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Zhang Y, Li Y, Bin S, Cheng X, Niu Q. A Neglected Gene: The Role of the ANG Gene in the Pathogenesis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0107. [PMID: 38421827 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease with a poor prognosis. To date, more than 40 ALS-related genes have been identified. However, there is still a lack of targeted therapeutic drugs for the treatment of ALS, especially for patients with acute onset and severe disease. A series of studies reported missense heterozygous mutations with loss of function in the coding region of the ANG gene in ALS patients. ANG deficiency is related to the pathogenesis of ALS, but the underlying mechanism has not been determined. This article aimed to synthesize and consolidate the knowledge of the pathological mechanism of ALS induced by ANG mutation and provide a theoretical basis for ALS diagnosis and targeted therapy. This article further delves into the mechanisms underlying the current understanding of the structure and function of the ANG gene, the association between ANG and ALS, and its pathogenesis. Mutations in ANG may lead to the development of ALS through the loss of neuroprotective function, induction of oxidative stress, or inhibition of rRNA synthesis. ANG mutations and genetic and environmental factors may cause disease heterogeneity and more severe disease than in ALS patients with the wild-type gene. Exploring this mechanism is expected to provide a new approach for ALS treatment through increasing ANG expression or angiogenin activity. However, the related study is still in its infancy; therefore, this article also highlights the need for further exploration of the application of ANG gene mutations in clinical trials and animal experiments is needed to achieve improved early diagnosis and treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shen Bin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Niu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Dimerization of Human Angiogenin and of Variants Involved in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810068. [PMID: 34576228 PMCID: PMC8468037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Angiogenin (hANG, or ANG, 14.1 kDa) promotes vessel formation and is also called RNase 5 because it is included in the pancreatic-type ribonuclease (pt-RNase) super-family. Although low, its ribonucleolytic activity is crucial for angiogenesis in tumor tissues but also in the physiological development of the Central Nervous System (CNS) neuronal progenitors. Nevertheless, some ANG variants are involved in both neurodegenerative Parkinson disease (PD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Notably, some pt-RNases acquire new biological functions upon oligomerization. Considering neurodegenerative diseases correlation with massive protein aggregation, we analyzed the aggregation propensity of ANG and of three of its pathogenic variants, namely H13A, S28N, and R121C. We found no massive aggregation, but wt-ANG, as well as S28N and R121C variants, can form an enzymatically active dimer, which is called ANG-D. By contrast, the enzymatically inactive H13A-ANG does not dimerize. Corroborated by a specific cross-linking analysis and by the behavior of H13A-ANG that in turn lacks one of the two His active site residues necessary for pt-RNases to self-associate through the three-dimensional domain swapping (3D-DS), we demonstrate that ANG actually dimerizes through 3D-DS. Then, we deduce by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and modeling that ANG-D forms through the swapping of ANG N-termini. In light of these novelties, we can expect future investigations to unveil other ANG determinants possibly related with the onset and/or development of neurodegenerative pathologies.
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3
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Fu JL, Hsiao KY, Lee HC, Li WN, Chang N, Wu MH, Tsai SJ. Suppression of COUP-TFII upregulates angiogenin and promotes angiogenesis in endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2018; 33:1517-1527. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jhao-Lin Fu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Yang Hsiao
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chi Lee
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ning Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ning Chang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsing Wu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shaw-Jenq Tsai
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Ferguson R, Subramanian V. The cellular uptake of angiogenin, an angiogenic and neurotrophic factor is through multiple pathways and largely dynamin independent. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193302. [PMID: 29486010 PMCID: PMC5828446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenin (ANG), a member of the RNase superfamily (also known as RNase 5) has neurotrophic, neuroprotective and angiogenic activities. Recently it has also been shown to be important in stem cell homeostasis. Mutations in ANG are associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD). ANG is a secreted protein which is taken up by cells and translocated to the nucleus. However, the import pathway/s through which ANG is taken up is/are still largely unclear. We have characterised the uptake of ANG in neuronal, astrocytic and microglial cell lines as well as primary neurons and astrocytes using pharmacological agents as well as dominant negative dynamin and Rab5 to perturb uptake and intracellular trafficking. We find that uptake of ANG is largely clathrin/dynamin independent and microtubule depolymerisation has a marginal effect. Perturbation of membrane ruffling and macropinocytosis significantly inhibited ANG uptake suggesting an uptake mechanism similar to RNase A. Our findings shed light on why mutations which do not overtly affect RNase activity but cause impaired localization are associated with neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Ferguson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Vasanta Subramanian
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Mori A, Nishioka Y, Yamada M, Nishibata Y, Masuda S, Tomaru U, Honma N, Moriyama T, Ishizu A. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor induces angiogenin secretion and nuclear translocation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:521-526. [PMID: 29573867 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a well-known humoral protein that induces growth of neurons. Recent studies have suggested that BDNF could act as an angiogenesis inducer similar to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Angiogenin is a strong mediator of angiogenesis. It has particular characteristics both as a secreted protein and a transcription factor. After being incorporated into the cytoplasm, angiogenin is immediately transferred to the nucleus and then mediates the angiogenic effects of angiogenesis inducers, including VEGF. The aim of this study is to determine the association between BDNF and angiogenin. At first, we determined the secretion of angiogenin from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) induced by BDNF with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Next, we determined BDNF-induced nuclear translocation of angiogenin by immunofluorescent staining. In addition, we examined the mRNA expression of angiogenin in HUVEC before and after BDNF stimulation by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. As a result, we noted that BDNF induced angiogenin secretion and nuclear translocation without an increase in the mRNA expression in HUVEC. Furthermore, we demonstrated that BDNF-induced HUVEC proliferation was significantly suppressed when neomycin, a specific inhibitor of nuclear translocation of angiogenin, was administered. These findings indicate that nuclear translocation of angiogenin is critically involved in BDNF-induced proliferation of HUVEC. In conclusion, angiogenin contributes to angiogenesis induced by BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Mori
