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Shaik JSB, Miller TM, Graham SH, Manole MD, Poloyac SM. Rapid and simultaneous quantitation of prostanoids by UPLC-MS/MS in rat brain. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 945-946:207-16. [PMID: 24355215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) produced from the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway, collectively termed as prostanoids, and from the CYP 450 pathway, eicosanoids, have been implicated in various neuro-degenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. This study developed a quantitative UPLC-MS/MS method to simultaneously measure 11 prostanoids including prostaglandins and cyclopentenone metabolites in the rat brain cortical tissue. Linear calibration curves ranging from 0.104 to 33.3ng/ml were validated. The inter-day and intra-day variance for all metabolites was less than 15%. The extraction recovery efficiency and matrix (deionized water) effects measured at 12.5ng/ml (750pg on column) ranged from 88 to 100% and 3 to 14%, respectively, with CV% values below 20%. Additionally, applying the processing and extraction conditions of this method to our previous CYP450 eicosanoids method resulted in overall improvement in extraction recovery and reduction in matrix effects at low (0.417ng/ml) and high (8.33ng/ml) concentrations. In rat brain cortical tissue samples, concentrations of prostanoids ranged from 10.2 to 937pmol/g wet tissue and concentration of eicosanoids ranged from 2.23 to 793pmol/g wet tissue. These data demonstrate that the successive measurement of prostanoids and eicosanoids from a single extracted sample of rat brain tissue can be achieved with a UPLC-MS/MS system and that this method is necessary for evaluation of these metabolites to delineate their role in various neuroinflammatory and cerebrovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Sadik B Shaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Tricia M Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Steven H Graham
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Mioara D Manole
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Samuel M Poloyac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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2
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Separation of 5-Lipoxygenase Metabolites Using Cyclodextrin-Modified Microemulsion Electrokinetic Chromatography and Head Column Field-Amplified Sample Stacking. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2517-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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3
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Abromeit H, Schaible AM, Werz O, Scriba GK. Chemometrics-guided development of a cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography method with head-column field amplified sample stacking for the analysis of 5-lipoxygenase metabolites. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:217-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Yang R, Chiang N, Oh SF, Serhan CN. Metabolomics-lipidomics of eicosanoids and docosanoids generated by phagocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 14:Unit 14.26. [PMID: 22048801 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1426s95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipid mediators derived from essential fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid, play important roles in physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. Prostaglandins, thromboxane, and leukotrienes are well-known eicosanoids that play critical roles in hemodynamics and inflammation. New families of mediators were recently uncovered that constitute a new genus stimulating resolution of acute inflammation, and are organ-protective. These include the resolvins (E-series and D-series), protectins (neuroprotectin D1/protectin D1), and maresins biosynthesized from omega-3 essential fatty acids. Phagocytes play major roles in tissue homeostasis and have a high capacity to produce these mediators, which depend on their tissue and state of activation. It is important to select appropriate methods for identifying target mediators and pathway biomarkers. In this unit, we review state-of-the-art approaches to identify and profile eicosanoid and docosanoid pathways, including specialized pro-resolving mediators resolvins, protectins, and maresins, in relation to their biosynthesis and inactivation by neutrophils and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yang
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Bai YJ, Gao XY, Lu JQ, Zhang HG. A LC-MS-based method for quantification of biomarkers from serum of allergic rats. Molecules 2010; 15:3356-65. [PMID: 20657485 PMCID: PMC6263330 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15053356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergies are highly complex disorders with clinical manifestations ranging from mild oral, gastrointestinal, recurrent wheezing, and cutaneous symptoms to life-threatening systemic conditions. The levels of arachidonic acid, eicosanoids, histamine, organic acids and valine are considered to have a variety of physiological functions in connection with allergies. In this research, we have developed a RP-LC/MS method to separate and quantitate six different potential endogenous biomarkers, including leukotrieneB4 (LTB4), prostaglandinD2 (PGD2), arachidonic acid (AA), histamine (HI), lactic acid (LA) and valine (VAL), from serum of rats with ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergy and normal rats, and the discrepancies between the model group and the control group were compared. The separation was performed on a Prevail C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with a gradient elution of acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid (v/v) and 10 mM ammonium formate (adjusted to pH 4.0 with formic acid) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL min−1 The method was validated and shown to be sensitive, accurate (recovery values 76.16–92.57%) and precise (RSD < 10% for all compounds) with a linear range over several orders of magnitude. The method was successfully applied to rat serum and shown to be indicative of the endogenous levels of biomarkers within the rat body. The analysis of the biomarkers can provide insight into the allergic mechanisms associated with related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jing Bai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.6, Zhonghuan South Road, Wangjing, Chaoyang district, Beijing 100102, China; E-Mail: (Y.J.B)
