biomarker found to be positively associated with testosterone. Predictive physical variables included Musth Score (+) and Moderate Exercise (+). Bulls with BCS signifying overweight (BCS 4) had lower testosterone (36.6 ± 1.6 ng/g fecal extraction [FE]) than bulls with healthy BCS 3; 51.2 ± 4.9 ng/g FE). Numerous social variables influenced testosterone concentrations, including Total Contact Day (+), Female Interaction Day (+), Indirect Contact Day (+), Indirect Contact Night (+) and Total No Contact (-). Both percentage of Time Outdoor and Time Mixed positively influenced testosterone, whereas testosterone decreased for percentage of Time Indoors. Each additional daily browse opportunity increased testosterone by approximately 7 ng/g FE. In managed care, the emphasis should be placed on optimizing these predictors of testosterone production to promote bull reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M Campbell
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,For Elephants Inc, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - James A Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Garai ME, Roos T, Eggeling T, Ganswindt A, Pretorius Y, Henley M. Developing welfare parameters for African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in fenced reserves in South Africa. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264931. [PMID: 35324916 PMCID: PMC8947097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
South Africa has many fenced reserves harbouring small to medium sized populations of African elephant (Loxodonta africana), most of which have been translocated. Elephants on fenced reserves may be exposed to various management interventions and practices (translocation, hunting, darting, high tourism impact, contraception programs, disruption due to infrastructure maintenance, etc.). These factors may impact the welfare of elephants. Poor elephant welfare may have serious consequences such as increased inter- and intra-species aggression that could result in fatalities. This is the first study to attempt to define behavioural and physiological welfare parameters for free-ranging elephants on small to medium sized reserves. The eight study sites incorporated reserves with different social structure combinations, elephant life-histories, reserve sizes, habitat, management, and tourism intensity. Data collection consisted of behavioural observations (10-minute videos) as well as faecal samples. By incorporating both behavioural and physiological (faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentration) parameters, we aimed to investigate whether the two parameters showed similar trends. Five behavioural categories were identified (Arousal, Assessing, Ambivalent, Ambivalent/ Body care, and Frustrated behaviour), with various detailed behaviours demonstrated by the elephants that may indicate the influence of anthropogenic disturbance and possibly impact on animal welfare. The study showed significant differences between the selected detailed behaviours, behavioural categories and fGCM concentrations of elephants across the eight reserves. History seemed to be a decisive factor, as reserves with predominantly ex-captive elephants showed higher frequencies of certain behaviours as well as higher fGCM concentrations. Age, sex, reserve size and season were also found to contribute to our defined welfare indices and fGCM concentrations. This indicates that behavioural parameters, indicative of certain behavioural states, are valuable indicators of welfare, as supported by the physiological response of the elephants. The results also highlight the importance of taking multiple specified behaviours from a category into consideration when evaluating the welfare of elephants, to account for individual variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tenisha Roos
- Elephant Reintegration Trust, Port Alfred, South Africa
| | | | - André Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Michelle Henley
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Environmental Research Unit, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
- Elephants Alive, Hoedspruit, Limpopo, South Africa
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Christensen C, Bracken AM, Justin O'Riain M, Heistermann M, King AJ, Fürtbauer I. Simultaneous investigation of urinary and faecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations reveals short- versus long-term drivers of HPA-axis activity in a wild primate (Papio ursinus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 318:113985. [PMID: 35093315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.113985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs), a class of steroid hormones released through activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, perform many vital functions essential for survival, including orchestrating an organism's response to stressors by modulating physiological and behavioural responses. Assessing changes and variation in GC metabolites from faecal or urine samples allows for the non-invasive monitoring of HPA-axis activity across vertebrates. The time lag of hormone excretion differs between these sample matrices, which has implications for their suitability for studying effects of different temporal nature on HPA-axis activity. However, simultaneous comparisons of predictors of faecal and urinary GC metabolites (fGCs and uGCs, respectively) are lacking. To address this gap, we employ frequent non-invasive sampling to investigate correlates of fGCs and uGCs in wild chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) (n = 17), including long-term (dominance rank, season, female reproductive state) and short-term (time of day, daily weather conditions) factors. Correlated with increasing day length, fGCs gradually decreased from winter to summer. No seasonal effect on uGCs was found but 'rain days' were associated with increased uGCs. Pregnant females had significantly higher fGCs compared to cycling and lactating females, whereas uGCs were not statistically different across reproductive states. A circadian effect was observed in uGCs but not in fGCs. Dominance rank did not affect either fGCs or uGCs. Our study highlights the difference in inherent fluctuation between uGCs and fGCs and its potential consequences for HPA-axis activity monitoring. While uGCs offer the opportunity to study short-term effects, they undergo more pronounced fluctuations, reducing their ability to capture long-term effects. Given the increasing use of urine for biological monitoring, knowledge of this potential limitation is crucial. Where possible, uGCs and fGCs should be monitored in tandem to obtain a comprehensive understanding of short- and long-term drivers of HPA-axis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Christensen
- Biosciences, School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, SA2 8PP Swansea, UK.
| | - Anna M Bracken
- Biosciences, School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, SA2 8PP Swansea, UK
| | - M Justin O'Riain
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Andrew J King
- Biosciences, School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, SA2 8PP Swansea, UK
| | - Ines Fürtbauer
- Biosciences, School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, SA2 8PP Swansea, UK
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12
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Postiglione G, Accorsi PA, Ganswindt A, Crossey B. A field-friendly alternative to freeze-drying faeces for glucocorticoid metabolite analyses of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). MethodsX 2022; 9:101623. [PMID: 35111576 PMCID: PMC8790624 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine studies using faeces as hormone matrix have become increasingly popular to examine adrenocortical activity in wildlife. A prerequisite for this approach is to minimize alteration of faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) composition post-defecation. This is done by freezing the collected material as soon as possible after collection, and removing moisture from the frozen faecal samples afterwards (usually by freeze-drying). In remote areas, freeze-drying opportunities are often limited, and in the case of the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), established assays revealed that fGCM concentrations remain comparable for only ∼24h post-defaecation. In the present study, three cost-effective drying treatments (exposure to sunlight, placement in a solar oven, and use of a food dehydrator) were investigated as alternatives to the golden standard of freeze-drying faeces.In comparison to freeze-dried material, African wild dog faecal samples dried through sunlight exposure, a solar oven, and use of a food dehydrator revealed no significant differences in respective fGCM concentrations measured. A food dehydrator would be the preferable option to dry African wild dog faeces if limited electrical supply is available. This technique dries faeces the fastest, and negates any reliance on weather conditions.
