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Macroalgal Proteins: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11040571. [PMID: 35206049 PMCID: PMC8871301 DOI: 10.3390/foods11040571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Population growth is the driving change in the search for new, alternative sources of protein. Macroalgae (otherwise known as seaweeds) do not compete with other food sources for space and resources as they can be sustainably cultivated without the need for arable land. Macroalgae are significantly rich in protein and amino acid content compared to other plant-derived proteins. Herein, physical and chemical protein extraction methods as well as novel techniques including enzyme hydrolysis, microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasound sonication are discussed as strategies for protein extraction with this resource. The generation of high-value, economically important ingredients such as bioactive peptides is explored as well as the application of macroalgal proteins in human foods and animal feed. These bioactive peptides that have been shown to inhibit enzymes such as renin, angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE-1), cyclooxygenases (COX), α-amylase and α-glucosidase associated with hypertensive, diabetic, and inflammation-related activities are explored. This paper discusses the significant uses of seaweeds, which range from utilising their anthelmintic and anti-methane properties in feed additives, to food techno-functional ingredients in the formulation of human foods such as ice creams, to utilising their health beneficial ingredients to reduce high blood pressure and prevent inflammation. This information was collated following a review of 206 publications on the use of seaweeds as foods and feeds and processing methods to extract seaweed proteins.
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Li R, Chinnathambi A, Alharbi SA, Shair OHM, Veeraraghavan VP, Surapaneni KM, Rengarajan T. Anti-inflammatory effects of rhaponticin on LPS-induced human endothelial cells through inhibition of MAPK/NF-κβ signaling pathways. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22733. [PMID: 33605003 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The untreated systemic chronic inflammation leads to autoimmune diseases, hyperglycemia, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis, and so on. Phytochemicals effectively inhibit the inflammation, and numerous studies have proved that the phytocomponents possess anti-inflammatory property via inhibiting the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase signaling pathways. Rhaponticin is one such phytochemical obtained from the perennial plant Rheum rhaponticum L. belonging to Polygonaceae family. We assessed the anti-inflammatory potency of rhaponticin in endothelial cells induced with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Four different endothelial cells induced with LPS were treated with rhaponticin and assessed for the nitric oxide generation. The cytotoxic potency of rhaponticin was evaluated in endothelial cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthizaol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. The tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) synthesis was quantified using the commercially available assay kit. The inflammatory signaling protein gene expression of TNF-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was analyzed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The gene expression of NADPH oxidase (NOX) cytoplasmic catalytic subunits gp91phox , p47phox , and p22phox was assessed with real-time PCR analysis. Finally, to confirm the anti-inflammatory potency of rhaponticin, the nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling protein expression was analyzed with immunoblotting analysis. Rhaponticin treatment significantly decreased the levels of nitric oxide and TNF-α synthesis in LPS-induced endothelial cells. It significantly decreased the gene expression of inflammatory proteins and NOX signaling protein. The protein expression of NFκB and MAPK signaling proteins was drastically decreased in rhaponticin-treated endothelial cells induced with LPS. Overall, our results confirm that rhaponticin effectively inhibited the inflammation triggered by LPS in endothelial cells via downregulating iNOS, COX2, and NFκB and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rougang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Arunachalam Chinnathambi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar H M Shair
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Surapaneni
- Departments of Biochemistry, Clinical Skills & Simulation, and Research, Panimalar Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Interleukin 1β and Prostaglandin E2 affect expression of DNA methylating and demethylating enzymes in human gingival fibroblasts. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 78:105920. [PMID: 31810887 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory condition that results in increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators. In addition to oral disease and tooth loss, it also causes low-grade systemic inflammation that contributes to development of systemic conditions including cardiovascular disease, pre-term birth, diabetes and cancer. Chronic inflammation is associated with epigenetic change, and it has been suggested that such changes can alter cell phenotypes in ways that contribute to both ongoing inflammation and development of associated pathologies. Here we show that exposure of human gingival fibroblasts to IL-1β increases expression of maintenance methyltransferase DNMT1 but decreases expression of de novo methyltransferase DNMT3a and the demethylating enzyme TET1, while exposure to PGE2 decreases expression of all three enzymes. IL-1β and PGE2 both affect global levels of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation, as well as methylation of some specific CpG in inflammation-associated genes. The effects of IL-1β are independent of its ability to induce production of PGE2, and the effects of PGE2 on DNMT3a expression are mediated by the EP4 receptor. The finding that exposure of fibroblasts to IL-1β and PGE2 can result in altered expression of DNA methylating/demethylating enzymes and in changing patterns of DNA methylation suggests a mechanism through which inflammatory mediators might contribute to the increased risk of carcinogenesis associated with inflammation.
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Gandhi J, Khera L, Gaur N, Paul C, Kaul R. Role of Modulator of Inflammation Cyclooxygenase-2 in Gammaherpesvirus Mediated Tumorigenesis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:538. [PMID: 28400769 PMCID: PMC5368278 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is recognized as a threat factor for cancer progression. Release of inflammatory molecules generates microenvironment which is highly favorable for development of tumor, cancer progression and metastasis. In cases of latent viral infections, generation of such a microenvironment is one of the major predisposing factors related to virus mediated tumorigenesis. Among various inflammatory mediators implicated in pathological process associated with cancer, the cyclooxygenase (COX) and its downstream effector molecules are of greater significance. Though the role of infectious agents in causing inflammation leading to transformation of cells has been more or less well established, however, the mechanism by which inflammation in itself modulates the events in life cycle of infectious agent is not very much clear. This is specifically important for gammaherpesviruses infections where viral life cycle is characterized by prolonged periods of latency when the virus remains hidden, immunologically undetectable and expresses only a very limited set of genes. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms for role of inflammation in virus life cycle and tumorigenesis. This review is an attempt to summarize the latest findings highlighting the significance of COX-2 and its downstream signaling effectors role in life cycle events of gammaherpesviruses leading to progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Gandhi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus New Delhi, India
| | - Lohit Khera
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus New Delhi, India
| | - Nivedita Gaur
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus New Delhi, India
| | - Catherine Paul
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus New Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev Kaul
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus New Delhi, India
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5
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Biological activity evaluation and molecular docking study of chromone derivatives as cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1786-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Takeda H, Kikuchi T, Soboku K, Okabe I, Mizutani H, Mitani A, Ishihara Y, Noguchi T. Effect of IL-15 and natural killer cells on osteoclasts and osteoblasts in a mouse coculture. Inflammation 2015; 37:657-69. [PMID: 24287823 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzes the effect of interleukin-15 (IL-15) on osteoclast formation using a coculture of mouse osteoblasts and bone marrow cells (BMCs) stimulated with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which both have important role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontal disease (PD). BMCs isolate lacking T (BM(T-)) or NK (BM(NK-)) cells, BMCs with no cells removed (BM(T+NK+)), purified NK cells, and purified T cells were each cocultured with osteoblasts in the presence or absence of PGE2 and/or IL-15. The number of both osteoclasts and osteoblasts was decreased by IL-15 in a dose-dependent manner in BM(T+NK+), BM(T-). However, the reductions were improved in BM(NK-). The expression of caspase3 in osteoblasts cocultured with NK cells was increased in a dose-dependent manner by IL-15. IL-15 stimulates apoptosis of osteoblasts via activation of NK cells. Since osteoblasts have an important role in bone formation, IL-15 may be an inflammatory bone destructive factor in RA and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Takeda
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemoridori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
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Gandhi J, Gaur N, Khera L, Kaul R, Robertson ES. COX-2 induces lytic reactivation of EBV through PGE2 by modulating the EP receptor signaling pathway. Virology 2015; 484:1-14. [PMID: 26057147 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is one of the predisposing factors known to be associated with Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) mediated tumorigenesis. However it is not well understood whether inflammation in itself plays a role in regulating the life cycle of this infectious agent. COX-2, a key mediator of the inflammatory processes is frequently over-expressed in EBV positive cancer cells. In various tumors, PGE2 is the principle COX-2 regulated downstream product which exerts its effects on cellular processes through the EP1-4 receptors. In this study, we further elucidated how upregulated COX-2 levels can modulate the events in EBV life cycle related to latency-lytic reactivation. Our data suggest a role for upregulated COX-2 on modulation of EBV latency through its downstream effector PGE2. This study demonstrates a role for increased COX-2 levels in modulation of EBV latency. This is important for understanding the pathogenesis of EBV-associated cancers in people with chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Gandhi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Nivedita Gaur
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Lohit Khera
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev Kaul
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India.
