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Jahed KR, Saini AK, Sherif SM. Coping with the cold: unveiling cryoprotectants, molecular signaling pathways, and strategies for cold stress resilience. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1246093. [PMID: 37649996 PMCID: PMC10465183 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1246093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature stress significantly threatens crop productivity and economic sustainability. Plants counter this by deploying advanced molecular mechanisms to perceive and respond to cold stress. Transmembrane proteins initiate these responses, triggering a series of events involving secondary messengers such as calcium ions (Ca2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inositol phosphates. Of these, calcium signaling is paramount, activating downstream phosphorylation cascades and the transcription of cold-responsive genes, including cold-regulated (COR) genes. This review focuses on how plants manage freeze-induced damage through dual strategies: cold tolerance and cold avoidance. Tolerance mechanisms involve acclimatization to decreasing temperatures, fostering gradual accumulation of cold resistance. In contrast, avoidance mechanisms rely on cryoprotectant molecules like potassium ions (K+), proline, glycerol, and antifreeze proteins (AFPs). Cryoprotectants modulate intracellular solute concentration, lower the freezing point, inhibit ice formation, and preserve plasma membrane fluidity. Additionally, these molecules demonstrate antioxidant activity, scavenging ROS, preventing protein denaturation, and subsequently mitigating cellular damage. By forming extensive hydrogen bonds with water molecules, cryoprotectants also limit intercellular water movement, minimizing extracellular ice crystal formation, and cell dehydration. The deployment of cryoprotectants is a key adaptive strategy that bolsters plant resilience to cold stress and promotes survival in freezing environments. However, the specific physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying these protective effects remain insufficiently understood. Therefore, this review underscores the need for further research to elucidate these mechanisms and assess their potential impact on crop productivity and sustainability, contributing to the progressive discourse in plant biology and environmental science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sherif M. Sherif
- Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Winchester, VA, United States
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2
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Liu H, Du B, Ma X, Wang Y, Cheng N, Zhang Y. Overexpression of major latex protein 423 (NtMLP423) enhances the chilling stress tolerance in Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 329:111604. [PMID: 36709884 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chilling stress impedes plant growth and hinders crop development and productivity. In this study, we identified the major latex protein (MLP) in tobacco (NtMLP423) and examined its roles in chilling resistance. NtMLP423 expression was considerably upregulated in response to chilling stress. NtMLP423 function was assessed and compared in plants with overexpression and antisense characteristics. Under chilling stress, plants with overexpression characteristics grew better than wild-type and antisense plants. NtMLP423 overexpression reduced membrane lipid damage, increased antioxidant enzyme activity, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation under chilling stress. Here, we screened for the first time the upstream transcription factor NtMYB108, which regulates NtMLP423 expression under chilling stress. The NtMYB108 transcription factor directly binds to the NtMLP423 promoter and improves NtMLP423 resistance to chilling stress. Subjecting NtMYB018 to virus-induced gene silencing reduced chilling stress tolerance. Overall, NtMLP423 overexpression enhances chilling stress tolerance, while its suppression has the opposite effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China; Linyi University, Linyi 276005, Shandong, PR China
| | - Bingyang Du
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaocen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Nini Cheng
- Linyi University, Linyi 276005, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Yuanhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China.
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Wang SC, Liu GZ, Liu FF. Physiological and metabolic toxicity of polystyrene microplastics to Dunaliella salina. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120544. [PMID: 36334776 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of microplastics (MPs) to marine microalgae has raised much concern. However, research at metabolic level is quite limited. In this study, the physiological and metabolic effects of polystyrene (PS) and aged polystyrene (A-PS) MPs on Dunaliella salina were investigated. Both PS and A-PS inhibited the growth of microalgae, but promoted the pigment synthesis in algal cells. The oxidative stress analysis indicated that PS and A-PS induced high production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and caused oxidative damage to algal cells. Particularly, the highest ROS level in PS and A-PS groups were 1.70- and 2.24-fold of that in the control group, respectively. Untargeted metabolomics analysis indicated that PS and A-PS significantly increased the differential metabolites. Compared with the control group, the significant upregulation of glycerophospholipids metabolites illustrated that severe membrane lipid peroxidation occurred in the MPs groups. Metabolic pathways analysis showed that PS and A-PS perturbed the amino acid-related metabolic pathways. In particular, the amino acid biosynthesis and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter pathways were significantly upregulated, thus promoting nitrogen storage and transmembrane transport in Dunaliella salina. Transmembrane transport requires a large amount of ATP; as a result, algal cell division is inhibited. In addition, A-PS stimulated more active glutathione metabolism than PS. These results enrich the understanding of the toxicity of PS MPs to microalgae at the metabolic level, and are helpful for further assessing the ecological impacts of MPs on microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Chun Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
| | - Guang-Zhou Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Fei-Fei Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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Liu X, Lu X, Yang S, Liu Y, Wang W, Wei X, Ji H, Zhang B, Xin W, Wen J, Wang J, Chen Q. Role of exogenous abscisic acid in freezing tolerance of mangrove Kandelia obovata under natural frost condition at near 32 °N. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:593. [PMID: 36529723 PMCID: PMC9762092 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03990-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mangroves possess substantial ecological, social, and economic functions in tropical and subtropical coastal wetlands. Kandelia obovata is the most cold-resistance species among mangrove plants, with a widespread distribution in China that ranges from Sanya (18° 12' N) to Wenzhou (28° 20' N). Here, we explored the temporal variations in physiological status and transcriptome profiling of K. obovata under natural frost conditions at ~ 32oN, as well as the positive role of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) in cold resistance. RESULTS The soluble sugar (SS) and proline (Pro) functioned under freezing stress, of which SS was more important for K. obovata. Consistently, up-regulated DEGs responding to low temperature were significantly annotated to glycometabolism, such as starch and sucrose metabolism and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. Notably, the top 2 pathways of KEGG enrichment were phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis. For the antioxidant system, POD in conjunction with CAT removed hydrogen peroxide, and CAT appeared to be more important. The up-regulated DEGs responding to low temperature and ABA were also found to be enriched in arginine and proline metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, and peroxisome. Moreover, ABA triggered the expression of P5CS and P5CR, but inhibited the ProDH expression, which might contribute to Pro accumulation. Interestingly, there was no significant change in malondialdehyde (MDA) content during the cold event (P > 0.05), suggesting foliar application of ABA effectively alleviated the adverse effects of freezing stress on K. obovata by activating the antioxidant enzyme activity and increasing osmolytes accumulation, such as Pro, and the outcome was proportional to ABA concentration. CONCLUSIONS This study deepened our understanding of the physiological characters and molecular mechanisms underlying the response of K. obovata to natural frost conditions and exogenous ABA at the field level, which could provide a sound theoretical foundation for expanding mangroves plantations in higher latitudes, as well as the development coastal landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Innovation and Utilization, Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, 325005, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Innovation and Utilization, Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, 325005, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Innovation and Utilization, Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, 325005, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Innovation and Utilization, Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, 325005, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Innovation and Utilization, Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, 325005, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongjiu Ji
- Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, 226007, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, 325060, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenzhen Xin
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Innovation and Utilization, Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, 325005, Zhejiang, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junxiu Wen
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Innovation and Utilization, Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, 325005, Zhejiang, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinwang Wang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Innovation and Utilization, Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, 325005, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qiuxia Chen
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Innovation and Utilization, Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, 325005, Zhejiang, China.
