1
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Rastall RA, Diez-Municio M, Forssten SD, Hamaker B, Meynier A, Moreno FJ, Respondek F, Stah B, Venema K, Wiese M. Structure and function of non-digestible carbohydrates in the gut microbiome. Benef Microbes 2022; 13:95-168. [PMID: 35729770 DOI: 10.3920/bm2021.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Together with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are one of the macronutrients in the human diet. Digestible carbohydrates, such as starch, starch-based products, sucrose, lactose, glucose and some sugar alcohols and unusual (and fairly rare) α-linked glucans, directly provide us with energy while other carbohydrates including high molecular weight polysaccharides, mainly from plant cell walls, provide us with dietary fibre. Carbohydrates which are efficiently digested in the small intestine are not available in appreciable quantities to act as substrates for gut bacteria. Some oligo- and polysaccharides, many of which are also dietary fibres, are resistant to digestion in the small intestines and enter the colon where they provide substrates for the complex bacterial ecosystem that resides there. This review will focus on these non-digestible carbohydrates (NDC) and examine their impact on the gut microbiota and their physiological impact. Of particular focus will be the potential of non-digestible carbohydrates to act as prebiotics, but the review will also evaluate direct effects of NDC on human cells and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Rastall
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - M Diez-Municio
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - S D Forssten
- IFF Health & Biosciences, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - B Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009, USA
| | - A Meynier
- Nutrition Research, Mondelez France R&D SAS, 6 rue René Razel, 91400 Saclay, France
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Respondek
- Tereos, Zoning Industriel Portuaire, 67390 Marckolsheim, France
| | - B Stah
- Human Milk Research & Analytical Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - K Venema
- Centre for Healthy Eating & Food Innovation (HEFI), Maastricht University - campus Venlo, St. Jansweg 20, 5928 RC Venlo, the Netherlands
| | - M Wiese
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, the Netherlands
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2
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Fayad S, Morin P, Nehmé R. Use of chromatographic and electrophoretic tools for assaying elastase, collagenase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase activity. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1529:1-28. [PMID: 29132826 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Elastase, collagenase, hyaluronidase and tyrosinase, are very interesting enzymes due to their direct implication in skin aging and as therapeutic hits. Different techniques can be used to study these enzymes and to evaluate the influence of effectors on their kinetics. Nowadays, analytical techniques have become frequently used tools for miniaturizing enzyme assays. The main intention of this article is to review chromatographic and electrophoretic tools that study the four enzymes above mentioned. More specifically, the use of high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis and their derivative techniques for monitoring these enzymes will be investigated. The advantages and limitations of these assays will also be discussed. The original use of microscale thermophoresis and thin layer chromatography in this domain will also be covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syntia Fayad
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans - CNRS, UMR 7311, Orléans, France
| | - Philippe Morin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans - CNRS, UMR 7311, Orléans, France
| | - Reine Nehmé
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans - CNRS, UMR 7311, Orléans, France.
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3
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Mantovani V, Galeotti F, Maccari F, Volpi N. Recent advances on separation and characterization of human milk oligosaccharides. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1514-24. [PMID: 26801168 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Free human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are unique due to their highly complex nature and important emerging biological and protective functions during early life such as prebiotic activity, pathogen deflection, and epithelial and immune cell modulation. Moreover, four genetically determined heterogeneous HMO secretory groups are known to be based on their structure and composition. Over the years, several analytical techniques have been applied to characterize and quantitate HMOs, including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high pH anion-exchange chromatography, off-line and on-line mass spectrometry (MS), and capillary electrophoresis (CE). Even if these techniques have proven to be efficient and simple, most glycans have no significant UV absorption and derivatization with fluorophore groups prior to separation usually results in higher sensitivity and an improved chromatographic/electrophoretic profile. Consequently, the analysis by HPLC/CE of derivatized milk oligosaccharides with different chromophoric active tags has been developed. However, UV or fluorescence detection does not provide specific structural information and this is a key point in particular related to the highly complex nature of the milk glycan mixtures. As a consequence, for a specific determination of complex mixtures of oligomers, analytical separation is usually required with evaluation by means of MS, which has been successfully applied to HMOs, resulting in efficient compositional analysis and profiling in various milk samples. This review aims to give an overview of the current state-of-the-art techniques used in HMO analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Mantovani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Galeotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Maccari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Nicola Volpi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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4
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Toppazzini M, Coslovi A, Rossi M, Flamigni A, Baiutti E, Campa C. Capillary Electrophoresis of Mono- and Oligosaccharides. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1483:301-338. [PMID: 27645743 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6403-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reports an overview of the recent advances in the analysis of mono- and oligosaccharides by capillary electrophoresis (CE); furthermore, relevant reviews and research articles recently published in the field are tabulated. Additionally, pretreatments and procedures applied to uncharged and acidic carbohydrates (i.e., monosaccharides and lower oligosaccharides carrying carboxylate, sulfate, or phosphate groups) are described.Representative examples of such procedures are reported in detail, upon describing robust methodologies for the study of (1) neutral oligosaccharides derivatized by reductive amination and by formation of glycosylamines; (2) sialic acid derivatized with 2-aminoacridone, released from human serum immunoglobulin G; (3) anomeric couples of neutral glycosides separated using borate-based buffers; (4) unsaturated, underivatized oligosaccharides from lyase-treated alginate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Toppazzini
- GSK Vaccines, Manufacturing Science & Technology Bellaria di Rosia, Sovicille (Siena), Italy
| | - Anna Coslovi
- GSK Vaccines, Manufacturing Science & Technology Bellaria di Rosia, Sovicille (Siena), Italy
| | - Marco Rossi
- Bracco Imaging SpA-CRB Trieste, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna Flamigni
- Bracco Imaging SpA-CRB Trieste, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
| | - Edi Baiutti
- Bracco Imaging SpA-CRB Trieste, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cristiana Campa
- GSK Vaccines, Manufacturing Science & Technology Bellaria di Rosia, Sovicille (Siena), Italy.