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nishioka
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mai Yamada
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuka Nishibata
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sakiko Masuda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Utano Tomaru
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Honma
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Akihiro Ishizu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Li S, Chen Y, Sun D, Bai R, Gao X, Yang Y, Sheng J, Xu Z. Angiogenin Prevents Progranulin A9D Mutation-Induced Neuronal-Like Cell Apoptosis Through Cleaving tRNAs into tiRNAs. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1338-1351. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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7
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Liu YP, Wu YL, Zhang XY, Hu GF, Wu YX. Neamine inhibits growth of pancreatic cancer cells In Vitro and In Vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 36:82-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-016-1546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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8
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Giacomelli C, Trincavelli ML, Satriano C, Hansson Ö, La Mendola D, Rizzarelli E, Martini C. ♦Copper (II) ions modulate Angiogenin activity in human endothelial cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 60:185-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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9
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Liu J, Zhang P, Yang X, Wang K, Guo Q, Huang J, Li W. Aptamer-mediated indirect quantum dot labeling and fluorescent imaging of target proteins in living cells. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:505502. [PMID: 25422408 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/50/505502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein labeling for dynamic living cell imaging plays a significant role in basic biological research, as well as in clinical diagnostics and therapeutics. We have developed a novel strategy in which the dynamic visualization of proteins within living cells is achieved by using aptamers as mediators for indirect protein labeling of quantum dots (QDs). With this strategy, the target protein angiogenin was successfully labeled with fluorescent QDs in a minor intactness model, which was mediated by the aptamer AL6-B. Subsequent living cell imaging analyses indicated that the QDs nanoprobes were selectively bound to human umbilical vein endothelial cells, gradually internalized into the cytoplasm, and mostly localized in the lysosome organelle, indicating that the labeled protein retained high activity. Compared with traditional direct protein labeling methods, the proposed aptamer-mediated strategy is simple, inexpensive, and provides a highly selective, stable, and intact labeling platform that has shown great promise for future biomedical labeling and intracellular protein dynamic analyses.
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10
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Gong B, Lee YS, Lee I, Shelite TR, Kunkeaw N, Xu G, Lee K, Jeon SH, Johnson BH, Chang Q, Ha T, Mendell NL, Cheng X, Bouyer DH, Boor PJ, Ksiazek TG, Walker DH. Compartmentalized, functional role of angiogenin during spotted fever group rickettsia-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction: evidence of possible mediation by host tRNA-derived small noncoding RNAs. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:285. [PMID: 23800282 PMCID: PMC3699377 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microvascular endothelial barrier dysfunction is the central enigma in spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsioses. Angiogenin (ANG) is one of the earliest identified angiogenic factors, of which some are relevant to the phosphorylation of VE-cadherins that serve as endothelial adherens proteins. Although exogenous ANG is known to translocate into the nucleus of growing endothelial cells (ECs) where it plays a functional role, nuclear ANG is not detected in quiescent ECs. Besides its nuclear role, ANG is thought to play a cytoplasmic role, owing to its RNase activity that cleaves tRNA to produce small RNAs. Recently, such tRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs) have been shown to be induced under stress conditions. All these observations raise an intriguing hypothesis about a novel cytoplasmic role of ANG, which is induced upon infection with Rickettsia and generates tRFs that may play roles in SFG rickettsioses. Methods C3H/HeN mice were infected intravenously with a sublethal dose of R. conorii. At days 1, 3, and 5 post infection (p.i.), liver, lung and brain were collected for immunofluorescence (IF) studies of R. conorii and angiogenin (ANG). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were infected with R. conorii for 24, 48, and 72 hrs before incubation with 1μg/ml recombinant human ANG (rANG) in normal medium for 2 hrs. HUVEC samples were subjected to IF, exogenous ANG translocation, endothelial permeability, and immunoprecipitation phosphorylation assays. To identify small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) upon rickettsial infection, RNAs from pulverized mouse lung tissues and HUVECs were subjected to library preparation and deep sequencing analysis using an Illumina 2000 instrument. Identified sncRNAs were confirmed by Northern hybridization, and their target mRNAs were predicted in silico using BLAST and RNA hybrid programs. Results In the present study, we have demonstrated endothelial up-regulation of ANG, co-localized with SFG rickettsial infection in vivo. We also have provided direct evidence that rickettsial infection sensitizes human ECs to the translocation of exogenous ANG in a compartmentalized pattern at different times post-infection. Typically, exogenous ANG translocates into the nucleus at 24 hrs and to the cytoplasm at 72 hrs post-infection. The ANG cytoplasmic translocation enhances phosphorylation and destabilization of VE-cadherin and attenuates endothelial barrier function. Of note, deep sequencing analysis detected tRFs, mostly derived from the 5'-halves of host tRNAs, that are induced by ANG. Northern hybridization validates the two most abundantly cloned tRFs derived from tRNA-ValGTG and tRNA-GlyGCC, in both mouse tissues and human cells. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that these tRFs may interact with transcripts associated with the endothelial barrier, the host cell inflammatory response, and autophagy. Conclusions Our data provide new insight into the role of compartmentalized ANG during SFG rickettsioses, and highlight its possible mediation through tRFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