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13
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Carlin E, J. Somers M, Scheun J, Campbell R, Ganswindt A. Quantification of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites as a measure of stress in the rock hyrax
Procavia capensis
living in an urban green space. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wlb3.01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Carlin
- Mammal Research Inst., Dept of Zoology and Entomology, Univ. of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - M. J. Somers
- Mammal Research Inst., Dept of Zoology and Entomology, Univ. of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Univ. of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - J. Scheun
- Mammal Research Inst., Dept of Zoology and Entomology, Univ. of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
- Dept of Life and Consumer Sciences, Univ. of South Africa Pretoria South Africa
| | - R. Campbell
- National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Inst. Pretoria South Africa
| | - A. Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Inst., Dept of Zoology and Entomology, Univ. of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
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14
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Sick and tired: sickness behaviour, polyparasitism and food stress in a gregarious mammal. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Allen CRB, Croft DP, Testard C, Brent LJN. Function of Trunk-Mediated "Greeting" Behaviours between Male African Elephants: Insights from Choice of Partners. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2718. [PMID: 34573684 PMCID: PMC8467434 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A common behavioural interaction between male African elephants is for an actor to direct his trunk to contact a same sex conspecific's mouth, temporal gland, or genital region. Such behaviours are often referred to as "greetings". Along with its inherent tactile element, these behaviours also likely provide olfactory information to actors concerning aspects of the target's phenotype, including sexual status, feeding history, individual identity, and emotional state. Here, we explore whether the age and novelty of potential interactors affect the choice of individuals targeted by male African elephants for these trunks to scent emitting organ (SEO) behaviours at social hotspots in a male-dominated area. Male elephants of all ages, except older adolescents aged 16-20 years, preferentially targeted elephants of the same age class for trunk-to-SEO behaviours. Elephants younger than 26 years did not direct trunk-to-SEO behaviours to mature bulls (26+ years) more than expected by chance, suggesting these behaviours are not primarily used for younger males to establish contact with, or obtain information from or about older, more experienced individuals. We also found no evidence that males directed these behaviours preferentially to new individuals they encountered at male aggregations (compared to those they arrived in groups with), suggesting these behaviours are not primarily employed by males as a reunion display to establish relationships between new individuals or update relationships between familiar individuals separated over time. Age-mates may be preferentially targeted with these behaviours as a means to facilitate further interaction with partners (e.g., for sparring activity), or as a safe way to assess relative dominance rank in similarly aged and hence, size and strength, matched dyads. Our results suggest male African elephants use close contact trunk-to-SEO behaviours continuously over time, to facilitate positive relationships, test willingness to interact, and assess aspects of phenotype, between males occupying the same ecological space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie R. B. Allen
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK; (D.P.C.); (L.J.N.B.)
- Elephants for Africa, 5 Balfour Road, London N5 2HB, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Darren P. Croft
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK; (D.P.C.); (L.J.N.B.)
| | - Camille Testard
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Lauren J. N. Brent
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK; (D.P.C.); (L.J.N.B.)
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16
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Scheun J, Miller RJ, Ganswindt A, Waller LJ, Pichegru L, Sherley RB, Maneveldt GW. Urofaecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in African penguin ( Spheniscus demersus) chick populations experiencing different levels of human disturbance. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab078. [PMID: 34532057 PMCID: PMC8439262 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of ecotourism in species conservation, little is known about the industry's effects on wildlife. In South Africa, some African penguin (Spheniscus demersus) colonies have become tourist attractions. The species is globally endangered, with population sizes decreasing over the past 40 years. As African penguin chicks are altricial and unable to move away from anthropogenic stressors, it is important to evaluate the effect of tourist activities on baseline glucocorticoid levels as a measure of potential disturbance. Chicks at three study sites within two breeding colonies (Robben Island, Stony Point), with varying levels of exposure to tourism (low/moderate/high) were monitored. Urofaecal samples were collected to determine urofaecal glucocorticoid metabolite (ufGCM) concentrations as an indication of baseline stress physiology. Morphometric measurements were taken to compare body condition between sites. Penguin chicks experiencing low, infrequent human presence had significantly higher mean (± standard deviation) ufGCM levels [1.34 ± 1.70 μg/g dry weight (DW)] compared to chicks experiencing both medium (0.50 ± 0.40 μg/g DW, P = 0.001) and high levels of human presence (0.57 ± 0.47 μg/g DW, P = 0.003). There was no difference in chick body condition across sites. These results suggest that exposure to frequent human activity may induce habituation/desensitization in African penguin chicks. Acute, infrequent human presence was likely an important driver for comparatively higher ufGCM levels in chicks, though several other environmental stressors may also play an important role in driving adrenocortical activity. Nevertheless, as unhabituated chicks experiencing infrequent anthropogenic presence showed significantly higher ufGCM levels, managers and legislation should attempt to minimize all forms of activity around important breeding colonies that are not already exposed to regular tourism. Although the results of this study are crucial for developing enhanced conservation and management protocols, additional research on the long-term effect of anthropogenic activities on African penguin physiology is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Scheun
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, 1724, South Africa
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0081, South Africa
- National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Rebecca J Miller
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Andre Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0081, South Africa
| | - Lauren J Waller
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
- Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB), Table View, 7441, South Africa
| | - Lorien Pichegru
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology and Institute for Coastal and Marine Research at the Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Richard B Sherley
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penry Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Gavin W Maneveldt
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
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17
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Ngcamphalala CA, Bouwer M, Nicolson SW, Ganswindt A, McKechnie AE. Experimental Manipulation of Air Temperature in Captivity Appears Unsuitable for Evaluating Fecal Glucocorticoid Metabolite Responses of Wild-Caught Birds to Heat Exposure. Physiol Biochem Zool 2021; 94:330-337. [PMID: 34292861 DOI: 10.1086/716043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNoninvasive measurement of stress-related alterations in fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations has considerable potential for quantifying physiological responses to very hot weather in free-ranging birds, but practical considerations related to sampling will often make this method feasible only for habituated study populations. Here we evaluate an alternate approach, the use of experimentally manipulated thermal environments for evaluating stress responses to high environmental temperatures in wild-caught birds housed in captivity. Using an enzyme immunoassay utilizing antibodies against 5ß-pregnane-3α,11ß,21-triol-20-one-CMO∶BSA (tetrahydrocorticosterone), we quantified fGCMs in captive individuals of three southern African arid-zone species (southern pied babblers [Turdoides bicolor], white-browed sparrow-weavers [Plocepasser mahali], and southern yellow-billed hornbills [Tockus leucomelas]) experiencing daily air temperature maxima (Tmax) ranging from 30°-32°C to 42°-44°C. For none of the three species did Tmax emerge as a significant predictor of elevated fGCM concentrations, and no stress response to simulated hot weather was evident. The apparent lack of a stress response to Tmax = 42°C in captive southern pied babblers contrasts with linear increases in fGCMs at Tmax > 38°C in free-ranging conspecifics. The lack of an effect of Tmax on fGCM levels may potentially be explained by several factors, including differences in operative temperatures and the availability of water and food between free-ranging and captive settings or the stress effect of captivity itself. Our results suggest that experimental manipulations of thermal environments experienced by wild-caught captive birds have limited usefulness for testing hypotheses concerning the effects of hot weather events on fGCM (and, by extension, glucocorticoid) concentrations.
