1
|
Zhao R, Teng X, Yang Y. Calpain as a Therapeutic Target for Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:533-540. [PMID: 37642934 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a complex pathophysiological process with multiple links and factors. It involves the interaction of inflammation, oxidative stress, and glucose metabolism, and results in acute and even long-term brain damage and impairment of brain function. Calpain is a family of Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteases that regulate cellular function. Calpain activation is involved in cerebral ischemic injury, and this involvement is achieved by the interaction among Ca2+, substrates, organelles, and multiple proteases in the neuronal necrosis and apoptosis pathways after cerebral ischemia. Many calpain inhibitors have been developed and tested in the biochemical and biomedical fields. This study reviewed the potential role of calpain in the treatment of HIE and related mechanism, providing new insights for future research on HIE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiufei Teng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanchao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chelko SP, Keceli G, Carpi A, Doti N, Agrimi J, Asimaki A, Beti CB, Miyamoto M, Amat-Codina N, Bedja D, Wei AC, Murray B, Tichnell C, Kwon C, Calkins H, James CA, O'Rourke B, Halushka MK, Melloni E, Saffitz JE, Judge DP, Ruvo M, Kitsis RN, Andersen P, Di Lisa F, Paolocci N. Exercise triggers CAPN1-mediated AIF truncation, inducing myocyte cell death in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/581/eabf0891. [PMID: 33597260 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf0891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myocyte death occurs in many inherited and acquired cardiomyopathies, including arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), a genetic heart disease plagued by the prevalence of sudden cardiac death. Individuals with ACM and harboring pathogenic desmosomal variants, such as desmoglein-2 (DSG2), often show myocyte necrosis with progression to exercise-associated heart failure. Here, we showed that homozygous Dsg2 mutant mice (Dsg2 mut/mut), a model of ACM, die prematurely during swimming and display myocardial dysfunction and necrosis. We detected calcium (Ca2+) overload in Dsg2 mut/mut hearts, which induced calpain-1 (CAPN1) activation, association of CAPN1 with mitochondria, and CAPN1-induced cleavage of mitochondrial-bound apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). Cleaved AIF translocated to the myocyte nucleus triggering large-scale DNA fragmentation and cell death, an effect potentiated by mitochondrial-driven AIF oxidation. Posttranslational oxidation of AIF cysteine residues was due, in part, to a depleted mitochondrial thioredoxin-2 redox system. Hearts from exercised Dsg2 mut/mut mice were depleted of calpastatin (CAST), an endogenous CAPN1 inhibitor, and overexpressing CAST in myocytes protected against Ca2+ overload-induced necrosis. When cardiomyocytes differentiated from Dsg2 mut/mut embryonic stem cells (ES-CMs) were challenged with β-adrenergic stimulation, CAPN1 inhibition attenuated CAPN1-induced AIF truncation. In addition, pretreatment of Dsg2 mut/mut ES-CMs with an AIF-mimetic peptide, mirroring the cyclophilin-A (PPIA) binding site of AIF, blocked PPIA-mediated AIF-nuclear translocation, and reduced both apoptosis and necrosis. Thus, preventing CAPN1-induced AIF-truncation or barring binding of AIF to the nuclear chaperone, PPIA, may avert myocyte death and, ultimately, disease progression to heart failure in ACM and likely other forms of cardiomyopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Chelko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA. .,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gizem Keceli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrea Carpi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| | - Nunzianna Doti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Naples 80134, Italy
| | - Jacopo Agrimi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Angeliki Asimaki
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London WC1E 6BS, UK
| | - Carlos Bueno Beti
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London WC1E 6BS, UK
| | - Matthew Miyamoto
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nuria Amat-Codina
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Djahida Bedja
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - An-Chi Wei
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Brittney Murray
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Crystal Tichnell
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Chulan Kwon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hugh Calkins
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Cynthia A James
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Brian O'Rourke
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Marc K Halushka
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Edon Melloni
- Department of Medicine, University of Genova, Genova 16126, Italy
| | - Jeffrey E Saffitz
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 20115, USA
| | - Daniel P Judge
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Naples 80134, Italy
| | - Richard N Kitsis
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Peter Andersen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Fabio Di Lisa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Myosin heavy chain isoforms expression, calpain system and quality characteristics of different muscles in goats. Food Chem 2020; 321:126677. [PMID: 32247180 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms in goat muscles and their possible relationships with meat quality have not been fully elucidated. This study characterized the MHC isoforms in different caprine muscles using sodium dodecyl sulphate glycerol gel electrophoresis (SDS-GGE). The relationships between MHC isoforms, calpain systems and meat quality characteristics of different muscles in goats were examined. Four muscles, namely infraspinatus (IF), longissimus dorsi (LD), psoas major (PM) and supraspinatus (SS) were obtained from ten Boer crossbred bucks (7-10 months old; 26.5 ± 3.5 kg, BW). The percentages of MHC I, MHC IIa and MHC IIx in SS, IF, PM and LD were 47.2, 38.3, 32.1, 11.9; 28.0, 42.1, 33.0, 36.4; and 24.8, 19.6, 34.9 and 51.7, respectively. IF and SS had higher levels of calpastatin, total collagen and insoluble collagen contents than did PM and LD. PM had longer sarcomere length than did other muscles. LD had higher collagen solubility, troponin-T degradation products and glycogen content than did other muscles. These results infer that variable fiber-type composition could account partially for the differences in the physicochemical properties of goat muscles.