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Department of Microbiology and Tumour Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
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Thromboxane A2 exerts promoting effects on cell proliferation through mediating cyclooxygenase-2 signal in lung adenocarcinoma cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 140:375-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-013-1573-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Mesa F, Aguilar M, Galindo-Moreno P, Bravo M, O'Valle F. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in gingival biopsies from periodontal patients is correlated with connective tissue loss. J Periodontol 2012; 83:1538-45. [PMID: 22324469 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.110561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study is to compare cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression in gingival biopsies from patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), patients with gingivitis (GV), and individuals with no periodontal disease (control group) and to establish its relationship with clinical variables and connective tissue loss in the lamina propria. METHODS A cross-sectional and analytic study was conducted in 108 gingival biopsies from 52 patients with CP, 39 with GV, and 17 controls. All biopsies were processed for conventional histopathologic study, immunohistochemical determination of COX-2 protein expression, and automatic quantification of connective tissue by image analysis. RESULTS The protein expression of COX-2, mainly produced by plasma cells and monocytes, was significantly related to the presence of periodontal disease, bleeding index, intensity of inflammatory infiltrate, and loss of connective tissue in the lamina propria of gingival biopsies (P <0.01, Spearman test). COX-2 expression was also directly correlated with attachment loss (P <0.05, Spearman test). CONCLUSIONS COX-2 protein expression is higher in patients with GV and CP than in individuals without periodontal disease and is inversely correlated with the amount of connective tissue in the lamina propria as determined by image analysis. This finding suggests that COX-2 participates in mechanisms and pathway signaling related to the destruction of fibrillar support structures of the periodontium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Mesa
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Nagahama Y, Obama T, Usui M, Kanazawa Y, Iwamoto S, Suzuki K, Miyazaki A, Yamaguchi T, Yamamoto M, Itabe H. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced periodontal inflammation is associated with the up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal prostaglandin synthase 1 in human gingival epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 413:566-71. [PMID: 21925143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is characterized by chronic gingival tissue inflammation, and inflammatory mediators such as IL-8 and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) are associated with disease progression. Previously we showed that oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) was present in gingival crevicular fluid. In this study, the role of oxLDL in the gingival epithelial cell inflammatory response was further investigated using Ca9-22 cells and primary human oral keratinocytes (HOK). Treatment of Ca9-22 cells and HOK with oxLDL induced an up-regulation of IL-8 and the PGE(2)-producing enzymes, cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal PGE(2) synthase-1. These responses induced by oxLDL were significantly suppressed by a nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitor. However, unlike the result in macrophages, oxLDL did not lead to an increase in CD36 expression in these two cells. These results suggest that oxLDL elicits gingival epithelial cell inflammatory responses through an activation of the NF-κB pathway. These data suggest a mechanistic link between periodontal disease and lipid metabolism-related disorders, including atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nagahama
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Showa University Dental Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Chotjumlong P, Khongkhunthian S, Ongchai S, Reutrakul V, Krisanaprakornkit S. Human beta-defensin-3 up-regulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 synthesis in human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:464-70. [PMID: 20337883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Oral epithelial cells express three antimicrobial peptide human beta-defensins (hBDs) that have previously been demonstrated to exert proinflammatory effects on various immune cells. We wanted to examine whether hBDs could induce cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) synthesis in non-immune cells, such as human gingival fibroblasts. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cultured fibroblasts were treated with different concentrations of hBD-1, -2, -3 or interleukin-1 beta, as a positive control, for various times, in the presence or absence of NS-398, a specific COX-2 inhibitor. The levels of COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA expression were analyzed using RT-PCR and real-time PCR. Whole cell lysates were analyzed for COX-1 and COX-2 protein expression by western blotting. Cell-free culture supernatants were assayed for PGE(2) levels by ELISA. The lactate dehydrogenase assay was performed to determine the cytotoxicity of hBDs. RESULTS Ten and 40 microg/mL of hBD-3 up-regulated COX-2 mRNA and protein expression, consistent with COX-2 up-regulation by interleukin-1 beta, whereas hBD-1 and hBD-2 did not. However, COX-1 mRNA and protein were constitutively expressed. The time-course study revealed that hBD-3 up-regulated COX-2 mRNA and protein expression at 6 and 12 h, respectively. Consistent with COX-2 up-regulation, 10 and 40 microg/mL of hBD-3 significantly increased PGE(2) levels in cell-free culture supernatants (p < 0.05), and this was inhibited by NS-398 in a dose-dependent manner. Neither of the hBD concentrations tested in this study was toxic to the cells. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that epithelial human beta-defensin-3 functions as a proinflammatory mediator in controlling arachidonic acid metabolism in underlying fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chotjumlong
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Schaefer A, Richter G, Nothnagel M, Laine M, Noack B, Glas J, Schrezenmeir J, Groessner-Schreiber B, Jepsen S, Loos B, Schreiber S. COX-2 Is Associated with Periodontitis in Europeans. J Dent Res 2010; 89:384-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034509359575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
COX-2 plays an important role in periodontitis by mediating inflammatory reactions in periodontal tissues, and the COX-2 polymorphisms rs20417 and rs689466 have been reported to be associated with periodontitis in populations of Taiwanese and Chinese ethnicity. To test whether these variants were associated with periodontitis in populations of European ethnicity, we genotyped the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs689466 and rs6681231, the latter a haplotype tagging SNP (htSNP) for rs20417 (r2>0.95), in our large-analysis population of individuals with aggressive (n = 532) and chronic periodontitis (n = 1052), and 2873 healthy control individuals. The rare G allele of htSNP rs6681231 was associated with aggressive periodontitis prior to and after adjustment for the covariates smoking, diabetes, and gender, with an odds ratio of 1.57 (95% confidence interval 1.18–2.08; p = 0.002). The validation of the association of rs20417 by the htSNP rs6681231 provides evidence for a general genetic risk of COX-2 variants in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.S. Schaefer
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Schittenhelmstraße 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, House 31, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- University Medical Center Carl Gustav Carus der Technischen Universität Dresden, Zentrum für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Munich, Goethestraße 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - G.M. Richter
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Schittenhelmstraße 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, House 31, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- University Medical Center Carl Gustav Carus der Technischen Universität Dresden, Zentrum für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Munich, Goethestraße 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - M. Nothnagel
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Schittenhelmstraße 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, House 31, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- University Medical Center Carl Gustav Carus der Technischen Universität Dresden, Zentrum für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Munich, Goethestraße 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - M.L. Laine
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Schittenhelmstraße 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, House 31, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- University Medical Center Carl Gustav Carus der Technischen Universität Dresden, Zentrum für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Munich, Goethestraße 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - B. Noack
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Schittenhelmstraße 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, House 31, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- University Medical Center Carl Gustav Carus der Technischen Universität Dresden, Zentrum für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Munich, Goethestraße 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - J. Glas
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Schittenhelmstraße 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, House 31, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- University Medical Center Carl Gustav Carus der Technischen Universität Dresden, Zentrum für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Munich, Goethestraße 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - J. Schrezenmeir
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Schittenhelmstraße 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, House 31, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- University Medical Center Carl Gustav Carus der Technischen Universität Dresden, Zentrum für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Munich, Goethestraße 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - B. Groessner-Schreiber
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Schittenhelmstraße 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, House 31, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- University Medical Center Carl Gustav Carus der Technischen Universität Dresden, Zentrum für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Munich, Goethestraße 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - S. Jepsen
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Schittenhelmstraße 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, House 31, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- University Medical Center Carl Gustav Carus der Technischen Universität Dresden, Zentrum für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Munich, Goethestraße 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - B.G. Loos
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Schittenhelmstraße 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, House 31, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- University Medical Center Carl Gustav Carus der Technischen Universität Dresden, Zentrum für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Munich, Goethestraße 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - S. Schreiber
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Schittenhelmstraße 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, House 31, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- University Medical Center Carl Gustav Carus der Technischen Universität Dresden, Zentrum für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Munich, Goethestraße 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