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5
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Zhou A, Zhou T, Yu D, Shen Y, Shen J, Zhu Z, Jin L, Zhang H, Wang Y. Pre-staining of glycoprotein in SDS-PAGE by the synthesis of a new hydrazide derivative. Proteomics 2015; 15:3623-8. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayi Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Tieli Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory Center; The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Jiayi Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Zhongxin Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
- Wenzhou Undersun Biotechnology Co., Ltd; Wenzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Litai Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
- Wenzhou Undersun Biotechnology Co., Ltd; Wenzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Huajie Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of neuroscience; Department of histology and embryology; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
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6
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Zhu Z, Zhu X, Shen J, Zhou A, Ni M, Jin L, Cong W. A new fluorescent quenching method for the determination of phosphoproteins by using calconcarboxylic acid. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:924-9. [PMID: 25546259 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescent quenching detection method for phosphoproteins in SDS-PAGE by using calconcarboxylic acid (CCA) was described. In this method, the fluorescence intensity of CCA was greatly increased with the presence of Al(3+) in the gel background, while in zones where phosphoproteins are located this intensity was absent because of fluorescence quenching phenomenon through the formation of CCA-Al(3+) -phosphoprotein appended complex. Approximately 4-8 ng of phosphoproteins can be selectively detected within 1 h (1D SDS-PAGE), which is similar to that of the most commonly used Pro-Q Diamond stain. The specificity of this novel technique for phosphoproteins was confirmed by dephosphorylation, Western blot, and LC-MS/MS analysis, respectively. Furthermore, to better understand the newly developed method, the detection mechanism of CCA stain was explored by fluorescent spectrometry. According to the results, it is believed that CCA stain may provide a new choice for selective, economical, MS compatible, and convenient visualization of gel-separated phosphoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxin Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China; Wenzhou Undersun Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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7
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Zhou X, Hong GY, Huang BB, Duan YM, Shen JY, Ni MW, Cong WT, Jin LT. Improved conditions for periodate/Schiff's base-based fluorescent staining of glycoproteins with dansylhydrazine in SDS-PAGE. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1439-47. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
- Ningbo First Hospital; Ningbo Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Guo-Ying Hong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
- Wenzhou Undersun Biotechnology Co., Ltd; Wenzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Bin-Bin Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Meng Duan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Jia-Yi Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Mao-Wei Ni
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Wei-Tao Cong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
- Wenzhou Undersun Biotechnology Co., Ltd; Wenzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Li-Tai Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
- Wenzhou Undersun Biotechnology Co., Ltd; Wenzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
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8
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Zhu Z, Zhou X, Wang Y, Chi L, Ruan D, Xuan Y, Cong W, Jin L. Fluorescent staining of glycoproteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels by 4H-[1]-benzopyrano[4,3-b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide. Analyst 2014; 139:2764-73. [PMID: 24712021 DOI: 10.1039/c3an02309e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, specific, economic and MS compatible staining method for gel-separated glycoproteins by using BH was described and demonstrated by 1-D and 2-D SDS-PAGE, deglycosylation, glycoprotein affinity enrichment and LC-MS/MS, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxin Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou, China
- Wenzhou Undersun Biotechnology Co., Ltd
| | - Xuan Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience
- Department of Histology and Embryology
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou, China
| | - Lisha Chi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou, China
| | - Dandan Ruan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou, China
| | - Weitao Cong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou, China
- Wenzhou Undersun Biotechnology Co., Ltd
| | - Litai Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou, China
- Wenzhou Undersun Biotechnology Co., Ltd
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Madison
- Unilever R&D, 40 Merritt Boulevard, Trumbull, Connecticut 06611, United States
| | - Joseph O. Carnali
- Unilever R&D, 40 Merritt Boulevard, Trumbull, Connecticut 06611, United States
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10
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Matysiak J, Dereziński P, Urbaniak B, Klupczyńska A, Zalewska A, Kokot ZJ. A new method for determination of hyaluronidase activity in biological samples using capillary zone electrophoresis. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1070-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Matysiak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Grunwaldzka 6 Street; 60-780; Poznań; Poland
| | - Paweł Dereziński
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Grunwaldzka 6 Street; 60-780; Poznań; Poland
| | - Bartosz Urbaniak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Grunwaldzka 6 Street; 60-780; Poznań; Poland
| | - Agnieszka Klupczyńska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Grunwaldzka 6 Street; 60-780; Poznań; Poland
| | - Anna Zalewska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Grunwaldzka 6 Street; 60-780; Poznań; Poland
| | - Zenon J. Kokot
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Grunwaldzka 6 Street; 60-780; Poznań; Poland
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11
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Zhang Q, Chen X, Zhu Z, Zhan X, Wu Y, Song L, Kang J. Structural Analysis of Low Molecular Weight Heparin by Ultraperformance Size Exclusion Chromatography/Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry and Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1819-27. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303185w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Lingling Road 345, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Waters Corporation, Block
13, Jinhai Road 1000 , Pudong New District, Shanghai 201206,
China
| | - Zhijia Zhu
- College of Chemistry,
Chemical
Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xueqiang Zhan
- College of Chemistry,
Chemical
Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yanfang Wu
- College of Chemistry,
Chemical
Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Lankun Song
- Waters Corporation, Block
13, Jinhai Road 1000 , Pudong New District, Shanghai 201206,
China
| | - Jingwu Kang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Lingling Road 345, Shanghai 200032, China
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12
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Pielesz A, Biniaś W. Cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis and FTIR spectroscopy as methods of identifying a fucoidan in Fucusvesiculosus Linnaeus. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:2676-82. [PMID: 21055732 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A fucoidan from brown algae such as the common bladder wrack (Fucusvesiculosus Linnaeus) is now widely examined in many countries for its interesting biological and therapeutic properties. In this study, the fucoidan was identified during extraction in hydrochloric acid; its presence was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. Two slightly different structures were found in real samples of dried bladder wrack supplied by Flos and Witherba, by comparing them with a reference sample of F. vesiculosus L. A simple, repeatable analytical procedure was developed using apparatus for cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis and this was supplemented by semi-quantitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pielesz
- University of Bielsko-Biała, Faculty of Materials and Environment Sciences, Bielsko-Biała, Poland.