| | - Xiao Yan Gao
- Science and Technology Development Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Beijjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11, East 3rd Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029,China; E-Mail: (X.Y.G)
| | - Jian Qiu Lu
- Science and Technology Development Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Beijjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11, East 3rd Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029,China; E-Mail: (X.Y.G)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.Q.L); (H.G.Z); Tel.: +86-10-64286410 (J.Q.L); +86-10-84738642 (H.G.Z)
| | - Hong Gui Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.6, Zhonghuan South Road, Wangjing, Chaoyang district, Beijing 100102, China; E-Mail: (Y.J.B)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.Q.L); (H.G.Z); Tel.: +86-10-64286410 (J.Q.L); +86-10-84738642 (H.G.Z)
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Paige M, Saprito MS, Bunyan DA, Shim YM. HPLC quantification of 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in human lung cancer tissues. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:817-21. [PMID: 19353686 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A simple and cost-effective HPLC method was established for quantification of 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) in human lung cancer tissues. 5-HETE from 27 patients' lung cancer tissues were extracted by solid-phase extraction and analyzed on a Waters Symmetry C(18) column (4.6 x 250 mm, 5 microm) with a mobile phase consisting of methanol, 10 mM ammonium acetate, and 1 M acetic acid (70:30:0.1, v:v:v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The UV detection wavelength was set at 240 nm. The calibration curve was linear within the concentration range from 10 to 1000 ng/mL (r(2) > 0.999, n = 7), the limit of detection was 1.0 ng/mL and the limit of quantitation was 10.0 ng/mL for a 100 microL injection. The relative error (%) for intra-day accuracy was from 93.14 to 112.50% and the RSD (%) for intra-day precision was from 0.21 to 2.60% over the concentration range 10-1000 ng/mL. By applying this method, amounts of 5-HETE were quantitated in human lung cancer tissues from 27 human subjects. The established HPLC method was validated to be a simple, reliable and cost-effective procedure that can be applied to conduct translational characterization of 5-HETE in human lung cancer tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikell Paige
- Georgetown University, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Kiss L, Bier J, Röder Y, Weissmann N, Grimminger F, Seeger W. Direct and simultaneous profiling of epoxyeicosatrienoic acid enantiomers by capillary tandem column chiral-phase liquid chromatography with dual online photodiode array and tandem mass spectrometric detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:717-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Kiss L, Röder Y, Bier J, Weissmann N, Seeger W, Grimminger F. Direct eicosanoid profiling of the hypoxic lung by comprehensive analysis via capillary liquid chromatography with dual online photodiode-array and tandem mass-spectrometric detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:697-714. [PMID: 18080119 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1718-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Revised: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are arachidonic acid-derived mediators, with partly contradictory, incompletely elucidated actions. Thus, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are controversially discussed as putative vasodilatative endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors in the cardiovascular compartment but reported as vasoconstrictors in the lung. Inconsistent findings concerning eicosanoid physiology may be because previous methods were lacking sensitivity, identification reliability, and/or have focused on special eicosanoid groups only, ignoring the overall mediator context, and thus limiting the correlation accuracy between autacoid formation and bioactivity profile. Therefore, we developed an approach which enables the simultaneous assessment of 44 eicosanoids, including all representatives of the arachidonic acid cascade, i.e., cytochrome P450, lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase products, and free isoprostanes as in vivo markers of oxidative stress, in one 50-minute chromatographic run. The approach combines (i) source-specific sample extraction, (ii) rugged isocratic and high-sensitivity capillary liquid-chromatographic separation, and (iii) reliable dual online photodiode-array and electrospray ionization tandem mass-spectrometric identification and quantitation. High sensitivity with limits of quantification in the femtogram range was achieved by use of capillary columns with typical high peak efficiency, due to small inner diameters, and virtually complete substance transfer to the mass spectrometer, due to flow rates in the low microliter range, instead of large inner diameter columns with low chromatographic signal and only partial analyte transfer employed by previous methods. This expeditious, global and sensitive technique provides the prerequisite for new, accurate insights regarding the physiology of specific mediators, for example EETs, in the context of all relevant vasoactive autacoids under varying conditions of oxidative stress by direct comparison of all eicosanoid generation profiles. Indeed, application of comprehensive "eicoprofiling" to hypoxically ventilated rabbit lungs revealed at a glance the enhanced biosynthesis of free EETs in the overall mediator generation context, thus suggesting their hypothetical contribution to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislau Kiss
