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Acquaroni M, Peluso J, Svartz G, Aronzon C, Pérez Coll C. Characterization of acute toxicity, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress of dimethoate in Rhinella arenarum larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:41772-41779. [PMID: 33791959 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13691-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a great concern worldwide about the global decline of amphibians, particularly by agrochemical pollution. The aim of this study was to assess oxidative stress and genotoxicity of a commercial formulation of the insecticide dimethoate in Rhinella arenarum larvae, using sublethal biomarkers. The 24- and 96-h LC50 values of dimethoate to R. arenarum were 48.81 and 38.86 mg L-1, while the 96-h no observed effect concentration (NOEC) value was 20 mg L-1. For sublethal biomarker assays, R. arenarum larvae were exposed to 1.25, 2.5, and 5% of the 96-h NOEC (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg L-1 dimethoate, respectively). After 96 h of exposure, inhibition of catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were registered. Also, an increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was observed in larvae exposed to the highest concentration (1 mg L-1). Lipid peroxidation by increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels in larvae exposed to 0.5 and 1 mg L-1 was detected. No differences in micronuclei frequency between treatments and negative control were observed. These results demonstrate the oxidative toxicity of dimethoate at sublethal concentrations in Rhinella arenarum larvae. The disruption of defense mechanisms may contribute to a deleterious impact on amphibian populations from habitats exposed to this organophosphorus insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Acquaroni
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, IIIA, UNSAM, CONICET, 3iA, Campus Miguelete, 25 de mayo y Francia, 1650, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Peluso
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, IIIA, UNSAM, CONICET, 3iA, Campus Miguelete, 25 de mayo y Francia, 1650, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Svartz
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, IIIA, UNSAM, CONICET, 3iA, Campus Miguelete, 25 de mayo y Francia, 1650, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Aronzon
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, IIIA, UNSAM, CONICET, 3iA, Campus Miguelete, 25 de mayo y Francia, 1650, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina Pérez Coll
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, IIIA, UNSAM, CONICET, 3iA, Campus Miguelete, 25 de mayo y Francia, 1650, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Novais SC, Gomes NC, Soares AMVM, Amorim MJB. Antioxidant and neurotoxicity markers in the model organism Enchytraeus albidus (Oligochaeta): mechanisms of response to atrazine, dimethoate and carbendazim. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:1220-1233. [PMID: 24912478 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dimethoate, atrazine and carbendazim on the antioxidant defences and neuronal function of the soil organism Enchytraeus albidus. Effects were studied at concentrations known to affect their reproduction (EC20, EC50 and EC90) and along time (2, 4, 8, 14 and 21 days). In general, responses were more pronounced at periods of exposure longer than 8 days and at the highest concentrations. Multivariate statistics (RDA-PRC) clearly displayed that exposure duration had an effect itself, biomarkers' responses showed interaction for all pesticides and catalase scored consistently high, indicating its relevancy in the group of measured markers. Univariate analysis indicated oxidative stress for all pesticides and atrazine induced oxidative damage in lipids. Atrazine seems to be effectively metabolized by GST of the biotransformation system, as its activity significantly increased after exposure to this pesticide. Dimethoate caused ChE inhibition, indicating an impairment of the neuronal function. Carbendazim impaired the antioxidant system, but no oxidative damage was observed, along with any effects on the ChE activity. The integrated biomarker response analysis was performed but we suggest modifications due to limiting artefacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Novais
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal,
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Verma N, Pink M, Rettenmeier AW, Schmitz-Spanke S. Review on proteomic analyses of benzo[a]pyrene toxicity. Proteomics 2012; 12:1731-55. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Verma
- Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Medicine; University Hospital Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Mario Pink
- Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Medicine; University Hospital Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Albert W. Rettenmeier
- Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Medicine; University Hospital Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Simone Schmitz-Spanke
- Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Medicine; University Hospital Essen; Essen Germany