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13
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Determination of urinary oligosaccharides by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry: Application to Hunter syndrome. Anal Biochem 2010; 402:113-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Kazarian AA, Smith JA, Hilder EF, Breadmore MC, Quirino JP, Suttil J. Development of a novel fluorescent tag O-2-[aminoethyl]fluorescein for the electrophoretic separation of oligosaccharides. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 662:206-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Eldridge SL, Higgins LA, Dickey BJ, Larive CK. Insights into the capillary electrophoresis separation of heparin disaccharides from nuclear magnetic resonance, pKa, and electrophoretic mobility measurements. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7406-15. [PMID: 19653663 DOI: 10.1021/ac901218q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Determination of the pK(a) values of heparin disaccharide functional groups can provide insights into the nature of glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-protein interactions and prove useful for optimization of the charged-based separations typically used in GAG analysis. In order to gain a better understanding into the capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation process, the pK(a) values of the carboxylate and primary amine moieties of 11 heparin disaccharide standards were determined through (1)H NMR detected pH titrations. These pK(a) values were used to calculate the effective net charge of each disaccharide and compared to the electrophoretic mobilities measured by CE. Although a different migration order had been reported by other researchers, our results indicate a strong positive correlation between the two measurements, consistent with the migration order observed in our CE separations. The effect of mutarotation was also examined by (1)H NMR. Mutarotation equilibrium constants favored the alpha anomer over the beta conformation. pK(a) values determined for both anomers of the four disaccharide standards containing a GlcN primary amine indicated that the beta anomer of the GlcN residue was more acidic. Partial separation of these anomers was achieved in CE separations using either formic acid or phosphate buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie L Eldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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16
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Volpi N. Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography determination of alginic acid in pharmaceutical formulations after treatment with alginate lyase and UV detection. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3504-10. [PMID: 18803212 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new highly specific and sensitive capillary electrophoresis method (electrokinetic chromatography with SDS) for the determination of the total alginic acid (AA) content in pharmaceutical formulations is described by means of capillary electrophoresis at 230 nm after treatment with alginate lyase [4.2.2.3] and separation of unsaturated products, Delta-oligomers (DeltaHexA-[HexA](n)), in particular, DP3 (DeltaHexA-HexA-HexA) and DP4 (DeltaHexA-HexA-HexA-HexA). Using a buffer constituted with 10 mM sodium borate and 50 mM SDS at pH 9.0, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography was able to determine with very high resolution the AA Delta-oligomers produced by the action of the lyase (mainly DP3 and DP4) as one single species. The intra- and inter-day variations (CV%) were between 6.3 and 9.1 for migration time and between 2.5 and 5.7 for peak area, respectively. The calibration curve showed good linearity for the examined concentration range (60-360 ng) with an average correlation coefficient greater than 0.980. The lowest detection limit and the lowest quantitation limit of the method were 15 ng (0.25 mg/mL) and 40 ng (0.67 mg/mL), respectively. The intra- and inter-day variations in terms of CV% were 5.5 and 8.6%, respectively, and the intra- and inter-day accuracy was estimated to range from 4.1 to 8.9%, while the percent recoveries of AA were calculated to be 102, 97 and 93% for different AA amounts. Variations in temperatures, voltage and buffer composition in comparison with adopted conditions within a 10% limit do not modify the electrophoresis results. The evaluation of AA was performed in both solid and liquid pharmaceutical formulations also in the presence of other ingredients, in particular, aluminium, sodium and potassium bicarbonate, and emulsifying and flavouring agents. The quantitative results obtained were 101.2+/-3.4% of AA content in tablets and 98.4+/-2.8% in liquid formulation, in total conformity with the label claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Volpi
- Department of Biologia Animale, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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17
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Eldridge SL, Korir AK, Gutierrez SM, Campos F, Limtiaco JF, Larive CK. Heterogeneity of depolymerized heparin SEC fractions: to pool or not to pool? Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:2963-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to study chondroitin lyase action pattern. Anal Biochem 2008; 385:57-64. [PMID: 18992215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was applied to determine the action pattern of different chondroitin lyases. Two commercial enzymes, chondroitinase ABC (Proteus vulgaris) and chondroitinase ACII (Arthrobacter aurescens), having action patterns previously determined by viscosimetry and gel electrophoresis were first examined. Next, the action patterns of recombinant lyases, chondroitinase ABC from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (expressed in Escherichia coli) and chondroitinase AC from Flavobacterium heparinum (expressed in its original host), were examined. Chondroitin sulfate A (CS-A, also known as chondroitin-4-sulfate) was used as the substrate for these four lyases. Aliquots taken at various time points were analyzed. The products of chondroitinase ABC (P. vulgaris) and chondroitinase AC (F. heparinum) contained unsaturated oligosaccharides of sizes ranging from disaccharide to decasaccharide, demonstrating that both are endolytic enzymes. The products afforded by chondroitinase ABC (B. thetaiotaomicron) and chondroitinase ACII (A. aurescens) contained primarily unsaturated disaccharide. These two exolytic enzymes showed different minor products, suggesting some subtle specificity differences between the actions of these two exolytic lyases on chondroitin sulfate A.