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Chen L, He Y, Huang H, Liao H, Wei W. Selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib combined with EGFR-TKI ZD1839 on non-small cell lung cancer cell lines: in vitro toxicity and mechanism study. Med Oncol 2008; 25:161-71. [PMID: 18172786 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-007-9015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) occurs frequently in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Anticancer research targeting EGFR has got an extensive attention especially in NSCLC and COX-2 inhibitor also shown a certain anticancer activity in recent years. Simultaneously targeting COX-2 and EGFR may be a promising therapeutic way. We carried out the in vitro study using selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib combined with EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) ZD1839 on NSCLC cell lines to investigate the anti proliferation effect and the cell molecular mechanism. MTT growth assay showed the synergistic therapeutic effect of certain concentration of celecoxib combined with ZD1839 and synergistic apoptosis effect was detected by Hoechest33258 fluorescence staining and flow cytometric analysis. In western blot analysis, ZD1839 single agent inhibited the activation of EGFR and downstream cell signal transduction AKT and extrocellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways, the transcription activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), and the expression of COX-2. Celecoxib single agent could also inhibit AKT and ERK pathway in NSCLC, even the EGFR expression under high concentration treatment. Celecoxib combined with ZD1839 led to stronger inhibition of related cell signal transduction pathways in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Chen
- Internal Department of Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guang Zhou, Guang Dong, China
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14
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Ho YP, Lin YC, Yang YH, Ho KY, Wu YM, Tsai CC. Cyclooxygenase-2 Gene−765 single nucleotide polymorphism as a protective factor against periodontitis in Taiwanese. J Clin Periodontol 2007; 35:1-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2007.01167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Båge T, Modéer T, Kawakami T, Quezada HC, Yucel-Lindberg T. Regulation of prostaglandin E synthases: Effects of siRNA-mediated inhibition of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2007; 1773:1589-98. [PMID: 17707523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a key mediator involved in several inflammatory conditions. In this study, we investigated the expression and regulation of the terminal PGE2 synthesizing enzyme prostaglandin E synthases (mPGES-1, mPGES-2 and cPGES) in gingival fibroblasts stimulated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. We used siRNA knockdown of mPGES-1 to elucidate the impact of mPGES-1 inhibition on mPGES-2 and cPGES expression, as well as on PGE2 production. The cytokines TNFalpha and IL-1beta increased protein expression and activity of mPGES-1, accompanied by increased COX-2 expression and PGE2 production. The isoenzymes mPGES-2 and cPGES, constitutively expressed at mRNA and protein levels, were unaffected by the pro-inflammatory cytokines. We show for the first time that treatment with mPGES-1 siRNA down-regulated the cytokine-induced mPGES-1 protein expression and activity. Interestingly, mPGES-1 siRNA did not affect the cytokine-stimulated PGE2 production, whereas PGF(2alpha) levels were enhanced. Neither mPGES-2 nor cPGES expression was affected by siRNA silencing of mPGES-1. Dexamethasone and MK-886 both inhibited the cytokine-induced mPGES-1 expression while mPGES-2 and cPGES expression remained unaffected. In conclusion, mPGES-1 siRNA down-regulates mPGES-1 expression, and neither mPGES-2 nor cPGES substituted for mPGES-1 in a knockdown setting in gingival fibroblasts. Moreover, mPGES-1 siRNA did not affect PGE2 levels, whereas PGF(2alpha) increased, suggesting a compensatory pathway of PGE2 synthesis when mPGES-1 is knocked down.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Båge
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Odontology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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16
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O'Byrne KJ, Danson S, Dunlop D, Botwood N, Taguchi F, Carbone D, Ranson M. Combination Therapy With Gefitinib and Rofecoxib in Patients With Platinum-Pretreated Relapsed Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:3266-73. [PMID: 17664473 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.09.2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeIn non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) play major roles in tumorigenesis. This phase I/II study evaluated combined therapy with the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) gefitinib and the COX-2 inhibitor rofecoxib in platinum-pretreated, relapsed, metastatic NSCLC (n = 45).Patients and MethodsGefitinib 250 mg/d was combined with rofecoxib (dose escalated from 12.5 to 25 to 50 mg/d through three cohorts, each n = 6). Because the rofecoxib maximum-tolerated dose was not reached, the 50 mg/d cohort was expanded for efficacy evaluation (n = 33).ResultsAmong the 42 assessable patients, there was one complete response (CR) and two partial responses (PRs) and 12 patients with stable disease (SD); disease control rate was 35.7% (95% CI, 21.6% to 52.0%). Median time to tumor progression was 55 days (95% CI, 47 to 70 days), and median survival was 144 days (95% CI, 103 to 190 days). In a pilot study, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) proteomics analysis of baseline serum samples could distinguish patients with an objective response from those with SD or progressive disease (PD), and those with disease control (CR, PR, and SD) from those with PD. The regimen was generally well tolerated, with predictable toxicities including skin rash and diarrhea.ConclusionGefitinib combined with rofecoxib provided disease control equivalent to that expected with single-agent gefitinib and was generally well tolerated. Baseline serum proteomics may help identify those patients most likely to benefit from EGFR TKIs.
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17
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Yoon WJ, Lee HJ, Kang GJ, Kang HK, Yoo ES. Inhibitory effects of Ficus erecta leaves on osteoporotic factors in vitro. Arch Pharm Res 2007; 30:43-9. [PMID: 17328241 DOI: 10.1007/bf02977777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is recognized as a major concern among menopausal women and the elderly. When estrogen is reduced in the body, local factors such as IL-1beta, IL-6 and PGE2, which are known to be related to bone resorption, are increased and promote osteoclastogenesis, which is responsible for bone resorption and results in the clinical disorder osteoporosis. In this study, we investigated the anti-osteoporotic activity of Ficus erecta. MG-63 cells were stimulated with IL-1beta (10 ng/mL) to induce osteoporotic factors (IL-6, COX-2 and PGE2) and RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with RANKL (100 ng/mL) to induce their differentiation into osteoclasts. We found F. erecta fractions decreased the mRNA expression of IL-6 and COX-2, and protein levels of COX-2 and PGE2 production. Among sequential solvent fractions, hexane and EtOAc fractions decreased differentiation into osteoclasts of RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggest that F. erecta may have significant effects on osteoporotic factors and may be provided as a possible anti-osteoporotic therapeutic plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weon Jong Yoon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
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18
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Sureban SM, Murmu N, Rodriguez P, May R, Maheshwari R, Dieckgraefe BK, Houchen CW, Anant S. Functional antagonism between RNA binding proteins HuR and CUGBP2 determines the fate of COX-2 mRNA translation. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:1055-65. [PMID: 17383427 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is regulated at the levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) stability and translation by AU-rich elements (ARE) located in its 3' untranslated region (3'UTR). Although structurally homologous RNA binding proteins HuR and CUGBP2 stabilize COX-2 mRNA, HuR induces whereas CUGBP2 inhibits COX-2 mRNA translation. This study aimed to determine the antagonism between these proteins on COX-2 expression. METHODS COX-2 ARE binding activity was determined by nitrocellulose filter binding and UV cross-linking assays using recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST)/HuR and GST/CUGBP2. Protein:protein interactions were determined by GST pull-down, yeast 2-hybrid, and immunocytochemistry assays. Nucleocytoplasmic shutting was determined by heterokaryon analyses. The effect of CUGBP2 and HuR on COX-2 ARE-dependent translation was shown by a chimeric luciferase mRNA containing COX-2 3'UTR. HT-29 cells were subjected to 12 Gy gamma-irradiation in a cesium irradiator. RESULTS CUGBP2 and HuR bind with similar affinities to COX-2 ARE, but CUGBP2 competes with HuR for binding. In vitro, HuR and CUGBP2 heterodimerize. Furthermore, FLAG-tagged HuR and myc-tagged CUGBP2 colocalize in the nucleus of HCT-116 cells. Moreover, both proteins shuttled between the nucleus and cytoplasm. In vitro, HuR enhanced whereas CUGBP2 inhibited translation of the chimeric luciferase COX-2 3'UTR mRNA. Furthermore, CUGBP2 competitively inhibited HuR-mediated translation of the transcript. In HT-29 cells transfected with HuR and CUGBP2, a switch in COX-2 mRNA binding from predominantly HuR to CUGBP2 occurred after radiation treatment, which was coupled with increased silencing of the COX-2 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS CUGBP2 overrides HuR and suppresses COX-2 mRNA translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sripathi M Sureban
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
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Huff RG, Bayram E, Tan H, Knutson ST, Knaggs MH, Richon AB, Santago P, Fetrow JS. Chemical and structural diversity in cyclooxygenase protein active sites. Chem Biodivers 2007; 2:1533-52. [PMID: 17191953 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200590125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A major pharmaceutical problem is designing diverse and selective lead compounds. The human genome sequence provides opportunities to discover compounds that are protein selective if we can develop methods to identify specificity determinants from sequence alone. We have analyzed sequence and structural diversity of sheep COX-1 and mouse COX-2 proteins by Active Site Profiling (ASP). Eleven residues that should serve as specificity determinants between COX-1 and COX-2 were identified; however, the literature suggests that only one has been utilized in structure-based discovery. ASP was used to create a position-specific scoring matrix, which was used to identify possible cross-reacting proteins from the human sequences. This method proved selective for cyclooxygenases, comparing well with results using BLAST. The methods identify a probable misannotation of a cyclooxygenase in which there is high sequence similarity scores using BLAST, but ASP shows it does not contain the residues necessary for cyclooxygenase function. ASP Analysis of human COX proteins suggests that some specificity determinants that distinguish COX-1 and COX-2 proteins are similar between sheep COX-1/mouse COX-2 and human COX-1/COX2; however, residue identities at those positions are not necessarily conserved. Our results lay groundwork for development of family-specific pattern recognition methods to selectively match compounds with proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Huff
- Department of Computer Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Yucel-Lindberg T, Olsson T, Kawakami T. Signal pathways involved in the regulation of prostaglandin E synthase-1 in human gingival fibroblasts. Cell Signal 2007; 18:2131-42. [PMID: 16766159 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 04/22/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is the terminal enzyme regulating the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in inflammatory conditions. In this study we investigated the regulation of mPGES-1 in gingival fibroblasts stimulated with the inflammatory mediators interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). The results showed that IL-1beta and TNFalpha induce the expression of mPGES-1 without inducing the expression of early growth response factor-1 (Egr-1). Treatment of the cells with the PLA2 inhibitor 4-bromophenacyl bromide (BPB) decreased the cytokine-induced mPGES-1 expression accompanied by decreased PGE2 production whereas the addition of arachidonic acid (AA) upregulated mPGES-1 expression and PGE2 production. The protein kinase C (PKC) activator PMA did not upregulate the expression of mPGES-1 in contrast to COX-2 expression and PGE2 production. In addition, inhibitors of PKC, tyrosine and p38 MAP kinase markedly decreased the cytokine-induced PGE2 production but not mPGES-1 expression. Moreover, the prostaglandin metabolites PGE2 and PGF2alpha induced mPGES-1 expression as well as upregulated the cytokine-induced mPGES-1 expression indicating positive feedback regulation of mPGES-1 by prostaglandin metabolites. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) ligand, 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), decreased mPGES-1 expression but not COX-2 expression or PGE2 production. The results indicate that the inflammatory-induced mPGES-1 expression is regulated by PLA2 and 15d-PGJ2 but not by PKC, tyrosine kinase or p38 MAP kinase providing new insights into the regulation of mPGES-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tülay Yucel-Lindberg
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Odontology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 4064, SE-141 04 Huddinge, Sweden.