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11
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Koga K, Osuga Y, Yano T, Ikezuki Y, Yoshino O, Hirota Y, Hirata T, Horie S, Ayabe T, Tsutsumi O, Taketani Y. Evidence for the Presence of Angiogenin in Human Testis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 25:369-74. [PMID: 15064314 DOI: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2004.tb02802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have reported the expression and possible roles of angiogenin, a potent angiogenic factor, in human female reproductive organs. In this study, we investigated the expression of angiogenin in the human testis, a male reproductive organ. Western blot analysis showed the presence of angiogenin in the human testis, with a single band of the same size as recombinant human angiogenin. Immunohistochemical study and in situ hybridization showed that the angiogenin protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) localized in peritubular myoid cells (PTMCs) and vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. PTMCs are known to play various roles in the testes concerned with spermatogenesis, transport of spermatozoa, structural support to the seminiferous tubules, and mediation of Sertoli cell function. The specific localization of angiogenin in PTMCs suggests that angiogenin plays physiologic roles in the human testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Koga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Trouillon R, O'Hare D, Chang SI. An electrochemical functional assay for the sensing of nitric oxide release induced by angiogenic factors. BMB Rep 2011; 44:699-704. [PMID: 22118534 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2011.44.11.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a critical biological mediator involved in numerous diseases. However, the short lifetime of this molecule in biological conditions can make its study in situ complicated. Here, we review some recent results on the role of NO in angiogenesis, obtained using a biocompatible microelectrode array. This simple system allowed for the quick and easy quantification of NO released from cells grown directly on the surface of the sensor. We have used this technology to demonstrate that angiogenin induces NO release, and to partially elucidate its intracellular transduction pathway.
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13
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Chen L, Hu GF. Angiogenin-mediated ribosomal RNA transcription as a molecular target for treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2010; 46:648-53. [PMID: 20656548 PMCID: PMC2932836 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) is the eighth most common disease, affecting approximately 640,000 patients worldwide each year. Despite recent advances in surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the overall cure for patients with HNSCC has remained at less than 50% for many decades. Patients with recurrent and metastatic disease have a median survival of only 6-10 months. Systemic chemotherapy is the only treatment option for those patients. New treatment options are thus desperately needed to supplement, complement, or replace currently available therapies. New agents that target molecular and cellular pathways of the disease pathogenesis of HNSCC are promising candidates. One class of these new agents is angiogenesis inhibitors that have been proven effective in the treatment of advanced colorectal, breast, and non-small cell lung cancers. Similar to other solid tumors, angiogenesis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of HNSCC. A number of angiogenic factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiogenin (ANG) have been shown to be significantly upregulated in HNSCC. Among them, ANG is unique in which it is a ribonuclease that regulates ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription. ANG-stimulated rRNA transcription has been shown to be a general requirement for angiogenesis induced by other angiogenic factors. ANG inhibitors have been demonstrated to inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth induced not only by ANG but also by other angiogenic factors. As the role of ANG in HNSCC is being unveiled, the therapeutic potential of ANG inhibitors in HNSCC is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Guo-fu Hu
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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14
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Shi H, He X, Yang X, Wang K, Wang Q, Guo Q, Huo X. Protein analysis based on molecular beacon probes and biofunctionalized nanoparticles. Sci China Chem 2010; 53:704-719. [PMID: 32214997 PMCID: PMC7088759 DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-0110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
With the completion of the human genome-sequencing project, there has been a resulting change in the focus of studies from genomics to proteomics. By utilizing the inherent advantages of molecular beacon probes and biofunctionalized nanoparticles, a series of novel principles, methods and techniques have been exploited for bioanalytical and biomedical studies. This review mainly discusses the applications of molecular beacon probes and biofunctionalized nanoparticles-based technologies for real-time, in-situ, highly sensitive and highly selective protein analysis, including the nonspecific or specific protein detection and separation, protein/DNA interaction studies, cell surface protein recognition, and antigen-antibody binding process-based bacteria assays. The introduction of molecular beacon probes and biofunctionalized nanoparticles into the protein analysis area would necessarily advance the proteomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- 1State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China.,2College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Center, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China.,Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecule Engineering of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - XiaoXiao He