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Shrestha A, Fendel A, Nguyen TH, Adebabay A, Kullik AS, Benndorf J, Leon J, Naz AA. Natural diversity uncovers P5CS1 regulation and its role in drought stress tolerance and yield sustainability in barley. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:3523-3536. [PMID: 36130879 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Proline accumulation is one of the major responses of plants to many abiotic stresses. However, the significance of proline accumulation for drought stress tolerance remains enigmatic in crop plants. First, we examined the natural variation of the pyrolline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS1) among 49 barley genotypes. Allele mining identified a previously unknown allelic series that showed polymorphisms at 42 cis-elements across the P5CS1 promoter. Selected haplotypes had quantitative variation in P5CS1 gene expression and proline accumulation, putatively influenced by both abscisic acid-dependent and independent pathways under drought stress. Next, we introgressed the P5CS1 allele from a high proline accumulating wild barley accession ISR42-8 into cultivar Scarlett developing a near-isogenic line (NIL-143). NIL-143 accumulated higher proline concentrations than Scarlett under drought stress at seedling and reproductive stages. Under drought stress, NIL-143 showed less pigment damage, sustained photosynthetic health, and higher drought stress recovery compared to Scarlett. Further, the drought-induced damage to yield-related traits, mainly thousand-grain weight, was lower in NIL-143 compared with Scarlett in field conditions. Our data uncovered new variants of the P5CS1 promoter and the significance of the increased proline accumulation regulated by the P5CS1 allele of ISR42-8 in drought stress tolerance and yield stability in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asis Shrestha
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Fendel
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thuy H Nguyen
- Department of Crop Science, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anteneh Adebabay
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annika Stina Kullik
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Benndorf
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Leon
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ali A Naz
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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6
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Cruz C, Cardoso P, Santos J, Matos D, Figueira E. Bioprospecting Soil Bacteria from Arid Zones to Increase Plant Tolerance to Drought: Growth and Biochemical Status of Maize Inoculated with Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria Isolated from Sal Island, Cape Verde. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11212912. [PMID: 36365367 PMCID: PMC9656834 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and anthropogenic activities are responsible for extensive crop yield losses, with negative impact on global agricultural production. The occurrence of extreme weather events such as drought is a big challenge for agriculture, negatively impacting crops. Thus, methodologies reducing crop dependence on water will be a great advantage. Plant roots are colonized by soil bacteria, that can establish beneficial associations with plants, increasing crop productivity and plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. The aim of this study was to promote plant growth and to increase crop tolerance to drought by inoculation with osmotolerant bacterial strains. For that, bacteria were isolated from plants growing in Sal Island (Cape Verde) and identified. The osmotolerance and plant-growth promotion (PGP) abilities of the strains were determined. A maize seed cultivar tolerant to drought was inoculated with the strains evidencing best PGP capacity and osmo-tolerance. Results evidenced the ability of some bacterial strains increasing the development and inducing osmotolerance in plants. These results evidence the potential of osmotolerant bacteria to further increase the level of tolerance of maize varieties tolerant to drought, decreasing the dependence of this crop on irrigation, and open new perspectives to growth maize in drought affected areas and to use water more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Cruz
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paulo Cardoso
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jacinta Santos
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diana Matos
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Etelvina Figueira
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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7
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Ghosh UK, Islam MN, Siddiqui MN, Cao X, Khan MAR. Proline, a multifaceted signalling molecule in plant responses to abiotic stress: understanding the physiological mechanisms. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:227-239. [PMID: 34796604 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses have a detrimental impact on plant growth and productivity and are a major threat to sustainable crop production in rapidly changing environments. Proline, an important amino acid, plays an important role in maintaining the metabolism and growth of plants under abiotic stress conditions. Many insights indicate a positive relationship between proline accumulation and tolerance of plants to various abiotic stresses. Because of its metal chelator properties, it acts as a molecular chaperone, an antioxidative defence molecule that scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as having signalling behaviour to activate specific gene functions that are crucial for plant recovery from stresses. It also acts as an osmoprotectant, a potential source to acquire nitrogen as well as carbon, and plays a significant role in the flowering and development of plants. Overproduction of proline in plant cells contributes to maintaining cellular homeostasis, water uptake, osmotic adjustment and redox balance to restore the cell structures and mitigate oxidative damage. Many reports reveal that transgenic plants, particularly those overexpressing genes tailored for proline accumulation, exhibit better adaptation to abiotic stresses. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive update on proline biosynthesis and accumulation in plants and its putative regulatory roles in mediating plant defence against abiotic stresses. Additionally, the current and future directions in research concerning manipulation of proline to induce gene functions that appear promising in genetics and genomics approaches to improve plant adaptive responses under changing climate conditions are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- U K Ghosh
- Department of Agronomy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - M N Islam
- Department of Agro-Processing, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - M N Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)-Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - X Cao
- School of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, China
| | - M A R Khan
- Department of Agronomy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
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8
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Costa EN, Sardinha de Souza BH, Ribeiro ZA, Dos Santos DMM, Boiça AL. Tolerance in Maize Landraces to Diabrotica speciosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Larvae and Its Relationship to Plant Pigments, Compatible Osmolytes, and Vigor. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:377-386. [PMID: 33399202 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The rootworm Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) is native to South America and causes severe economic losses to several crops due to root feeding and disease spread. In maize (Zea mays L.), losses in production come from larval rootworm attack on plant roots resulting in plant health problems, including stalk lodging. More options for controlling this pest are needed to create well balanced, integrated pest management programs for farmers in this region. Natural sources of tolerance in maize genotypes are important for maize breeding programs, and this study investigated the expression of tolerance in several Brazilian maize landraces to D. speciosa. Plant vigor and compounds associated with plant health, including chlorophylls, carotenoids, glycine betaine, and proline were assessed for each landrace. Five landraces and one maize cultivar were selected based on their levels of antibiosis-resistance to D. speciosa that were determined in a prior screening. The percent reduction in plant growth was used as the measure of tolerance. The landrace Azteca was classified as tolerant to D. speciosa larval feeding, displaying less reduction in plant matter despite having lower plant vigor. This landrace also had higher amounts of chlorophyl and carotenoid pigments, suggesting a positive correlation between tolerance to D. speciosa and higher contents of these photosynthetic pigments. The compatible osmolytes glycine betaine and proline do not seem to be associated with tolerance in maize landraces to D. speciosa larvae. Landrace Azteca seems promising for plant breeding, and repeated field studies are needed to confirm its suitability in maize integrated pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Neves Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Ciências da Produção Agrícola, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Bruno Henrique Sardinha de Souza
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Ciências da Produção Agrícola, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Zulene Antônio Ribeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Ciências da Produção Agrícola, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Durvalina Maria Mathias Dos Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Arlindo Leal Boiça
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Ciências da Produção Agrícola, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Lirio S, Shih YH, So PB, Liu LH, Yen YT, Furukawa S, Liu WL, Huang HY, Lin CH. Fast multipoint immobilization of lipase through chiral L-proline on a MOF as a chiral bioreactor. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:1866-1873. [PMID: 33470994 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04081a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the facile preparation of a chiral catalyst by the combination of the amino acid, l-proline (Pro), and the enzyme, porcine pancreas lipase (PPL), immobilized on a microporous metal-organic framework (PPL-Pro@MOF). The multipoint immobilization of PPL onto the MOF is made possible with the aid of Pro, which also provided a chiral environment for enhanced enantioselectivity. The application of the microporous MOF is pivotal in maintaining the catalytic activity of PPL, wherein it prevented the leaching of Pro during the catalytic reaction, leading to the enhanced activity of PPL. The prepared biocatalyst was applied in asymmetric carbon-carbon bond formation, demonstrating the potential of this simple approach for chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Lirio
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Han Shih
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
| | - Pamela Berilyn So
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ting Yen
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Wan-Ling Liu
- College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Ya Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Her Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Sec. 4, Ting-Chow Rd., Taipei, 11676, Taiwan.