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Noguchi
- Department of Hard Tissue Engineering, Division of Periodontology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Khan AA, Iadarola M, Yang HYT, Dionne RA. Expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in a clinical model of acute inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2007; 8:349-54. [PMID: 17270500 PMCID: PMC2766840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cyclooxygenase (COX) plays an important role in the induction of pain and inflammation as well as the analgesic actions of NSAIDs and coxibs. This study evaluates the expression of the two isoforms COX-1 and COX-2 in a clinical model in which the surgical removal of impacted third molars is used to evaluate the analgesic activity of anti-inflammatory drugs. A 3-mm punch biopsy was performed on the oral mucosa overlying 1 impacted third molar immediately before extraction of 2 impacted lower third molars. After the second tooth was extracted, a second biopsy was performed adjacent to the surgical site either immediately after surgery or 30, 60, or 120 minutes after surgery. RNA was extracted from the biopsy specimens, and RT-PCR was performed to assess mRNA levels of COX-1, COX-2, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH). The RT-PCR products in the biopsy specimens were normalized to G3PDH and compared with baseline. COX-2 mRNA was progressively increased at 30, 60, and 120 minutes after surgery (P<.05); COX-1 mRNA was transiently decreased at 60 minutes during the postsurgical period (P<.05). The results demonstrate peripheral elevation of COX-2 after tissue injury, which may contribute to increased prostaglandin E(2) at the site of injury, pain onset, and the analgesic activity of both nonselective NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors. PERSPECTIVE This clinical study uses a physiologically relevant model to determine the time course of expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in acute inflammation of the human oral mucosa. This study furthers our understanding of the contribution of the COX isoforms to acute pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma A. Khan
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
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Jin UH, Kim DI, Lee TK, Lee DN, Kim JK, Lee IS, Kim CH. Herbal formulation, Yukmi-jihang-tang-Jahage, regulates bone resorption by inhibition of phosphorylation mediated by tyrosine kinase Src and cyclooxygenase expression. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 106:333-43. [PMID: 16513308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2005] [Revised: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Anti-bone resorption properties of the Korean herbal medicine, Yukmi-jihang-tang (YJ), which is comprised of seven herbs such as Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, Dioscorea japonica THUNB, Cornus officinalis SIEB et. ZUCC, Smilax glabra ROXB, Paeonia suffruticosa ANDR, Alisma platago-aquatica var. orientale SAMUELS and Hominis placenta, were investigated. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tyrosine kinase involve on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in mouse calvarial osteoblasts stimulated by cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and/or interleukin-6 (IL-6). IL-1beta and IL-6 and to a lesser extent TNF-alpha, enhanced COX-2 mRNA levels in calvarial osteoblasts. TGF-beta, YJ (100microg/ml) and their combinations of YJ+TGF-beta reduced the COX-2 mRNA level, PGE2 biosynthesis and bone resorption induced by IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 or their combination. Finally, YJ inhibits in vitro and in vivo bone resorption by inhibition of phosphorylation of peptide substrates. The parathyroid hormone-induced bone resorption in mouse fetal long bone cultures was inhibited with an IC(50) of 16microg/ml. YJ dose-dependently reduced the hypercalcemia induced in mice by IL-1beta and partly prevented bone loss and microarchitectural changes in young ovariectomized rats, showing that the protective effect on bone was exerted via the inhibition of bone resorption. These results indicate that the synergy between IL-beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 on PGE2 production is due to an enhanced gene expression of COX-2 and that tyrosine kinase(s) are involved in the signal transduction of COX-2 in mouse calvarial osteoblasts. Thus, YJ as a possible Src family kinase inhibitor may be useful for the treatment of diseases associated with elevated bone loss. This result also suggested that the YJ extracts is effective for bone resorptive action in bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-Ho Jin
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University and National Research Laboratory for Glycobiology, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Yucel-Lindberg T, Brunius G. Epidermal growth factor synergistically enhances interleukin-8 production in human gingival fibroblasts stimulated with interleukin-1beta. Arch Oral Biol 2006; 51:892-8. [PMID: 16678783 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) has been implicated in inflammatory diseases including periodontitis. In this study the effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the production and regulation of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in human gingival fibroblasts challenged with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) was investigated. EGF, in comparison to the effect of IL-1beta, weakly increased the mRNA and protein expression of IL-8 in gingival fibroblasts. When the cells were treated simultaneously with EGF and IL-1beta, however, EGF synergistically enhanced the mRNA expression and production of IL-8. The stimulatory effect of EGF on IL-1beta-induced IL-8 production was completely abolished by the broad range tyrosine kinase inhibitor Herbimycin A, and considerably reduced by the receptor tyrosine kinase specific inhibitor PD 153035. Herbimycin A abolished IL-8 production induced by IL-1beta, whereas PD 153035 had no effect on the cytokine-induced IL-8 production. Furthermore, the p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor SB 203580 reduced IL-8 production induced by IL-1beta as well as by the combination of EGF and IL-1beta but had no effect on EGF-induced IL-8 production. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that EGF synergistically stimulates IL-8 production in the presence of IL-1beta and that tyrosine kinase(s) seem to be involved in the signalling pathway of IL-1beta and EGF. The synergistic interactions between EGF and IL-1beta on IL-8 production may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory disease periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tülay Yucel-Lindberg
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Odontology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 4064, SE-141 04 Huddinge, Sweden.
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Kim YJ, Rossa C, Kirkwood KL. Prostaglandin production by human gingival fibroblasts inhibited by triclosan in the presence of cetylpyridinium chloride. J Periodontol 2006; 76:1735-42. [PMID: 16253096 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.10.1735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of triclosan plus the cationic detergent cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) was evaluated for prostaglandin inhibition in human gingival fibroblasts. Since triclosan has previously been shown to inhibit proinflammatory cytokine induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, we wanted to determine if triclosan, in the presence of CPC, could enhance these effects. METHODS Initial studies determined that both triclosan and CPC were cytotoxic to human gingival fibroblasts in concentrations exceeding 1.0 microg/ml for either agent longer than 24 hours in a tissue culture. Therefore, subsequent studies measuring prostaglandin biosynthesis and cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 mRNA expression were performed in concentrations and times that did not significantly affect cell viability. RESULTS PGE2 biosynthesis was dose dependently inhibited by both triclosan and triclosan and CPC when challenged by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha or interleukin (IL)-1beta. At pharmacologically relevant concentrations, triclosan and CPC inhibited IL-1beta-induced PGE2 production to a greater extent than triclosan alone (P = 0.02). Moreover, enhanced COX-2 mRNA repression was observed with triclosan and CPC in comparison to triclosan alone in IL-1beta and TNF-alpha stimulated cells. No effect on COX-1 gene expression was observed. Further analysis of cell signaling mechanisms of triclosan and CPC indicates that nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and not p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling may be impaired in the presence of triclosan and CPC. CONCLUSION This study indicates that triclosan and CPC are more effective at inhibiting PGE2 at the level of COX-2 gene regulation, and this combination may offer a potentially better anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of inflammatory lesions in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Joon Kim
- Department of Periodontics and Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Kwang-Ju, Korea
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Nakatsuka A, Mizuno R, Ono N, Nakayama J, Ohhashi T. Arachidonic Acid-Induced COX-1 and COX-2-Mediated Vasodilation in Rat Gingival Arterioles In Vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 55:293-302. [PMID: 16281994 DOI: 10.2170/jjphysiol.r2137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The roles of cyclooxygenase (COX) and prostaglandins (PGs) in the regulation of vasoreactivity of rat gingival arterioles in vivo were evaluated by sing an intravital microscope. The superfusion of indomethacin (a nonselective COX inhibitor) or SC-560 (a selective COX-1 inhibitor) onto the gingiva significantly constricted the arterioles, though NS-398 (a selective COX-2 inhibitor) did not affect the diameter of the arterioles. The SC-560-mediated constriction of the arterioles was completely reversed by an additional treatment with arachidonic acid (AA). The superfusion of AA, beraprost-Na (an analogue of PGI2) or PGE2 onto the gingival significantly dilated the arterioles dose-dependently. The AA-induced dilation of the arterioles was significantly reduced by the treatment with SC-560 or NS-398. The expression of COX-1 and COX-2 were positive in the endothelium, but not the smooth muscles, of the arterioles. The expression of PGE synthase (PGES) was found only in the smooth muscles, but not the endothelium, of the arterioles. Neither the endothelium nor the smooth muscles of the arterioles expressed PGI synthase (PGIS). These findings suggest that the COX-2-mediated PG cascade may collaborate with the COX-1 pathway in the regulation of arteriolar myogenic activity in rat gingiva in the case of the supply of a large amount of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nakatsuka
- Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, 390-8621 Japan.