- 1State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China.,2College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Center, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China.,Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecule Engineering of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - XiaoHai Yang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China.,2College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Center, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China.,Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecule Engineering of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - KeMin Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China.,2College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Center, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China.,Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecule Engineering of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Qing Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China.,2College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Center, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China.,Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecule Engineering of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - QiuPing Guo
- 1State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China.,2College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Center, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China.,Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecule Engineering of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - XiQin Huo
- 1State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China.,2College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Center, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China.,Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecule Engineering of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410082 China
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15
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Trouillon R, Kang DK, Park H, Chang SI, O’Hare D. Angiogenin Induces Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Endothelial Cells through PI-3 and Akt Kinases. Biochemistry 2010; 49:3282-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bi902122w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Trouillon
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dong-Ku Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Ik Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Danny O’Hare
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
In 1856 Virchow proposed a triad of causes for venous thrombosis, postulating that stasis, changes in the vessel wall or changes in the blood could lead to thrombosis. We now know that abnormally high levels of some coagulation factors and defects in the natural anticoagulants contribute to thrombotic risk. Among these, factor V Leiden, which renders factor Va resistant to activated protein C, is the most prevalent with approximately 5% of the Caucasian population having this genetic alteration. These genetically controlled variants in coagulation factors work in concert with other risk factors, such as oral contraceptive use, to dramatically increase thrombotic risk. While these abnormalities in the blood coagulation proteins are associated with thrombotic disease propensity, they are less frequent contributors to thrombosis than age or cancer. Cancer increases thrombotic risk by producing tissue factor to initiate coagulation, by shedding procoagulant lipid microparticles or by impairing blood flow. Age is the strongest risk factor for thrombosis. Among possible reasons are fragility of the vessels potentially contributing to stasis, increased coagulation factor levels, impaired function of the venous valves, decreases in the efficacy of natural anticoagulants associated with the vessel wall, increased risk of immobilization and increased risk of severe infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Esmon
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Departments of Pathology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States.
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17
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Monti DM, Yu W, Pizzo E, Shima K, Hu MG, Di Malta C, Piccoli R, D'Alessio G, Hu GF. Characterization of the angiogenic activity of zebrafish ribonucleases. FEBS J 2009; 276:4077-90. [PMID: 19549190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleases identified from zebrafish possess angiogenic and bactericidal activities. Zebrafish RNases have three intramolecular disulfide bonds, a characteristic structural feature of angiogenin, different from the typical four disulfide bonds of the other members of the RNase A superfamily. They also have a higher degree of sequence homology to angiogenin than to RNase A. It has been proposed that all RNases evolved from these angiogenin-like progenitors. In the present study, we characterize, in detail, the function of zebrafish RNases in various steps in the process of angiogenesis. We report that zebrafish RNase-1, -2 and -3 bind to the cell surface specifically and are able to compete with human angiogenin. Similar to human angiogenin, all three zebrafish RNases are able to induce phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase. They also undergo nuclear translocation, accumulate in the nucleolus and stimulate rRNA transcription. However, zebrafish RNase-3 is defective in cleaving rRNA precursor, even though it has been reported to have an open active site and has higher enzymatic activity toward more classic RNase substrates such as yeast tRNA and synthetic oligonucleotides. Taken together with the findings that zebrafish RNase-3 is less angiogenic than zebrafish RNase-1 and -2 as well as human angiogenin, these results suggest that zebrafish RNase-1 is the ortholog of human angiogenin and that the ribonucleolytic activity of zebrafish RNases toward the rRNA precursor substrate is functionally important for their angiogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria M Monti
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
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18
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Ibaragi S, Yoshioka N, Li S, Hu MG, Hirukawa S, Sadow PM, Hu GF. Neamine inhibits prostate cancer growth by suppressing angiogenin-mediated rRNA transcription. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:1981-8. [PMID: 19276260 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Angiogenin (ANG) undergoes nuclear translocation and stimulates rRNA transcription in both prostate cancer cells and endothelial cells. The purpose of this study is to assess the antitumor activity of neamine, a nontoxic degradation product of neomycin that blocks nuclear translocation of ANG. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The anti-prostate cancer activity of neamine was first evaluated in a xenograft animal model. It was then examined in the murine prostate-restricted AKT transgenic mice that develop prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) owing to AKT transgene overexpression. RESULTS Neamine inhibits xenograft growth of PC-3 human prostate cancer cells in athymic mice. It blocks nuclear translocation of ANG and inhibits rRNA transcription, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis. Neamine also prevents AKT-induced PIN formation as well as reverses fully developed PIN in murine prostate-restricted AKT mice, accompanied by a decrease in rRNA synthesis, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis and an increase in prostate epithelial cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION We confirmed that ANG is a molecular target for cancer drug development and that blocking nuclear translocation of ANG is an effective means to inhibit its activity. Our results also suggested that neamine is a lead compound for further preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Ibaragi