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Korir AK, Larive CK. Advances in the separation, sensitive detection, and characterization of heparin and heparan sulfate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:155-69. [PMID: 18841350 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the relationship between the structure and biological function of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) presents an important analytical challenge mainly due to the difficulty in determining their fine structure. Heparin and HS are responsible for mediation of a wide range of biological actions through specific binding to a variety of proteins including those involved in blood coagulation, cell proliferation, differentiation and adhesion, and host-pathogen interactions. Therefore, there is a growing interest in characterizing the microstructure of heparin and HS and in elucidating the molecular level details of their interaction with peptides and proteins. This review discusses recent developments in the analytical methods used for sensitive separation, detection, and structural characterization of heparin and HS. A brief discussion of the analysis of contaminants in pharmaceutical heparin is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert K Korir
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Physical Sciences Bldg. 1, 501 Big Springs Rd., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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20
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Bao Y, Newburg DS. Capillary electrophoresis of acidic oligosaccharides from human milk. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2508-15. [PMID: 18512675 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interest in defining the array of oligosaccharides of human milk has been increasing. Pathogens that bind glycans on their host mucosal surfaces may be inhibited by human milk oligosaccharides. It has been postulated that acidic oligosaccharides in human milk may inhibit binding by pathogens that bind acidic glycans in the gut, but testing this hypothesis requires their reliable quantification in milk. Sialyloligosaccharides of human milk have been quantified by HPLC and CE. A recent CE technique uses the MEKC mode with direct detection at 205 nm to resolve and quantify, in the native form, the 12 most dominant sialyloligosaccharides of human milk in a single 35-min run. The method gives a linear response from 39 to 2500 microg/mL with a coefficient of variation between 2 to 9% and accuracy from 93 to 109%. This was used to detect variation in expression of specific sialyloligosaccharides in milk. Individual sialyloligosaccharide concentrations in milk differ among individual donors and between less and more mature milk. Thus, CE can be used to measure variation in sialyloligosaccharide expression in milk, and thereby test the relationship of this variation-to-variation in risk of specific diseases in breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwu Bao
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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21
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Abstract
Complex natural polysaccharides, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), are a class of ubiquitous macromolecules that exhibit a wide range of biological functions and participate and regulate multiple cellular events and (patho)physiological processes. They are generally present either as free chains (hyaluronic acid and bacterial acidic polysaccharides) or as side chains of proteoglycans (PGs; chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, heparin/heparan sulfate, and keratan sulfate) and are most often found in cell membranes and in the extracellular matrix. The recent emergence of modern analytical tools for their study has produced a virtual explosion in the field of glycomics. CE, due to its high resolving power and sensitivity, has been useful in the analysis of intact GAGs and GAG-derived oligosaccharides and disaccharides affording concentration and structural characterization data essential for understanding the biological functions of GAGs. In this review, novel off-line and on-line CE-MS and MS/MS methods for screening of GAG-derived oligosaccharides and disaccharides will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Volpi
- Department of Biologia Animale, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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22
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Kazarian AA, Hilder EF, Breadmore MC. Utilisation of pH stacking in conjunction with a highly absorbing chromophore, 5-aminofluorescein, to improve the sensitivity of capillary electrophoresis for carbohydrate analysis. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1200:84-91. [PMID: 18468613 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the use of pH stacking in conjunction with 5-aminofluorescein as a derivatization agent for the sensitive analysis of simple sugars such as glucose, lactose and maltotriose by capillary electrophoresis (CE). The derivatization agent was selected on the basis of its extremely high molar absorptivity, its compatibility with a 488nm light-emitting diode (LED) and the fact that it has two ionizable groups making it compatible with on-line stacking using a dynamic pH junction. The influence of both acetic and formic acids at concentrations of 0.19, 0.019 and 0.0019molL(-1) were investigated with regard to both derivatization efficiency and the ability to stack using a dynamic pH junction. Superior sensitivity and resolution was obtained in formic acid over acetic acid. Substantially lower peaks were obtained with 0.19molL(-1) formic acid when compared to 0.019 and 0.0019molL(-1) concentrations, which was confirmed by computer simulation studies to be due to the inadequate movement of the pH boundary for stacking. Further simulation studies combined with experimental data showed the separation with the best resolution and greatest sensitivity when the carbohydrates were derivatized with the 0.095molL(-1) formic acid. Utilisation of stacking via dynamic pH junction mode in conjunction with LED detection enabled efficiencies of 150,000 plates and detection limits in the order of 8.5x10(-8)molL(-1) for simple sugars such as glucose, lactose and maltotriose hydrate. The current system also demonstrates a 515 times improvement in sensitivity when compared to using a normal deuterium lamp, and 16 times improvement over other systems using LEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artaches A Kazarian
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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23
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Abstract
Glycosylation of proteins is a dynamic post-translational modification commonly found in eukaryotes, changing with development, differentiation, and disease state. Identification of glycoproteins is important for completely characterizing the population of proteins found at a given point in time. This unit contains protocols for identifying glycoproteins in general using a fluorescence based periodate/Schiff base method and those containing specific carbohydrates using a lectin-based fluorescent method.