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27
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Margulis V, Matsumoto ED, Tunc L, Taylor G, Duchenne D, Cadeddu JA. Effect of warmed, humidified insufflation gas and anti-inflammatory agents on cytokine response to laparoscopic nephrectomy: porcine model. J Urol 2005; 174:1452-6. [PMID: 16145469 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000173011.81396.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the effects of warmed, humidified CO2 and anti-inflammatory agents on the local and systemic cytokine response after laparoscopic nephrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 15 pigs were randomized to undergo standard laparoscopic nephrectomy, laparoscopic nephrectomy with warmed, humidified CO2 gas or laparoscopic nephrectomy with perioperative administration of intravenous dexamethasone and oral rofecoxib. At baseline, and 1, 4, 24 and 48 hours after surgery duplicate blood and peritoneal samples were drawn to analyze cortisol, glucose, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6 via a microassay technique. Body temperature was determined at operation, intraoperatively and 1 hour postoperatively. Surgical parameters, including operative time, gas volume used and blood loss, were recorded. RESULTS Pigs in the warmed, humidified CO2 and anti-inflammatory arms maintained higher intraoperative and postoperative core body temperatures than controls. Warmed, humidified CO2 did not affect peritoneal or systemic cytokine levels. Peak peritoneal TNF-alpha levels in the anti-inflammatory group were significantly higher than in controls at 4 hours. Considerably higher serum TNF-alpha levels in the anti-inflammatory group were observed at 48 hours. Peritoneal IL-1beta and IL-6 levels in the anti-inflammatory group remained similar to those in controls, while serum levels were noticeably lower. There was no observable difference in serum cortisol or the glucose response to laparoscopic nephrectomy among the groups. CONCLUSIONS While preserving core body temperature, humidified, warmed CO2 did not affect local or systemic trends of pro-inflammatory mediators. The administration of perioperative anti-inflammatory agents produced conflicting local and systemic cytokine response of uncertain clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Margulis
- Clinical Center for Minimally Invasive Urologic Cancer Treatment, Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9110, USA
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Richardson CM, Richardson D, Swinson DEB, Swain WA, Cox G, O'Byrne KJ. Cyclooxygenase-2 protein levels are independent of epidermal growth factor receptor expression or activation in operable non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2005; 48:47-57. [PMID: 15777970 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2004.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2004] [Revised: 09/14/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Both cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are thought to play important roles in the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A number of in vitro studies have postulated a link between EGFR activation and subsequent COX-2 upregulation. The relationship between these factors has not been established in patients with NSCLC. COX-2 and EGFR expression were studied in 172 NSCLC specimens using standard immunohistochemical techniques. Western blotting was used to determine COX-2 and EGFR levels in five NSCLC cell lines. The effect of treatment with EGF on COX-2 expression in A549 cells was assessed. RESULTS Both EGFR and COX-2 are overexpressed in NSCLC. The predominant pattern of COX-2 and EGFR staining was cytoplasmic. Membranous EGFR staining was seen in 23.3% of cases. There was no relationship between COX-2 and EGFR expression and survival or any clinicopathological features. No correlation was seen between EGFR expression and COX-2 expression in the immunohistochemical series or in the cell lines. Treatment with EGF did not upregulate COX-2 levels in A549 cells, either in serum free or serum-supplemented conditions. CONCLUSIONS Although COX-2 and EGFR are over-expressed in NSCLC neither was of prognostic significance in this series of cases. There is no correlation between these two factors in either tumour samples or cell lines. Although these factors show no correlation in NSCLC, they remain potential, though independent targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Richardson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG72UH, UK
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Wang FM, Liu HQ, Liu SR, Tang SP, Yang L, Feng GS. SHP-2 promoting migration and metastasis of MCF-7 with loss of E-cadherin, dephosphorylation of FAK and secretion of MMP-9 induced by IL-1beta in vivo and in vitro. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005; 89:5-14. [PMID: 15666191 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-004-1002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Shp-2, an src homology (SH) two-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase, appears to be involved in cytoplasmic signaling downstream of a variety of cell surface receptors. It also plays an important role in the control of cell spreading, migration, and cytoskeletal architecture. In our study, abrogation of SHP-2 catalytic activity with a'dominant-negative mutant (SHP-2C > S) displayed an increased number of focal adhesion, high expression of E-cadhenrin and phosphorylation of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Interestingly, the cells expressing SHP-2C > S showed reduced IL-1beta-stimulated chemotaxis compared with either mock- or SHP-2 wild type-transfected cells. We also found that SHP-2-GFP-transfected cell lines did not express E-cadherin nearly and produced high level of the matrix metalloproteinase MMP-9 in the supernatants. The loss of E-cadherin-mediated adhesion and the increase of MMP-9-induced migration had been shown to play an important role in the transition of epithelial tumors from a benign to an invasive state. These findings have raised the possibility that SHP-2 can promote the cancer cell to invasion the distant tissues. To determine whether SHP-2 promotes invasion and metastasis, we transfected MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines with SHP-2-GFP, SHP-2C > S-GFP and analyzed the effects of the SHP-2 on cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. In vitro, SHP-2-GFP-transfected cells migrated more efficiently, showed an increased invasion of Matrigel, and adhered less efficiently to monolayers of fibroblast cells. When injected into the abdominal cavity of nude mice, SHP-2-GFP-transfected cells metastasized widely to the lung, kidney, but MCF-7 with SHP-2C > S-GFP was not observed in the these organs. These results demonstrate that SHP-2 promotes invasion and metastasis of MCF-7 with the loss of E-cadherin, the dephosphorylation of FAK and the secretion of MMP-9 induced by IL-1beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-mei Wang
- Department of Embryology and Histology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Delarge J, Dogné JM, Julémont F, Leval XD, Pirotte B, Sanna V. Advances in the field of COX-2 inhibition. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.7.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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31
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Shen AY, Huang MH, Liao LF, Wang TS. Thymol analogues with antioxidant and L-type calcium current inhibitory activity. Drug Dev Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Surh YJ, Kundu JK. Signal transduction network leading to COX-2 Induction: a road map in search of cancer chemopreventives. Arch Pharm Res 2005; 28:1-15. [PMID: 15742801 DOI: 10.1007/bf02975128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is still a major global health concern even after an everlasting strive in conquering this dread disease. Emphasis is now given to chemoprevention to reduce the risk of cancer and also to improve the quality of life among cancer afflicted individuals. Recent progress in molecular biology of cancer has identified key components of the cellular signaling network, whose functional abnormality results in undesired alterations in cellular homeostasis, creating a cellular microenvironment that favors premalignant and malignant transformation. Multiple lines of evidence suggest an elevated expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is causally linked to cancer. In response to oxidative/pro-inflammatory stimuli, turning on unusual signaling arrays mediated through diverse classes of kinases and transcription factors results in aberrant expression of COX-2. Population-based as well as laboratory studies have explored a broad spectrum of chemopreventive agents including selective COX-2 inhibitors and a wide variety of anti-inflammatory phytochemicals, which have been shown to target cellular signaling molecules as underlying mechanisms of chemoprevention. Thus, unraveling signaling pathways regulating aberrant COX-2 expression and targeted blocking of one or more components of those signal cascades may be exploited in searching chemopreventive agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Joon Surh
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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Park YG, Kang SK, Kim WJ, Lee YC, Kim CH. Effects of TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-β and IL-6 alone or in combination, and tyrosine kinase inhibitor on cyclooxygenase expression, prostaglandin E2 production and bone resorption in mouse calvarial bone cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36:2270-80. [PMID: 15313472 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2003] [Revised: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tyrosine kinase, which are involved in the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in mouse calvarial osteoblasts, are stimulated by cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and/or interleukin-6 (IL-6). IL-1beta and IL-6 and, to a lesser extent, TNF-alpha, enhances COX-2 mRNA levels in calvarial osteoblasts. Simultaneous treatment with IL-6 and IL-1beta and TNF-alpha resulted in enhanced COX-2 mRNA levels accompanied by the cooperative stimulation of PGE(2) biosynthesis compared to cells treated with IL-1beta or TNF-alpha or IL-6 alone. In contrast, the presence of TGF-beta reduced COX-2 mRNA level, PGE(2) biosynthesis and bone resorption induced by IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 or a combination thereof. However, neither IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 nor a combination of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 enhanced COX-1 mRNA levels in calvarial osteoblasts. A novel Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Herbimycin A (HERB), reduced COX-2 mRNA levels as well as PGE(2) production induced by IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6 or a combination of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, whereas COX-1 mRNA levels remained unaffected. Finally, HERB was found to inhibit in vitro bone resorption. These results indicate that the cooperative effects of IL-beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 on PGE(2) production are due to the enhanced expression of the COX-2 gene and that tyrosine kinase(s) are involved in COX-2 signal transduction in mouse calvarial osteoblasts. Thus, the Src family of kinase inhibitors may be useful in treating diseases associated with elevated bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Guk Park
- Department of Orthodondritics, Kyung-Hee University College of Dental Medicine, Dongdaemun-Ku, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