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18
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Webster AB, Callealta FJ, Ganswindt A, Bennett NC. A non-invasive assessment of essential trace element utilization at different trophic levels in African wildlife. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 293:112820. [PMID: 34289587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The complex relationships that exist between terrestrial mammals and their habitats make African ecosystems highly interactive environments. Anthropogenic activities including climate change have altered geochemical cycles, which influence nutrient availability and deficiency at local, regional and global scales. As synergistic and antagonistic interactions occur between essential elements at both deficiency and excess concentrations, the differences in feeding strategy between trophically distinct groups of terrestrial vertebrates are likely to influence the degree to which overall nutrient needs are met or may be deficient. The overall aim of this study was to investigate and compare quantitative differences of nine essential elements in terrestrial vertebrates occupying different trophic levels within two protected areas; Tswalu Kalahari Reserve (TKR) and Manyeleti Nature Reserve (MNR) South Africa, using faeces as an analytical matrix. Results from linear mixed effects models highlight that concentrations varied widely between individuals. Overall, measured concentrations above their respective means were evident for B and Mn in herbivores, Fe in omnivores and Cu, Co, Fe, Se and Zn in carnivores. Measured concentrations of Mo and Ni did not differ significantly between trophic groups. Although site-specific differences were evident for specific elements, measured mean concentrations of B, Co, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, Se and Zn were significantly higher overall at the MNR study site compared to the TKR site. This is the first study to non-invasively assess essential element concentrations across trophic levels in free ranging African wildlife species within protected areas of the savannah biome. Combined with the assessment of environmental matrices, this approach can be used as an effective diagnostic tool for the assessment of animal welfare and the management of protected areas globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Webster
- Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - F J Callealta
- Department of Economics, Universidad de Alcalá, Plaza Victoria, 2, Alcalá de Henares, 28802, Spain
| | - A Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - N C Bennett
- Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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19
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Webster AB, Ganswindt A, Small C, Rossouw R. Optimised ICP-MS quantification method for using animal faeces as a measure of protected area ecosystem health. MethodsX 2021; 8:101441. [PMID: 34430330 PMCID: PMC8374655 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollution is a key threat to biodiversity and ecosystem health within protected areas. Using a non-invasive, multi-matrix approach, sediment, vegetation and faecal material from lion (Panthera leo) and giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) were collected and assessed for the simultaneous quantification of 20 trace elements using an optimised method for Inductively Coupled Plasma--Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Method Linearity was confirmed over an analytical range of 0.1-50 mg/kg for aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe); 0.4-400 µg/kg for vanadium (V), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo), and cadmium (Cd); 0.5-5 µg/kg for mercury (Hg); and 1-1 000 µg/kg for elements arsenic (As), boron (B), barium (Ba), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), tin (Sn), strontium (Sr) and zinc (Zn). Coefficient of determination (R2) was above 0.99 for all elements. Accuracy (% recovery) and precision (% RSD) of replicate measurements for certified reference material controls fell within 20% of expected value at lower concentrations and 15% at higher concentrations for all elements except Al. Results for instrument and method limit of detections (LOD), method limit of quantification (LOQ) and expanded uncertainty were satisfactory. Preliminary data indicate As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn were present in all matrices evaluated. This raises concerns regarding the combined action of multiple elements at concentrations that can adversely affect ecosystem and wildlife integrity.•Sample quantity is reduced due to the power and sensitivity of ICP-MS.•The optimised method is capable of detecting differences in trace element concentrations over large orders of magnitude in animal faeces containing different amounts of organic content.•The method can be applied to the quantification of essential and potentially toxic elements in faeces across a wide range of terrestrial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Webster
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0083, South Africa
| | - Andre Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0083, South Africa
| | - Charney Small
- Central Analyticl Facilities, ICP-MS Laboratory, University of Stellenbosch, Cnr Ryneveld and Merriman Street, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Riana Rossouw
- Central Analyticl Facilities, ICP-MS Laboratory, University of Stellenbosch, Cnr Ryneveld and Merriman Street, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
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20
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Wolf TE, De Haast AR, Meyer L, Gerber D, Ganswindt A. Measuring Faecal Glucocorticoid Metabolite Concentrations as an Indicator of Stress in Blue Wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus). AFRICAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3957/056.051.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja E. Wolf
- Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Adel R. De Haast
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
| | - Leith Meyer
- Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - David Gerber
- V-Tech (Pty) Ltd, Corner Old Pretoria and Douglas Roads, Midrand, 0182 South Africa
| | - Andre Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
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21
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Jepsen EM, Scheun J, Dehnhard M, Kumar V, Umapathy G, Ganswindt A. Non-invasive monitoring of glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in native Indian, as well as captive and re-wilded tigers in South Africa. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 308:113783. [PMID: 33862051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the last century, wild tiger (Panthera tigris) numbers have declined from over 100 000 individuals to fewer than 4 000, with animals now confined to less than 5% of their historic range due to habitat loss, persecution, inadequate management, and poaching. In contrast, 15 000-20 000 tigers are estimated to be housed in captivity, experiencing conditions vastly different than their wild counterparts. A total of 280 tigers are currently held at 44 different facilities within South Africa, including zoos, semi-captive 're-wilded' populations, and pets; these animals provide a unique opportunity to measure the impact of extrinsic factors, found in exotic habitats, on the adrenocortical activity of tigers. By monitoring and comparing stress-related faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations of tigers housed at different locations, and free ranging tigers in natural tiger reserves, this project aimed to get a better understanding of the impact of extrinsic factors on adrenocortical function as a measure of stress. The results of this study showed no significant difference in fGCM concentrations between captive, re-wilded, and free-ranging tigers with the exception of one site. Furthermore, factors such as sex and season were not significant drivers of fGCM concentrations. One study group had elevated fGCM concentrations, showing population variation in the stress response. This indicates that populations are able to cope with exotic environments, however, as population-specific differences in the stress response exist, we suggest management protocols be created for each population. This study offered the unique opportunity to see how well tigers are faring outside of their native range and if having re-wilded tigers in exotic locations is a potential welfare-acceptable management option for tiger conservation globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Jepsen
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Juan Scheun
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa; National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute, South Africa
| | - Martin Dehnhard
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Govindhaswamy Umapathy
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - André Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, South Africa
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22
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Blecher AS, Ganswindt A, Scheun J. Scales of our lives: Sex identification of Temminck's pangolin (Smutsia temminckii) using scales retrieved out of the illegal wildlife trade. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 308:113782. [PMID: 33862053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pangolins are the most trafficked wild mammals, with their scales in high demand. Scales are often the only part of the animal confiscated from the trade, but they represent accessible material for forensic investigations, including for sexing. This study aimed to develop a sexing tool for Temminck's pangolin, using scales for hormone quantification. Scales from males and females were liquidised using keratinase and the resulting suspension analysed for progestagen and androgen metabolite (scPM and scAM) concentrations. Scale PM and scAM concentrations were compared between sexes, while overall median values for scPM and scAM, as well as a ratio of scPM to scAM (P/A) were used as boundary values for sex identification. Neither scPM nor scAM concentrations were significantly different between the sexes and concentrations of a juvenile and sub-adult male overlapped with females, possibly indicating later sexual maturity in males. Boundary values for scAM concentrations and the P/A ratio predicted sex with 100% accuracy for females and 78% for males, while the accuracies for the scPM boundary value were lower. When only adult individuals are considered, scAM and P/A ratio boundaries are 100% accurate for both sexes. Therefore, scale hormone ratios show promise as a sex identification tool for Temminck's pangolin, particularly applicable in forensic investigations on the pangolin trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantxa S Blecher
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - André Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Biodiversity Research Services, National Zoological Gardens, South Africa
| | - Juan Scheun
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Biodiversity Research Services, National Zoological Gardens, South Africa; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa
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23