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10
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Abdel Latef AAH, Dawood MFA, Hassanpour H, Rezayian M, Younes NA. Impact of the Static Magnetic Field on Growth, Pigments, Osmolytes, Nitric Oxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Activity, Antioxidant Defense System, and Yield in Lettuce. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E172. [PMID: 32709036 PMCID: PMC7408432 DOI: 10.3390/biology9070172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic fields are an unavoidable physical factor affecting living organisms. Lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa var. cabitat L.) were subjected to various intensities of the static magnetic field (SMF) viz., MF0 (control), SMF1 (0.44 Tesla (T), SMF2 (0.77 T), and SMF3 (1 T) for three exposure times (1, 2, and 3 h). SMF-treated seedlings showed induction in growth parameters and metabolism comparing to control. All photosynthetic pigments were induced markedly under SMF, especially chlorophyll a. SMF at different intensities boosted osmolytes, non-enzymatic antioxidants, and the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity over non-magnetized seedlings. Oxidative damage criteria viz., hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical, and lipid peroxidation, as well as polyphenol oxidase activity, were kept at low values under SMF-treated seeds relative to control, especially SMF2. Electron donors to antioxidant enzymes including nitrate reductase, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide induced via SMF exposure and consequently the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferases, catalase, and peroxidases family enzymes were also stimulated under SMF, whatever the intensity or the exposure period applied. All these regulations reflected on the enhancement of lettuce yield production which reached 50% over the control at SMF3. Our findings offered that SMF-seed priming is an innovative and low-cost strategy that can improve the growth, bioactive constituents, and yield of lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef
- Biology Department, Turabah University College, Turabah Branch, Taif University, Taif 21995, Saudi Arabia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Mona F. A. Dawood
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt;
| | - Halimeh Hassanpour
- Aerospace Research Institute, Ministry of Science Research and Technology, Tehran 14665-834, Iran;
| | - Maryam Rezayian
- Department of Plant Biology, and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms in Iran, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6455, Iran;
| | - Nabil A. Younes
- Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt;
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Hosseini Tafreshi SA, Aghaie P, Toghyani MA, Ramazani-Moghaddam-Arani A. Improvement of ionizing gamma irradiation tolerance of Chlorella vulgaris by pretreatment with polyethylene glycol. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:919-928. [PMID: 32159411 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1741717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 pretreatment on growth and physiological responses of eukaryotic microalga Chlorella vulgaris exposed to ionizing irradiation.Materials and methods: The microalgal cells pretreated with different PEG concentrations (0, 5, 10 and 20%) and then exposed to 300 Gray gamma irradiation at a dose rate of 0.5 Gy s-1. The various growth and physiological parameters including algal growth, cell size, the degree of electrolyte leakage (EL) and lipid peroxidation, the content of pigments and proline and the activity of antioxidant enzymes under gamma-free or 300 Gray gamma irradiation conditions were examined.Results: The results showed that PEG stimulated a higher growth and cell size under both stress-free and gamma-stress conditions. The maximum growth and cell size was reported when the algae was pretreated with 10% PEG. A relative increase of catalase activity was observed in all samples after exposing to gamma irradiation. However, the highest value was recorded for the gamma-radiated algae pretreated with 10% PEG. In the absence of PEG, gamma irradiation induced a significant reduction in ascorbate peroxidase activity, but with PEG pretreatment, the enzyme activity remained constant or even increased after gamma irradiation. On the other hand, although gamma irradiation stress generally suppressed the activity of superoxide dismutase in all cells, pretreating the algae with PEG could diminish this suppressing effect at all applied concentrations. Compared to the PEG-free controls, a lower rate of chlorophylls and membrane integrity loss was shown in the PEG-treated algae when exposed to gamma stress. Total carotenoid content in PEG-treated algae was also similar under both gamma-free and gamma-radiated conditions. A PEG-independent increase in proline accumulation was reported under gamma-irradiation treatment.Conclusions: Overall, the results suggested that PEG pretreatment could improve gamma-irradiation tolerance in C. vulgaris probably by stimulating a range of enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactive oxygen species scavenging systems. The microalgae may also consume PEG to break down and use it as an alternative source of carbon during stress which should be further studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ali Hosseini Tafreshi
- Biotechnology Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Peyman Aghaie
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Che-Othman MH, Jacoby RP, Millar AH, Taylor NL. Wheat mitochondrial respiration shifts from the tricarboxylic acid cycle to the GABA shunt under salt stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1166-1180. [PMID: 30688365 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiration and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity are required during salt stress in plants to provide ATP and reductants for adaptive processes such as ion exclusion, compatible solute synthesis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification. However, there is a poor mechanistic understanding of how salinity affects mitochondrial metabolism, particularly respiratory substrate source. To determine the mechanism of respiratory changes under salt stress in wheat leaves, we conducted an integrated analysis of metabolite content, respiratory rate and targeted protein abundance measurements. Also, we investigated the direct effect of salt on mitochondrial enzyme activities. Salt-treated wheat leaves exhibit higher respiration rate and extensive metabolite changes. The activity of the TCA cycle enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex were shown to be directly salt-sensitive. Multiple lines of evidence showed that the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt was activated under salt treatment. During salt exposure, key metabolic enzymes required for the cyclic operation of the TCA cycle are physiochemically inhibited by salt. This inhibition is overcome by increased GABA shunt activity, which provides an alternative carbon source for mitochondria that bypasses salt-sensitive enzymes, to facilitate the increased respiration of wheat leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hafiz Che-Othman
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre of Biotechnology and Functional Food, Faculty of Science and Technology, The National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia
| | - Richard P Jacoby
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - A Harvey Millar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Nicolas L Taylor
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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13
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Fedotova MV. Compatible osmolytes - bioprotectants: Is there a common link between their hydration and their protective action under abiotic stresses? J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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14
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Abstract
The pharmaceutical and chemical industries depend on additives to protect enzymes and other proteins against stresses that accompany their manufacture, transport, and storage. Common stresses include vacuum-drying, freeze-thawing, and freeze-drying. The additives include sugars, compatible osmolytes, amino acids, synthetic polymers, and both globular and disordered proteins. Scores of studies have been published on protection, but the data have never been analyzed systematically. To spur efforts to understand the sources of protection and ultimately develop more effective formulations, we review ideas about the mechanisms of protection, survey the literature searching for patterns of protection, and then compare the ideas to the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Piszkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gary J. Pielak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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15
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Sharma A, Shahzad B, Kumar V, Kohli SK, Sidhu GPS, Bali AS, Handa N, Kapoor D, Bhardwaj R, Zheng B. Phytohormones Regulate Accumulation of Osmolytes Under Abiotic Stress. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E285. [PMID: 31319576 PMCID: PMC6680914 DOI: 10.3390/biom9070285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants face a variety of abiotic stresses, which generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ultimately obstruct normal growth and development of plants. To prevent cellular damage caused by oxidative stress, plants accumulate certain compatible solutes known as osmolytes to safeguard the cellular machinery. The most common osmolytes that play crucial role in osmoregulation are proline, glycine-betaine, polyamines, and sugars. These compounds stabilize the osmotic differences between surroundings of cell and the cytosol. Besides, they also protect the plant cells from oxidative stress by inhibiting the production of harmful ROS like hydroxyl ions, superoxide ions, hydrogen peroxide, and other free radicals. The accumulation of osmolytes is further modulated by phytohormones like abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, ethylene, jasmonates, and salicylic acid. It is thus important to understand the mechanisms regulating the phytohormone-mediated accumulation of osmolytes in plants during abiotic stresses. In this review, we have discussed the underlying mechanisms of phytohormone-regulated osmolyte accumulation along with their various functions in plants under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Babar Shahzad