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Kim GE, Kim YB, Cho NH, Chung HC, Pyo HR, Lee JD, Park TK, Koom WS, Chun M, Suh CO. Synchronous coexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor and cyclooxygenase-2 in carcinomas of the uterine cervix: a potential predictor of poor survival. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:1366-74. [PMID: 14977838 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-0497-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the potential of the new prognostic information gained by analyzing the coexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in cervical cancer patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Sixty-eight patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IIB squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix, who underwent concurrent chemoradiotherapy between 1993 and 1996, were divided into the following four groups according to their immunoreactivities for EGFR and COX-2 in paraffin-embedded sections: (a). the EGFR-negative/COX-2-negative group (n = 11); (b). the EGFR-negative/COX-2-positive group (n = 8); (c). the EGFR-positive/COX-2-negative group (n = 27); and (d). the EGFR-positive/COX-2-positive group (n = 22). The clinical features, patterns of treatment failure, and survival data in the four groups were compared. RESULTS Positive immunoreactivity for EGFR and COX-2 was observed in 49 of 68 (72%) and 19 of 68 (28%), respectively. However, no strong correlation was found between the levels of EGFR and COX-2 immunopositivity (R(2) = 0.05, P = 0.07). Patients in the EGFR-positive/COX-2-positive group had a higher likelihood of locoregional recurrence than those in the other three groups (P = 0.02). Of the patients in the four groups, patients positive for both oncoproteins were found to have the worst prognosis with an overall 5-year disease-free survival rate of 55% compared with 91% for the EGFR-negative/COX-2-negative patients, 88% for the EGFR-negative/COX-2-positive patients, and 69% for the EGFR-positive/COX-2-negative patients (P = 0.05, log-rank test). In addition, the synchronous coexpression of the EGFR and COX-2 oncoproteins was found to be an independent prognostic factor by univariate and multivariate analyses (relative risk = 4.0, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Given these observations, we conclude that the coexpression of EGFR and COX-2 immunoreactivity may be used as a potent molecular risk factor for predicting the poor survival of patients with the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IIB squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwi Eon Kim
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Huang FM, Yang SF, Hsieh YS, Liu CM, Yang LC, Chang YC. Examination of the signal transduction pathways involved in matrix metalloproteinases-2 in human pulp cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 97:398-403. [PMID: 15024367 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2003.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in pulp tissue destruction. However, the mechanisms and signal transduction pathways involved in the production of MMPs in human pulp cells are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the gelatinolytic activity in human pulp cells stimulated with various pharmacological agents. STUDY DESIGN Human dental pulp cells were cultured using an explant technique obtained from impacted third molars with informed consent of the patients. The effects of p38 inhibitor SB203580, MEK inhibitor U0126, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor PD098059, phosphatidylinositaol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor NS-398, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) inhibitor dexamethasone, and tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A on the production and secretion of MMPs by human pulp cells were determined by gelatin zymography. RESULTS The main gelatinase secreted by human pulp cells migrated at 72 kd and represented MMP-2. Minor gelatinolytic bands were also observed at 92 kd regions that correspond to MMP-9. After a 4-day culture period, NS-398, dexamethasone, and herbimycin A were found to depress MMP-2 production (P<.05). The inhibition decreased in an order of dexamethasone >NS-398>herbimycin A. Human pulp cells, however, treated with various pharmacological agents had no effect on the pattern of MMP-9 produced or secreted in either cell extracts or conditioned medium fractions (P>.05). CONCLUSION These observations suggest that NS-398, dexamethasone, and herbimycin A can regulate MMP-2 produced by human pulp cells. The signal transduction pathways COX-2, NF-kappaB, and tyrosine kinase may be involved in the production of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Mei Huang
- School of Dentistry, Oral Medicine Center, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
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Kimura T, Iwase M, Kondo G, Watanabe H, Ohashi M, Ito D, Nagumo M. Suppressive effect of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor on cytokine release in human neutrophils. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3:1519-28. [PMID: 12946449 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(03)00179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To clarify whether a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor can affect various functions in human peripheral blood neutrophils. For this purpose, the effects of selective COX-2 inhibitors, NS-398 and nimesulide, on the expression of COX-2, PGE2 release and respiratory burst, degranulation and cytokine release in activated neutrophils were examined. Peripheral blood neutrophils were stimulated with formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP; 100 nM) or opsonized zymosan (OZ; 200 microg/ml). Then, the expression of COX-2 at protein and mRNA levels was detected by Western blot analysis and RT-PCR. The concentration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and cytokines in the culture supernatant of neutrophils was determined using ELISA. Superoxide generation was measured by the cytochrome c reduction method. Elastase activity was measured using a chromogenic substrate assay specific for human neutrophil elastase. FMLP and OZ enhanced PGE2 release through induction of COX-2 protein and mRNA expression. FMLP- or OZ-induced PGE2 release was abolished by the addition of NS-398 or nimesulide; nevertheless, even a high concentration of COX-2 inhibitor did not change FMLP- or OZ-induced expression of COX-2 at message and protein levels. Although FMLP- or OZ-induced superoxide generation and elastase release were not affected by the addition of COX-2 inhibitor, cytokine release such as interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8 was significantly inhibited by high concentration of COX-2 inhibitor, but tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was partially attenuated. These studies showed that selective COX-2 inhibitors, NS-398 and nimesulide, suppressed PGE2 and proinflammatory cytokine release in activated neutrophils. These results suggest that selective COX-2 inhibitors may contribute to resolution of acute inflammation through the reduction of inflammatory cytokine release in activated neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kimura
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1, Kitasenzoku, Ota, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan
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MacGillivray M, Herrera-Abreu MT, Chow CW, Shek C, Wang Q, Vachon E, Feng GS, Siminovitch KA, McCulloch CAG, Downey GP. The protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 regulates interleukin-1-induced ERK activation in fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:27190-8. [PMID: 12721296 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m213083200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion complexes are actin-rich, cytoskeletal structures that mediate cell adhesion to the substratum and also selectively regulate signal transduction pathways required for interleukin (IL)-1beta signaling to the MAP kinase, ERK. IL-1-induced ERK activation is markedly diminished in fibroblasts deprived of focal adhesions whereas activation of p38 and JNK is unaffected. While IL-1 signaling is known to involve the activity of protein and lipid kinases including MAP kinases, FAK, and PI3K, little is known about the role of phosphatases in the regulation of IL-1 signal generation and attenuation. Here we demonstrate that SHP-2, a protein tyrosine phosphatase present in focal adhesions, modulates IL-1-induced ERK activation and the transient actin stress fiber disorganization that occurs following IL-1 treatment in human gingival fibroblasts. Using a combination of immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, and immunostaining we show that SHP-2 is present in nascent focal adhesions and undergoes phosphorylation on tyrosine 542 in response to IL-1 stimulation. Blocking anti-SHP-2 antibodies, electoporated into the cytosol of fibroblasts, inhibited IL-1-induced ERK activation, actin filament assembly, and cell contraction, indicating a role for SHP-2 in these processes. In summary, our data indicate that SHP-2, a focal adhesion-associated protein, participates in IL-1-induced ERK activation likely via an adaptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairi MacGillivray
- Division of Respirology, the Department of Medicine, The Toronto General Hospital Research Institute of the University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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Zhang F, Engebretson SP, Morton RS, Cavanaugh PF, Subbaramaiah K, Dannenberg AJ. The overexpression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 in chronic periodontitis. J Am Dent Assoc 2003; 134:861-7. [PMID: 12892443 DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.2003.0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this prospective cross-sectional study was to determine if cyclo-oxygenase-2, or COX-2, is overexpressed in the inflamed gingival tissue of patients diagnosed as having moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis, or CP. METHODS The authors evaluated clinical measures, crevicular fluid and gingival biopsy specimens from patients with moderate or severe CP (n = 16) and from healthy volunteers (n = 8). Patients were diagnosed as having CP based on clinical attachment loss, or CAL, of at least 5 millimeters at two sites in each quadrant and on evidence of alveolar bone loss as assessed from standard periapical or bite-wing radiographs. Healthy patients exhibited no sites with CAL of more than 2 mm and no evidence of alveolar bone loss. The authors used standard techniques to perform biochemical measures. RESULTS Levels of interleukin-1 beta, or IL-1beta, in crevicular fluid were more than doubled in the CP group (P < .05). The amounts of COX-2 mRNA and protein also were elevated in gingival tissues from subjects with CP compared with those from healthy subjects. To gain further mechanistic insights, the authors conducted in vitro studies. The results showed that lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor alpha, or TNF-alpha, induced COX-2 in macrophages, while IL-1beta and TNF-alpha induced COX-2 in oral epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that levels of COX-2 in gingivae reflect clinical measures of periodontitis and gingival inflammation. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The discovery of increased levels of COX-2 in inflamed gingival tissue suggests that COX-2 represents a pharmacological target for the prevention or treatment of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York City, NY 10021, USA