Collapse
|
4
|
Vo TM, Burchett R, Brun M, Monckton EA, Poon HY, Godbout R. Effects of nuclear factor I phosphorylation on calpastatin ( CAST) gene variant expression and subcellular distribution in malignant glioma cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:1173-1188. [PMID: 30504225 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma (MG) is the most lethal primary brain tumor. In addition to having inherent resistance to radiation treatment and chemotherapy, MG cells are highly infiltrative, rendering focal therapies ineffective. Genes involved in MG cell migration and glial cell differentiation are up-regulated by hypophosphorylated nuclear factor I (NFI), which is dephosphorylated by the phosphatase calcineurin in MG cells. Calcineurin is cleaved and thereby activated by calpain proteases, which are, in turn, inhibited by calpastatin (CAST). Here, we show that the CAST gene is a target of NFI and has NFI-binding sites in its intron 3 region. We also found that NFI-mediated regulation of CAST depends on NFI's phosphorylation state. We noted that occupation of CAST intron 3 by hypophosphorylated NFI results in increased activation of an alternative promoter. This activation resulted in higher levels of CAST transcript variants, leading to increased levels of CAST protein that lacks the N-terminal XL domain. CAST was primarily present in the cytoplasm of NFI-hypophosphorylated MG cells, with a predominantly perinuclear immunostaining pattern. NFI knockdown in NFI-hypophosphorylated MG cells increased CAST levels at the plasma membrane. These results suggest that NFI plays an integral role in the regulation of CAST variants and CAST subcellular distribution. Along with the previous findings indicating that NFI activity is regulated by calcineurin, these results provide a foundation for further investigations into the possibility of regulatory cross-talk between NFI and the CAST/calpain/calcineurin signaling pathway in MG cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- The Minh Vo
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Rebecca Burchett
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Miranda Brun
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Monckton
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Ho-Yin Poon
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Roseline Godbout
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Production and Purification of Recombinant Calpastatin. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 30617803 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8988-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The production of recombinant calpastatin in E. coli has become an efficient tool to obtain discrete amounts of a specific calpastatin species that can be present concomitantly with other calpastatin fragments/forms in the same tissue or cell type in a given condition. Indeed, at present, it is still difficult to distinguish the various calpastatin species for several reasons among which: calpastatins differ only at the N-terminus, can undergo calpain-dependent cleavage generating discrete fragments, and show anomalous electrophoretic mobility. Another benefit of using recombinant calpastatin is that, as the wild-type forms, it is heat resistant and thus can be efficiently isolated taking advantage of a simple quick purification step. Finally, the lack of posttranslational modifications makes recombinant calpastatin species particularly suitable for studying in vitro the biochemical features of specific parts of the inhibitor that following controlled posttranslational modifications change their functional interaction with calpain. In this chapter, we describe, starting from the mRNA sequence, how to produce rat calpastatin Type I in E. coli. We use routinely the same method, with minor modifications, for the production of other calpastatin species deriving from different tissues or organisms and calpastatin constructs having only specific domains. The possibility to obtain large amounts of a single calpain inhibitor form is a great advantage for studying the calpain/calpastatin system in vitro.
Collapse
|
6
|
Averna M, De Tullio R. Immunoblotting for Calpastatin Expression. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1915:195-206. [PMID: 30617805 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8988-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Immunoblotting is a procedure routinely used to analyze calpastatin expression. However, immunoblotting alone may not be adequate for this task, since calpastatin isoforms can vary by tissue, can be modified by partial digestion, and can undergo posttranslational modifications. Here we describe a method for more precise evaluation of calpastatin expression by combining immunoblot analysis with an assay for the inhibitory activity of a single calpastatin species isolated by SDS-PAGE and protein elution from the gel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Averna
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES)-Biochemistry Section, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
| | - Roberta De Tullio
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES)-Biochemistry Section, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Parr T, Mareko MHD, Ryan KJP, Hemmings KM, Brown DM, Brameld JM. The impact of growth promoters on muscle growth and the potential consequences for meat quality. Meat Sci 2016; 120:93-99. [PMID: 27179582 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To meet the demands of increased global meat consumption, animal production systems will have to become more efficient, or at least maintain the current efficiency utilizing feed ingredients that are not also used for human consumption. Use of growth promoters is a potential option for increasing production animal feed efficiency and increased muscle growth. The objective of this manuscript is to describe the mechanisms by which the growth promoters, beta-adrenergic agonists and growth hormone, mediate their effects, with specific consideration of the aspects which have implications for meat quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Parr
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leics LE12 5RD, UK.
| | | | - Kevin J P Ryan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leics LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Krystal M Hemmings
- College of Life and Natural Sciences, Department of Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
| | - David M Brown
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leics LE12 5RD, UK
| | - John M Brameld
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leics LE12 5RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Storr SJ, Thompson N, Pu X, Zhang Y, Martin SG. Calpain in Breast Cancer: Role in Disease Progression and Treatment Response. Pathobiology 2015; 82:133-41. [PMID: 26330354 DOI: 10.1159/000430464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The calpains are a family of intracellular cysteine proteases that function in a wide array of cellular activities, including cytoskeletal remodelling, survival and apoptosis. The ubiquitously expressed micro (µ)-calpain and milli (m)-calpain are archetypal family members that require calcium for function and can be inhibited by their endogenous inhibitor calpastatin. This review describes the role of the calpain system in the prognosis of breast cancer and disease progression, in addition to the role of the calpain system in the response to breast cancer treatments, including chemotherapeutic, endocrine and targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Storr
- Academic Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen Q, Lesnefsky EJ. Heart mitochondria and calpain 1: Location, function, and targets. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2372-8. [PMID: 26259540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Calpain 1 is an ubiquitous Ca(2+)-dependent cysteine protease. Although calpain 1 has been found in cardiac mitochondria, the exact location within mitochondrial compartments and its function remain unclear. The aim of the current review is to discuss the localization of calpain 1 in different mitochondrial compartments in relationship to its function, especially in pathophysiological conditions. Briefly, mitochondrial calpain 1 (mit-CPN1) is located within the intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix. Activation of the mit-CPN1 within intermembrane space cleaves apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), whereas the activated mit-CPN1 within matrix cleaves complex I subunits and metabolic enzymes. Inhibition of the mit-CPN1 could be a potential strategy to decrease cardiac injury during ischemia-reperfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Chen
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
| | - Edward J Lesnefsky