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Moagi LL, Bourne AR, Cunningham SJ, Jansen R, Ngcamphalala CA, Ganswindt A, Ridley AR, McKechnie AE. Hot days are associated with short-term adrenocortical responses in a southern African arid-zone passerine bird. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:268362. [PMID: 34032270 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Relatively little effort has been directed towards elucidating the role of physiological stress pathways in mediating avian responses to global heating. For free-ranging southern pied babblers, Turdoides bicolor, daily maximum air temperatures (Tmax) between ∼35 and ∼40°C result in reduced foraging efficiency, loss of body mass and compromised breeding success. We tested the hypothesis that very hot days are experienced as stressors by quantifying relationships between Tmax and faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) levels in naturally excreted droppings. On days when Tmax<38°C, fGCM levels were independent of Tmax (mean±s.d. 140.25±56.92 ng g-1 dry mass). At Tmax>38°C, however, fGCM levels increased linearly with Tmax and averaged 190.79±70.13 ng g-1 dry mass. The effects of Tmax on fGCM levels did not carry over to the following morning, suggesting that very hot days are experienced as acute stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesedi L Moagi
- South African Research Chair in Conservation Physiology, National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.,Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Amanda R Bourne
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Susan J Cunningham
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Raymond Jansen
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Celiwe A Ngcamphalala
- South African Research Chair in Conservation Physiology, National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.,DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - André Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Amanda R Ridley
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009Australia
| | - Andrew E McKechnie
- South African Research Chair in Conservation Physiology, National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.,DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
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Habituation of common eland (Taurotragus oryx) to intensive routine handling, and the effect of immunocastration thereon. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Blecher AS, Scheun J, Ganswindt A. Degradation of Temminck's pangolin ( Smutsia temminckii) scales with a keratinase for extraction of reproductive steroid hormones. MethodsX 2021; 8:101229. [PMID: 34434752 PMCID: PMC8374191 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormone monitoring in keratinous tissues has become increasingly popular. The insoluble keratin materials are generally pulverised before hormone extraction; however, this is difficult for thicker keratin structures like baleen plates or hooves. A new method, involving the use of keratinase, allows enzymatic digestion of keratin and hormone analysis in the resulting suspension. Pangolins are unique mammals covered in keratinous scales, which are one of the reasons these animals are extensively trafficked. This study aimed to investigate the suitability of Temminck's pangolin scales as hormone matrix for quantifying reproductive steroids. A protocol was developed to digest scales with a keratinase before measuring hormone concentrations. This method can be used to investigate the reproductive endocrinology of Temminck's pangolins but may also be extended to the other extant pangolin species.•Keratinase digests Temminck's pangolin scales and reproductive steroid metabolite concentrations are measurable in the resulting suspension.•Isopropanol is an ideal washing solvent for scales to remove surface contaminants and scale sample mass should be standardised to allow comparisons.•Any section of a scale and scales from any pangolin body region can be used as samples for hormone quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantxa S. Blecher
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Juan Scheun
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
- Biodiversity Research Services, National Zoological Gardens, South Africa
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - André Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
- Biodiversity Research Services, National Zoological Gardens, South Africa
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Reproductive events and respective faecal androgen metabolite concentrations in captive male roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243277. [PMID: 33332371 PMCID: PMC7745970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the reproductive biology of the roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus) (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803) is crucial to optimise breeding success in captive breeding programmes of this threatened species. In this study, the pattern of faecal androgen metabolite (fAM) production related to reproductive events (calving or birthing, mating, gestation, and lactation), sexual behaviours as well as environmental cues were studied in captive adult male roan antelope. Faecal sample collection and behavioural observations were carried out from August 2017 to July 2018 for three reproductive males participating in a conservation breeding programme at the Lapalala Wilderness Nature Reserve in South Africa. As a prerequisite, the enzyme immunoassay used in this study was biologically validated for the species by demonstrating a significant difference between fAM concentrations in non-breeding adults, breeding adults and juvenile males. Results revealed that in adults males, the overall mean fAM levels were 73% higher during the breeding period compared to the non-breeding periods, and 85% higher when exclusively compared to the lactation/gestation periods, but only 5.3% higher when compared to the birthing period. Simultaneously, fAM concentrations were lower during the wet season compared to the dry season, increasing with a reduction in photoperiod. With the exception of courtship, frequencies of sexual behaviours monitored changed in accordance with individual mean fAM concentrations in male roan antelope, the findings suggest that androgen production varies with the occurrence of mating activity and may be influenced by photoperiod but not with rainfall.
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Chipangura JK, Ganswindt A, Naidoo V. A report on the housing vervet monkeys adjacent to domestic cats as a means of environmental enrichment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 87:e1-e6. [PMID: 33314956 PMCID: PMC7736655 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v87i1.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In current research guidelines, much focus is placed on ethical management of animals and the application of principles of reduction, refinement and replacement. Of these refinements through environmental enrichment is an important aspect when housing primate to prevent behavioural problems. In this study, we investigated the co-housing of domestic cats and vervet monkeys as a novel method of enrichment based on the cohabitation and stress alleviation effect of horses housed with goats and from seeing cats cohabitating with vervet monkeys in an animal sanctuary. The study used a habituation method whereby the cats were stepwise introduced to the monkeys by sight and smell but with physical separation. Assessment included changes in behaviour, weight and faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations over time. On the first day of housing, the vervets whilst inquisitive kept their distance. The vervets housed in cages that were closest to the cats were the most active and during the first minute of introduction made more alarm calls, which stopped a few days later. The fGCMs were non-significantly different. The results of this study provide evidence that vervet monkeys and domestic cats could potentially be housed together without overt aggression. We thus suggest further observations to ascertain if the co-housing could have long-term benefits for vervet monkeys, from the companionship that would be offered by the cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Chipangura
- Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; and, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
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Fàbregas MC, Fosgate GT, Ganswindt A, Bertschinger H, Meyer LCR. Unforeseen consequences of conservation management practices: case study on herding rhino as an anti‐poaching measure. Anim Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María C. Fàbregas
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies Faculty of Veterinary Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Geoffrey T. Fosgate
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies Faculty of Veterinary Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
- Department of Production Animal Studies Faculty of Veterinary Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - André Ganswindt
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies Faculty of Veterinary Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
- Mammal Research Institute Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Henk Bertschinger
- Department of Production Animal Studies Faculty of Veterinary Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Leith C. R. Meyer
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies Faculty of Veterinary Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
- Mammal Research Institute Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
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Blecher AS, Bennett NC, Medger K, Hagenah N, Ganswindt A, Oosthuizen MK. Effect of colony disruption and social isolation on naked mole-rat endocrine correlates. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 295:113520. [PMID: 32470474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The social environment of animals can have profound implications on their behaviour and physiology. Naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber) are highly social with complex dominance hierarchies that influence both stress- and reproduction-related hormones. Homeostasis may be affected by aggressive interactions, colony instability and social isolation. Furthermore, naked mole-rat colonies are characterised by a marked reproductive skew; a single female and few males are reproductively active while other colony members are reproductively suppressed. Thus, there are distinct differences in related hormone concentrations between reproductively active and non-active animals; however, this changes when non-reproductive individuals are removed from the colony. We investigated the effects of social isolation and colony disruption on plasma cortisol and progesterone concentrations in non-breeding naked mole-rats. During colony disruption, we found a significant increase in cortisol concentrations in females removed from the colony for social isolation (experimental) as well as in females that remained in the colony (control). Cortisol concentrations were reduced in both groups after experimental animals were paired up. No changes in cortisol concentrations were observed in control or experimental males after removal from the colony or pairing. This suggests that the females, but not the males, found colony disruption and social isolation stressful. Upon removal from the colony, both control and experimental females showed a small increase in progesterone, which returned to basal levels again in the control animals. Experimental females showed a dramatic spike in progesterone when they were paired with males, indicating reproductive activation. The sex difference in the stress responses may be due to the stronger reproductive suppression imposed on females, or the increased likelihood of dispersal for males. It is clear that the social environment reflects on the endocrine correlates of animals living in a colony, and that the colony structure may affect the sensitivity of the animals to changes in their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantxa S Blecher
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Nigel C Bennett
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Katarina Medger
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Nicole Hagenah
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - André Ganswindt
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Maria K Oosthuizen
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa.