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Botany, DAV University, Sarmastpur, Jalandhar 144012, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
- Plant Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botanical & Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Gagan Preet Singh Sidhu
- Department of Environment Education, Government College of Commerce and Business Administration, Chandigarh 160047, India
| | | | - Neha Handa
- School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Dhriti Kapoor
- School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Plant Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botanical & Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Bingsong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
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16
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Bownik A, Szabelak A, Kulińska M, Wałęka M. Effects of L-proline on swimming parameters of Daphnia magna subjected to heat stress. J Therm Biol 2019; 84:154-163. [PMID: 31466748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
L-proline (L-PROL) is an essential amino acid, a constituent of many proteins and the osmoprotective molecule produced and accumulated in higher plants and some freshwater microalgae in response to various environmental stressors. Knowledge on thermoprotective effects of this amino acid on freshwater invertebrates is very scarce. Therefore the aim of our study was to determine the effect of L-PROL at concentrations: 10 mg/L, 20 mg/L and 50 mg/L on swimming behavior (immobilization, swimming track density, swimming speed, turning ability) of Daphnia magna subjected to temperatures: 22 °C, 35 °C and 38 °C. We found that L-PROL elevated all the measured swimming parameters at 22 °C when compared to the untreated crustaceans. Furthermore, L-PROL alleviated heat-induced inhibition of these parameters in the experimental animals subjected to 35 °C. The results suggest that L-PROL stimulates swimming performance and alleviates alterations of swimming parameters induced by heat stress in D. magna. Moreover, these findings may support the hypothesis that in natural conditions, L-PROL may protect crustaceans against thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bownik
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Szabelak
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kulińska
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Wałęka
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland
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17
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Rani A, Taha M, Venkatesu P, Lee MJ. Coherent Experimental and Simulation Approach To Explore the Underlying Mechanism of Denaturation of Stem Bromelain in Osmolytes. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:6456-6470. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b01776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjeeta Rani
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Mohamed Taha
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 36, PC 123 Muscat, Oman
| | | | - Ming- Jer Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science & Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
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18
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Dmitrieva OA, Fedotova MV, Buchner R. Evidence for cooperative Na+ and Cl− binding by strongly hydrated l-proline. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:20474-20483. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04335j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Strongly hydrated l-proline cooperatively binds Na+ and Cl− ions in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Dmitrieva
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 153045 Ivanovo
- Russian Federation
| | - Marina V. Fedotova
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 153045 Ivanovo
- Russian Federation
| | - Richard Buchner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Universität Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
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19
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Proline hydration at low temperatures: its role in the protection of cell from freeze-induced stress. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1685-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Evaluation of etanercept degradation under oxidative stress and potential protective effects of various amino acids. Int J Pharm 2015; 492:127-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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21
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Singh M, Pratap Singh V, Dubey G, Mohan Prasad S. Exogenous proline application ameliorates toxic effects of arsenate in Solanum melongena L. seedlings. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 117:164-73. [PMID: 25881134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Hydroponic experiments were conducted to investigate an effect of exogenous application of proline (Pro; 25 µM) in alleviating arsenate (As(V); 5 and 25 µM) toxicity in Solanum melongena L. (eggplant) seedlings. Exposure of As(V) declined growth of eggplant, which was coincided with an enhanced accumulation of As. However, exogenous Pro application alleviated As(V) toxicity in eggplant seedlings by reducing the accumulation of As. The fluorescence characteristics (JIP-test): φP0, Ψ0, φE0, PIABS, ABS/RC, TR0/RC, ET0/RC, DI0/RC, NPQ and qP were also affected by As(V). However, the effects of As(V) were more prominent on PIABS DI0/RC and NPQ. In Pro treated seedlings, following parameters viz. φP0, Ψ0, φE0 and PIABS were stimulated, while, energy flux parameters (ABS/RC, TR0/RC, ET0/RC and DI0/RC) were inhibited. Toxic effects of As(V) on photochemistry of photosystem II (PS II) were ameliorated by an exogenous application of Pro. Oxidative stress markers: superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde (lipid peroxidation) were enhanced by As(V) exposure, however, their levels were significantly diminished by an exogenous application of Pro. Treatment of As(V) stimulated the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase except that of glutathione-S-transferase. Exogenous Pro application improved the activities of enzymatic antioxidants. The level of endogenous Pro was higher in As(V) treated as well as in Pro fed seedlings. The activity of a key enzyme of Pro biosynthesis: Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase was higher in Pro fed seedlings. The activity of Pro dehydrogenase was inhibited under As(V) stress, and its activity was minimum in case of Pro+As(V) combination. These results indicate that Pro metabolism could play a key role in regulating the accumulation of As and levels of antioxidants, which concomitantly result into a better growth of eggplant seedlings when compared to the As(V) treatments alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhulika Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211 002, India
| | - Vijay Pratap Singh
- Govt. Ramanuj Pratap Singhdev Post Graduate College, Baikunthpur, Koriya 497 335, Chhattisgarh, India.
| | - Gunjan Dubey
- Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Sheo Mohan Prasad
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211 002, India.
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22
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Senthil K, Thirugnanasambantham P, Oh TJ, Kim SH, Choi HK. Free radical scavenging activity and comparative metabolic profiling of in vitro cultured and field grown Withania somnifera roots. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123360. [PMID: 25874568 PMCID: PMC4397045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radical scavenging activity (FRSA), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) of in vitro cultured and field grown Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) roots were investigated. Withanolides analysis and comprehensive metabolic profiling between 100% methanol extracts of in vitro and field grown root tissues was performed using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. Significantly higher levels of FRSA, TPC, and TFC were observed in in-vitro cultured roots compared with field grown samples. In addition, 30 day-cultured in vitro root samples (1MIR) exhibited a significantly higher FRSA (IC50 81.01 μg/mL), TPC (118.91 mg GAE/g), and TFC (32.68 mg CE/g) compared with those in 45 day-cultured samples (1.5MIR). Total of 29 metabolites were identified in in vitro cultured and field grown roots by GC-MS analysis. The metabolites included alcohols, organic acids, purine, pyrimidine, sugars, and putrescine. Vanillic acid was only observed in the in vitro cultured root samples, and higher level of the vanillic acid was observed in 1MIR when compared to 1.5MIR. Therefore, it is suggested that 1MIR might serve as an alternative to field grown roots for the development of medicinal and functional food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaiselvi Senthil
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam University for Women, Coimbatore, 641043, India
| | | | - Taek Joo Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156–756, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156–756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Kyoon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156–756, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Slama I, Abdelly C, Bouchereau A, Flowers T, Savouré A. Diversity, distribution and roles of osmoprotective compounds accumulated in halophytes under abiotic stress. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:433-47. [PMID: 25564467 PMCID: PMC4332610 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Osmolytes are low-molecular-weight organic solutes, a broad group that encompasses a variety of compounds such as amino acids, tertiary sulphonium and quaternary ammonium compounds, sugars and polyhydric alcohols. Osmolytes are accumulated in the cytoplasm of halophytic species in order to balance the osmotic potential of the Na(+) and Cl(-) accumulated in the vacuole. The advantages of the accumulation of osmolytes are that they keep the main physiological functions of the cell active, the induction of their biosynthesis is controlled by environmental cues, and they can be synthesized at all developmental stages. In addition to their role in osmoregulation, osmolytes have crucial functions in protecting subcellular structures and in scavenging reactive oxygen species. SCOPE This review discusses the diversity of osmolytes among halophytes and their distribution within taxonomic groups, the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence their accumulation, and their role in osmoregulation and osmoprotection. Increasing the osmolyte content in plants is an interesting strategy to improve the growth and yield of crops upon exposure to salinity. Examples of transgenic plants as well as exogenous applications of some osmolytes are also discussed. Finally, the potential use of osmolytes in protein stabilization and solvation in biotechnology, including the pharmaceutical industry and medicine, are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès Slama