- Biochemie Med. II, University of Giessen Lung Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Paul Meimberg Str. 5, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Blewett AJ, Varma D, Gilles T, Libonati JR, Jansen SA. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of 23 eicosanoids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 46:653-62. [PMID: 18215487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Current research is focused on developing assays to search for biomarkers for inflammation. Eicosanoids are the oxidative metabolites of arachidonic acid (eicosatetraenoic acid, AA), a long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid common in Western diets. AA can be oxidized by one of three pathways to form prostaglandins (PGs), leukotrienes (LTs), or a number of hydroxyl and epoxy compounds. These eicosanoids have a variety of physiological functions, including regulating inflammation. We have developed a method utilizing LC-MS to separate and quantitate 23 different eicosanoids from all the three oxidative pathways. The eicosanoids were separated using a gradient elution of acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid (v/v) and water with 0.1% formic acid (v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with a Symmetry C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm). Deuterated eicosanoids were used as internal standards for quantitation. Mass spectrometric detection was carried out using an Agilent 1100-series LC-MSD with an electrospray ionization interface. Electrospray ionisation (ESI) mass spectra were acquired using negative ionization and selective ion monitoring. The method was validated and shown to be sensitive (LOQ at pg levels for most compounds), accurate (recovery values 75-120%) and precise (R.S.D.<20 for all compounds) with a linear range over several orders of magnitude. The method was applied to rat kidney tissue and shown to be indicative of the eicosanoid levels within a specific organ. The analysis of eicosanoids can provide insight into the inflammatory mechanisms associated with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Blewett
- Temple University, Department of Chemistry, 1901 North 13th Street Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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10
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Zhang JH, Pearson T, Matharoo-Ball B, Ortori CA, Warren AY, Khan R, Barrett DA. Quantitative profiling of epoxyeicosatrienoic, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic, and dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids in human intrauterine tissues using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2007; 365:40-51. [PMID: 17418798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A reversed-phase liquid chromatography negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to quantify a range of physiologically relevant eicosanoids, including 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs); 5-, 8-, 9-, 12-, and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), and 5,6-, 8,15-, and 12,20-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (DiHETEs) in human intrauterine tissues. A solid-phase extraction method was employed to extract the eicosanoids, and gradient LC separation was performed on a Kromasil C(18) column. Mass spectrometric detection was performed by multiple reaction monitoring over a 31-min run time. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 4-400pmol/g tissue, and the intra- and interday precision and accuracy were within a coefficient of variation of 2.0 to 27.4% and 4.6 to 17.9%, respectively. The lower limit of quantitation was 1.0pmol/g tissue. The method was applied successfully to the characterization and quantitation of eicosanoids in the different compartments of human intrauterine tissues. Our results demonstrate significantly greater amounts of HETEs than of either the EETs or DiHETEs (P<0.001), irrespective of tissue type. Specifically, the metabolite 12-HETE was significantly more abundant (P<0.001) than all other HETEs. Of the EET metabolites, 5,6-EET predominated (P<0.001). A significant negative correlation between EETs and HETEs for all tissues (rho=-0.390, P<0.001) was identified, implying a biological feedback mechanism between these two arachidonate metabolite classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hong Zhang
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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Serhan CN, Lu Y, Hong S, Yang R. Mediator Lipidomics: Search Algorithms for Eicosanoids, Resolvins, and Protectins. Methods Enzymol 2007; 432:275-317. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(07)32012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Serhan CN, Hong S, Lu Y. Lipid mediator informatics-lipidomics: novel pathways in mapping resolution. AAPS JOURNAL 2006; 8:E284-97. [PMID: 16796379 PMCID: PMC3231579 DOI: 10.1007/bf02854899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipidomics, the systematic decoding of lipid-based information in biosystems, is composed of identifying and profiling lipids and lipid-derived mediators. As currently practiced, lipidomics can be subdivided into architecture/membrane lipidomics and mediator lipidomics. The mapping of structural components and their relation to cell activation as well as generation of potent lipid mediators and networks involves a mass spectrometry-computational approach so that interrelationships and complex mediator networks important for cell homeostasis can be appreciated. Cell membranes are composed of a bilayer that contains phospholipids, fatty acids, integral membrane proteins, membrane-associated proteins, sphingolipids, and so on. The membrane composition of many cell types has been established. The components' organization and effect on cell function remains to be established, however, and is a quest for lipidomics. Here, we review liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based lipidomic analyses to address bioactive lipid mediators in signaling pathways and the roles of lipid-derived mediators in resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Thorn Building for Medical Research, 7th Floor, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Grandel U, Benkelmann R, Buerke M, Kiss L, Hattar K, Mayer K, Heep M, Seeger W, Grimminger F, Sibelius U. Free arachidonic versus eicosapentaenoic acid differentially influences the potency of bacterial exotoxins to provoke myocardial depression in isolated rat hearts. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:118-26. [PMID: 16374165 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000190626.71045.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Staphylococcal alpha-toxin and Escherichia coli hemolysin (ECH) evoke cardiac dysfunction in isolated rat hearts by provoking myocardial synthesis of arachidonic acid-derived thromboxane A2 or the cysteinyl-leukotrienes, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4, respectively. We investigated whether low doses of either toxin, which fail to induce cardiac depression by themselves, induce cardiac dysfunction when combined with free arachidonic acid. DESIGN Prospective, experimental study. SETTING Research laboratory at a university hospital. SUBJECTS Isolated hearts from male Wistar rats. INTERVENTIONS Hearts were perfused with low doses of ECH or alpha-toxin in the absence or presence of arachidonic acid or the alternative eicosanoid precursor eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Application of low-dose ECH with arachidonic acid increased coronary perfusion pressure, depressed left ventricular contractile function, provoked electrical instability, and induced a release of creatine kinase concomitant with the liberation of LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 into the perfusate. All events were abolished when formation of cysteinyl-leukotrienes was blocked by the 5-lipoxygenase activity inhibitor MK-886, targeting 5-lipoxygenase activating protein. In the presence of arachidonic acid, low doses of alpha-toxin caused an increase in cerebral perfusion pressure and a decline of contractile performance, attributable to the release of thromboxane A2, as both events were mitigated by the cyclooxygenase-inhibitor indomethacin. High doses of ECH caused cardiac dysfunction even in the absence of arachidonic acid. However, in the presence of EPA, the cardiodepressant effect of ECH was blunted. Release of EPA-derived LTE5 at the expense of arachidonic acid-derived LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 was noted in these hearts. CONCLUSIONS The potency of the bacterial exotoxins ECH and alpha-toxin to cause coronary vasoconstriction and myocardial depression is dependent on the availability of free arachidonic acid and may be influenced by supplying omega-3 fatty acids as alternative lipid precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Grandel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Honda H, Shibusawa Y, Taniguchi J, Matsuda H, Kondo M, Kumasaka K, Miwa T, Notoya Y, Shindo H. Rapid and simple determination of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in rabbit renal artery by reversed-phase HPLC with fluorescence detection. Vascul Pharmacol 2005; 42:163-9. [PMID: 15820442 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Revised: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection coupled with a solid-phase extraction was applied to the rapid determination of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) in the rabbit renal artery. The EETs were extracted with an acetonitrile from renal artery homogenate and concentrated by a solid-phase extraction method. The concentrated EETs were reacted directly with a 6, 7-dimethoxy-1-methyl-2 (1H)-quinoxalinone-3-propionyl-carboxylic acid (DMEQ) hydrazide and separated by a reversed-phase HPLC with eluting a combination of a step-wise and a gradient of a mixture of methanol and water. The content of EETs in the renal arteries was significantly greater in the 0.5% cholesterol fed rabbits than in control rabbits. It is suggested that hyperchlesterolemia increases the production of EETs in the rabbit renal artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Honda
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
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15
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Lu Y, Hong S, Tjonahen E, Serhan CN. Mediator-lipidomics: databases and search algorithms for PUFA-derived mediators. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:790-802. [PMID: 15722568 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d400020-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid mediators (LMs) derived from PUFAs play important roles in health and disease. Databases and search algorithms are crucial, but currently unavailable, for accurate and prompt analysis of LMs via liquid chromatography-ultraviolet-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-UV-MS/MS). A novel algorithm and databases, cognoscitive-contrast-angle algorithm and databases (COCAD), were developed for the identification of LMs based on the integration of standard MS/MS spectra with chromatograms and UV spectra. Segment naming and empirical fragmentation rules were introduced to determine MS/MS ion identities, along with ion intensities used by COCAD in matching the unknown to those of authentic standards. The structures of potential LMs without synthetic and/or authentic products as standards were identified by developing theoretical databases and algorithms based on virtual LC-UV-MS/MS spectra and chromatograms. The performance of these databases and algorithms was tested by identifying LMs in murine tissues. These results indicate that COCAD has many advantages for profiling and identification of LMs compared with the conventional dot-product algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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16