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Scheun J, Neller S, Bennett NC, Kemp LV, Ganswindt A. Endocrine correlates of gender and throat coloration in the southern ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri). Integr Zool 2020; 16:189-201. [PMID: 32761760 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The southern ground-hornbill (SGH) is a cooperatively breeding bird endemic to eastern and southern Africa, but is endangered in its southern distributional range. The national conservation restoration program harvests redundant chicks for captive breeding and reintroduction; with sexing and social grouping of the species evaluated by throat-skin coloration, with adult males displaying a completely red color compared to dark blue within the red observed in adult females. However, recent findings indicate that dominant and subordinate adult males exhibit patches of blue throat-skin. To optimize SGH management practices, it is vital to determine the role of red and blue coloration, as well as the possible drivers thereof. As a prerequisite, an enzyme immunoassay for monitoring fecal androgen metabolite (fAM) concentrations in SGH was established. Following this, fresh fecal samples were collected from 78 SGH, of various demographics and origin, across 12 captive institutions, to determine whether fAM concentrations differ between blue (B), partially blue (sB), and fully red (R) throat-skin colored SGH. Furthermore, fAM concentrations were compared between males housed in different social groups of different age and sex classes. Individual median fAM concentrations of B, sB, and R adult males did not differ significantly but were considerably higher in B and sB males compared to R males. Social dynamics within captivity, for example, dominance, played no role as a driver of male gonadal activity or throat skin coloration. The results of the study indicate that androgens and apparent social dynamics are not primary determinants of throat coloration in male SGH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Scheun
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa.,Biodiversity Research Services, National Zoological Gardens, South Africa.,Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sophie Neller
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Mabula Ground Hornbill Project/ IUCN Hornbill Specialist Group, Bela-Bela, South Africa
| | - Nigel C Bennett
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lucy V Kemp
- Mabula Ground Hornbill Project/ IUCN Hornbill Specialist Group, Bela-Bela, South Africa.,Department of Applied Behavioural Ecology & Ecosystem Research, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - Andre Ganswindt
- Biodiversity Research Services, National Zoological Gardens, South Africa.,Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Wolf TE, Mangwiro N, Fasina FO, Ganswindt A. Non-invasive monitoring of adrenocortical function in female domestic pigs using saliva and faeces as sample matrices. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234971. [PMID: 32584863 PMCID: PMC7316308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intensive pig management involves in a commercial setting the housing and implementation of certain procedures, such as castration and tail docking, which may be stressful for the animal. Good farming practices include the reduction of stress due to management processes, but assessing the level of stress perceived entirely through behavioural observations can be challenging. The monitoring stress-related physiological markers, like glucocorticoids (GC), can be an accurate alternative that would presumably be more objective. In order to avoid an additional stressor by taking blood, a non-invasive approach is advisable. We used an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test and the effect of transport to examine the suitability of different enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for monitoring adrenocortical function in domestic pigs using saliva and faeces as sample matrices. An assay measuring faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCMs) with a 3ß,11ß-diol group has proven suited to determine adrenocortical activity, showing an overall increase of 180% in fGCM concentrations related to ACTH administration and of 70% related to transport, respectively. A cortisol EIA was used to detect salivary glucocorticoid (sGC) concentrations, revealing a 1100% increase in sGC concentrations after ACTH administration. The stability of fGCM concentrations post-defecation was determined to assess possible changes in measured fGCM concentrations in unpreserved faecal material over time, with fGCM concentrations being relatively stable (maximal 12% change) under natural conditions for approximately two days after defecation. This implicates that untreated faecal material from pigs can be analysed for up to two days after collection without appreciable level of depreciation in fGCM concentrations. Being able to assess the physiological stress response of domestic pigs non-invasively can help to improve the well-being of commercially reared pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja E. Wolf
- Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Norbert Mangwiro
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Folorunso O. Fasina
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- ECTAD, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Tanzania
| | - Andre Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Endocrine Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Rehabilitation method affects behavior, welfare, and adaptation potential for subsequent release of orphaned white rhinoceros. Acta Ethol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-020-00343-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Crossey B, Chimimba C, Plessis CD, Hall G, Ganswindt A. Using faecal glucocorticoid metabolite analyses to elucidate stressors of African wild dogs Lycaon pictus from South Africa. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Crossey
- B. Crossey ✉ , C. Chimimba, G. Hall and A. Ganswindt, Mammal Research Inst. (MRI), Dept of Zoology and Entomology, Univ. of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028 South Africa. BC and AG also at: Endocrine Research
| | - Christian Chimimba
- B. Crossey ✉ , C. Chimimba, G. Hall and A. Ganswindt, Mammal Research Inst. (MRI), Dept of Zoology and Entomology, Univ. of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028 South Africa. BC and AG also at: Endocrine Research
| | - Cole du Plessis
- C. du Plessis, Carnivore Conservation Program, The Endangered Wildlife Trust, Modderfontein, South Africa
| | - Grant Hall
- B. Crossey ✉ , C. Chimimba, G. Hall and A. Ganswindt, Mammal Research Inst. (MRI), Dept of Zoology and Entomology, Univ. of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028 South Africa. BC and AG also at: Endocrine Research
| | - Andre Ganswindt
- B. Crossey ✉ , C. Chimimba, G. Hall and A. Ganswindt, Mammal Research Inst. (MRI), Dept of Zoology and Entomology, Univ. of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028 South Africa. BC and AG also at: Endocrine Research
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Laver PN, Ganswindt A, Ganswindt SB, Alexander KA. Effect of food limitation and reproductive activity on fecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels in banded mongooses. BMC Ecol 2020; 20:12. [PMID: 32070331 PMCID: PMC7027037 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-00280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucocorticoids mediate responses to perceived stressors, thereby restoring homeostasis. However, prolonged glucocorticoid elevation may cause homeostatic overload. Using extensive field investigations of banded mongoose (Mungos mungo) groups in northern Botswana, we assessed the influence of reproduction, predation risk, and food limitation on apparent homeostatic overload (n=13 groups, 1542 samples from 268 animals). We experimentally manipulated reproduction and regulated food supply in captive mongooses, and compared their glucocorticoid responses to those obtained from free-living groups. Results At the population level, variation in glucocorticoid levels in free-living mongooses was explained by food limitation: fecal organic matter, recent rainfall, and access to concentrated anthropogenic food resources. Soil macrofauna density and reproductive events explained less and predation risk very little variation in glucocorticoid levels. Reproduction and its associated challenges alone (under regulated feeding conditions) increased glucocorticoid levels 19-fold in a captive group. Among free-living groups, glucocorticoid elevation was seasonal (occurring in late dry season or early wet season when natural food resources were less available), but the timing of peak glucocorticoid production was moderated by access to anthropogenic resources (groups with fewer anthropogenic food sources had peaks earlier in dry seasons). Peak months represented 12- and 16-fold increases in glucocorticoids relative to nadir months with some animals exhibiting 100-fold increases. Relative to the captive group nadir, some free-living groups exhibited 60-fold increases in peak glucocorticoid levels with some animals exhibiting up to 800-fold increases. Most of these animals exhibited 1- to 10-fold increases relative to the captive animal peak. Conclusions Banded mongooses exhibit seasonal chronic glucocorticoid elevation, associated primarily with food limitation and secondarily with reproduction. Magnitude and duration of this elevation suggests that this may be maladaptive for some animals, with possible fitness consequences. In late dry season, this population may face a convergence of stressors (food limitation, agonistic encounters at concentrated food resources, evictions, estrus, mate competition, parturition, and predation pressure on pups), which may induce homeostatic overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete N Laver
- Biodiversity and Development Institute, 4 Gunner's Park, Grenville Avenue, Epping 1, Cape Town, 7460, South Africa.