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Department of Physiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nattrass GS, Cafe LM, McIntyre BL, Gardner GE, McGilchrist P, Robinson DL, Wang YH, Pethick DW, Greenwood PL. A post-transcriptional mechanism regulates calpastatin expression in bovine skeletal muscle. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:443-55. [PMID: 24664555 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the calpain 1 (CAPN1), calpain 3 (CAPN3) and calpastatin (CAST) genes, which have been shown to be associated with shear force and tenderness differences in the skeletal muscle of cattle, contribute to phenotypic variation in muscle tenderness by modulating the transcriptional activity of their respective gene. The mRNA expression of the calpain and CAST genes was assessed in the longissimus lumborum muscle (LLM) of cattle from two herds located in distinct production zones on the east (New South Wales, NSW) and west (Western Australia, WA) of Australia. The cattle in the herds were mainly Brahman cattle (Bos indicus) with smaller populations of Angus cattle (Bos taurus). There were 191 steers in the WA herd and 107 steers and 106 heifers in the NSW herd. These herds were established by choosing cattle from the diverse population which had different single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes at the CAPN1, CAPN3 and CAST loci. Using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), the transcriptional activities of the CAPN1 and the CAST genes, but not the CAPN3 gene, were found to differ between favorable, positively associated with tenderness, and unfavorable, negatively associated with tenderness, allelic variants of these genes. These findings suggest that the muscle shear force and consumer taste panel differences in tenderness explained by the CAPN1 and CAST gene markers are a consequence of alterations in their mRNA levels, which may ultimately influence the protein activity of these genes, thereby altering the rate and(or) the extent of postmortem proteolysis in skeletal muscle. Of particular importance were the significantly lower type II and type III CAST 5' splice variant mRNA levels that were detected in the LLM muscle of Brahman and Angus cattle with 2 favourable alleles of the CAST:c.2832A > G polymorphism. Moreover, a reduction in the abundance of an alternative polyadenylated variant of the CAST transcript, terminated at the proximal polyadenylation site, provides a unique insight into the potential involvement of a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism which may influence protein expression levels in bovine skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G S Nattrass
- Australian Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fei B, Yu S, Geahlen RL. Modulation by Syk of Bcl-2, calcium and the calpain-calpastatin proteolytic system in human breast cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2153-64. [PMID: 23684705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Syk is a 72kDa non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is best characterized in hematopoietic cells. While Syk is pro-tumorigenic in some cancer cell types, it also has been reported as a negative regulator of metastatic cell growth in others. An examination of the RelA (p65) subunit of NF-κB expressed in MCF7 breast cancer cells indicated that either treatment with pervanadate or stable expression of Syk protected RelA from calpain-mediated proteolysis. Similar results were observed with the tyrosine phosphatase, PTP1B, another sensitive calpain substrate. The activity of calpain in MCF7 cell lysates was inhibited by both treatment with hydrogen peroxide and expression of Syk, the former due to oxidative inactivation of calpain and the latter to enhanced expression of calpastatin (CAST), the endogenous calpain inhibitor. The level of CAST was elevated in the cytosolic fraction of Syk-positive breast cancer cells resulting in more CAST present in complex with calpain in cell lysates. The high levels of CAST coincided with elevated basal levels of calcium-and of intracellular calpain activity-in Syk-expressing cells resulting from decreased levels of Bcl-2, an inhibitor of IP3-receptor-mediated calcium release. The inhibition of cellular calpain stimulated the Syk-mediated enhancement of NF-κB induced by TNF-α, enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation resulting from integrin crosslinking, and increased the localization of Syk to the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Fei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sazili AQ, Parr T, Sensky PL, Jones SW, Bardsley RG, Buttery PJ. The relationship between slow and fast myosin heavy chain content, calpastatin and meat tenderness in different ovine skeletal muscles. Meat Sci 2012; 69:17-25. [PMID: 22062635 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2004.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Revised: 06/02/2004] [Accepted: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the relationship between fibre type distribution and slow (MHC-s) and fast (MHC-f) myosin heavy chain content on calpastatin and meat tenderness in longissimus dorsi (LD), tensor fasciae latae (TFL), semitendinosus (ST), trapezius (TZ) and supraspinatus (SS) muscles from six Mule×Charolais rams. Samples taken at slaughter were frozen either in liquid N(2) for analysis of MHC-s and MHC-f by immunoblotting, or in cooled isopentane for histochemical fibre typing. Calpastatin activity and an immunoreactive 135 kDa calpastatin band were analysed in samples taken 24 h postmortem. Shear force was determined on muscle chops taken at 24 h postmortem and conditioned until day 14. The intensity of MHC-s and MHC-f immunopositive bands correlated with %Type I and %Type II fibres identified histochemically (r(2)=0.612 and 0.366, respectively, p<0.001). Muscle specific differences were observed in MHC-s and MHC-f immunoreactivity, fibre type distribution, calpastatin activity, calpastatin 135 kDa immunoreactivity and shear force. MHC-s correlated positively with calpastatin activity (r(2)=0.725, p<0.001) and 135 kDa calpastatin (r(2)=0.228, p<0.01) across all muscle types. The data show that detection of MHC-s can be used to identify fibre type differences between ovine muscles and that this correlates with differences in calpastatin content and inhibitory activity, but not tenderness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Q Sazili
- Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zór K, Dymek K, Ortiz R, Faure AM, Saatci E, Gorton L, Bardsley R, Nistor M. Indirect, non-competitive amperometric immunoassay for accurate quantification of calpastatin, a meat tenderness marker, in bovine muscle. Food Chem 2012; 133:598-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
14
|
Abstract
Mitochondrial activity is critical for efficient function of the cardiovascular system. In response to cardiovascular injury, mitochondrial dysfunction occurs and can lead to apoptosis and necrosis. Calpains are a 15-member family of Ca(2+)-activated cysteine proteases localized to the cytosol and mitochondria, and several have been shown to regulate apoptosis and necrosis. For example, in endothelial cells, Ca(2+) overload causes mitochondrial calpain 1 cleavage of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger leading to mitochondrial Ca(2+) accumulation. Also, activated calpain 1 cleaves Bid, inducing cytochrome c release and apoptosis. In renal cells, calpains 1 and 2 promote apoptosis and necrosis by cleaving cytoskeletal proteins, which increases plasma membrane permeability and cleavage of caspases. Calpain 10 cleaves electron transport chain proteins, causing decreased mitochondrial respiration and excessive activation, or inhibition of calpain 10 activity induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. In cardiomyocytes, calpain 1 activates caspase 3 and poly-ADP ribose polymerase during tumour necrosis factor-α-induced apoptosis, and calpain 1 cleaves apoptosis-inducing factor after Ca(2+) overload. Many of these observations have been elucidated with calpain inhibitors, but most calpain inhibitors are not specific for calpains or a specific calpain family member, creating more questions. The following review will discuss how calpains affect mitochondrial function and apoptosis within the cardiovascular system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Cell Death, Injury, and Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, 280 Calhoun Street, MSC140, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gonçalves DAP, Silveira WA, Lira EC, Graça FA, Paula-Gomes S, Zanon NM, Kettelhut IC, Navegantes LCC. Clenbuterol suppresses proteasomal and lysosomal proteolysis and atrophy-related genes in denervated rat soleus muscles independently of Akt. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E123-33. [PMID: 21952035 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00188.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although it is well known that administration of the selective β(2)-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol (CB) protects muscle following denervation (DEN), the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. We report that in vivo treatment with CB (3 mg/kg sc) for 3 days induces antiproteolytic effects in normal and denervated rat soleus muscle via distinct mechanisms. In normal soleus muscle, CB treatment stimulates protein synthesis, inhibits Ca(2+)-dependent proteolysis, and increases the levels of calpastatin protein. On the other hand, the administration of CB to DEN rats ameliorates the loss of muscle mass, enhances the rate of protein synthesis, attenuates hyperactivation of proteasomal and lysosomal proteolysis, and suppresses the transcription of the lysosomal protease cathepsin L and of atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF1, two ubiquitin (Ub) ligases involved in muscle atrophy. These effects were not associated with alterations in either IGF-I content or Akt phosphorylation levels. In isolated muscles, CB (10(-6) M) treatment significantly attenuated DEN-induced overall proteolysis and upregulation in the mRNA levels of the Ub ligases. Similar responses were observed in denervated muscles exposed to 6-BNZ-cAMP (500 μM), a PKA activator. The in vitro addition of triciribine (10 μM), a selective Akt inhibitor, did not block the inhibitory effects of CB on proteolysis and Ub ligase mRNA levels. These data indicate that short-term treatment with CB mitigates DEN-induced atrophy of the soleus muscle through the stimulation of protein synthesis, downregulation of cathepsin L and Ub ligases, and consequent inhibition of lysosomal and proteasomal activities and that these effects are independent of Akt and possibly mediated by the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawit A P Gonçalves