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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19
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Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus upregulates angiogenin during infection of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells, which induces 45S rRNA synthesis, antiapoptosis, cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. J Virol 2009; 83:3342-64. [PMID: 19158252 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02052-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with the angioproliferative KS lesions characterized by spindle-shaped endothelial cells, inflammatory cells, cytokines, growth factors, and angiogenic factors. De novo KSHV infection of human microvascular dermal endothelial cells results in increased secretion of several growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and angiogenic factors, and the multifunctional angiogenic protein angiogenin is one of them. KS tissue sections were positive for angiogenin, highlighting the importance of angiogenin in KS pathogenesis. Examination of KSHV-mediated angiogenin upregulation and secretion and potential outcomes revealed that during infection of primary endothelial cells, KSHV induced a time- and dose-dependent increase in angiogenin gene expression and protein secretion beginning as early as 8 h postinfection and lasting until the fifth day of our observation period. TIVE latently transformed cells (TIVE-LTC) latently infected with KSHV secreted high levels of angiogenin. Angiogenin was also detected in BCBL-1 cells (human B cells) carrying KSHV in a latent state. Significant induction of angiogenin was observed in cells expressing KSHV ORF73 (LANA-1; latent) and ORF74 (lytic) genes alone, and moderate induction was seen with the lytic KSHV ORF50 gene. Angiogenin bound to surface actin, internalized in a microtubule-independent manner, and translocated into the nucleus and nucleolus of infected cells. In addition, it increased 45S rRNA gene transcription, antiapoptosis, and proliferation of infected cells, thus demonstrating the multifunctional nature of KSHV-induced angiogenin. These activities were dependent on angiogenin nuclear translocation, which was inhibited by neomycin. Upregulation of angiogenin led to increased activation of urokinase plasminogen activator and generation of active plasmin, which facilitated the migration of endothelial cells toward chemoattractants, including angiogenin, and chemotaxis was prevented by the inhibition of angiogenin nuclear translocation. Treatment of KSHV-infected cell supernatants with antiangiogenin antibodies significantly inhibited endothelial tube formation, and inhibition of nuclear translocation of angiogenin also blocked the expression of KSHV-induced vascular endothelial growth factor C. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that by increasing infected endothelial cell 45S rRNA synthesis, proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, KSHV-induced angiogenin could be playing a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of KSHV infection, including a contribution to the angioproliferative nature of KS lesions. Our studies suggested that LANA-1 and vGPCR play roles in KSHV-induced angiogenesis and that the angiogenic potential of vGPCR might also be due to its ability to induce angiogenin.
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Kishikawa H, Wu D, Hu GF. Targeting angiogenin in therapy of amyotropic lateral sclerosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:1229-42. [PMID: 18781822 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.10.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Missense heterozygous mutations in the coding region of angiogenin (ANG) gene, encoding a 14 kDa angiogenic RNase, were recently found in patients of amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Functional analyses have shown that these are loss-of-function mutations, implying that angiogenin deficiency is associated with ALS pathogenesis and that increasing ANG expression or angiogenin activity could be a novel approach for ALS therapy. OBJECTIVE Review the evidence showing the involvement of angiogenin in motor neuron physiology and function, and provide a rationale for targeting angiogenin in ALS therapy. METHODS Review the current understanding of the mechanism of angiogenin action in connection with ALS genetics, pathogenesis and therapy. CONCLUSION ANG is the first gene whose loss-of-function mutations are associated with ALS pathogenesis. Therapeutic modulation of angiogenin level and activity in the spinal cord, either by systemic delivery of angiogenin protein or through retrograde transport of ANG-encoding viral particles, may be beneficial for ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Kishikawa
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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21
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Abstract
Angiogenin induces angiogenesis by activating vessel endothelial and smooth muscle cells and triggering a number of biological processes, including cell migration, invasion, proliferation, and formation of tubular structures. It has been reported that angiogenin plays its functions mainly through four pathways: (1) exerting its ribonucleolytic activity; (2) binding to membrane actin and then inducing basement membrane degradation; (3) binding to a putative 170-kDa protein and subsequently transducing signal into cytoplasm; and (4) translocating into the nucleus of target cells directly and then enhancing ribosomal RNA transcription. Angiogenin can also translocate into the nucleus of cancer cells and induces the corresponding cell proliferation. Furthermore, angiogenin has neuroprotective activities in the central nervous system and the loss of its function may be related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This review intends to conclude the mechanisms underlying these actions of angiogenin and give a perspective on future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Gao
- Research Center for Environmental Genomics, Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
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22