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Earley S, Pastuszyn A, Walker BR. Cytochrome p-450 epoxygenase products contribute to attenuated vasoconstriction after chronic hypoxia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 285:H127-36. [PMID: 12623785 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01052.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The systemic vasculature exhibits attenuated vasoconstriction following chronic hypoxia (CH) that is associated with endothelium-dependent vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cell hyperpolarization. We hypothesized that increased production of arachidonic acid metabolites such as the cyclooxygenase product prostacyclin or cytochrome p-450 (CYP) epoxygenase-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) contributes to VSM cell hyperpolarization following CH. VSM cell resting membrane potential (Em) was measured in superior mesenteric artery strips isolated from rats with control barometric pressure (Pb, congruent with 630 Torr) and CH (Pb, 380 Torr for 48 h). VSM cell Em was normalized between groups following administration of the CYP inhibitors 17-octadecynoic acid and SKF-525A. VSM cell hyperpolarization after CH was not altered by cyclooxygenase inhibition, whereas the selective CYP2C9 inhibitor sulfaphenazole normalized VSM cell Em between groups. Iberiotoxin also normalized VSM cell Em, which suggests that large-conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channel activity is increased after CH. Sulfaphenazole administration restored phenylephrine-induced and myogenic vasoconstriction and Ca2+ responses of mesenteric resistance arteries isolated from CH rats to control levels. Western blot experiments demonstrated that CYP2C9 protein levels were greater in mesenteric arteries from CH rats. In addition, 11,12-EET levels were elevated in endothelial cells from CH rats compared with controls. We conclude that enhanced CYP2C9 expression and 11,12-EET production following CH contributes to BKCa channel-dependent VSM cell hyperpolarization and attenuated vasoreactivity.
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MESH Headings
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/metabolism
- Animals
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/physiology
- Chronic Disease
- Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2J2
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/pharmacology
- Hypoxia/physiopathology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Membrane Potentials/physiology
- Mesenteric Arteries/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Oxygenases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Oxygenases/metabolism
- Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated/drug effects
- Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated/metabolism
- Proadifen/pharmacology
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Vasoconstriction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Earley
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
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17
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Sibelius U, Grandel U, Buerke M, Kiss L, Klingenberger P, Heep M, Bournelis E, Seeger W, Grimminger F. Leukotriene-mediated coronary vasoconstriction and loss of myocardial contractility evoked by low doses of Escherichia coli hemolysin in perfused rat hearts. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:683-8. [PMID: 12626969 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000050072.69509.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE hemolysin has been implicated as an important pathogenic factor in extraintestinal infections including sepsis. We investigated the effects of coronary administration of hemolysin on cardiac function in isolated rat hearts perfused at constant flow. DESIGN Prospective, experimental study. SETTING Research laboratory at a university hospital. SUBJECTS Isolated hearts from male Wistar rats. INTERVENTIONS Isolated hearts were perfused with purified hemolysin for 60 min. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Low concentrations of the toxin in the perfusate (0.1-0.2 hemolytic units/mL) caused a dose-dependent coronary vasoconstriction with a marked increase in coronary perfusion pressure, which was paralleled by a decrease in left ventricular developed pressure (and the maximum rate of left ventricular pressure increase). Moreover, 0.2 hemolytic units/mL hemolysin evoked ventricular fibrillation within 10 mins of toxin application. These events were accompanied by the liberation of leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4, and LTB4), thromboxane A2, prostaglandin I2, and the cell necrosis markers lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase into the recirculating perfusate. The lipoxygenase inhibitor MK-886 fully blocked the toxin-induced coronary vasoconstrictor response and the loss of myocardial contractility and reduced the release of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase. In contrast to this, the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin was entirely ineffective. In addition, hemolysin elicited an increase in heart weight and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, the latter again being suppressed by MK-886. CONCLUSIONS Low doses of hemolysin cause strong coronary vasoconstriction, linked with loss of myocardial performance, release of cell injury enzymes, and electrical instability, with all events being largely attributable to toxin-elicited leukotriene generation in the coronary vasculature. Bacterial exotoxins such as hemolysin thus may be implicated in the cardiac abnormalities encountered in septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Sibelius
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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18