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Abstract
This chapter illustrates the usefulness of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the analysis of sugar acids, that is, monosaccharides and lower oligosaccharides carrying carboxylate, sulphate or phosphate groups. In order to provide a general description of the main results and challenges in the field, some relevant applications and reviews on CE of such saccharidic compounds are tabulated. Furthermore, some detailed experimental procedures are shown, regarding the CE analysis of sugar acids released upon hydrolysis of acidic polysaccharides and of glycans linked to glycoproteins. In particular, the protocols will deal with the following compounds: (i) unsaturated, underivatized oligosaccharides from lyase-treated alginate; (ii) oligosaccharides derivatized with 4-aminobenzonitrile, arising from chemical hydrolysis of alginate; (iii) sialic acid derivatized with 2-aminoacridone, released from human serum immunoglobulin G.
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25
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Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate is a very heterogeneous polysaccharide in terms of relative molecular mass, charge density, chemical properties, biological and pharmacological activities. It is actually recommended by EULAR as a symptomatic slow acting drug (SYSADOA) in Europe in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis based on meta-analysis of numerous clinical studies. Chondroitin sulfate is also utilized as a nutraceutical in dietary supplements mainly in the United States. On the other hand, chondroitin sulfate is derived from animal sources by extraction and purification processes. As a consequence, source material, manufacturing processes, the presence of contaminants, and many other factors contribute to the overall biological and pharmacological actions of these agents. The aim of this review is to evaluate new possible more specific analytical approaches to the determination of the origin and purity of chondroitin sulfate preparations for pharmaceutical application and in nutraceuticals, such as the evaluation of the molecular mass values, the constituent disaccharides, and the specific and sensitive agarose-gel electrophoresis technique. Furthermore, a critical evaluation is presented, together with a discussion of the limits of these analytical approaches. Finally, the necessity for reference standards having high specificity, purity and well-known physico-chemical properties useful for accurate and reproducible quantitative analyses will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Volpi
- Department of Biologia Animale, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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Mousa SA, Feng X, Xie J, Du Y, Hua Y, He H, O'Connor L, Linhardt RJ. Synthetic oligosaccharide stimulates and stabilizes angiogenesis: structure-function relationships and potential mechanisms. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2006; 48:6-13. [PMID: 16954815 PMCID: PMC4140568 DOI: 10.1097/01.fjc.0000238591.90062.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To determine the proangiogenesis effect of series of saccharides and a synthetic oligosaccharide and potential mechanisms, an in vitro 3-dimensional endothelial cell sprouting (3D-ECS) assay and the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model were used. We demonstrated that a sulfated oligosaccharide significantly promotes the endothelial capillary network initiated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF). Furthermore, although the capillary network initiated by VEGF and b-FGF lasts no more than 7 days, addition of a sulfated oligosaccharide significantly amplifies angiogenesis and stabilizes the capillary network of new blood vessels. In the CAM model, sulfated oligosaccharide also stimulated angiogenesis. In both the CAM and the 3D-ECS assay, structure-function studies reveal that increased saccharide chain length up to the hexa- to decasaccharide show optimal proangiogenesis efficacy. In addition, the sulfation and molecular shape (branched vs linear) of oligosaccharide are important for sustained proangiogenesis efficacy. Data indicate that chemically defined synthetic oligosaccharides can play an important role in regulation of capillary structure and stability, which may contribute to future advances in therapeutic angiogenesis. The proangiogenesis efficacy of an oligosaccharide is mediated via integrin alphavbeta3 and involves mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute at Albany and Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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27
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Volpi N, Maccari F. Electrophoretic approaches to the analysis of complex polysaccharides. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 834:1-13. [PMID: 16530493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 02/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Complex polysaccharides, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), are a class of ubiquitous macromolecules exhibiting a wide range of biological functions. They are widely distributed as sidechains of proteoglycans (PGs) in the extracellular matrix and at cellular level. The recent emergence of enhanced analytical tools for their study has triggered a virtual explosion in the field of glycomics. Analytical electrophoretic separation techniques, including agarose-gel, capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) and fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE), of GAGs and GAG-derived oligosaccharides have been employed for the structural analysis and quantification of hyaluronic acid (HA), chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), keratan sulfate (KS), heparan sulfate (HS), heparin (Hep) and acidic bacterial polysaccharides. Furthermore, recent developments in the electrophoretic separation and detection of unsaturated disaccharides and oligosaccharides derived from GAGs by enzymatic or chemical degradation have made it possible to examine alterations of GAGs with respect to their amounts and fine structural features in various pathological conditions, thus becoming applicable for diagnosis. In this paper, the electromigration procedures developed to analyze and characterize complex polysaccharides are reviewed. Moreover, a critical evaluation of the biological relevance of the results obtained by these electrophoresis approaches is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Volpi
- Department of Biologia Animale, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/d, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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28