| | - André Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.,Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Stefanie B Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Kathleen A Alexander
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, 100 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0321, USA
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Young C, Bonnell TR, Brown LR, Dostie MJ, Ganswindt A, Kienzle S, McFarland R, Henzi SP, Barrett L. Climate induced stress and mortality in vervet monkeys. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:191078. [PMID: 31827846 PMCID: PMC6894595 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
As the effects of global climate change become more apparent, animal species will become increasingly affected by extreme climate and its effect on the environment. There is a pressing need to understand animal physiological and behavioural responses to climatic stressors. We used the reactive scope model as a framework to investigate the influence of drought conditions on vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) behaviour, physiological stress and survival across 2.5 years in South Africa. Data were collected on climatic, environmental and behavioural variables and physiological stress via faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCMs). There was a meaningful interaction between water availability and resource abundance: when food availability was high but standing water was unavailable, fGCM concentrations were higher compared to when food was abundant and water was available. Vervet monkeys adapted their behaviour during a drought period by spending a greater proportion of time resting at the expense of feeding, moving and social behaviour. As food availability decreased, vervet mortality increased. Peak mortality occurred when food availability was at its lowest and there was no standing water. A survival analysis revealed that higher fGCM concentrations were associated with an increased probability of mortality. Our results suggest that with continued climate change, the increasing prevalence of drought will negatively affect vervet abundance and distribution in our population. Our study contributes to knowledge of the limits and scope of behavioural and physiological plasticity among vervet monkeys in the face of rapid environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Young
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tyler R. Bonnell
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leslie R. Brown
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
| | - Marcus J. Dostie
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andre Ganswindt
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
| | - Stefan Kienzle
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
- Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard McFarland
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg-Braamfontein, Republic of South Africa
| | - S. Peter Henzi
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Louise Barrett
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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Behavioral and adrenocortical responses of captive white rhino adolescents to the introduction of a new calf. Acta Ethol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-019-00322-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Young C, McFarland R, Ganswindt A, Young MM, Barrett L, Henzi SP. Male residency and dispersal triggers in a seasonal breeder with influential females. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ramahlo M, Chimimba C, Pirk C, Ganswindt A. Non-invasive monitoring of adrenocortical activity in free-ranging Namaqua rock mice Micaelamys namaquensis from South Africa in response to anthropogenic land use and season. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Chimimba
- C. Chimimba and A. Ganswindt, Mammal Research Inst. (MRI), Dept of Zoology and Entomology, Univ. of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, 0028 Hatfield, South Africa. MR and CC also at: DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology (CIB), Dept of Zoology an
| | | | - André Ganswindt
- C. Chimimba and A. Ganswindt, Mammal Research Inst. (MRI), Dept of Zoology and Entomology, Univ. of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, 0028 Hatfield, South Africa. MR and CC also at: DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology (CIB), Dept of Zoology an
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Chave E, Edwards KL, Paris S, Prado N, Morfeld KA, Brown JL. Variation in metabolic factors and gonadal, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal hormones in association with musth in African and Asian elephant bulls. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 276:1-13. [PMID: 30735672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal analyses of serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, glucose, insulin, triglycerides, cholesterol, total and free thyroxine (T4), total triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and cortisol were conducted to investigate pituitary, metabolic, and adrenal changes related to testicular function and musth status in zoo-housed elephant bulls. Blood samples were collected twice a month for 12 months from 14 African and 12 Asian bulls at 17 facilities in North America. Building on previous studies, our results show that musth is associated with increased testosterone, LH, FSH, and cortisol secretion, and a decrease in thyroid hormone (total and free T4) production. In addition, glucose and triglycerides were higher during musth than non-musth periods, indicative of altered sugar and fat metabolism. There were significant differences associated with age for LH, FSH and testosterone, all increasing, whereas the glucose-to-insulin ratio (G:I) decreased with age. A species comparison found African and Asian elephants differed in measures of insulin, prolactin, cholesterol and the G:I. Across all hormones, high inter-individual variability was observed, making it difficult to define a general musth endocrine profile or to assess musth status from single samples. These results highlight the need for facilities hosting bulls to closely and consistently monitor each individual from an early age and throughout musth and non-musth periods to determine the pattern for each male.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Chave
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Rd., Front Royal, VA 22630, USA; Université François-Rabelais, 60 Rue du Plat d'Étain, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Katie L Edwards
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Rd., Front Royal, VA 22630, USA.
| | - Steve Paris
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Rd., Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Natalia Prado
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Rd., Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Kari A Morfeld
- Lincoln Children's Zoo, 1222 S 27th Street, Lincoln, NE 68502, USA
| | - Janine L Brown
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Rd., Front Royal, VA 22630, USA.