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19
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Grandel U, Reutemann M, Kiss L, Buerke M, Fink L, Bournelis E, Heep M, Seeger W, Grimminger F, Sibelius U. Staphylococcal alpha-toxin provokes neutrophil-dependent cardiac dysfunction: role of ICAM-1 and cys-leukotrienes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 282:H1157-65. [PMID: 11834515 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00165.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in septic myocardial dysfunction is presently unknown. Staphylococcus aureus infections are frequently associated with septic sequelae. Therefore, we perfused isolated rat hearts with low doses of alpha-toxin, the major staphylococcal exotoxin, followed by application of human PMN, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, and arachidonic acid. In contrast to sham-perfused hearts (no alpha-toxin), a rise in coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) and a reduction of contractile function were noted, and cardiac expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 was detected by immunohistochemical methods and real-time PCR. Histological analysis and myeloperoxidase activity indicated cardiac PMN accumulation in alpha-toxin-challenged hearts. Major quantities of cysteinyl (cys)-leukotrienes (LT), LTB4, and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) were found in the perfusate of alpha-toxin-exposed hearts. With an anti-ICAM-1 antibody, neutrophil accumulation, leukotriene (LT) synthesis, coronary vasoconstriction, and the accompanying cardiodepression were suppressed. Similarly, the lipoxygenase inhibitor MK-886 blocked LT synthesis and maintained cardiac function. We conclude that low-dose alpha-toxin provokes coronary endothelial ICAM-1 expression and neutrophil accumulation, with subsequent synthesis of cys-LTs, LTB4, and 5-HETE under conditions of appropriate stimulation. This response is linked with coronary vasoconstriction and contractile dysfunction, with cys-LT synthesis and maldistribution of perfusion offered as likely underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Grandel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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20
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Widstrom RL, Norris AW, Spector AA. Binding of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathway products by heart fatty acid-binding protein. Biochemistry 2001; 40:1070-6. [PMID: 11170430 DOI: 10.1021/bi001602y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid metabolism by lipoxygenases and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases produces regioisomeric hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HPETEs), hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs), which serve as components of cell signaling cascades. Intracellular fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) may differentially bind these nonprostanoid oxygenated fatty acids, thus modulating their metabolism and activities. Vascular cells, which express heart FABP (H-FABP), utilize oxygenated fatty acids for regulation of vascular tone. Therefore, the relative affinities of H-FABP for several isomeric series of these compounds were measured by fluorescent displacement of 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid (ANS). In general, H-FABP rank order affinities (arachidonic acid > EETs > HETEs > DHETs) paralleled reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography retention times, indicating that the differences in H-FABP affinity were determined largely by polarity. H-FABP displayed a similar rank order of affinity for compounds derived from linoleic acid. H-FABP affinity for 20-HETE [apparent dissociation constant (K(d)') of 0.44 microM] was much greater than expected from its polarity, indicating unique binding interactions for this HETE. H-FABP affinity for 5,6-EET and 11,12-EET (K(d)' of approximately 0.4 microM) was approximately 20-fold greater than for DHETs (K(d)' of approximately 8 microM). The homologous proteins, liver FABP and intestinal FABP, also displayed selective affinity for EET versus DHET. Thus, FABP binding of EETs may facilitate their intracellular retention whereas the lack of FABP affinity for DHETs may partially explain their release from cells. The affinity of H-FABP for EETs suggests that this family of intracellular proteins may modulate the metabolism, activities, and targeting of these potent eicosanoid biomediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Widstrom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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21
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Fisslthaler B, Hinsch N, Chataigneau T, Popp R, Kiss L, Busse R, Fleming I. Nifedipine increases cytochrome P4502C expression and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor-mediated responses in coronary arteries. Hypertension 2000; 36:270-5. [PMID: 10948089 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.36.2.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In addition to NO and prostacyclin, endothelial cells release a factor that elicits vasodilatation by hyperpolarizing the underlying vascular smooth muscle cells. In some vascular beds, this so-called endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) displays the characteristics of a cytochrome P450 (CYP)-derived arachidonic acid metabolite, such as an epoxyeicosatrienoic acid. Native porcine and cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells were screened for CYP epoxygenases, and CYP2B, CYP2C, and CYP2J were detected with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The CYP inducer beta-naphthoflavone and the Ca(2+) antagonist nifedipine significantly increased CYP2C mRNA but did not change the expression of CYP2J or CYP2B. To determine the relationship between CYP2C expression and EDHF production in native endothelial cells, we incubated porcine coronary arteries with nifedipine. Nifedipine enhanced endothelial CYP2C protein expression, as well as the generation of 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid. In organ bath experiments, pretreatment with nifedipine enhanced bradykinin-induced, EDHF-mediated relaxations as well as the concomitant hyperpolarization of smooth muscle cells. The specific CYP2C9 inhibitor sulfaphenazole, on the other hand, significantly attenuated EDHF-mediated hyperpolarization and relaxation. These results demonstrate that in porcine coronary arteries, the elevated expression of a CYP epoxygenase, homologous to CYP2C8/9, is associated with enhanced EDHF-mediated hyperpolarization in response to bradykinin. Therefore, we propose that an isozyme of CYP2C is the most likely candidate for the CYP-dependent EDHF synthase in porcine coronary arteries.