- Dept. of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
MUROYA S, NEATH KE, NAKAJIMA I, OE M, SHIBATA M, OJIMA K, CHIKUNI K. Differences in mRNA expression of calpains, calpastatin isoforms and calpain/calpastatin ratios among bovine skeletal muscles. Anim Sci J 2011; 83:252-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2011.00954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
17
|
Abstract
The calpains are a conserved family of cysteine proteinases that catalyse the controlled proteolysis of many specific substrates. Calpain activity is implicated in several fundamental physiological processes, including cytoskeletal remodelling, cellular signalling, apoptosis and cell survival. Calpain expression is altered during tumorigenesis, and the proteolysis of numerous substrates, such as inhibitors of nuclear factor-κB (IκB), focal adhesion proteins (including, focal adhesion kinase and talin) and proto-oncogenes (for example, MYC), has been implicated in tumour pathogenesis. Recent evidence indicates that the increased expression of certain family members might influence the response to cancer therapies, providing justification for the development of novel calpain inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Storr
- University of Nottingham, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chronic formoterol administration reduces cardiac mitochondrial protein synthesis and oxidative capacity in mice. Int J Cardiol 2010; 146:270-2. [PMID: 21095020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
19
|
Kemp CM, Sensky PL, Bardsley RG, Buttery PJ, Parr T. Tenderness – An enzymatic view. Meat Sci 2010; 84:248-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
20
|
Navegantes LCC, Baviera AM, Kettelhut IC. The inhibitory role of sympathetic nervous system in the Ca2+-dependent proteolysis of skeletal muscle. Braz J Med Biol Res 2009; 42:21-8. [PMID: 19219294 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2009000100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells contain several proteolytic systems to carry out the degradative processes and complex regulatory mechanisms to prevent excessive protein breakdown. Among these systems, the Ca2+-activated proteolytic system involves the cysteine proteases denoted calpains, and their inhibitor, calpastatin. Despite the rapid progress in molecular research on calpains and calpastatin, the physiological role and regulatory mechanisms of these proteins remain obscure. Interest in the adrenergic effect on Ca2+-dependent proteolysis has been stimulated by the finding that the administration of beta2-agonists induces muscle hypertrophy and prevents the loss of muscle mass in a variety of pathologic conditions in which calpains are activated. This review summarizes evidence indicating that the sympathetic nervous system produces anabolic, protein-sparing effects on skeletal muscle protein metabolism. Studies are reviewed, which indicate that epinephrine secreted by the adrenal medulla and norepinephrine released from adrenergic terminals have inhibitory effects on Ca2+-dependent protein degradation, mainly in oxidative muscles, by increasing calpastatin levels. Evidence is also presented that this antiproteolytic effect, which occurs under both basal conditions and in stress situations, seems to be mediated by beta2- and beta3-adrenoceptors and cAMP-dependent pathways. The understanding of the precise mechanisms by which catecholamines promote muscle anabolic effects may have therapeutic value for the treatment of muscle-wasting conditions and may enhance muscle growth in farm species for economic and nutritional purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C C Navegantes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Label free capacitive immunosensor for detecting calpastatin — A meat tenderness biomarker. Bioelectrochemistry 2009; 76:93-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
22
|
Li Z, Cao B, Zhao B, Yang X, Fan MZ, Yang J. Decreased expression of calpain and calpastatin mRNA during development is highly correlated with muscle protein accumulation in neonatal pigs. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009; 152:498-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
23
|
Tang R, Yu B, Zhang K, Chen D. Effects of supplemental magnesium aspartate and short-duration transportation on postmortem meat quality and gene expression of µ-calpain and calpastatin of finishing pigs. Livest Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
24
|
Tang R, Yu B, Zhang K, Chen D. Effects of supplementing two levels of magnesium aspartate and transportation stress on pork quality and gene expression of micro-calpain and calpastatin of finishing pigs. Arch Anim Nutr 2008; 62:415-25. [PMID: 18942588 DOI: 10.1080/17450390802214183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementing swine finishing diets with two levels of magnesium aspartate (MgAsp) and short-term transportation stress on blood parameters, pork quality and the mRNA abundance of p-calpain and calpastatin in muscles of finishing pigs. Thirty-six crossbred finishing pigs (mean BW 90 kg) were assigned randomly to 0, 1000, or 2000 mg supplemental Mg from MgAsp per kg of diet for five days before slaughter. Then six pigs from each dietary treatment were subjected either to no transportation stress (NTS) or 2 h of transportation stress (TS). Transportation stress resulted in higher concentrations (p < 0.01) of serum calcium, glucose and cortisol, lower pH (p < 0.01), higher Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) (p < 0.05) and higher calpastatin mRNA abundance (p = 0.05) of longissimus muscle (LM) compared with NTS treatments. Supplementation of MgAsp in TS treatments increased serum Mg concentration (p < 0.05) at 2000 mg of Mg/kg, reduced drip loss (p < 0.05) and improved pork quality colour (p < 0.05) at 2000 mg of Mg/kg, and decreased 1-day and 3-day WBSF (p < 0.05) at 1000 mg of Mg/kg compared with TS treatments fed the control diet. It is concluded that supplementation of MgAsp improves water-holding capacity and pork colour, and alleviates the negative effects of transportation stress on meat tenderness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renyong Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Involvement of exon 6-mediated calpastatin intracellular movements in the modulation of calpain activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1790:182-7. [PMID: 19103264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To establish the physiological role of calpain, it is necessary to define how the protease can escape from the effect of its natural inhibitor calpastatin, since both proteins co-localize into the cell cytosol. METHODS To answer this question, we have overexpressed four fluorescent calpastatin constructs, differing in the composition of their XL- and L-domains, and the intracellular trafficking of this protein inhibitor has been followed by single cell fluorescence imaging. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS By the use of these calpastatin forms differing in the type of exon-derived sequences contained in the XL- and L-domains, we have demonstrated that the sequence coded by exon 6, containing multiple phosphorylation sites, is directly involved in determining the cell localization of calpastatin. In fact, exposure to cAMP promotes the recruitment into aggregates of those calpastatin forms containing the exon 6 sequence. These protein movements are directly related to the level of cytosolic inhibitory capacity and thereby to the extent of intracellular calpain activation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The recruitment of calpastatin into aggregates allows the translocation and activation of the protease to the membranes; on the contrary, the presence of large amounts of calpastatin in the cytosol prevents both processes, protecting the cell from undesired proteolysis.