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Jepsen EM, Ganswindt A, Ngcamphalala CA, Bourne AR, Ridley AR, McKechnie AE. Non-invasive monitoring of physiological stress in an afrotropical arid-zone passerine bird, the southern pied babbler. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 276:60-68. [PMID: 30836104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Using faecal matter to monitor stress levels in animals non-invasively is a powerful technique for elucidating the effects of biotic and abiotic stressors on free-living animals. To validate the use of droppings for measuring stress in southern pied babblers (Turdoides bicolor) we performed an ACTH challenge on captive individuals and determined the effect of temporary separation from their social group on their faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentration. Additionally, we compared fGCM concentrations of captive babblers to those of wild conspecifics and examined the effects of dominance rank on fGCM concentration. We found droppings to be a suitable matrix for measuring physiological stress in babblers and that individual separation from the group caused an increase in fGCM levels. In addition, babblers temporarily held in captivity had substantially higher fGCM concentrations than wild individuals, indicating that babblers kept in captivity experience high levels of stress. In wild, free-living individuals, dominant males showed the highest levels of stress, suggesting that being the dominant male of a highly territorial social group is stressful. Non-invasive sampling allows field-based researchers to reduce disturbance related to monitoring adrenocortical function, thereby avoiding artificially increasing circulating corticosterone concentration as it is not necessary to physically restrain study animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Jepsen
- South African Research Chair in Conservation Physiology, National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa; DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - André Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Celiwe A Ngcamphalala
- South African Research Chair in Conservation Physiology, National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa; DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Amanda R Bourne
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amanda R Ridley
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Andrew E McKechnie
- South African Research Chair in Conservation Physiology, National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa; DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Van den Berghe F, Paris MCJ, Sarnyai Z, Vlamings B, Millar RP, Ganswindt A, Cozzi A, Pageat P, Paris DBBP. Dog appeasing pheromone prevents the androgen surge and may reduce contact dominance and active submission after stressful interventions in African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212551. [PMID: 30917139 PMCID: PMC6436694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endangered African wild dog (AWD; Lycaon pictus) is a highly social canid living in packs with a separate male and female hierarchy. Immobilisation, handling and translocations are acute stressors for AWDs, however such interventions are often needed for species management. In addition, new pack formation or temporary pack separation can lead to an increase in intra-pack aggression. The goal of this double-blinded placebo-controlled study conducted in captive zoo populations was to evaluate whether dog appeasing pheromone (DAP) reduces behavioural stress and faecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels (fGCM) normally associated with pack separation, immobilisation and reintroduction (SIR), and to assess whether this reduces aggressive behaviours and faecal androgen metabolite levels (fAM). Four packs (n = 11 males) were treated with DAP and 4 packs (n = 12 males) were treated with a placebo solution, applied at the end of anaesthesia. Behavioural interactions as well as fGCM and fAM were determined from 3 days before until 4-6 days after SIR. No effect of DAP on fGCM was observed, however, fAM increased after SIR in placebo but not DAP treated animals. Moreover, on the day of reintroduction, DAP treated packs tended to have lower rates of contact-dominance and active-submission behaviour, but higher rates of non-contact dominance behaviour. As these effects could decrease the risk of agonistic interactions, DAP may be a useful tool to help manage new pack formations and temporary pack separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Van den Berghe
- Gamete and Embryology (GAME) Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Breeding Rare and Endangered African Mammals (IBREAM), Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Monique C. J. Paris
- Institute for Breeding Rare and Endangered African Mammals (IBREAM), Edinburgh, Scotland
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zoltan Sarnyai
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM) and College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Bart Vlamings
- Institute for Breeding Rare and Endangered African Mammals (IBREAM), Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Robert P. Millar
- Institute for Breeding Rare and Endangered African Mammals (IBREAM), Edinburgh, Scotland
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andre Ganswindt
- Institute for Breeding Rare and Endangered African Mammals (IBREAM), Edinburgh, Scotland
- Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Alessandro Cozzi
- Institut de Recherche en Sémiochimie et Ethologie Appliquée, Apt, France
| | - Patrick Pageat
- Institut de Recherche en Sémiochimie et Ethologie Appliquée, Apt, France
| | - Damien B. B. P. Paris
- Gamete and Embryology (GAME) Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Breeding Rare and Endangered African Mammals (IBREAM), Edinburgh, Scotland
- Centre for Tropical Environmental & Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Scheun J, Greeff D, Ganswindt A. Non-invasive monitoring of glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in urine and faeces of the Sungazer ( Smaug giganteus). PeerJ 2018; 6:e6132. [PMID: 30595985 PMCID: PMC6305116 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing non-invasive techniques for monitoring physiological stress responses has been conducted in a number of mammal and bird species, revolutionizing field-based endocrinology and conservation practices. However, studies validating and monitoring glucocorticoid concentrations in reptiles are still limited. The aim of the study was to validate a method for monitoring glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in urine (uGCM) and faeces (fGCM) of the cordylid lizard, the Sungazer (Smaug giganteus). An adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge was conducted on one male and two females with both urine and faecal material being collected during baseline and post-injection periods. Steroid extracts were analysed with four enzyme immunoassays (EIAs)namely: 11-oxoaetiocholanolone, 5α-pregnane-3β-11β-21-triol-20-one, tetrahydrocorticosterone, and corticosterone. A considerable response in fGCM and uGCM concentrations following ACTH administration was observed in all subjects, with the 5α-pregnane-3β-11β-21-triol-20-one and tetrahydrocorticosterone EIAs appearing to be the most suited for monitoring alterations in glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in S. giganteus using faeces or urine as hormone matrix. Both EIAs showed a significantly higher concentration of glucocorticoid metabolites in faeces compared to urine for both sexes. Collectively, the findings of this study confirmed that both urine and faeces can be used to non-invasively assess adrenocortical function in S. giganteus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Scheun
- National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.,Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dominique Greeff
- National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andre Ganswindt
- National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.,Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Crossey B, Ganswindt A, Chimimba C. Faecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations and their alteration post-defaecation in African wild dogs Lycaon pictus from South Africa. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Crossey
- B. Crossey , A. Ganswindt and C. Chimimba, Mammal Research Inst. (MR
| | - Andre Ganswindt
- BC and AG also at: Endocrine Research Laboratory, Dept of Anatomy and Physiology, Univ. of Pretoria,
| | - Christian Chimimba
- CC also at: DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology (CIB), Dept of Zoology and Entomology,
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Wolf TE, Valades GB, Simelane P, Bennett NC, Ganswindt A. The relationship between physical injury, body condition and stress-related hormone concentrations in free-ranging giraffes. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja E. Wolf
- T. E. Wolf (http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4040-8425) , N. C. Bennett and A. Gans
| | | | - Phumlile Simelane
- G. Benavides Valades and P. Simelane, Savannah Research Center, Mbuluzi Game Reserve, Lubombo Conser
| | - Nigel C. Bennett
- T. E. Wolf (http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4040-8425) , N. C. Bennett and A. Gans
| | - Andre Ganswindt
- T. E. Wolf (http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4040-8425) , N. C. Bennett and A. Gans
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Wolf TE, Arif A, Bennett NC, Ganswindt A. Noninvasive measurements of ovarian activity in Beira antelope (Dorcatragus megalotis). Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 54:275-279. [PMID: 30246895 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As the natural habitat of more and more species becomes depleted, captive breeding programmes have become established to bring species back from the brink of extinction. Monitoring the reproductive status of an individual is essential in order to improve breeding success. Traditional methods have involved stressful blood sampling, and thus noninvasive methods have been proven to be reliable alternatives for monitoring reproductive function in both captive and free-ranging animals. Subsequently, noninvasive methods have become an invaluable tool in longitudinal studies and conservation efforts, as animals can be observed without, or minimal human contact. The Beira antelope is a small antelope endemic to the northern part of the Horn of Africa. Population numbers of the Beira have been declining over the last few decades due to habitat fragmentation. We show here that the reproductive cycle of female Beira antelopes can be monitored noninvasively, by using faecal samples to analyse oestrogen (fEM) as well as progestagen (fPM) metabolites. The profiles of fPM and fEM of both females showed regular cyclic patterns in which the follicular and luteal phases could be distinguished. The overall mean cycle length is 22 days (range: 21-25 days), with a mean length of the follicular phase of 6 days (range: 4-7 days) and a mean length for the luteal phase being 15 days (range: 12-16 days). The suitability of these noninvasive techniques should assist in optimizing breeding efforts of this endemic small antelope in captivity. Being noninvasive, this method could also be a useful tool for monitoring reproductive function in the dwindling wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja E Wolf
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Abdi Arif
- Wildlife & Veterinary Service, Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nigel C Bennett
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - André Ganswindt
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Bertschinger HJ, Lueders I. Use of anti-gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccines in African elephants (Loxodonta africana): A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4102/abc.v48i2.2320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Background: Androgen-related aggressive behaviour and musth cause serious problems in captive African elephant bulls and often lead to human and animal injuries, and damage to property.Objectives: To review the work carried out with anti-gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) vaccines to control androgen-related behaviour and fertility in captive and free-ranging elephant bulls and the induction of anoestrus in elephant cows.Method: In the first study, an anti-GnRH vaccine from Pepscan was tested in six bulls (four captive and two free-ranging). Once the vaccine Improvac® became available, the effect on behaviour, the reproductive organs and semen quality was tested. Improvac® was also used to attempt induction of anoestrus in elephant cows.Results: The first study proved that aggressive behaviours are significantly associated with increased faecal androgen concentrations. Musth (n = 1) and aggressive behaviour (n = 2) were down regulated and correlated with a decline in faecal androgen concentrations. Aggression and musth could be controlled with Improvac® (600 µg), but were more consistent when the dose was increased to 1000 µg administered every five to six months. The same dose down regulated testicular function and bulls (n = 17) were rendered infertile within 12 months after commencement of treatment. Initial attempts to induce anoestrous with 600 µg in free-ranging elephant cows gave inconclusive results, but 1000 µg in captive cows delivered five-monthly was successful.Conclusion: The treatment of elephant bulls with Improvac® resulted in the successful down-regulation of androgen-related behaviour and sperm production in captive and wild elephant bulls of various ages (≤ 34 years). Preliminary studies to induce anoestrus in cows with Improvac® appear to be successful.