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Richardson CM, Sharma RA, Cox G, O'Byrne KJ. Epidermal growth factor receptors and cyclooxygenase-2 in the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer: potential targets for chemoprevention and systemic therapy. Lung Cancer 2003; 39:1-13. [PMID: 12499088 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(02)00382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is part of a family of plasma membrane receptor tyrosine kinases that control many important cellular functions, from growth and proliferation to cell death. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is an enzyme which catalyses the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostagladins and thromboxane. It is induced by various inflammatory stimuli, including the pro-inflammatory cytokines, Interleukin (IL)-1beta, Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-2. Both EGFR and COX-2 are over-expressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and have been implicated in the early stages of tumourigenesis. This paper considers their roles in the development and progression of lung cancer, their potential interactions, and reviews the recent progress in cancer therapies that are directed toward these targets. An increasing body of evidence suggests that selective inhibitors of both EGFR and COX-2 are potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of NSCLC, in the adjuvant, metastatic and chemopreventative settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Richardson
- Department of Oncology, University of Leicester, Osborne Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LEI 5WW, UK
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Yuk TH, Kang JH, Lee SR, Yuk SW, Lee KG, Song BY, Kim CH, Kim DW, Dong IK, Lee TK, Lee CH. Inhibitory effect of Carthamus tinctorius L. seed extracts on bone resorption mediated by tyrosine kinase, COX-2 (cyclooxygenase) and PG (prostaglandin) E2. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2002; 30:95-108. [PMID: 12067102 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x02000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Anti-bone resorption properties of the Korean herbal formulation, Honghwain (HHI; Carthamus tinctorius L. seed) was biochemically investigated. On processing bone metabolism, PGE2 accelerated production of IL-1beta in fetal mouse osteoblast and stimulated physiological activation substance, IL-1beta. The novel class of Src tyrosine kinase inhibitors, Herbimycin A (HERB) and HHI reduced COX-2 mRNA levels as well as PGE2 production induced by IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6. HHI inhibited in vitro and in vivo bone resorption by inhibition of phosphorylation of peptide substrates. HHI dose-dependently reduced the hypercalcemia induced in mice by IL-1beta and partly prevented bone loss and microarchitectural changes in young ovariectomized rats, showing that the protective effect on bone was exerted via the inhibition of bone resorption. These results indicate that the synergy between IL-beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 on PGE2 production is due to an enhanced gene expression of COX-2 and that tyrosine kinase (s) are involved in the signal transduction of COX-2 in mouse calvarial osteoblasts. Thus, HHI as a possible Src family kinase inhibitor may be useful for the treatment of diseases associated with elevated bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Han Yuk
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, College of Oriental Medicine, Woosuk University, Chonbuk, Korea
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Domeij H, Yucel-Lindberg T, Modéer T. Signal pathways involved in the production of MMP-1 and MMP-3 in human gingival fibroblasts. Eur J Oral Sci 2002; 110:302-6. [PMID: 12206592 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0722.2002.21247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is associated with enhanced production of cytokines, prostaglandins and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The aim of this study was to investigate the production and regulation of MMP-1 and MMP-3 in human gingival fibroblasts challenged with the cytokines interleukin-lbeta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) or epidermal growth factor (EGF). The results showed that gingival fibroblasts constitutively produce MMP-1 and MMP-3, and that the cytokines IL-1beta, TNFalpha and EGF increase both MMP-1 and MMP-3 production in gingival fibroblasts. The upregulation by the cytokines was apparent at 8 h of incubation and increased thereafter continuously during 48 h of incubation. The upregulation of MMPs, induced by IL-1beta or TNFalpha, was reduced by the cyxlooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor NS-398, the p38 MAP-kinase inhibitor SB 203580, and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A. In addition, MMP-1 and MMP-3 production, induced by IL-1beta, TNFalpha or EGF, was strongly reduced by the presence of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Our findings demonstrate that the cytokines IL-1beta, TNFalpha and EGF, respectively, enhance both MMP-1 and MMP-3 production in human gingival fibroblasts, and that the signal pathways COX-2, MAP-kinases and tyrosine kinases are partly involved in the production of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Domeij
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Odontology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Park DW, Bae YS, Nam JO, Kim JH, Lee YG, Park YK, Ryu SH, Baek SH. Regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression by phospholipase D in human amnion-derived WISH cells. Mol Pharmacol 2002; 61:614-9. [PMID: 11854442 DOI: 10.1124/mol.61.3.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are known to play a key role in the initiation of labor, but the mechanisms regulating their synthesis in amnion are largely unknown. In this study, the regulatory mechanisms for PGE(2) production during phospholipase D (PLD) and p38-dependent activation of WISH cells were investigated. We found that the stimulation of WISH cells with interleukin (IL)-1 beta elicited dose-dependent synthesis of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA, protein, and their products, PGE(2). Moreover, the treatment of [(3)H]myristate-labeled cells in the presence of 1-butanol caused the dose-dependent formation of [(3)H]phosphatidylbutanol (PBt), a product specific to PLD activity. Pretreating the cells with 1-butanol and Ro 31-8220 inhibited the IL-1 beta-induced COX-2 expression, but 3-butanol did not affect this response. In addition, evidence that PLD was involved in the stimulation of COX-2 expression was provided by the observations that COX-2 expression was stimulated by the dioctanoyl phosphatidic acid (PA) and that the prevention of PA dephosphorylation by 1-propranolol potentiated COX-2 expression by IL-1 beta. Moreover, IL-1 beta stimulation of the cells caused the phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and IL-1 beta-induced COX-2 expression was inhibited by the pretreatment of WISH cells with a p38 inhibitor, in contrast ERK upstream inhibitor had no effect. Furthermore, Ro 31-8220 inhibited IL-1 beta-induced p38 phosphorylation but not ERK phosphorylation. The results of this study indicate that in human amnion cells, IL-1 beta might activate PLD through an upstream protein kinase C to elicit p38 and finally induce COX-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Won Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
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Dalgleish AG, O'Byrne KJ. Chronic immune activation and inflammation in the pathogenesis of AIDS and cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2002; 84:231-76. [PMID: 11883529 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(02)84008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) invariably leads to the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in most infected humans, yet does so rarely, if at all, in HIV-infected chimpanzees. The differences between the two species are not due to differences in cellular receptors or an inability of the chimpanzee to be infected, but rather to the lack of pan-immune activation in the infected primate. This results in reduced apoptotic death in CD4+ T-helper lymphocytes and a lower viral load. In humans the degree of chronic immune activation correlates with virus load and clinical outcome with high immune activation leading to high viral loads and the more rapid progression to AIDS and death. The type of immune perturbation seen in HIV-associated AIDS is similar to that of chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) where reduced cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses occur early in the course of the disease and where humoral responses (HI) predominate. A reduced CMI response occurs in a number of chronic infectious diseases, including tuberculosis and leishmaniasis. More recently, it has become increasingly apparent that the CMI response is suppressed in virtually all malignant diseases, including melanoma and colorectal and prostate cancer. This raises the possibility that, as the malignant process develops, the cancer cells evolve to subvert the CMI response. Moreover, the reduced CMI response seen in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients is completely reversed following curative surgery strongly supporting the hypothesis that CRC can suppress the systemic immune response. Wound healing, ovulation, embryo implantation, and fetal growth are all associated with suppressed CMI and neovascularization (the formation of new blood vessels) or angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels from an existing vasculature). If unresolved, wound healing results in chronic inflammation, which can give rise to the phenomenon of "scar cancers." Indeed all the chronic inflammatory conditions known to be associated with the subsequent development of malignant disease, including chronic obstructive airway disease (COPD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and asbestosis, give rise to similar proangiogenic, suppressed CMI, and HI-predominant environments. In keeping with this CMI-associated cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma tend to be antiangiogenic, whereas HI cytokines such as IL-6 tend to be proangiogenic. Furthermore, chronic immune activation leads to the synthesis and release of factors such as macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 that inhibit apoptosis through suppression of p53 activity. The "Golden Triangle" of suppressed CMI, angiogenesis, and reduced apoptosis would provide the ideal environment for the serial mutations to occur that are required for the development of malignant disease. If the observed association is relevant to carcinogenesis, then treatments aimed at reducing the components of these inflammatory conditions may be useful both in the setting of chemoprevention and the therapeutic management of established disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus G Dalgleish
- Department of Oncology, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Several chronic infections known to be associated with malignancy have established oncogenic properties. However the existence of chronic inflammatory conditions that do not have an established infective cause and are associated with the development of tumours strongly suggests that the inflammatory process itself provides the prerequisite environment for the development of malignancy. This environment includes upregulation of mediators of the inflammatory response such as cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins which themselves may suppress cell mediated immune responses and promote angiogenesis. These factors may also impact on cell growth and survival signalling pathways resulting in induction of cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. Furthermore, chronic inflammation may lead to the production of reactive oxygen species and metabolites such as malondialdehyde within the affected cells that may in turn induce DNA damage and mutations and, as a result, be carcinogenic. Here it is proposed that the conditions provided by a chronic inflammatory environment are so essential for the progression of the neoplastic process that therapeutic intervention aimed at inhibiting inflammation, reducing angiogenesis and stimulating cell mediated immune responses may have a major role in reducing the incidence of common cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J O'Byrne