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Cardiac high molecular weight calmodulin-binding protein is homologous to calpastatin I and calpastatin II. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 373:387-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
28
|
Dargelos E, Poussard S, Brulé C, Daury L, Cottin P. Calcium-dependent proteolytic system and muscle dysfunctions: a possible role of calpains in sarcopenia. Biochimie 2007; 90:359-68. [PMID: 17881114 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The calcium-dependent proteolytic system is composed of cysteine proteases named calpains. They are ubiquitous or tissue-specific enzymes. The two best characterised isoforms are the ubiquitously expressed mu- and m-calpains. Besides its regulation by calcium, calpain activity is tightly controlled by calpastatin, the specific endogenous inhibitor, binding to phospholipids, autoproteolysis and phosphorylation. Calpains are responsible for limited proteolytic events. Among the multitude of substrates identified so far are cytoskeletal and membrane proteins, enzymes and transcription factors. Calpain activity is involved in a large number of physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we will particularly focus on the implication of the calcium-dependent proteolytic system in relation to muscle physiology. Because of their ability to remodel cytoskeletal anchorage complexes, calpains play a major role in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration and fusion, three key steps of myogenesis. Calcium-dependent proteolysis is also involved in the control of cell cycle. In muscle tissue, in particular, calpains intervene in the regeneration process. Another important class of calpain substrates belongs to apoptosis regulating factors. The proteases may thus play a role in muscle cell death, and as a consequence in muscle atrophy. The relationships between calcium-dependent proteolysis and muscle dysfunctions are being further developed in this review with a particular emphasis on sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Dargelos
- Université Bordeaux I, INRA USC-2009, Unité Protéolyse Croissance et Développement Musculaire, ISTAB, avenue des facultés, 33405 Talence cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Avila G, Aguilar CI, Ramos-Mondragón R. Sustained CGRP1 receptor stimulation modulates development of EC coupling by cAMP/PKA signalling pathway in mouse skeletal myotubes. J Physiol 2007; 584:47-57. [PMID: 17656431 PMCID: PMC2277057 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.137687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated modulation of excitation-contraction (EC) coupling by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which is released by motorneurons during neuromuscular transmission. Mouse skeletal myotubes were cultured either under control conditions or in the presence of 100 nm CGRP ( approximately 4-72 h). T- and L-type Ca(2+) currents, immobilization resistant charge movement, and intracellular Ca(2+) transients were characterized in whole-cell patch-clamp experiments. CGRP treatment increased the amplitude of voltage-gated Ca(2+) release ((DeltaF/F)(max)) approximately 75-350% and moderately increased both maximal L-current conductance (G(max)) and charge movement (Q(max)). In contrast, CGRP treatment did not affect their corresponding voltage dependence of activation (V(1/2) and k) or T-current density. CGRP treatment enhanced voltage-gated Ca(2+) release in approximately 4 h, whereas the effect on L-channel magnitude took longer to develop ( approximately 24 h), suggesting that short-term potentiation of EC coupling may lead to subsequent long-term up-regulation of DHPR expression. CGRP treatment also drastically increased caffeine-induced Ca(2+) release in approximately 4 h ( approximately 400%). Thus, short-term potentiation of EC coupling is due to an increase in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) content. Both application of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor (papaverine) and a membrane-permeant cAMP analogue (Db-cAMP) produced a similar potentiation of EC coupling. Conversely, this potentiation was prevented by pretreatment with either CGRP1 receptor antagonist (CGRP(8-37)) or a PKA inhibitor (H-89). Thus, CGRP acts through CGRP1 receptors and the cAMP/PKA signalling pathway to enhance voltage-gated Ca(2+) release. Effects of CGRP on both EC coupling and L-channels were attenuated at later times during myotube differentiation. Therefore, we conclude that CGRP accelerates maturation of EC coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Avila
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Cinvestav-IPN, AP 14-740, México, DF 07000, México.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
De Tullio R, Averna M, Stifanese R, Parr T, Bardsley RG, Pontremoli S, Melloni E. Multiple rat brain calpastatin forms are produced by distinct starting points and alternative splicing of the N-terminal exons. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 465:148-56. [PMID: 17570336 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
5'-RACE was performed on rat brain calpastatin mRNA and two new translation initiation ATG's were found. The first one is upstream of the previously designed initiation translation site localized in the rat calpastatin L-domain. The deduced protein sequence of this region is highly homologous to the XL-domain of calpastatin type I in other species. The other ATG has not previously been reported and is localized in exon 8, thus originating a calpastatin isoform constituted only by four repetitive inhibitory units without the XL-L-domains. Transcripts from the rat brain calpastatin gene are also subjected to multiple splicing events involving exons 4, 6, 8 in different combinations. A series of recombinant calpastatin forms was produced that differed in the exons present in the L-domain, and all the variants showed comparable inhibitory efficiency against calpain. It was concluded that the presence of the XL-domain in these isoforms is not relevant for the formation of the calpain/calpastatin complex in the absence of calcium, that is the interaction of calpastatin with inactive calpain. Using exon-specific antisera, specific calpastatin protein isoforms containing the XL-domain have been detected in rat brain homogenates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta De Tullio
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES)-Biochemistry Section, and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa Viale Benedetto XV, 1-16132 Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Norton L, Parr T, Bardsley RG, Ye H, Tsintzas K. Characterization of GLUT4 and calpain expression in healthy human skeletal muscle during fasting and refeeding. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2007; 189:233-40. [PMID: 17305703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2006.01639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Calpain-10 and calpain-3 and the diabetes ankyrin repeat protein (DARP) have all been linked to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. We set out to measure the expression of these genes in human skeletal muscle and relate them to functional measurements of insulin action during fasting (which induces insulin resistance) and refeeding (which reverses it). METHODS Ten healthy male volunteers underwent 48 h of starvation followed by 24 h of high carbohydrate refeeding. On three occasions, before and after starvation and after refeeding, subjects underwent a 16 min insulin tolerance test to quantify insulin sensitivity. Muscle biopsies were obtained before and after fasting and after refeeding for the analysis of calpain-10 and calpain-3, GLUT4 and DARP expression by Western blotting and real-time PCR. RESULTS Fasting led to a marked reduction in whole body insulin sensitivity by approx. 45% (P<0.01) and skeletal muscle GLUT4 gene expression by approx. 40% (P<0.05). However, fasting had no effect on calpain-10 and calpain-3 mRNA or protein levels, or DARP mRNA expression. Refeeding only partly restored insulin sensitivity and GLUT4 gene expression to their pre-fast values, but did not effect the expression of calpain-10, calpain-3 or DARP. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that in healthy non-diabetic humans induction of insulin resistance by fasting and its reversal by refeeding with a high CHO diet is mirrored by changes in skeletal muscle GLUT4 but not calpain-10 and calpain-3 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Norton