- Laboratoire des Plantes Extremophiles, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cedria (CBBC), BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia, UMR 1349 IGEPP, INRA/Agrocampus Ouest/Université de Rennes 1, Domaine de la Motte, BP 35327, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QG, UK and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Adaptation de Plantes aux Contraintes Environnementales, URF5, Case 156, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Chedly Abdelly
- Laboratoire des Plantes Extremophiles, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cedria (CBBC), BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia, UMR 1349 IGEPP, INRA/Agrocampus Ouest/Université de Rennes 1, Domaine de la Motte, BP 35327, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QG, UK and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Adaptation de Plantes aux Contraintes Environnementales, URF5, Case 156, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Alain Bouchereau
- Laboratoire des Plantes Extremophiles, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cedria (CBBC), BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia, UMR 1349 IGEPP, INRA/Agrocampus Ouest/Université de Rennes 1, Domaine de la Motte, BP 35327, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QG, UK and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Adaptation de Plantes aux Contraintes Environnementales, URF5, Case 156, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Tim Flowers
- Laboratoire des Plantes Extremophiles, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cedria (CBBC), BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia, UMR 1349 IGEPP, INRA/Agrocampus Ouest/Université de Rennes 1, Domaine de la Motte, BP 35327, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QG, UK and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Adaptation de Plantes aux Contraintes Environnementales, URF5, Case 156, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Arnould Savouré
- Laboratoire des Plantes Extremophiles, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cedria (CBBC), BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia, UMR 1349 IGEPP, INRA/Agrocampus Ouest/Université de Rennes 1, Domaine de la Motte, BP 35327, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QG, UK and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Adaptation de Plantes aux Contraintes Environnementales, URF5, Case 156, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris cedex 05, France
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Busch S, Lorenz CD, Taylor J, Pardo LC, McLain SE. Short-Range Interactions of Concentrated Proline in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:14267-77. [DOI: 10.1021/jp508779d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Busch
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Luis Carlos Pardo
- Departament
de Física i Enginyeria Nuclear, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sylvia E. McLain
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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25
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Wase N, Pham TK, Ow SY, Wright PC. Quantitative analysis of UV-A shock and short term stress using iTRAQ, pseudo selective reaction monitoring (pSRM) and GC-MS based metabolite analysis of the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133. J Proteomics 2014; 109:332-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Khan TA, Fariduddin Q, Yusuf M, Ahmad A. Low-Temperature Triggered Varied Antioxidant Responses in Tomato. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19315260.2014.881453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Schertl P, Cabassa C, Saadallah K, Bordenave M, Savouré A, Braun HP. Biochemical characterization of proline dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis mitochondria. FEBS J 2014; 281:2794-804. [PMID: 24751239 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Proline has multiple functions in plants. Besides being a building block for protein biosynthesis proline plays a central role in the plant stress response and in further cellular processes. Here, we report an analysis on the integration of proline dehydrogenase (ProDH) into mitochondrial metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. An experimental system to induce ProDH activity was established using cell cultures. Induction of ProDH was measured by novel photometric activity assays and by a ProDH in gel activity assay. Effects of increased ProDH activity on other mitochondrial enzymes were systematically investigated. Activities of the protein complexes of the respiratory chain were not significantly altered. In contrast, some mitochondrial dehydrogenases had markedly changed activities. Activity of glutamate dehydrogenase substantially increased, indicating upregulation of the entire proline catabolic pathway, which was confirmed by co-expression analyses of the corresponding genes. Furthermore, activity of d-lactate dehydrogenase was increased. d-lactate was identified to be a competitive inhibitor of ProDH in plants. We suggest that induction of d-lactate dehydrogenase activity allows rapid upregulation of ProDH activity during the short-term stress response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schertl
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Plant Proteomics, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
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Ings J, Mur LAJ, Robson PRH, Bosch M. Physiological and growth responses to water deficit in the bioenergy crop Miscanthus x giganteus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:468. [PMID: 24324474 PMCID: PMC3839294 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
High yielding perennial biomass crops of the species Miscanthus are widely recognized as one of the most promising lignocellulosic feedstocks for the production of bioenergy and bioproducts. Miscanthus is a C4 grass and thus has relatively high water use efficiency. Cultivated Miscanthus comprises primarily of a single clone, Miscanthus x giganteus, a sterile hybrid between M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis. M. x giganteus is high yielding and expresses desirable combinations of many traits present in the two parental species types; however, it responds poorly to low water availability. To identify the physiological basis of the response to water stress in M. x giganteus and to identify potential targets for breeding improvements we characterized the physiological responses to water-deficit stress in a pot experiment. The experiment has provided valuable insights into the temporal aspects of drought-induced responses of M. x giganteus. Withholding water resulted in marked changes in plant physiology with growth-associated traits among the first affected, the most rapid response being a decline in the rate of stem elongation. A reduction in photosynthetic performance was among the second set of changes observed; indicated by a decrease in stomatal conductance followed by decreases in chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content. Measures reflecting the plant water status were among the last affected by the drought treatment. Metabolite analysis indicated that proline was a drought stress marker in M. x giganteus, metabolites in the proline synthesis pathway were more abundant when stomatal conductance decreased and dry weight accumulation ceased. The outcomes of this study in terms of drought-induced physiological changes, accompanied by a proof-of-concept metabolomics investigation, provide a platform for identifying targets for improved drought-tolerance of the Miscanthus bioenergy crop.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul R. H. Robson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
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Sneha S, Rishi A, Dadhich A, Chandra S. Effect of salinity on seed germination, accumulation of proline and free amino acid in Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. Pak J Biol Sci 2013; 16:877-81. [PMID: 24498842 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2013.877.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is a major threat to agriculture, plants exhibits a variety of responses to salt stress that enable them to tolerate and survive in such conditions. Salinity affects physiological and biochemical processes in plants. A short term salt stress induced physiological and biochemical response were observed in P. glaucum. The experiment was conducted to understand the influence of salinity on seed germination, proline and free amino acid accumulation in P. glaucum. It was observed that as the salt concentration increased the germination percentage decreased as compared to control as well as the root/shoot length also decreased. This suggests that salinity greatly influences the germination as well as the plant growth. The levels ofbiochemical components proline and free amino acid were measured during the salt stressed condition. The 14 days old seedlings were subjected to 4 salt treatments (50, 100, 150 and 200 mM NaCI), free proline and free amino acids was calculated at 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96th hour. Proline and free amino acid content in the salt stressed tissues increased with increase in salt concentration as well as with duration of salt stress. This result suggests that proline and free amino acid acids acts as compatible solutes in P. glaucum to protect the cellular macromolecules, maintain the osmotic balance and also scavenge the free radicals under salt stressed condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Sneha
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women's University, Jaipur-303007, India
| | - Anirudha Rishi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women's University, Jaipur-303007, India
| | - Amit Dadhich
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women's University, Jaipur-303007, India
| | - Subhash Chandra
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women's University, Jaipur-303007, India