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MESH Headings
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/metabolism
- Animals
- Biological Factors/physiology
- Bradykinin/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/physiology
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Membrane Potentials/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Nifedipine/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase C/physiology
- RNA/drug effects
- RNA/genetics
- RNA/metabolism
- Swine
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fisslthaler
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, J.W. Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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22
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Rose F, Kiss L, Grimminger F, Mayer K, Grandel U, Seeger W, Bieniek E, Sibelius U. E. coli hemolysin-induced lipid mediator metabolism in alveolar macrophages: impact of eicosapentaenoic acid. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000; 279:L100-9. [PMID: 10893208 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2000.279.1.l100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli hemolysin (HlyA) is a prototype of a large family of pore-forming proteinaceous exotoxins that have been implicated in the pathogenetic sequelae of severe infection and sepsis, including development of acute lung injury. In the present study in rabbit alveolar macrophages (AMs), subcytolytic concentrations of purified HlyA evoked rapid synthesis of platelet-activating factor, with quantities approaching those in response to maximum calcium ionophore challenge. In parallel, large quantities of leukotriene (LT) B(4) and 5-, 8-, 9-, 12-, and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) were liberated from HlyA-exposed AMs depending on exogenous arachidonic acid (AA) supply. Coadministration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) dose dependently suppressed generation of the proinflammatory lipoxygenase products LTB(4) and 5-, 8-, 9-, and 12-HETE in parallel with the appearance of the corresponding EPA-derived metabolites LTB(5) and 5-, 8-, 9-, and 12-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (HEPE). At equimolar concentrations, EPA turned out to be the preferred substrate over AA for these AM lipoxygenase pathways, with the sum of LTB(5) and 5-, 8-, 9-, and 12-HEPE surpassing the sum of LTB(4) and 5-, 8-, 9-, and 12-HETE by >80-fold. In contrast, coadminstration of EPA did not significantly reduce HlyA-elicited generation of the anti-inflammatory AA lipoxygenase product 15-HETE. We conclude that AMs are sensitive target cells for HlyA attack, resulting in marked proinflammatory lipid mediator synthesis. In the presence of EPA, lipoxygenase product formation is shifted from a pro- to an anti-inflammatory profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rose
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, 35385 Giessen, Germany
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23
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Kiss L, Schütte H, Mayer K, Grimm H, Padberg W, Seeger W, Grimminger F. Synthesis of arachidonic acid-derived lipoxygenase and cytochrome P450 products in the intact human lung vasculature. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161:1917-23. [PMID: 10852767 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.6.9906058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenase (LO) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase products of arachidonic acid (AA) have been implicated in a large number of vasoregulatory processes. In intact, blood-free, perfused and ventilated human lungs (n = 8), isolated during surgery for bronchial carcinoma, we analyzed leukotrienes (LTs), hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) by sequential sampling of the recirculating buffer fluid. For the analysis we used multistep, solid-phase extraction, isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, with elution of all metabolites within one run and photodiode array detection to obtain full UV spectra of eluting compounds. We detected no LT release in a 15-min baseline period, but the admixture of the calcium ionophore A23187 with the buffer fluid provoked the rapid appearance of all LTs. Some baseline release of 15-HETE was observed, and in response to A23187, maximum buffer concentrations were noted for 5-HETE, with 8-HETE, 9-HETE, 11-HETE, and 12-HETE being detected at lower levels. Marked baseline liberation of 11,12-EET and 8,9-EET was observed. In response to A23187, high oxirane buffer concentrations were registered, which far surpassed those of LTs and HETEs. The eicosanoid release was paralleled by a limited pulmonary artery pressor response and progressive vascular leakage. We conclude that ex-vivo-perfused human lungs release EETs > LTs > HETEs into the vascular compartment in response to inflammatory challenge. The marked oxirane synthesis in the lung vasculature may have major impact on lung vasoregulation when considering the possible function of these AA epoxides as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kiss
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Federal Republic of Germany.