- Centre for Integrated Systems Biology and Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Nottingham University Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sensky PL, Jewell KK, Ryan KJP, Parr T, Bardsley RG, Buttery PJ. Effect of anabolic agents on calpastatin promoters in porcine skeletal muscle and their responsiveness to cyclic adenosine monophosphate- and calcium-related stimuli. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:2973-82. [PMID: 17032791 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The calpain proteinases and their specific inhibitor calpastatin have been proposed to influence both the rates of myofibrillar protein turnover in vivo and meat tenderization postmortem. Elevated calpastatin concentrations in particular are associated with certain forms of hypertrophic growth and meat toughness. In the 5'region of the porcine calpastatin gene, there are 3 calpastatin promoters upstream of exons 1xa, 1xb, and 1u, respectively, each of which contain transcription factor-binding motifs, suggesting sensitivity to a variety of growth-promoting stimuli. This study examined the effect of the beta-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol and porcine ST (pST) treatment on calpastatin promoter usage in porcine LM in vivo using real-time PCR and also the responsiveness of transfected calpastatin promoter sequences to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and calcium (Ca2+)-related stimuli in reporter gene systems in cell studies. The effect of clenbuterol and pST on potential signaling pathways in vivo was also assessed by monitoring protein phosphatase 2B (calcineurin), NFATc3, calpain 3, IkappaB alpha, and NFkappaB by quantitative immunoblotting. Total calpastatin mRNA was increased by 52% (P < 0.05) after treatment with clenbuterol for 1 d and reduced by 35% (P < 0.01) after pST treatment for 7 d. Whereas clenbuterol had no significant differential effects on individual mRNA transcripts (types 1 to 3) derived from the 3 upstream promoters, pST significantly reduced all of these by 51, 39, and 40% (P < 0.001, 0.05, and 0.05), respectively. Promoter activity was increased in rat L6G8 cells transfected with a construct derived from exon 1u after treatment with dibutyryl cAMP (68%, P < 0.05) or forskolin (43%, P < 0.05), whereas 1xa activity was reduced by both of these agents (47 and 33%, respectively, P < 0.05). Treatment of cells with the calcium ionophore calcimycin reduced the activity of the 1u promoter by 40% (P < 0.01), with no effect on the other promoter constructs. Cyclosporin A had no effect on any promoter construct. The only signaling pathway component to be significantly altered by the in vivo treatments was calcineurin, which was decreased by 24% (P < 0.05) in clenbuterol-treated animals. In conclusion, 2 types of growth promoter in pigs had contrasting effects on calpastatin expression in LM. Transfected calpastatin promoters were differentially sensitive to cAMP- and Ca2+-related stimuli, in agreement with the proposed mode of action of the 2 growth promoters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P L Sensky
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Melloni E, Averna M, Stifanese R, De Tullio R, Defranchi E, Salamino F, Pontremoli S. Association of Calpastatin with Inactive Calpain. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:24945-54. [PMID: 16803906 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601449200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the Ca(2+)-dependent interaction of calpain with calpastatin is the most relevant mechanism involved in the regulation of Ca(2+)-induced proteolysis. We now report that a calpain-calpastatin association can occur also in the absence of Ca(2+) or at very low Ca(2+) concentrations, reflecting the physiological conditions under which calpain retains its inactive conformational state. The calpastatin binding region is localized in the non-inhibitory L-domain containing the amino acid sequences encoded by exons 4-7. This calpastatin region recognizes a calpain sequence located near the end of the DII-domain. Interaction of calpain with calpastatins lacking these sequences becomes strictly Ca(2+)-dependent because, under these conditions, the transition to an active state of the protease is an obligatory requirement. The occurrence of the molecular association between Ca(2+)-free calpain and various recombinant calpastatin forms has been demonstrated by the following experimental results. Addition of calpastatin protected calpain from trypsin digestion. Calpain was coprecipitated when calpastatin was immunoprecipitated. The calpastatin molecular size increased following exposure to calpain. The two proteins comigrated in zymogram analysis. Furthermore, calpain-calpastatin interaction was perturbed by protein kinase C phosphorylation occurring at sites located at the exons involved in the association. At a functional level, calpain-calpastatin interaction at a physiological concentration of Ca(2+) represents a novel mechanism for the control of the amount of the active form of the protease potentially generated in response to an intracellular Ca(2+) influx.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edon Melloni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Minobe E, Hao LY, Saud ZA, Xu JJ, Kameyama A, Maki M, Jewell KK, Parr T, Bardsley RG, Kameyama M. A region of calpastatin domain L that reprimes cardiac L-type Ca2+ channels. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 348:288-94. [PMID: 16876115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Calpastatin, an endogenous inhibitor of calpain, is composed of domain L and four repetitive homologous domains 1-4. Domains 1-4 inhibit calpain, whereas domain L partially reprimes L-type Ca2+ channels for voltage-gated activation. In the present study, the effects on Ca2+ channel activity of four isoforms and a series of fragments of calpastatin domain L were investigated in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes with the patch-clamp method. With one exception, all the isoforms and fragment peptides that contained amino acid residues 54-64 of domain L reprimed the Ca2+ channels to comparable levels (9-15% of control activity) to those observed previously with a full-length form of calpastatin. These results suggest that the region containing amino acid residues 54-64 (EGKPKEHTEPK) is responsible for the Ca2+ channel repriming function of calpastatin domain L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Minobe
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka 8-35-1, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen SP, Sheu JR, Lin ACM, Hsiao G, Fong TH. Decline in titin content in rat skeletal muscle after denervation. Muscle Nerve 2006; 32:798-807. [PMID: 16175625 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Titin, an elastic and giant myofibrillar protein, is responsible for generating passive tension and maintaining sarcomere structure in striated muscles. Several studies have reported attenuation of passive tension and disorganization of sarcomere in atrophic muscles, but the changes of titin have not been investigated after denervation. For this purpose, we used sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunofluorescent staining to examine titin in innervated and denervated tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of the rat. With increasing denervation time, we found a greater loss of titin than myosin heavy chain (MHC) and actin contents in atrophic TA muscle. The ratios of titin/MHC and titin/actin gradually decreased following denervation. In contrast, ratios of MHC/actin in the denervated groups showed no significant differences with the controls even at 56 days postdenervation. The ultrastructure of myofibrils also showed disturbed arrangements of myofilaments and a disorganized contractile apparatus in denervated muscle. Immunofluorescent staining displayed translocation of the titin epitope from the Z-line to the I-band, suggesting that the apparent cleavage of titin occurred near the Z-line region during the atrophying process. Our study provides evidence that titin is more sensitive to degradation than MHC and actin after denervation. Moreover, the titin decline results in the loss of titin-based sarcomeric integrity in atrophic muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sy-Ping Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Haim K, Ben-Aharon I, Shalgi R. Expression and immunolocalization of the calpain–calpastatin system during parthenogenetic activation and fertilization in the rat egg. Reproduction 2006; 131:35-43. [PMID: 16388007 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Calpastatin is an intrinsic intracellular inhibitor of calpain, a Ca2+-dependent thiol protease. The calpain–calpastatin system constitutes one functional proteolytic unit whose presence and function has already been investigated in various cell types, but not in the egg. We have previously shown that calpain is expressed in rat eggs and is activated upon egg activation. The present study was designed to investigate the calpain–calpastatin interplay throughout the process.Western blot analysis revealed two main calpastatin isoforms, the erythrocyte type (77 kDa) and the muscle tissue type (110 kDa). By immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy, we demonstrated that the 110 kDa calpastatin was localized at the membrane area and highly abundant at the meiotic spindle in eggs at the first and second meiotic divisions. The 77 kDa calpastatin isoform appeared to be localized as a cortical sphere of clusters. The 110kDa calpastatin and β-tubulin have both been localized to the spindle of metaphase II eggs, both being scattered all through the cytoplasm following spindle disruption by nocodazole treatment, implying a dynamic interaction between calpastatin and microtubule elements. Upon egg activation, membranous calpastatin translocated to the cortex whereas cortical millimolar (m)-calpain shifted towards the membrane. Spindle calpastatin and calpain remained static.We suggest that calpastatin serves as a regulator of m-calpain. The counter translocation of m-calpain and calpastatin could serve as a means of calpain escape from calpastatin inhibition and may reflect a step in the process of calpain activation, throughout egg activation, that is required for calpain to exert its proteolytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Haim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Raynaud P, Gillard M, Parr T, Bardsley R, Amarger V, Levéziel H. Correlation between bovine calpastatin mRNA transcripts and protein isoforms. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 440:46-53. [PMID: 16009328 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Revised: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Calpastatin is a specific calpain protease inhibitor: calpains are a family of calcium-activated neutral proteases, which have been implicated in various processes. Despite all the available data concerning calpastatin, little is known about how this gene is regulated, particularly in bovine. The existence of four types of transcripts differing at their 5' ends (Type I, II, III, and IV) has been demonstrated. Here, we show that the Type I, II, and III transcripts are ubiquitous while Type IV is testis-specific. In addition, a Northern blot analysis revealed that the Type III transcript may have three different 3' termini. Using specific anti-peptide anti-sera, a correspondence between a 145 and a 125 kDa isoforms, and Type I and/or II and III transcripts, respectively, has been established. Finally, we discuss the origin of a 70 kDa isoform, recognized by anti-sera directed against the N-terminal region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Raynaud
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, UMR 1061 INRA, Université de Limoges, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 123 av. Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cui Z, Han Z, Li Z, Hu H, Patel JM, Antony V, Block ER, Su Y. Involvement of calpain-calpastatin in cigarette smoke-induced inhibition of lung endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 33:513-20. [PMID: 16100081 PMCID: PMC2715359 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0046oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) causes decreases in the activity and expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and calpain activity in pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs). Calpains are a family of calcium-dependent endopeptidases, and their specific endogenous inhibitor is calpastatin. In this study, we evaluated the role of calpain-calpastatin in CSE-induced decrease in eNOS gene expression. PAEC were incubated with 5-10% CSE for 2-24 h. eNOS gene transcription rate, eNOS messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) half-life, and the activity and protein contents of calpain and calpastatin were measured. Incubation of PAEC with CSE caused significant decreases in eNOS gene transcription and calpain activity and an increase in calpastatin protein content. eNOS mRNA half-life was not significantly altered by CSE. To investigate whether CSE-induced inhibition of eNOS gene expression is caused by decreased calpain activity due to an increase in calpastatin protein content, we cloned calpastatin gene from PAEC and constructed adenovirus vectors containing calpastatin. Overexpression of calpastatin mimics the inhibitory effects of CSE on calpain activity and on the activity, protein, and mRNA of eNOS. The cell-permeable calpain inhibitor, calpastatin peptide, inhibits acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation of the pulmonary artery. Incubation of PAEC with an antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide of calpastatin prevented CSE-induced increases in calpastatin protein and CSE-induced decreases in calpain activity, eNOS gene transcription, activity and protein content of eNOS, and NO release. These results indicate that CSE-induced inhibition of eNOS expression in PAEC is caused by calpain inhibition due to an increase in calpastatin protein content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqiang Cui
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Raynaud P, Jayat-Vignoles C, Laforêt MP, Levéziel H, Amarger V. Four promoters direct expression of the calpastatin gene. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 437:69-77. [PMID: 15820218 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Revised: 02/13/2005] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Calpastatin is a specific endogenous protein inhibitor of the ubiquitous calcium dependent proteinases mu- and m-calpain. The calpain-calpastatin system is involved in various physiological and pathological processes. In the present study, we determined the bovine calpastatin gene structure and demonstrated that four promoters direct its expression. The gene harbours 35 exons spanning at least 130kb on genomic DNA. Its structure is similar to that of mouse, pig, and human gene. Transient transfection assays in both C2C12 and COS7 cell lines demonstrated that the putative promoter regions situated 5' to exon 1xa, 1xb, 1u, and 14t were functional. We also established that the region situated upstream exon 14t is subjected to a tissue specific regulation. The implication of numerous high-scoring cis acting transcriptional motifs which are present in these regions will need to be determined. The existence of four promoters suggests differential expression patterns which must have a physiological significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Raynaud
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, UMR 1061 INRA/Université de Limoges, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 123, avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Du M, Zhu MJ, Means WJ, Hess BW, Ford SP. Effect of nutrient restriction on calpain and calpastatin content of skeletal muscle from cows and fetuses. J Anim Sci 2005; 82:2541-7. [PMID: 15446469 DOI: 10.2527/2004.8292541x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are crucial for the degradation of myofibrillar proteins in muscle. Calpastatin is a specific inhibitor of calpains. The objective of this study was to elucidate the effect of nutrient restriction on the activity of calpains and calpastatin in the skeletal muscle of both cows and fetuses. Beginning 30 d after conception, 20 cows were fed either a control diet consisting of native grass hay fortified with vitamins and minerals at recommendations for a mature cow to gain 0.72 kg/d or half the vitamins and minerals and millet straw at 68.1% of NEm requirements. Cows were slaughtered on d 125 of gestation, and the LM was sampled at the 12th rib for calpain and calpastatin measurement. When comparing the muscle samples from nutrient-restricted and control cows, no difference in the activity of calpain I and II was observed; however, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in calpastatin activity. Muscle samples from control cows had greater calpastatin content than those of nutrient-restricted cows (P < 0.05); in contrast, the calpastatin content of fetal muscle was greater in fetuses gestated by nutrient-restricted cows than those of control cows (P < 0.05). Further, there were three calpastatin isoforms of 125, 110, and 70 kD detected in fetal muscle, whereas only the110-kD isoform was detected for cow muscle. These results indicate that the activity of the calpain system in skeletal muscle is mainly controlled through the expression of calpastatin. Alternating the calpastatin content in muscle and thereby modulating calpain activity may provide a mechanism for the maintenance of fetal muscle growth during nutrient restriction, whereas skeletal muscle loss in cows is upregulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Du