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Ben Rejeb K, Abdelly C, Savouré A. [Proline, a multifunctional amino-acid involved in plant adaptation to environmental constraints]. Biol Aujourdhui 2013; 206:291-9. [PMID: 23419256 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2012030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In addition to its role in primary metabolism as a component of proteins, proline is one of the most widely distributed compatible solutes that accumulates in plants during adverse environmental constraints and plays an important role in plant stress tolerance. Proline was proposed to act as stabilizer for proteins and macromolecular complexes, scavenger of free radicals and regulator of cellular redox potential. Intracellular proline concentration depends on a tight regulation between its biosynthesis and catabolism. However the exact role of proline and the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of its metabolism are not completely known yet. Investigation of proline metabolism in model plants would allow to acquire information about the diversity of the mechanisms developed by plants to overcome environmental constraints and to establish some reliable tools for the improvement of crop tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilani Ben Rejeb
- Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, UR5, EAC 7180 CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UPMC, Case 156, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Doltchinkova V, Angelova P, Ivanova E, Djilianov D, Moyankova D, Konstantinova T, Atanassov A. Surface electric charge of thylakoid membranes from genetically modified tobacco plants under freezing stress. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2013; 119:22-30. [PMID: 23298695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we characterize for the first time electrokinetic and light scattering properties of thylakoids from freezing-tolerant tobacco plants, transformed to accumulate osmoprotectants (proline: AtP5Cs, VacP5Cs; fructan: SacB; glycine betaine: codA). Tobacco plants of wild type (WT) and transformed variants were cultivated at 2°C (cold acclimated) and -2°C (freezing stressed). "Lower salt" thylakoids (I=0.0006) of WT and SacB plants exhibited a decrease in electrophoretic mobility (EPM) after (2°C) treatment. AtP5Cs thylakoids (22°C) show a substantial increase in negative electrical charge (σ) upon illumination. We observed that "low salt"SacB thylakoids at 22°C and 2°C increased the σ on their membrane surfaces during the process of acclimation. WT (22°C) and AtP5Cs thylakoids (2°C) in "low salt" media (I=0.0156) showed a substantial increase in surface electrical charge upon illumination. Cold acclimation on WT and freezing stress on transformed plants resulted in a decrease in aggregation of thylakoids at both ionic strengths. There was a large enhancement in the relaxation capacity of reverse photosynthetic reactions in codA and SacB tobacco after freezing stress. Maximal intensity of the delayed light emission following low temperature stimuli was decreased, revealing a path for tobacco transformants to improve their cold stress tolerance. Here, we suggest the EPM value as an indicator for stability of thylakoids undergone genetic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virjinia Doltchinkova
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Faculty of Biology, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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A study of proline metabolism in canola (Brassica napus L.) seedlings under salt stress. Molecules 2012; 17:5803-15. [PMID: 22592086 PMCID: PMC6268620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17055803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression analysis of crop plants has improved our knowledge about the veiled underlying mechanisms for salt tolerance. In order to observe the time course effects of salinity stress on gene expression for enzymes regulating proline metabolism, we comparatively analyzed the expression of specific genes for proline metabolism in root and shoot tissues of salt-tolerant (cv. Dunkled) and salt-sensitive (cv. Cyclone) canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars through reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); following the NaCl treatment for various durations. Both lines showed an increase in Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase1 (P5CS1) gene expression after induction of salt stress with enhanced expression in the root tissue of the tolerant line, while maximum expression was noted in the shoot tissues of the sensitive line. We observed a much reduced proline dehydrogenase (PDH) expression in both the root and shoot tissues of both canola lines, with more marked reduction of PDH expression in the shoot tissues than that in the root ones. To confirm the increase in P5CS1 gene expression, total proline content was also measured in the root and shoot tissues of both the canola lines. The root tissues of canola sensitive line showed a gradually increasing proline concentration pattern with regular increase in salinity treatment, while an increase in proline concentration in the tolerant line was noted at 24 h post salinity treatment after a sudden decrease at 6 h and 12 h of salt treatment. A gradually increasing concentration of free proline content was found in shoot tissues of the tolerant canola line though a remarkable increase in proline concentration was noted in the sensitive canola line at 24 h post salinity treatment, indicating the initiation of proline biosynthesis process in that tissue of sensitive canola.
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Wani AS, Irfan M, Hayat S, Ahmad A. Response of two mustard (Brassica juncea L.) cultivars differing in photosynthetic capacity subjected to proline. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:75-87. [PMID: 21318454 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The present paper deals with the effect of exogenous application of proline as a shotgun approach on growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidative system in 25-day-old plants of two different cultivars of Brassica juncea L. (Varuna and RH-30) under natural conditions. Exogenous application of proline significantly increased plant growth, photosynthetic rate, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, compared with untreated seedlings. Pre-sowing seed soaking in 20 mM proline, for 8 h, proved best among all the other concentrations used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Shafi Wani
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ganeshan S, Sharma P, Young L, Kumar A, Fowler DB, Chibbar RN. Contrasting cDNA-AFLP profiles between crown and leaf tissues of cold-acclimated wheat plants indicate differing regulatory circuitries for low temperature tolerance. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 75:379-398. [PMID: 21267634 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9734-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature (LT) tolerance in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an economically important but complex trait. Four selected wheat genotypes, a winter hardy cultivar, Norstar, a tender spring cultivar, Manitou and two near-isogenic lines with Vrn-A1 (spring Norstar) and vrn-A1 (winter Manitou) alleles of Manitou and Norstar were cold-acclimated at 6°C and crown and leaf tissues were collected at 0, 2, 14, 21, 35, 42, 56 and 70 days of cold acclimation. cDNA-AFLP profiling was used to determine temporal expression profiles of transcripts during cold-acclimation in crown and leaf tissues, separately to determine if LT regulatory circuitries in crown and leaf tissues could be delineated using this approach. Screening 64 primer combinations identified 4,074 and 2,757 differentially expressed transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) out of which 38 and 16% were up-regulated as compared to 3 and 6% that were down-regulated in crown and leaf tissues, respectively. DNA sequencing of TDFs revealed sequences common to both tissues including genes coding for DEAD-box RNA helicase, choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase and delta-1-pyrroline carboxylate synthetase. TDF specific to crown tissues included genes coding for phospahtidylinositol kinase, auxin response factor protein and brassinosteroid insensitive 1-associated receptor kinase. In leaf, genes such as methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase and malate dehydrogenase were identified. However, 30 and 14% of the DNA sequences from the crown and leaf tissues, respectively, were hypothetical or unknown proteins. Cluster analysis of up-, down-regulated and unique TDFs, DNA sequence and real-time PCR validation, infer that mechanisms operating in crown and leaf tissue in response to LT are differently regulated and warrant further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seedhabadee Ganeshan
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
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Filippou P, Antoniou C, Fotopoulos V. Effect of drought and rewatering on the cellular status and antioxidant response of Medicago truncatula plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:270-7. [PMID: 21330785 PMCID: PMC3121988 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.2.14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Effects of water stress on plants have been well-documented. However, the combined responses to drought and rewatering and their underlying mechanisms are relatively unknown. The present study attempts to describe spatiotemporal alterations in the physiology and cellular status of Medicago truncatula tissues that result from and subsequently follow a period of moderate water deficit. Physiological processes and cellular damage levels were monitored in roots and leaves by determining lipid peroxidation levels, as well as nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide content, further supported by stomatal conductance and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements in leaves. During water stress, cells in both organs displayed increased damage levels and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species content, while leaves showed reduced stomatal conductance. Furthermore, both tissues demonstrated increased proline content. Upon rewatering, plants recovered displaying readings similar to pre-stress control conditions. Furthermore, molecular analysis of antioxidant gene expression by quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed differential spatiotemporal regulation in a number of genes examined (including catalase, cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase, copper/zinc and iron superoxide dismutase and alternative oxidase). Overall, M. truncatula plants demonstrated increased sensitivity to drought-induced oxidative damage; however, this was reversed following rewatering indicating a great elasticity in the plant's capacity to cope with free oxygen radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Filippou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