- Department of Oncology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Akiba S, Hatazawa R, Ono K, Kitatani K, Hayama M, Sato T. Secretory phospholipase A2 mediates cooperative prostaglandin generation by growth factor and cytokine independently of preceding cytosolic phospholipase A2 expression in rat gastric epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:21854-62. [PMID: 11274144 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010201200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta are responsible for the healing of gastric lesions through, in part, prostaglandin (PG) generation. We examined the contribution of cytosolic and secretory phospholipase A(2)s (cPLA(2) and sPLA(2)) to the PG generation by rat gastric epithelial cells in response to both stimuli. Stimulation with TGF-alpha for 24 h increased cPLA(2) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 markedly, PGE(2) slightly, and type IIA sPLA(2) and COX-1 not at all, whereas IL-1beta increased sPLA(2) only. Both stimuli synergistically increased PGE(2), sPLA(2), and the two COXs but not cPLA(2). The onset of the PGE(2) generation paralleled the sPLA(2) release but was apparently preceded by increases in cPLA(2) and the two COXs. The increase in PGE(2) was impaired by inhibitors for sPLA(2) and COX-2 but not COX-1. cPLA(2) inhibitors suppressed PGE(2) generation by TGF-alpha alone but not augmentation of PGE(2) generation or sPLA(2) release by IL-1beta in combination with TGF-alpha. Furthermore, despite an increase in cPLA(2) including its phosphorylated form (phosphoserine), -induced arachidonic acid liberation was impaired in the TGF-alpha/IL-1beta-stimulated cells, in which p11, a putative cPLA(2) inhibitory molecule, was also increased and co-immunoprecipitated with cPLA(2). These results suggest that synergistic stimulation of sPLA(2) and COX-2 expression by TGF-alpha and IL-1beta results in an increase in PGE(2). Presumably, the preceding cPLA(2) expression is not involved in the PGE(2) generation, because of impairment of its hydrolytic activity in the stimulated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Akiba
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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Yucel-Lindberg T, Brunius G, Wondimu B, Andurén I, Modéer T. Enhanced cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression in human gingival fibroblasts induced by cell contact with human lymphocytes. Eur J Oral Sci 2001; 109:187-92. [PMID: 11456350 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0722.2001.00999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins, especially prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. We have previously reported that inflammatory mediators interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) increase the production of PGE2 in human gingival fibroblasts. In this study, we investigated the effect of cell-to-cell interactions between gingival fibroblasts and lymphocytes on PGE2 production by using co-culture technique. Cell-to-cell contact between gingival fibroblasts and lymphocytes synergistically enhanced the production of PGE2 in co-cultures. In contrast to lymphocytes, the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression in gingival fibroblasts was strongly enhanced following cell contact between gingival fibroblasts and lymphocytes. The level of COX-1 mRNA expression, however, was not affected either in gingival fibroblasts or in lymphocytes by the interactions between fibroblasts and lymphocytes. The study demonstrates that cell contact between gingival fibroblasts and lymphocytes strongly stimulates PGE2 production partly due to enhanced COX-2 mRNA expression in gingival fibroblasts. The cell-to-cell contact between gingival fibroblasts and lymphocytes should be considered as an important regulatory aspect for the enhancement of PGE2 in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yucel-Lindberg
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased release of prostaglandins (PG) within periodontal tissues is considered to play a pathogenetic role during periodontal disease progression. The rate-limiting step in the formation of PG from arachidonic acid is catalyzed by cyclooxygenase (COX). Currently there are 2 known isoforms of the enzyme. COX-1 is constitutively expressed in various tissues whereas COX-2 is an inducible enzyme believed to be responsible for PG synthesis at sites of inflammation. The purpose of this study was to compare COX-2 expression in inflamed and healthy human gingiva and further explore some of the pathogenetic mechanisms which may lead to elevated COX-2 expression in vivo. METHODS Thirty-two gingival biopsies were obtained during routine oral surgical procedures and were processed histologically using hematoxylin and eosin to determine the degree of inflammation. Of these biopsies, 7 with low and 7 with high histological levels of inflammation were further processed immunohistochemically in order to assess the levels of COX-2 expression in situ. To explore some potential mechanisms of COX-2 upregulation, gingival connective tissue primary cell cultures were established and challenged with periodontal bacteria or proinflammatory cytokines in vitro. The levels of COX-2 expression were analyzed by Western blot of cell lysates. COX-2 activity was assessed by quantifying prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in culture supernatants by competitive EIA. RESULTS We have shown by immunohistochemistry that COX-2 expression was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in tissues with higher levels of inflammatory infiltrates. Expression of COX-2 was detected in gingival epithelium, endothelial cells as well as cells with fibroblast morphology. In vitro studies indicated that gingival fibroblasts (GF) did not express COX-2 constitutively. However, when these cells were challenged with interleukin (IL)-1 beta or bacterial cells (A. actinomycetemcomitans JP2 or B. forsythus ATCC 43037), COX-2 expression as well as COX-2 activity were upregulated. COX-2 expression was upregulated as early as 2 hours post IL-1 beta challenge and was accompanied by a sustained PGE2 release in the culture supernatants. Cyclosporin A (CsA) did not inhibit COX-2 expression induced by bacterial challenge. In contrast, NS-398, a selective inhibitor of COX-2 activity, almost completely abolished PGE2 synthesis by these cells in response to bacterial or cytokine challenge. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that COX-2 expression is significantly upregulated in inflamed periodontal tissues. Both inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 beta and bacterial constituents may be responsible for the enhanced COX-2 expression and PGE2 synthesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Morton
- Division of Oral Biology, Columbia University, School of Dental and Oral Surgery, New York, NY, USA
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Nakao S, Ogata Y, Shimizu-Sasaki E, Yamazaki M, Furuyama S, Sugiya H. Activation of NFkappaB is necessary for IL-1beta-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in human gingival fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 2000; 209:113-8. [PMID: 10942208 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007155525020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The immediate-early cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene encodes an inducible prostaglandin synthase enzyme which is implicated in inflammatory and proliferative diseases. COX-2 is highly induced during cell activation by various factors, including mitogens, hormones and cytokines. Since pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1beta has been shown to induce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release in human gingival fibroblasts (HGF), here we analyzed the effect of IL-1beta on the expression of COX-2 and the activation of NFkappaB in HGF. Northern hybridization analysis revealed that IL-1beta (200 pg/ml) increased the expression of COX-2 mRNA in HGF. The effect of IL-1beta was abrogated by herbimycin A, a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and enhanced by orthovanadate, a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor. IL-1beta-induced PGE2 release was blocked by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor and increased by the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor. The results of transient transfection assays using chimeric constructs of the human COX-2 promoter (nt -1432 approximately +59) ligated to a luciferase reporter gene indicated that IL-1beta stimulated the transcriptional activity approximately 1.5-fold. Gel mobility shift assays with a radiolabelled COX-2-NFkappaB oligonucleotide (nts-223 to-214) revealed an increase in the binding of nuclear proteins from IL-1beta-stimulated HGF. This increase of DNA-protein complex formation induced by IL-1beta was blocked by herbimycin A and another tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein. These results suggest that NFkappaB is an important transcription factor for IL-1beta-induced COX-2 gene expression, and is involved in inducing COX-2 gene transcription through tyrosine phosphorylation in HGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nakao
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
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Saha D, Datta PK, Sheng H, Morrow JD, Wada M, Moses HL, Beauchamp RD. Synergistic induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by transforming growth factor-beta1 and epidermal growth factor inhibits apoptosis in epithelial cells. Neoplasia 1999; 1:508-17. [PMID: 10935498 PMCID: PMC1508120 DOI: 10.1038/sj.neo.7900051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression has been observed in several human tumor types and in selected animal and cell culture models of carcinogenesis, including lung cancer. Increased expression of COX-2 and production of prostaglandins appear to provide a survival advantage to transformed cells through the inhibition of apoptosis, increased attachment to extracellular matrix, increased invasiveness, and the stimulation of angiogenesis. In the present studies, we found that transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) synergistically induced the expression of COX-2 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in mink lung epithelial (Mv1Lu) cells. EGF, but not PDGF or IGF-1, was able to inhibit TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis in Mv1Lu cells and this effect was blocked by NS-398, a selective inhibitor of COX-2 activity, suggesting a possible role for COX-2 in the anti-apoptotic effect of EGF receptor ligands. The combination of TGF-beta1 and EGF also significantly induced COX-2 expression in rat intestinal epithelial (RIE-1) cells and completely prevented sodium butyrate (NaBu)-induced apoptosis. The synergistic induction of COX-2 by TGF-beta1 and EGF was not observed in R1B-L17 cells, a line derived from Mv1Lu cells that lacks the TGF-beta type-I receptor. AG1478, a selective inhibitor of EGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity, completely suppressed the induction of COX-2 expression by either EGF or TGF-beta1+EGF. Also, PD98059, a specific inhibitor of MEK/ERK pathway, and SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK activity, significantly inhibited the induction of COX-2 in response to combined EGF and TGF-beta1. These results suggest an important collaborative interaction of TGF-beta1 and EGF signaling in the induction of COX-2 and prostaglandin production in Mv1Lu cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Saha
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2730, USA
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