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie 82071, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Calpastatin is a multiheaded inhibitor capable of inhibiting more than one calpain molecule. Each inhibitory domain of calpastatin has three subdomains, A, B, and C; A binds to domain IV and C binds to domain VI of the calpains. Crystallographic evidence shows that binding of C to domain VI involves hydrophobic interactions at a site near the first EF-hand in domain VI. Sequence homology suggests that binding of A to calpain domain IV also involves hydrophobic interactions near the EF1-hand of domain IV. Neither subdomain A nor C have inhibitory activity without subdomain B, but both increase the inhibitory activity of B. Subdomain B peptides have no inhibitory activity unless they contain at least 13 amino acids, and inhibitory activity increases with the number of amino acid residues, suggesting that inhibition requires interaction over a large area of the calpain molecule. Although subdomain B inhibition kinetically is competitive in nature, subdomain B does not seem to interact with the active site of the calpains directly, but may bind to domain III of the calpains and act to block access to the active site. It is possible that subdomain B binds to calpain only after it has been activated by Ca2+.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Wendt
- Muscle Biology Group, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Parr T, Jewell KK, Sensky PL, Brameld JM, Bardsley RG, Buttery PJ. Expression of calpastatin isoforms in muscle and functionality of multiple calpastatin promoters. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 427:8-15. [PMID: 15178483 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2004] [Revised: 04/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Calpastatin is the specific endogenous inhibitor of calpain proteinase that is encoded by a single gene. Transient transfection assays in both a non-fusing skeletal muscle and non-muscle cell-line demonstrated that the putative porcine calpastatin promoter regions 5' to exons 1xa, 1xb, and 1u were functional. Both real-time quantitative and semi-quantitative RT-PCR on porcine skeletal muscle total RNA indicated that steady-state expression of Type I and III mRNAs containing exons 1xa and 1u, respectively, was at equivalent levels whilst the expression of Type II mRNA containing exon 1xb was significantly less (p<0.001). Immunoprobing of Western blotted muscle extracts with an antibody raised against a peptide sequence encoded by exon 1xa indicated that Type I protein was expressed and that there was significantly more Type I protein in cardiac than skeletal muscle (p<0.001). The results suggest that the expression of the single calpastatin gene was differentially controlled at several levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Parr
- Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Jones SW, Hill RJ, Krasney PA, O'Conner B, Peirce N, Greenhaff PL. Disuse atrophy and exercise rehabilitation in humans profoundly affects the expression of genes associated with the regulation of skeletal muscle mass. FASEB J 2004; 18:1025-7. [PMID: 15084522 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-1228fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy occurs as a consequence of injury, illness, surgery, and muscle disuse, impacting appreciably on health care costs and patient quality of life, particularly in the absence of appropriate rehabilitation. The molecular mechanisms that regulate muscle mass during atrophy and rehabilitation in humans have not been elucidated, despite several robust candidate pathways being identified. Here, we induced skeletal muscle atrophy in healthy volunteers using two weeks of limb immobilization, and then stimulated the restoration of muscle mass with six weeks of supervised exercise rehabilitation. We determined muscle mass and function and performed targeted gene expression analysis at prescribed time points during immobilization and rehabilitation. For the first time, we have identified novel changes in gene expression following immobilization-induced atrophy and during a program of rehabilitative exercise that restored muscle mass and function. Furthermore, we have shown that exercise performed immediately following immobilization induces profound changes in the expression of a number of genes in favor of the restoration of muscle mass, within 24 h. This information will be of considerable importance to our understanding of how immobilization and contraction stimulate muscle atrophy and hypertrophy, respectively, and to the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at maintaining or restoring muscle mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon W Jones
- Centre for Integrated Systems Biology and Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Helman EE, Huff-Lonergan E, Davenport GM, Lonergan SM. Effect of dietary protein on calpastatin in canine skeletal muscle. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:2199-205. [PMID: 12968694 DOI: 10.2527/2003.8192199x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteine proteinases, mu- and m-calpain, along with their inhibitor, calpastatin, have been hypothesized to play a role in skeletal muscle protein degradation. Because nutrition has previously been shown to influence the expression of calpastatin, the working hypothesis of this study was that the quantity and source of dietary protein could influence regulation of the calpain system in muscle. The objectives to support this hypothesis were to determine the effects of dietary protein (amount and source) on the expression of calpastatin in canine skeletal muscle. This study comprised eight diets with seven dogs per diet. A biopsy was taken from the biceps femoris of all 56 dogs before and after 10 wk on their respective diets. This experimental design allowed examination of change within individual dogs. Diets 1 to 4 contained 12% total protein derived from chicken and/or corn gluten meal in ratios of 100:0, 67:33, 33:67, and 0:100%, respectively. Diets 5 to 8 contained 28% total protein with protein sources and ratios identical to Diets 1 to 4. Differences in calpastatin were examined qualitatively using SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting, and semiquantitatively with densitometric analyses. The majority of the calpastatin blots showed three distinct calpastatin bands, the uppermost appearing at approximately 110 kDa. Diet 5 (28% CP, 100% chicken) resulted in an increase in the expression of the 110-kDa calpastatin band compared with the other two lower molecular weight bands in the same samples. Muscle from dogs fed Diet 5 showed greater increase in (P < 0.05) calpastatin intensity of the topmost band than those fed Diet 8 (0:100; chicken:corn gluten meal). Diet 5 (100:0; chicken:corn gluten meal) showed greater total calpastatin intensity than Diet 8 (0:100; chicken:corn gluten meal). These data suggest that dogs fed a diet containing a higher total percentage of chicken protein may have a greater potential to regulate calpain-mediated degradation of muscle protein than dogs fed diets containing corn gluten meal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E E Helman
- Animal Science Department, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
The calpain system originally comprised three molecules: two Ca2+-dependent proteases, mu-calpain and m-calpain, and a third polypeptide, calpastatin, whose only known function is to inhibit the two calpains. Both mu- and m-calpain are heterodimers containing an identical 28-kDa subunit and an 80-kDa subunit that shares 55-65% sequence homology between the two proteases. The crystallographic structure of m-calpain reveals six "domains" in the 80-kDa subunit: 1). a 19-amino acid NH2-terminal sequence; 2). and 3). two domains that constitute the active site, IIa and IIb; 4). domain III; 5). an 18-amino acid extended sequence linking domain III to domain IV; and 6). domain IV, which resembles the penta EF-hand family of polypeptides. The single calpastatin gene can produce eight or more calpastatin polypeptides ranging from 17 to 85 kDa by use of different promoters and alternative splicing events. The physiological significance of these different calpastatins is unclear, although all bind to three different places on the calpain molecule; binding to at least two of the sites is Ca2+ dependent. Since 1989, cDNA cloning has identified 12 additional mRNAs in mammals that encode polypeptides homologous to domains IIa and IIb of the 80-kDa subunit of mu- and m-calpain, and calpain-like mRNAs have been identified in other organisms. The molecules encoded by these mRNAs have not been isolated, so little is known about their properties. How calpain activity is regulated in cells is still unclear, but the calpains ostensibly participate in a variety of cellular processes including remodeling of cytoskeletal/membrane attachments, different signal transduction pathways, and apoptosis. Deregulated calpain activity following loss of Ca2+ homeostasis results in tissue damage in response to events such as myocardial infarcts, stroke, and brain trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darrell E Goll
- Muscle Biology Group, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|