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36
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Heuer B. Role of Proline in Plant Response to Drought and Salinity. HANDBOOK OF PLANT AND CROP STRESS,THIRD EDITION 2010. [DOI: 10.1201/b10329-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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37
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Szabados L, Savouré A. Proline: a multifunctional amino acid. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2010; 15:89-97. [PMID: 20036181 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1649] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Proline accumulates in many plant species in response to environmental stress. Although much is now known about proline metabolism, some aspects of its biological functions are still unclear. Here, we discuss the compartmentalization of proline biosynthesis, accumulation and degradation in the cytosol, chloroplast and mitochondria. We also describe the role of proline in cellular homeostasis, including redox balance and energy status. Proline can act as a signaling molecule to modulate mitochondrial functions, influence cell proliferation or cell death and trigger specific gene expression, which can be essential for plant recovery from stress. Although the regulation and function of proline accumulation are not yet completely understood, the engineering of proline metabolism could lead to new opportunities to improve plant tolerance of environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Szabados
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Temesvári krt. 62., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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38
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Patel AD, Bhensdadia H, Pandey AN. Effect of salinisation of soil on growth, water status and general nutrient accumulation in seedlings of Delonix regia (Fabaceae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chnaes.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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39
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Xue X, Liu A, Hua X. Proline accumulation and transcriptional regulation of proline biosynthesis and degradation in Brassica napus. BMB Rep 2009; 42:28-34. [PMID: 19192390 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2009.42.1.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the molecular mechanism underlying proline accumulation in Brassica napus, cDNAs encoding Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (BnP5CS), ornithine delta-aminotransferase (BnOAT) and proline dehydrogenase (BnPDH) were isolated and characterized. Southern blot analysis of BnP5CSs in B. napus and its diploid ancestors suggested a gene loss may have occurred during evolution. The expression of BnP5CS1 and BnP5CS2 was induced, while the expression of BnPDH was inhibited under salt stress, ABA treatment and dehydration, prior to proline accumulation. The upregulation of BnOAT expression was only detected during prolonged severe osmotic stress. Our results indicate that stress-induced proline accumulation in B. napus results from the reciprocal action of activated biosynthesis and inhibited proline degradation. Whether the ornithine pathway is activated depends on the severity of stress. During development, proline content was high in reproductive organs and was accompanied by markedly high expression of BnP5CS and BnPDH, suggesting possible roles of proline during flower development. [BMB reports 2009; 42(1): 28-34].
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingning Xue
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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40
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Silva-Ortega CO, Ochoa-Alfaro AE, Reyes-Agüero JA, Aguado-Santacruz GA, Jiménez-Bremont JF. Salt stress increases the expression of p5cs gene and induces proline accumulation in cactus pear. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2008; 46:82-92. [PMID: 18054243 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Proline (Pro) is one of the most accumulated osmolytes in salinity and water deficit conditions in plants. In the present study, we measured the Pro content, the activity and the expression level of delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS: gamma-glutamyl kinase, EC 2.7.2.11 and glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, EC 1.2.1.41), a key regulatory enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of Pro, in cactus pear (Opuntia streptacantha) subjected to 6, 9 and 11 days of salt stress. Treatment with NaCl of O. streptacantha young plants resulted in a decrease in the cladode thickness and root length, and in a significant and gradual accumulation of Pro in young cladodes, in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. P5CS activity, studied as gamma-glutamyl kinase, was reduced at all times as a consequence of salt treatment, except at the sixth day at 75 and 150mM of NaCl, where a slight increase was observed. We isolated an open reading frame (ORF) fragment of p5cs gene. The deduced amino acid sequence of the P5CS protein exhibited 90.4% of identity with the P5CS protein from Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the Osp5cs gene of O. streptacantha was induced by salt stress at 9 and 11 days of treatment. Furthermore, ABA-induced Osp5cs gene expression was observed in cladodes of cactus pear young plants. We observed an evident correlation between the transcript up-regulation and the Pro accumulation under salt stress; however, these results do not parallel with the changes in P5CS enzymatic activity. This Pro accumulation might function as an osmolyte for the intracellular osmotic adjustment and might be playing a critical role in protecting photosynthetic activity in O. streptacantha plants under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia O Silva-Ortega
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa de San José 2055, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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RANDHIR REENA, SHETTY KALIDAS. ELICITATION OF THE PROLINE-LINKED PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY METABOLITES AND ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME RESPONSE BY ASCORBIC ACID IN DARK GERMINATED FAVA BEAN SPROUTS. J Food Biochem 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2007.00126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cuin TA, Shabala S. Compatible solutes reduce ROS-induced potassium efflux in Arabidopsis roots. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2007; 30:875-85. [PMID: 17547658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be primarily responsible for the impairment of cellular function under numerous abiotic and biotic stress conditions. In this paper, using non-invasive microelectrode ion flux measuring (MIFE) system, we show that the application of a hydroxyl radical (OH*)-generating Cu2+/ascorbate (Cu/a) mixture to Arabidopsis roots results in a massive, dose-dependent efflux of K+ from epidermal cells in the elongation zone. Pharmacological experiments suggest that both outward-rectifying K+ channels and non-selective cation channels (NSCCs) mediate such effluxes. Low (5 mM) concentrations of compatible solutes (glycine betaine, proline, mannitol, trehalose or myo-inositol) significantly reduces OH*-induced K+ efflux, similar to our previous reports for NaCl-induced K+ efflux. Importantly, a significant reduction in K+ efflux was found using osmolytes with no reported free radical scavenging activity, as well as those for which a role in free radical scavenging has been demonstrated. This indicates that compatible solutes must play other (regulatory) roles, in addition to free radical scavenging, in mitigating the damaging effects of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Ann Cuin
- School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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Xia Y, Park YD, Mu H, Zhou HM, Wang XY, Meng FG. The protective effects of osmolytes on arginine kinase unfolding and aggregation. Int J Biol Macromol 2007; 40:437-43. [PMID: 17173966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Osmolytes are a series of different kinds of small molecules that can maintain the correct conformation of protein by acting as molecular chaperons. In this study, the protective effects of four compatible osmolytes, i.e., proline, sucrose, DMSO and glycerol, were studied during arginine kinase (EC 2.7.3.3) unfolding and aggregation. The results showed that all the osmolytes applied in this study obviously prevented AK unfolding and inactivation that was due to a GdnHCl denaturant by reducing the inactivation rate constants (k(i)), increasing the transition free energy changes (DeltaDeltaG(i)) and increasing the value for the midpoint of denaturation (C(m)). Furthermore, the osmolytes remarkably prevented AK aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner during AK refolding. Our results strongly indicated that osmolytes were not only metabolism substrates, but they were also important compounds with significant physiological protective functions for proteins, especially in some extremely harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xia
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, Taian 271018, PR China
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Abstract
Porcine pancreatic lipase was modified with Z-proline via the constitution of amide bonds between the free amino groups of lipase and the carboxyl groups of Z-proline, which were activated by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC). Different amounts of Z-proline were bound to lipase. Modification degree was determined by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS), by means of the decrease in free amino groups on lipase. The reason for choosing Z-proline was its unique structural characteristics, protected amino groups, and its effect on protein conformation by reducing the flexibility of the lipase molecule, thus achieving stabilization against changes in pH and temperature. After the modification, porcine pancreatic lipase was found to have new physicochemical characteristics, such as optimum alkaline pH stability and thermal stability at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Evran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