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A Novel Alginate Lyase with High Activity on Acetylated Alginate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa FRD1 from Pseudomonas sp. QD03. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-005-7713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Oonuki Y, Yoshida Y, Uchiyama Y, Asari A. Application of fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis to analysis of disaccharides and oligosaccharides derived from glycosaminoglycans. Anal Biochem 2005; 343:212-22. [PMID: 16004957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2004] [Revised: 04/21/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Various combinations of fluorescent dyes, polyacrylamide gels, and electrophoresis buffers were tested by fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE) for the purpose of analyzing sulfated and nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) oligosaccharides in which disaccharides and low-molecular weight oligosaccharides were included. A nonionic fluorescent dye was found to be suitable for analyzing sulfated disaccharides derived from sulfated GAGs (e.g., chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate) because sulfated disaccharides themselves had enough anionic potential for electrophoresis. The migration rates of chondroitin sulfate (CS) disaccharides in polyacrylamide gels were affected by the number of sulfate residues and the conformation of each disaccharide. When an anionic fluorescent dye, 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid disodium salt (ANTS), was coupled with sulfated GAG oligosaccharides, nearly all of the conjugates migrated at the electrophoretic front due to the added anionic potential. Nonsulfated hyaluronan (HA) oligosaccharides (2-16 saccharides) were subjected to electrophoresis by coupling with a nonionic fluorescent dye, 2-aminoacridone (AMAC), but did not migrate in the order of their molecular size. Especially di-, tetra-, hexa-, and octasaccharides of HA migrated in the reverse order of their molecular size. HA/CS oligosaccharides were able to migrate in the order of their chain lengths by coupling with an anionic fluorescent dye in a nonborate condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Oonuki
- Seikagaku Corporation, Central Research Laboratories, 1253, Tateno 3-chome, Higashiyamato-shi, Tokyo 207-0021, Japan.
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30
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Lamb DH, Lei QP, Hakim N, Rizzo S, Cash P. Determination of meningococcal polysaccharides by capillary zone electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 2005; 338:263-9. [PMID: 15745746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Meningococcal polysaccharides are medically important molecules and are the active components of vaccines against Neisseria meningiditis serogroups A, C, W135, and Y. This study demonstrates that free solution capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) using simple phosphate/borate separation buffers is capable of separating intact, native polysaccharides from these four serogroups. Separation appeared to be robust with respect to variations in test conditions and behaved in expected ways with respect to changes in temperature, ionic strength, and addition of an organic modifier. Serogroups W135 and Y are composed of sialic acid residues alternating with either galactose or glucose, respectively. Separation of these serogroups could be achieved using phosphate buffer and was therefore not dependent on differential complexation with borate. Addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate to the separation buffer (i.e., MEKC) resulted in peak splitting for all four serogroups. Changes in polysaccharide size did not affect migration time for the size range examined, but serogroup C polysaccharide (a sialic acid homopolymer) was separable from sialic acid monosaccharide. CZE quantification of multiple lots of each of the four serogroups was compared to wet chemical determination by phosphorus or sialic acid measurement. Results from CZE determination showed good agreement with the wet chemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Lamb
- Analytical Development Group, Aventis Pasteur, Discovery Drive, Swiftwater, PA 18370-0187, USA.
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31
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Matsuno YK, Kinoshita M, Kakehi K. Electrophoretic analysis of di- and oligosaccharides derived from glycosaminoglycans on microchip format. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 36:9-15. [PMID: 15351042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2004] [Revised: 05/19/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microchip electrophoresis is a powerful tool for fast analysis of nucleic acids and has expanded its applicability to the analysis of various biological materials including proteins and carbohydrates. Glycosaminoglycans have intrinsic negative charges, and are good targets for electrophoretic analysis. In the present paper, we developed a method to analyze oligosaccharides and unsaturated disaccharides derived from some glycosaminoglycans after digestion with specific enzymes followed by derivatization with 2-aminoacrydone (AMAC) by reductive amination. The method described here allowed rapid analysis of oligosaccharides derived from glycosaminoglycans within 150 s with high sensitivity. We show an application of the present technique to the glycosaminoglycan analysis in cultured HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ki Matsuno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University Kowakae 3-4-1, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan
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32
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Nair KS, Jaleel A, Asmann YW, Short KR, Raghavakaimal S. Proteomic research: potential opportunities for clinical and physiological investigators. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 286:E863-74. [PMID: 15140753 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00370.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics is the comprehensive and systematic study of proteins, which are functional molecules. Although proteins are products of gene expression, there are more proteins than genes due to the posttranslational modifications of proteins, making the study of proteins difficult. Protein expression is tissue specific, and its function is modulated by variety of factors, including other proteins, phosphates, sulfates, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as other metabolites. Because of the dynamic nature of protein expression and posttranslational modifications, identification and quantification of proteins alone are not sufficient to understand functional changes. Emerging technologies will allow investigators to perform a combination of metabolic labeling and identification as well as quantification and measurement of the synthesis rates of a large number of proteins in a tissue. This offers the opportunity to better understand the regulation of tissue functions. Rapid advances in mass spectrometry, protein purification techniques, isotope labeling of proteins, and bioinformatics are likely to improve our understanding of physiological states and altered functions in diseased states. Such mechanistic information will improve the ability to perform early diagnosis of tumors and other diseases and develop prognostic indexes and novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sreekumaran Nair
- Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Endocrinology Research Unit, Joseph 5-194, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Thanawiroon C, Rice KG, Toida T, Linhardt RJ. Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Sequencing Approach for Highly Sulfated Heparin-derived Oligosaccharides. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:2608-15. [PMID: 14610083 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m304772200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is applied to the analysis of complex mixtures of oligosaccharides obtained through the controlled, heparinase-catalyzed depolymerization of heparin. Reversed-phase ion-pairing chromatography, utilizing a volatile mobile phase, results in the high resolution separation of highly sulfated, heparin-derived oligosaccharides. Simultaneous detection by UV absorbance and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) provides important structural information on the oligosaccharide components of this mixture. Highly sensitive and easily interpretable spectra were obtained through post-column addition of tributylamine in acetonitrile. High resolution mass spectrometry afforded elemental composition of many known and previously unknown heparin-derived oligosaccharides. UV in combination with MS detection led to the identification of oligosaccharides arising from the original non-reducing end (NRE) of the heparin chain. The structural identification of these oligosaccharides provided sequence from a reading frame that begins at the non-reducing terminus of the heparin chain. Interestingly, 16 NRE oligosaccharides are observed, having both an even and an odd number of saccharide residues, most of which are not predicted based on biosynthesis or known pathways of heparin catabolism. Quantification of these NRE oligosaccharides afforded a number-averaged molecular weight consistent with that expected for the pharmaceutical heparin used in this analysis. Molecular ions could be assigned for oligosaccharides as large as a tetradecasaccharide, having a mass of 4625 Da and a net charge of -32. Furthermore, MS detection was demonstrated for oligosaccharides with up to 30 saccharide units having a mass of >10000 Da and a net charge of -60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charuwan Thanawiroon
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Hart C, Schulenberg B, Steinberg TH, Leung WY, Patton WF. Detection of glycoproteins in polyacrylamide gels and on electroblots using Pro-Q Emerald 488 dye, a fluorescent periodate Schiff-base stain. Electrophoresis 2003; 24:588-98. [PMID: 12601726 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200390069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pro-Q Emerald 488 glycoprotein stain reacts with periodic acid-oxidized carbohydrate groups, generating a bright green-fluorescent signal on glycoproteins. The stain permits detection of less than 5-18 ng of glycoprotein per band, depending upon the nature and the degree of protein glycosylation, making it roughly 8-16-fold more sensitive than the standard colorimetric periodic acid-Schiff base method using acidic fuchsin dye (pararosaniline). The green-fluorescent signal from Pro-Q Emerald 488 stain may optimally be visualized using charge-coupled device/xenon arc lamp-based imaging systems or 470-488 nm laser-based gel scanners. Though glycoprotein detection may be performed on transfer membranes, direct detection in gels avoids electroblotting and the specificity of staining is better in gels. After detecting glycoproteins with Pro-Q Emerald 488 dye, total protein profiles may subsequently be detected using SYPRO Ruby protein gel stain. Using computer-assisted registration techniques, images may then be merged to generate differential display maps.
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35
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Lamari FN, Karamanos NK. Separation methods for sialic acids and critical evaluation of their biologic relevance. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 781:3-19. [PMID: 12450650 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids are biosynthesized by almost all organisms as a 9-carbon carboxylated monosaccharide and are integral components of glycoconjugates. More than 40 naturally occurring sialic acid derivatives of the three main forms of sialic acids, the N-acetyl- and N-glycolylneuraminic acid and 2-keto-3-deoxy-nonulosonic acid have been identified. Due to the great importance of sialic acids as key mediators in a plethora of cellular events, including cell-cell recognition and cell-matrix interactions, their analysis in biologic samples is useful for a deeper understanding of the various (patho)physiological processes and of value in disease diagnosis and monitoring. In this review we summarize the methodology developed to isolate and liberate sialic acids from biologic samples as well as the chromatographic, electromigration and hyphenated techniques available for their separation and analysis. A critical evaluation of the biological relevance of the results obtained by analyzing sialic acids in biologic samples is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini N Lamari
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Natural Products, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Patras, 261 10 Patras, Greece
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36
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DeAngelis PL. Evolution of glycosaminoglycans and their glycosyltransferases: Implications for the extracellular matrices of animals and the capsules of pathogenic bacteria. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 2002; 268:317-26. [PMID: 12382327 DOI: 10.1002/ar.10163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (linear polysaccharides with a repeating disaccharide backbone containing an amino sugar) are essential components of extracellular matrices of animals. These complex molecules play important structural, adhesion, and signaling roles in mammals. Direct detection of glycosaminoglycans has been reported in a variety of organisms, but perhaps more definitive tests for the glycosyltransferase genes should be utilized to clarify the distribution of glycosaminoglycans in metazoans. Recently, glycosyltransferases that form the hyaluronan, heparin/heparan, or chondroitin backbone were identified at the molecular level. The three types of glycosyltransferases appear to have evolved independently based on sequence comparisons and other characteristics. All metazoans appear to possess heparin/heparan. Chondroitin is found in some worms, arthropods, and higher animals. Hyaluronan is found only in two of the three main branches of chordates. The presence of several types of glycosaminoglycans in the body allows multiple communication channels and adhesion systems to operate simultaneously. Certain pathogenic bacteria produce extracellular coatings, called capsules, which are composed of glycosaminoglycans that increase their virulence during infection. The capsule helps shield the microbe from the host defenses and/or modulates host physiology. The bacterial and animal polysaccharides are chemically identical or at least very similar. Therefore, no immune response is generated, in contrast to the vast majority of capsular polymers from other bacteria. In microbial systems, it appears that in most cases functional convergent evolution of glycosaminoglycan glycosyltransferases occurred, rather than direct horizontal gene transfer from their vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73104, USA.