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Webber JT, Henley MD, Pretorius Y, Somers MJ, Ganswindt A. Changes in African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) faecal steroid concentrations post-defaecation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4102/abc.v48i2.2312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Background: Faecal hormone metabolite measurement is a widely used tool for monitoring reproductive function and response to stressors in wildlife. Despite many advantages of this technique, the delay between defaecation, sample collection and processing may influence steroid concentrations, as faecal bacterial enzymes can alter steroid composition post-defaecation.Objectives: This study investigated changes in faecal glucocorticoid (fGCM), androgen (fAM) and progestagen (fPM) metabolite concentrations in faeces of a male and female African elephant (Loxodonta africana) post-defaecation and the influence of different faeces-drying regimes.Method: Subsamples of fresh faeces were frozen after being dried in direct sun or shade for 6, 20, 24, 48 and 72 h and 7 and 34 days. A subset of samples for each sex was immediately frozen as controls. Faecal hormone metabolite concentrations were determined using enzyme immunoassays established for fGCM, fAM and fPM monitoring in male and female African elephants.Results: Hormone metabolite concentrations of all three steroid classes were stable at first, but changed distinctively after 20 h post-defaecation, with fGCM concentrations decreasing over time and fPM and fAM concentrations steadily increasing. In freeze-dried faeces fGCM concentrations were significantly higher than respective concentrations in sun-dried material, which were in turn significantly higher than fGCM concentrations in shade-dried material. In contrast, fAM concentrations were significantly higher in sun- and shade-dried faeces compared to freeze-dried faeces. Higher fPM concentrations were also found in air-dried samples compared to lyophilised faeces, but the effect was only significant for sun-dried material.Conclusion: The revealed time restriction for collecting faecal material for hormone monitoring from elephants in the wild should be taken into account to assure reliable and comparable results. However, if logistics allow a timely collection, non-invasive hormone measurement remains a powerful and reliable approach to provide information about an elephant’s endocrine status.
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Webster AB, Burroughs REJ, Laver P, Ganswindt A. Non-invasive assessment of adrenocortical activity as a measure of stress in leopards Panthera pardus. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2018.1467280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Webster
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Richard EJ Burroughs
- Department of Production Animal Studies. Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Centre of Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Peter Laver
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Animal Demography Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - André Ganswindt
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Seeber PA, Franz M, Dehnhard M, Ganswindt A, Greenwood AD, East ML. Plains zebra (Equus quagga) adrenocortical activity increases during times of large aggregations in the Serengeti ecosystem. Horm Behav 2018; 102:1-9. [PMID: 29630896 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adverse environmental stimuli (stressors) activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and contribute to allostatic load. This study investigates the contribution of environmental stressors and life history stage to allostatic load in a migratory population of plains zebras (Equus quagga) in the Serengeti ecosystem, in Tanzania, which experiences large local variations in aggregation. We expected higher fGCM response to the environmental stressors of feeding competition, predation pressure and unpredictable social relationships in larger than in smaller aggregations, and in animals at energetically costly life history stages. As the study was conducted during the 2016 El Niño, we did not expect food quality of forage or a lack of water to strongly affect fGCM responses in the dry season. We measured fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) targeting 11β-hydroxyetiocholanolone and validated its reliability in captive plains zebras. Our results revealed significantly higher fGCM concentrations 1) in large aggregations than in smaller groupings, and 2) in band stallions than in bachelor males. Concentrations of fGCM were not significantly higher in females at the energetically costly life stage of late pregnancy/lactation. The higher allostatic load of stallions associated with females, than bachelor males is likely caused by social stressors. In conclusion, migratory zebras have elevated allostatic loads in large aggregations that probably result from their combined responses to increased feeding competition, predation pressure and various social stressors. Further research is required to disentangle the contribution of these stressors to allostatic load in migratory populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Seeber
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Franz
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Dehnhard
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Ganswindt
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag XO4, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - A D Greenwood
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - M L East
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
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Wolf TE, Bennett NC, Burroughs R, Ganswindt A. The impact of age-class and social context on fecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels in free-ranging male giraffes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 255:26-31. [PMID: 28963053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the primary sources of perceived stress is the social environment of an animal and the interactions with conspecifics. An essential component of the response to a stressor is the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, which results amongst others in a temporal increase in circulating glucocorticoid (GC) levels. Giraffes occur in a highly flexible fission-fusion social system and group compositions can change on a daily basis, with bulls establishing an age-related dominance hierarchy and showing a roaming strategy in the search for fertile females. The aim of this study was to non-invasively monitor the influence of different group compositions (mixed sex groups vs. all-male groups) on GC concentrations in free ranging giraffe bulls of different age classes. We collected fecal samples from free-ranging giraffe bulls for 12months in a South African Private Game Reserve to examine age- and social context-related patterns of fecal GC metabolite (fGCM) concentrations. We found that fGCM levels in giraffe bulls are age-class dependent, as well asassociated with changes in the social environment. Independently of the social setting, bulls of the youngest age class exhibited the highest fGCM levels compared to bulls of the other two older age-classes, with differences most pronounced when the bulls are associated in all-male groups. In contrast, an almost reversed picture appears when looking at the fGCM levels of sexually active individuals in mixed sex groups, where highest levels were found for the bulls in the oldest age-class, and the lowest for the bulls in the youngest age-class. The study stresses the importance to taking factors such asage-related status and social settings into account, when interpreting fGCM levels in free ranging giraffes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Wolf
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
| | - N C Bennett
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - R Burroughs
- Centre of Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - A Ganswindt
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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