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24
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Sibelius U, Grandel U, Buerke M, Mueller D, Kiss L, Kraemer HJ, Braun-Dullaeus R, Haberbosch W, Seeger W, Grimminger F. Staphylococcal alpha-toxin provokes coronary vasoconstriction and loss in myocardial contractility in perfused rat hearts: role of thromboxane generation. Circulation 2000; 101:78-85. [PMID: 10618308 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.101.1.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac performance is severely depressed in septic shock. Endotoxin has been implicated as the causative agent in Gram-negative sepsis, but similar abnormalities are encountered in Gram-positive sepsis. We investigated the influence of the major exotoxin of Staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcal alpha-toxin, in isolated perfused rat hearts. METHODS AND RESULTS Alpha-toxin 0.25 to 1 microg/mL caused a dose-dependent increase in coronary perfusion pressure that more than doubled. In parallel, we noted a decrease in left ventricular developed pressure and the maximum rate of left ventricular pressure rise (dP/dt(max)), dropping to a minimum of <60% of control. These changes were accompanied by a liberation of thromboxane A(2) and prostacyclin into the coronary effluent. The release of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, potassium, and lactate did not surpass control heart values, and leukotrienes were also not detected. Indomethacin, acetylsalicylic acid, and the thromboxane receptor antagonist daltroban fully blocked the alpha-toxin-induced coronary vasoconstrictor response and the decrease in left ventricular developed pressure and dP/dt(max), whereas the lipoxygenase inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid, the platelet activating factor antagonist WEB 2086, and the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine were entirely ineffective. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase even enhanced the alpha-toxin-induced increase in coronary perfusion pressure and the loss in myocardial performance. CONCLUSIONS Purified staphylococcal alpha-toxin provokes coronary vasoconstriction and loss in myocardial contractility. The responses appear to be largely attributable to the generation of thromboxane and are even enhanced when the endogenous nitric oxide synthesis is blocked. Bacterial exotoxins, such as staphylococcal alpha-toxin, may thus be implicated in the loss of cardiac performance encountered in Gram-positive septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Sibelius
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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25
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Fisslthaler B, Popp R, Kiss L, Potente M, Harder DR, Fleming I, Busse R. Cytochrome P450 2C is an EDHF synthase in coronary arteries. Nature 1999; 401:493-7. [PMID: 10519554 DOI: 10.1038/46816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 704] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In most arterial beds a significant endothelium-dependent dilation to various stimuli persists even after inhibition of nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase. This dilator response is preceded by an endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization of vascular smooth muscle cells, which is sensitive to a combination of the calcium-dependent potassium-channel inhibitors charybdotoxin and apamin, and is assumed to be mediated by an unidentified endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). Here we show that the induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8/34 in native porcine coronary artery endothelial cells by beta-naphthoflavone enhances the formation of 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid, as well as EDHF-mediated hyperpolarization and relaxation. Transfection of coronary arteries with CYP 2C8/34 antisense oligonucleotides results in decreased levels of CYP 2C and attenuates EDHF-mediated vascular responses. Thus, a CYP-epoxygenase product is an essential component of EDHF-mediated relaxation in the porcine coronary artery, and CYP 2C8/34 fulfils the criteria for the coronary EDHF synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fisslthaler
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Klinikum der J.W. Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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