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37
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Lamari FN, Militsopoulou M, Mitropoulou TN, Hjerpe A, Karamanos NK. Analysis of glycosaminoglycan-derived disaccharides in biologic samples by capillary electrophoresis and protocol for sequencing glycosaminoglycans. Biomed Chromatogr 2002; 16:95-102. [PMID: 11857642 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are biologically significant carbohydrates which either as free chains (hyaluronan) or constituents of proteoglycans (chondroitin/dermatan sulfates, heparin, heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate) participate and regulate several cellular events and (patho)physiological processes. Capillary electrophoresis, due to its high resolving power and sensitivity, has been successfully used for the analysis of glycosaminoglycans. Determination of compositional characteristics, such as disaccharide sulfation pattern, is a useful prerequisite for elucidating the interactions of glycosaminoglycans with matrix effective molecules and, therefore, essential in understanding the biological functions of proteoglycans. The interest in the field of characterization of such biologically important carbohydrates is soaring and advances in this field will signal a new revolution in the area of glycomics equivalent to that of genomics and proteomics. This review focuses on the capillary electrophoresis methods used to determine the disaccharide pattern of glycosaminoglycans in various biologic samples as well as advances in the sequence analysis of glycosaminoglycans using both chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Lamari
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Natural Products, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Patras, 261 10 Patras, Greece
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Ferro V, Li C, Fewings K, Palermo MC, Linhardt RJ, Toida T. Determination of the composition of the oligosaccharide phosphate fraction of Pichia (Hansenula) holstii NRRL Y-2448 phosphomannan by capillary electrophoresis and HPLC. Carbohydr Res 2002; 337:139-46. [PMID: 11814445 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(01)00300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The promising new anticancer agent, PI-88, is prepared by the sulfonation of the oligosaccharide phosphate fraction of the extracellular phosphomannan produced by the yeast Pichia (Hansenula) holstii NRRL Y-2448. The composition of the oligosaccharide phosphate fraction was determined by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with indirect UV detection using 6 mM potassium sorbate at pH 10.3 as the background electrolyte. Further confirmation of the composition was obtained by HPLC analysis of a sample dephosphorylated by treatment with alkaline phosphatase. The structure of the hexasaccharide component has been determined by isolation and NMR spectroscopic analysis of its dephosphorylated derivative. Additionally, the structure of a second, previously undetected tetrasaccharide component (a hexosamine) has been determined by isolation and NMR spectroscopic analysis of the acetate of its dephosphorylated derivative. It is demonstrated that CE is an ideal method for the quality control of the oligosaccharide phosphate fraction for use in the production of PI-88.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Ferro
- Department of Research & Development, Progen Industries Ltd, PO Box 28, Richlands BC, Qld 4077, Australia.
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39
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Abstract
Heparan sulfate, a highly sulfated polysaccharide, is present on the surface of mammalian cells and in the extracellular matrix in large quantities. The sulfated monosaccharide sequences within heparan sulfate determine the protein binding specificity and regulate biological functions. Numerous viruses and parasites utilize cell surface heparan sulfate as receptors to infect target cells. Due to the structural complexity of heparan sulfate, it was considered a nonspecific cell surface receptor by interacting with the positive motifs of viral proteins. However, recent studies reveal that heparan sulfate plays multiple roles in assisting viral infection, and the activities in promoting viral infections require unique monosaccharide sequences, suggesting that heparan sulfate could serve as a specific receptor for viral infection. The currently available techniques for the structural analysis of heparan sulfate provide essential information about the specific roles of heparan sulfate in assisting viral infections. The knowledge accumulated in this fast growing field will permit us to have a better understanding of the mechanism of viral infection and will lead to the development of new antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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Mitropoulou TN, Lamari F, Syrokou A, Hjerpe A, Karamanos NK. Identification of oligomeric domains within dermatan sulfate chains using differential enzymic treatments, derivatization with 2-aminoacridone and capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:2458-63. [PMID: 11519950 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200107)22:12<2458::aid-elps2458>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Galactosaminoglycans, i.e. dermatan sulfate (DS) and chondroitin sulfate, are linear heteropolysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units of L-iduronic acid (L-IdoA) or D-glucuronic acid (D-GlcA) residues linked to N-acetyl-galactosamine. High-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE or CE) has been successfully used for determining the disaccharide composition of glycosaminoglycans. However, only limited information is available on how to identify oligomeric domains rich in D-GlcA or L-IdoA. The aim of this study was therefore to develop a rapid and accurate CE procedure by which such oligosaccharides can be determined together with the variously sulfated disaccharides. Isolated dermatan sulfates of human origin were separately digested with chondroitinases ABC, AC and B and the enzymic products were derivatized with 2-aminoacridone. CE analysis of these products was performed using a phosphate buffer, pH 3.0, and reversed polarity at 30 kV. The derivatization enabled their detection with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and UV at 260 nm at much higher sensitivity than the detection of nonderivatized delta-saccharides at 232 nm and therefore components undetectable at 232 nm were nicely detected after derivatization. Except for delta-disaccharides, altogether five distinct oligosaccharides with differences in charge density were identified. Depending on the lyase that produced these oligomers, information on the presence of L-IdoA- or D-GlcA-containing domains within the DS chain and the sulfation pattern of these oligomeric domains was obtained. This CE method could also be useful in studying the functional oligomeric domains in galactosaminoglycan chains.
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