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Li W, Yang X, Wang K, Tan W, He Y, Guo Q, Tang H, Liu J. Real-time imaging of protein internalization using aptamer conjugates. Anal Chem 2008; 80:5002-8. [PMID: 18533682 DOI: 10.1021/ac800930q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenin is a potent angiogenic factor that is known to play an important role in tumor angiogenesis. In this paper, we investigate the cellular internalization of angiogenin conjugated with its highly specific aptamer. By using fluorophore-labeled aptamer and confocal laser scanning microscopy, we have developed a novel and simple method by which to visualize the real-time process of angiogenin internalization. Specifically, when aptamer-angiogenin conjugates were added into cell cultures, conjugates could be selectively bound to HUVE cells (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) and MCF-7 cells (human breast cancer cells). Nuclear staining and Z-axis scanning studies demonstrated that the aptamer-angiogenin conjugates were internalized to intracellular organelles, and dynamic confocal imaging studies indicated that the conjugates were quickly internalized. These results provide the first evidence that a fluorophore-labeled aptamer can be used as a fluorescent probe to visualize the spatiotemporal process of protein internalization in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Center for Biomedicine, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
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Wu D, Yu W, Kishikawa H, Folkerth RD, Iafrate AJ, Shen Y, Xin W, Sims K, Hu GF. Angiogenin loss-of-function mutations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2008; 62:609-17. [PMID: 17886298 PMCID: PMC2776820 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Heterozygous missense mutations in the coding region of angiogenin (ANG), an angiogenic ribonuclease, have been reported in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. However, the role of ANG in motor neuron physiology and the functional consequences of these mutations are unknown. We searched for new mutations and sought to define the functional consequences of these mutations. METHODS We sequenced the coding region of ANG in an independent cohort of North American ALS patients. Identified ANG mutations were then characterized using functional assays of angiogenesis, ribonucleolysis, and nuclear translocation. We also examined expression of ANG in normal human fetal and adult spinal cords. RESULTS We identified four mutations in the coding region of ANG from 298 ALS patients. Three of these mutations are present in the mature protein. Among the four mutations, P(-4)S, S28N, and P112L are novel, and K17I has been reported previously. Functional assays show that these ANG mutations result in complete loss of function. The mutant ANG proteins are unable to induce angiogenesis because of a deficiency in ribonuclease activity, nuclear translocation, or both. As a correlate, we demonstrate strong ANG expression in both endothelial cells and motor neurons of normal human spinal cords from the developing fetus and adult. INTERPRETATION We provide the first evidence that ANG mutations, identified in ALS patients, are associated with functional loss of ANG activity. Moreover, strong ANG expression, in normal human fetal and adult spinal cord neurons and endothelial cells, confirms the plausibility of ANG dysfunction being relevant to the pathogenesis of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wu
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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24
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Kim HM, Kang DK, Kim HY, Kang SS, Chang SI. Angiogenin-induced protein kinase B/Akt activation is necessary for angiogenesis but is independent of nuclear translocation of angiogenin in HUVE cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 352:509-13. [PMID: 17125737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenin, a potent angiogenic factor, binds to endothelial cells and is endocytosed and rapidly translocated to and concentrated in the nucleolus where it binds to DNA. In this study, we report that angiogenin induces transient phosphorylation of protein kinase B/Akt in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVE) cells. LY294002 inhibits the angiogenin-induced protein kinase B/Akt activation and also angiogenin-induced cell migration in vitro as well as angiogenesis in chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane in vivo without affecting nuclear translocation of angiogenin in HUVE cells. These results suggest that cross-talk between angiogenin and protein kinase B/Akt signaling pathways is essential for angiogenin-induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, and that angiogenin-induced PKB/Akt activation is independent of nuclear translocation of angiogenin in HUVE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Mi Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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25
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Hirukawa S, Olson KA, Tsuji T, Hu GF. Neamine inhibits xenografic human tumor growth and angiogenesis in athymic mice. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 11:8745-52. [PMID: 16361562 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have previously shown that the aminoglycoside antibiotic neomycin blocks the nuclear translocation of angiogenin and inhibits its angiogenic activity. However, neomycin has not been considered as a favorable drug candidate for clinical development because of its known nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. The aim of this study is to determine whether neamine, a nontoxic derivative of neomycin, possesses antitumor activity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The effect of neamine on the nuclear translocation of angiogenin was examined by means of immunofluorescence and Western blotting. The antitumor activity of neamine was determined with three different animal models. RESULTS Neamine effectively blocked the nuclear translocation of angiogenin in endothelial cells and inhibited angiogenin-induced cell proliferation. It inhibited the establishment of human tumor xenografts in athymic mice in both ectopic and orthotopic tumor models. It also inhibited the progression of established human tumor transplants, whereas the structurally related antibiotic paromomycin had no effect. Immunohistochemical staining showed that both angiogenesis and cancer cell proliferation are inhibited by neamine. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the nontoxic aminoglycoside antibiotic neamine is an effective inhibitor of nuclear translocation of angiogenin and may serve as an inhibitor for angiogenin-induced angiogenesis and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Hirukawa
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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26
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Tsuji T, Sun Y, Kishimoto K, Olson KA, Liu S, Hirukawa S, Hu GF. Angiogenin is translocated to the nucleus of HeLa cells and is involved in ribosomal RNA transcription and cell proliferation. Cancer Res 2005; 65:1352-60. [PMID: 15735021 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenin is an angiogenic protein known to play a role in rRNA transcription in endothelial cells. Nuclear translocation of angiogenin in endothelial cells decreases as cell density increases and ceases when cells are confluent. Here we report that angiogenin is constantly translocated to the nucleus of HeLa cells in a cell density-independent manner. Down-regulation of angiogenin expression by antisense and RNA interference results in a decrease in rRNA transcription, ribosome biogenesis, proliferation, and tumorigenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Exogenous angiogenin rescues the cells from antisense and RNA interference inhibition. The results showed that angiogenin is constitutively translocated into the nucleus of HeLa cells where it stimulates rRNA transcription. Thus, besides its angiogenic activity, angiogenin also plays a role in cancer cell proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Growth Processes/physiology