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45
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Kant S, Kant P, Raveh E, Barak S. Evidence that differential gene expression between the halophyte, Thellungiella halophila, and Arabidopsis thaliana is responsible for higher levels of the compatible osmolyte proline and tight control of Na+ uptake in T. halophila. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2006; 29:1220-34. [PMID: 17080945 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Salt-sensitive glycophytes and salt-tolerant halophytes employ common mechanisms to cope with salinity, and it is hypothesized that differences in salt tolerance arise because of changes in the regulation of a basic set of salt tolerance genes. We explored the expression of genes involved in two key salt tolerance mechanisms in Arabidopsis thaliana and the halophytic A. thaliana relative model system (ARMS), Thellungiella halophila. Salt overly sensitive 1 (SOS1) is a plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter that retrieves and loads Na+ ions from and into the xylem. Shoot SOS1 transcript was more strongly induced by salt in T. halophila while root SOS1 was constitutively higher in unstressed T. halophila. This is consistent with a lower salt-induced rise in T. halophila xylem sap Na+ concentration than in A. thaliana. Thellungiella halophila contained higher unstressed levels of the compatible osmolyte proline than A. thaliana, while under salt stress, T. halophila accumulated more proline mainly in shoots. Expression of the A. thaliana ortholog of proline dehydrogenase (PDH), involved in proline catabolism, was undetectable in T. halophila shoots. The PDH enzyme activity was lower and T. halophila seedlings were hypersensitive to exogenous proline, indicating repression of proline catabolism in T. halophila. Our results suggest that differential gene expression between glycophytes and halophytes contributes to the salt tolerance of halophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Kant
- Albert Katz Department of Dryland Biotechnologies, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 84990, Israel
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Kim SH, Yan YB, Zhou HM. Role of osmolytes as chemical chaperones during the refolding of aminoacylase. Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 84:30-8. [PMID: 16462887 DOI: 10.1139/o05-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The refolding and reactivation of aminoacylase is particularly difficult because of serious off-pathway aggregation. The effects of 4 osmolytes--dimethylsulphoxide, glycerol, proline, and sucrose--on the refolding and reactivation of guanidine-denatured aminoacylase were studied by measuring aggregation, enzyme activity, intrinsic fluorescence spectra, 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) fluorescence spectra, and circular dichroism (CD) spectra. The results show that all the osmolytes not only inhibit aggregation but also recover the activity of aminoacylase during refolding in a concentration-dependent manner. In particularly, a 40% glycerol concentration and a 1.5 mol/L sucrose concentration almost completely suppressed the aminoacylase aggregation. The enzyme activity measurements revealed that the influence of glycerol is more significant than that of any other osmolyte. The intrinsic fluorescence results showed that glycerol, proline, and sucrose stabilized the aminoacylase conformation effectively, with glycerol being the most effective. All 4 kinds of osmolytes reduced the exposure of the hydrophobic surface, indicating that osmolytes facilitate the formation of protein hydrophobic collapse. The CD results indicate that glycerol and sucrose facilitate the return of aminoacylase to its native secondary structure. The results of this study suggest that the ability of the various osmolytes to facilitate the refolding and renaturation of aminoacylase is not the same. A survey of the results in the literature, as well as those presented here, suggests that although the protective effect of osmolytes on protein activity and structure is equal for different osmolytes, the ability of osmolytes to facilitate the refolding of various proteins differs from case to case. In all cases, glycerol was found to be the best stabilizer and a folding aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hye Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
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Hmida-Sayari A, Gargouri-Bouzid R, Bidani A, Jaoua L, Savouré A, Jaoua S. Overexpression of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase increases proline production and confers salt tolerance in transgenic potato plants. PLANT SCIENCE 2005. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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Chilson OP, Chilson AE. Perturbation of folding and reassociation of lactate dehydrogenase by proline and trimethylamine oxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 270:4823-34. [PMID: 14653809 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of protein-solute interactions typically show that osmolytes favor native conformations. In this study, the effects of representative compatible and counteracting osmolytes on the reactivation of lactate dehydrogenase from two different conformational states were explored. Contrary to expectations, proline and trimethylamine oxide inhibited both the initial time course and the extent of reactivation of lactate dehydrogenase from bovine heart following denaturation in guanidine hydrochloride, as well as following inactivation at pH 2.3. Reactivation of acid-dissociated porcine heart lactate dehydrogenase was inhibited by both proline and trimethylamine oxide (2 M). In all instances, trimethylamine oxide was the more effective inhibitor of reactivation. Analysis of the catalytic properties of the reactivating enzyme provided evidence that the molecular species that was enzymatically active during the initial stages of reactivation of acid-inactivated porcine heart lactate dehydrogenase reflects a non-native conformation. Proline and trimethylamine oxide stabilize polypeptides through exclusion from the polypeptide backbone; the inhibition of renaturation/reassociation described here is probably due to attenuation of this stabilizing influence through favorable interactions of the osmolytes with sidechains of residues that lie at the interfaces of the monomers and dimers that associate to form the active tetramer. In addition, these osmolytes may stabilize non-native intermediates in the folding pathway. The high viscosity of solutions containing more than 3 m proline was a major factor in the inhibition of reassociation of acid-dissociated porcine heart lactate dehydrogenase as well as other viscosity-dependent transformations that may occur during reactivation following unfolding in guanidine hydrochloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar P Chilson
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA.
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Ghosh S, Bagchi S, Lahiri Majumder A. Chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase from Oryza differs in salt tolerance property from the Porteresia enzyme and is protected by osmolytes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2001; 160:1171-1181. [PMID: 11337074 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(01)00361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Salinity exerted a distinctly differential effect on fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (EC. 3.1.3.11) isolated from salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant rice (Oryza sativa) varieties. Cytosolic and chloroplastic isoforms of the enzyme from salt-sensitive rice seedlings exhibited decreased catalytic activity during growth in the presence of salt. Furthermore, chloroplastic fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase purified from salt-sensitive (O. sativa cv. IR26) and from the wild halophytic rice Porteresia coarctata differed in their in vitro salt tolerance property although they exhibited otherwise identical biochemical and immunological properties. This decline in enzyme activity was not correlated with de novo synthesis of the chloroplastic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase protein in the presence of salt. The inhibitory effect of increasing concentration of NaCl on in vitro enzymatic activity could be prevented by preincubation of the enzyme with a number of osmolytes with an effectiveness in the order polyol>sugars. Further, the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of the purified rice enzyme is altered in vitro with increasing NaCl concentration which could be prevented by preincubation with inositol. Purified chloroplastic fructose-1.6-bisphosphatase from P. coarctata however, exhibits no such inhibition of enzyme activity in vitro or alteration in tryptophan fluorescence with increasing NaCl concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghosh
- Plant Molecular & Cellular Genetics, P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VIIM, Bose Institute (Centenary Building), 700 054, Calcutta, India
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Sivakumar P, Sharmila P, Saradhi PP. Proline suppresses Rubisco activity by dissociating small subunits from holoenzyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 282:236-41. [PMID: 11263997 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proline caused irreversible inhibition (involving reduction in V(max) without altering K(m) for RuBP) in Rubisco activity. Proline-induced suppression in Rubisco activity did not exceed beyond approximately 65% of the original activity even upon exposure to higher levels of proline for prolonged duration. However, NaCl-induced reduction in Rubisco activity was reversible. Native PAGE analysis of Rubisco-incubated with proline showed the presence of two distinct bands corresponding to approximately 430 and approximately 28 kDa, but that incubated with NaCl showed a single band. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the approximately 430- and approximately 28-kDa bands represent octamers of large subunits and dimers of small subunits, respectively. These results demonstrated for the first time that proline suppresses Rubisco activity by bringing about dissociation of the small subunits from the octamer core of large subunits, probably by weakening hydrophobic interactions between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sivakumar
- Plant Physiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
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