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA, Antisense/genetics
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Ribonuclease, Pancreatic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ribonuclease, Pancreatic/genetics
- Ribonuclease, Pancreatic/metabolism
- Ribonuclease, Pancreatic/physiology
- Ribosomes/genetics
- Ribosomes/metabolism
- Transfection
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Tsuji
- Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences and Medicine, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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27
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Zhang AS, Sheftel AD, Ponka P. Intracellular kinetics of iron in reticulocytes: evidence for endosome involvement in iron targeting to mitochondria. Blood 2004; 105:368-75. [PMID: 15331447 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In erythroid cells the vast majority of iron (Fe) released from endosomes must cross both the outer and the inner mitochondrial membranes to reach ferrochelatase that inserts Fe into protoporphyrin IX. In the present study, we developed a method whereby a cohort of 59Fe-transferrin (Tf)-laden endosomal vesicles were generated, from which we could evaluate the transfer of 59Fe into mitochondria. Iron chelators, dipyridyl or salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH), were able to bind the 59Fe when they were present during a 37 degrees C incubation; however, addition of these agents only during lysis at 4 degrees C chelated virtually no 59Fe. Bafilomycin A1 (which prevents endosome acidification) and succinylacetone (an inhibitor of 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase) prevented endosomal 59Fe incorporation into heme. Importantly, both the myosin light chain kinase inhibitor wortmannin and the calmodulin antagonist, N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalene-sulfonamide (W-7), caused significant inhibition of 59Fe incorporation from 59Fe-Tf-labeled endosomes into heme, suggesting that myosin is required for Tf-vesicle movement. Our results reaffirm the astonishing efficiency of Tf-derived Fe utilization in hemoglobin (Hb)-producing cells and demonstrate that very little of this Fe is present in a chelatable pool. Collectively, these results are congruent with our hypothesis that a transient endosome-mitochondrion interaction mediates iron transfer between these organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Sheng Zhang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
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28
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Olsnes S, Klingenberg O, Wiedłocha A. Transport of exogenous growth factors and cytokines to the cytosol and to the nucleus. Physiol Rev 2003; 83:163-82. [PMID: 12506129 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years a number of growth factors, cytokines, protein hormones, and other proteins have been found in the nucleus after having been added externally to cells. This review evaluates the evidence that translocation takes place and discusses possible mechanisms. As a demonstration of the principle that extracellular proteins can penetrate cellular membranes and reach the cytosol, a brief overview of the penetration mechanism of protein toxins with intracellular sites of action is given. Then problems and pitfalls in attempts to demonstrate the presence of proteins in the cytosol and in the nucleus as opposed to intracellular vesicular compartments are discussed, and some new approaches to study this are described. A detailed overview of the evidence for translocation of fibroblast growth factor, HIV-Tat, interferon-gamma, and other proteins where there is evidence for intracellular action is given, and translocation mechanisms are discussed. It is concluded that although there are many pitfalls, the bulk of the experiments indicate that certain proteins are indeed able to enter the cytosol and nucleus. Possible roles of the internalized proteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjur Olsnes
- Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway.
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Riordan
- Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Liu S, Yu D, Xu ZP, Riordan JF, Hu GF. Angiogenin activates Erk1/2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 287:305-10. [PMID: 11549292 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenin is a potent angiogenic factor that binds to endothelial cells and is endocytosed and rapidly translocated to the nucleus where it is concentrated in the nucleolus and binds to DNA. Angiogenin also activates cell-associated proteases, induces cell invasion and migration, stimulates cell proliferation, and organizes cultured cells to form tubular structures. The intracellular signaling pathways that mediate these various cellular responses are not well understood. Here we report that angiogenin induces transient phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase1/2 (Erk1/2) in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Angiogenin does not affect the phosphorylation status of stress-associated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. PD98059--a specific inhibitor of MAP or Erk kinase 1 (MEK 1), the upstream kinase that phosphorylates Erk1/2--abolishes angiogenin-induced Erk phosphorylation and cell proliferation without affecting nuclear translocation of angiogenin. In contrast, neomycin, a known inhibitor of nuclear translocation and cell proliferation, does not interfere with angiogenin-induced Erk1/2 phosphorylation. These data indicate that both intracellular signaling pathways and direct nuclear functions of angiogenin are required for angiogenin-induced cell proliferation and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liu
- Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Seeley G. Mudd Building, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Xu Z, Monti DM, Hu G. Angiogenin activates human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 285:909-14. [PMID: 11467837 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenin stimulates proliferation of human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells. This activity of angiogenin depends on the cell density and requires nuclear translocation of the ligand as well as activation of SAPK/JNK MAP kinase. Angiogenin binds to a 170-kDa putative receptor on the cell surface and induces phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK. It also undergoes nuclear translocation in a time and concentration dependent manner. Neomycin inhibits nuclear translocation of angiogenin and abolishes angiogenin-induced cell proliferation but does not inhibit SAPK/JNK phosphorylation. The data demonstrate that smooth muscle cells are targets for angiogenin and that both SAPK/JNK phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the ligand are required for angiogenin to activate smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Xu
- Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences and Medicine, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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32
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Scheller A, Wiesner B, Melzig M, Bienert M, Oehlke J. Evidence for an amphipathicity independent cellular uptake of amphipathic cell-penetrating peptides. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:6043-50. [PMID: 10998065 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01681.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cellular uptake of a peptide set derived from membrane-permeable alpha-helical amphipathic peptides by stepwise alterations of structure forming propensity and charge was studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) combined with HPLC. For CLSM monitoring, an online protocol was employed that avoided bias of the uptake results by washout. Using this protocol, extensive fluorescence, approaching the intensity of the external peptide, was observed in the cytosol and nucleus within minutes in all cases, irrespective of the degree of amphipathicity. HPLC analyses of the cell lysates revealed the unmetabolized peptides to be the predominant source of the intracellular fluorescence. Significant amphipathicity-dependent differences became apparent only after washing the peptide-loaded cells, reflecting the effects of amphipathicity on resistance to wash out. Exposure of the cells to the peptides at 37 and 0 degrees C led to similar results, indicating the nonendocytic character of the uptake. With a view to practical applications, the results of the present study open the possibility of exploiting nonamphipathic peptides as vectors for translocating polar compounds into the cell interior, which would circumvent substantial obstacles currently connected with the use of amphipathic vector peptides, such as membrane toxicity and low solubility. Moreover, differences in the uptake of several members of the investigated peptide series into different cell types present a promising basis for the design of cell-type specific vector peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Scheller
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany
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33
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Hu GF, Kim HJ, Xu CJ, Riordan JF. Fibroblast growth factors are translocated to the nucleus of human endothelial cells in a microtubule- and lysosome-independent pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 273:551-6. [PMID: 10873643 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors undergo rapid nuclear translocation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. When nuclear translocation reaches saturation, more than 70% of the internalized growth factors are in the nuclear fraction. Lysosomal inhibitors, such as leupeptin and chloroquine, and microtubule inhibitors including colchicine and 2-methoxyl-beta-estradiol neither increase nor decrease nuclear translocation. The results suggest that nuclear translocation of fibroblast growth factors does not require cytosolic accumulation or lysosomal processing and that the transportation of exogenous growth factors across the cytoplasm is independent of microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- G f Hu
- Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences and Medicine, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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34
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Hu GF, Xu CJ, Riordan JF. Human angiogenin is rapidly translocated to the nucleus of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and binds to DNA. J Cell Biochem 2000; 76:452-62. [PMID: 10649442 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(20000301)76:3<452::aid-jcb12>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Human angiogenin is translocated to the nucleus of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a time-dependent manner. Exogenous angiogenin appears in the nucleus in 2 min, reaches saturation in 15 min when 85% of the internalized angiogenin is in the nuclei, and remains associated with the nucleus for at least 4 h. Endothelial cells cultured at low density have a much higher capacity to translocate angiogenin to the nucleus than do those cultured at high density. This observation is consistent with previous findings that both the ability of endothelial cells to proliferate in response to angiogenin and the expression of an angiogenin receptor on the cell surface depend on cell density. Nuclear (125)I-angiogenin is not degraded and is neither spontaneously dissociated nor replaced by unlabeled angiogenin. It is, however, released by deoxyribonuclease I, but not by ribonuclease A, suggesting that angiogenin binds to DNA in the nucleus. These results suggest that in addition to acting as a ribonuclease, angiogenin may play a role in regulating gene expression by direct binding to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G f Hu
- Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Gooden M, Vernon R, Bassuk J, Sage E. Cell cycle-dependent nuclear location of the matricellular protein SPARC: Association with the nuclear matrix. J Cell Biochem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19990801)74:2<152::aid-jcb2>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
A class of angiogenesis inhibitor has emerged from our mechanistic study of the action of angiogenin, a potent angiogenic factor. Neomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, inhibits nuclear translocation of human angiogenin in human endothelial cells, an essential step for angiogenin-induced angiogenesis. The phospholipase C-inhibiting activity of neomycin appears to be involved, because U-73122, another phospholipase C inhibitor, has a similar effect. In contrast, genistein, oxophenylarsine, and staurosporine, inhibitors of tyrosine kinase, phosphotyrosine phosphatase, and protein kinase C, respectively, do not inhibit nuclear translocation of angiogenin. Neomycin inhibits angiogenin-induced proliferation of human endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. At 50 microM, neomycin abolishes angiogenin-induced proliferation but does not affect the basal level of proliferation and cell viability. Other aminoglycoside antibiotics, including gentamicin, streptomycin, kanamycin, amikacin, and paromomycin, have no effect on angiogenin-induced cell proliferation. Most importantly, neomycin completely inhibits angiogenin-induced angiogenesis in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane at a dose as low as 20 ng per egg. These results suggest that neomycin and its analogs are a class of agents that may be developed for anti-angiogenin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Hu
- Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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