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Korashy HM, El-Kadi AOS. The role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Drug Metab Rev 2006; 38:411-50. [PMID: 16877260 DOI: 10.1080/03602530600632063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Numerous experimental and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are major constituents of cigarette tobacco tar, are strongly involved in the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Knowing that PAH-induced toxicities are mediated by the activation of a cytosolic receptor, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which regulates the expression of a group of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) such as CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, NQO1, and GSTA1, suggests a direct link between AhR-regulated XMEs and CVDs. Therefore, identifying the localization and expression of the AhR and its regulated XMEs in the cardiovascular system (CVS) is of major importance in understanding their physiological and pathological roles. Generally, it was believed that the levels of AhR-regulated XMEs are lower in the CVS than in the liver; however, it has been shown that similar or even higher levels of expression are demonstrated in the CVS in a tissue- and species-specific manner. Moreover, most, if not all, AhR-regulated XMEs are differentially expressed in most of the CVS, particularly in the endothelium cells, aorta, coronary arteries, and ventricles. Although the exact mechanisms of PAH-mediated cardiotoxicity are not fully understood, several mechanisms are proposed. Generally, induction of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1 is considered cardiotoxic through generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA adducts, and endogenous arachidonic acid metabolites. However the cardioprotective properties of NQO1 and GSTA1 are mainly attributed to the antioxidant effect by decreasing ROS and increasing the levels of endogenous antioxidants. This review provides a clear understanding of the role of AhR and its regulated XMEs in the pathogenesis of CVDs, in which imbalance in the expression of cardioprotective and cardiotoxic XMEs is the main determinant of PAH-mediated cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham M Korashy
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Prabhu KS, Reddy PV, Jones EC, Liken AD, Reddy CC. Characterization of a class alpha glutathione-S-transferase with glutathione peroxidase activity in human liver microsomes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 424:72-80. [PMID: 15019838 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2003] [Revised: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 25.5kDa class alpha glutathione S-transferase (GST) designated as microsomal Ya-GST or M-GSTA has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from human liver microsomes. Limited proteolysis, gel filtration chromatography followed by EDTA, and alkaline Na(2)CO(3) treatments of microsomes indicate that the M-GSTA is intrinsic to the microsomes. Western immunoblot analysis revealed that human liver M-GSTA and the previously reported 17-kDa microsomal GST (FEBS Lett. 315 (1993) 77) did not have immunological cross reactivity. The enzyme showed conjugation activity towards substrates like 1-chloro-2,4-nitrobenzene (CDNB) and 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole, and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), a genotoxic alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde product of lipid peroxidation. In addition, the M-GSTA exhibited significant glutathione peroxidase activity towards physiologically relevant fatty acid hydroperoxides as well as phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide, but not with H(2)O(2). C-terminal amino acid sequence analysis revealed a high homology with the human liver cytosolic GST-A1 and A3 isozymes. Western immunoblot analyses of the microsomes prepared from human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) showed that the expression of this M-GSTA was induced upon treatment with such prooxidants as H(2)O(2), suggesting that it may play an important role in the protection of cellular membranes from peroxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sandeep Prabhu
- Department of Veterinary Science and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, 115 Henning Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Jardine H, MacNee W, Donaldson K, Rahman I. Molecular mechanism of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1-induced glutathione depletion in alveolar epithelial cells. Involvement of AP-1/ARE and Fra-1. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:21158-66. [PMID: 11912197 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112145200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a ubiquitous antioxidant in lung epithelial cells and lung lining fluid. Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in cellular proliferation and differentiation. The level of TGF-beta1 is elevated in many chronic inflammatory lung disorders associated with oxidant/antioxidant imbalance. In this study, we show that TGF-beta1 depletes GSH by down-regulating expression of the enzyme responsible for its formation, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS) and induces reactive oxygen species production in type II alveolar epithelial cells (A549). To investigate the molecular mechanisms of inhibition of glutathione synthesis, we employed reporters containing fragments from the promoter region of the gamma-GCS heavy subunit (h), the gene that encodes the catalytic subunit of gamma-GCS. We found that TGF-beta1 reduced the expression of the long gamma-GCSh construct (-3802/GCSh-5'-Luc), suggesting that an antioxidant response element (ARE) may be responsible for mediating the TGF-beta1 effect. Interestingly, the electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that the DNA binding activity of both activator protein-1 (AP-1) and ARE was increased in TGF-beta1-treated epithelial cells. The gamma-GCSh ARE contains a perfect AP-1 site embedded within it, and mutation of this internal AP-1 sequence, but not the surrounding ARE, prevented DNA binding. Further studies revealed that c-Jun and Fra-1 dimers, members of the AP-1 family previously shown to exert a negative effect on phase II gene expression, bound to the ARE sequence. We propose a novel mechanism of gamma-GCSh down-regulation by TGF-beta1 that involves the binding of c-Jun and Fra-1 dimers to the distal promoter. The findings of this study provide important information, which may be used for the modulation of glutathione biosynthesis in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Jardine
- Edinburgh Lung and the Environment Group Initiative/Colt Research Laboratories, Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, United Kingdom
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Miller KP, Ramos KS. Impact of cellular metabolism on the biological effects of benzo[a]pyrene and related hydrocarbons. Drug Metab Rev 2001; 33:1-35. [PMID: 11270659 DOI: 10.1081/dmr-100000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are ubiquitous contaminants in the environment. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a prototypical member of this class of chemicals, has been extensively studied for its toxic effects in laboratory animals and human populations. BaP toxicity is often mediated by oxidative metabolism to reactive intermediates that interact with macromolecules leading to alterations in target cell structure and function. More recent evidence suggests that disruption of cellular signaling pathways involved in the regulation of growth and differentiation contribute significantly to the toxicity of BaP and its metabolites. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of biological mechanisms of BaP toxicity at the molecular level, and the role of metabolic intermediates in carcinogenesis, atherogenesis, and teratogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Miller
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology & Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
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Miller KP, Chen YH, Hastings VL, Bral CM, Ramos KS. Profiles of antioxidant/electrophile response element (ARE/EpRE) nuclear protein binding and c-Ha-ras transactivation in vascular smooth muscle cells treated with oxidative metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 60:1285-96. [PMID: 11008122 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of nuclear protein binding to the antioxidant/electrophile response element (ARE/EpRE) by benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) is associated with transcriptional deregulation of c-Ha-ras. This response may be mediated by oxidative intermediates of BaP generated during the course of cellular metabolism. To test this hypothesis, the profile of ARE/EpRE protein binding and transactivation elicited by BaP was compared with that of 3-hydroxy BaP (3-OH BaP) (0.03 to 3.0 microM), BaP 7,8-dihydrodiol (BaP 7,8-diol) (0.03 to 3.0 microM), BaP 3,6-quinone (BaP 3,6-Q) (0.0003 to 3.0 microM), and H(2)O(2) (25 to 100 microM). Specific protein binding to the consensus c-Ha-ras ARE/EpRE was observed in vSMCs treated with all BaP metabolites at concentrations considerably lower than those required for the parent compound. H(2)O(2), a by-product of BaP 3,6-Q redox cycling, also increased binding to the ARE/EpRE. Treatment of vSMCs with oxidative BaP metabolites or H(2)O(2) transactivated the c-Ha-ras promoter in all instances, but the response was consistently half of the maximal induction elicited by BaP. Similar proteins cross-linked specifically to the consensus c-Ha-ras ARE/EpRE sequence in cells treated with BaP or its oxidative intermediates. The protein binding profile in the c-Ha-ras promoter was similar to that in the NADPH:quinone reductase gene (NQO(1)) and the glutathione S-transferase Ya gene (GSTYa) promoters, but the relative abundance of individual complexes was promoter-specific. We conclude that oxidative intermediates of BaP mediate activation of nuclear protein binding to ARE/EpRE and contribute to transcriptional de-regulation of c-Ha-ras in vSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Miller
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
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Chen YH, Ramos KS. A CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein Site within Antioxidant/Electrophile Response Element Along with CREB-binding Protein Participate in the Negative Regulation of RatGST-Ya Gene in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. J Biol Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)61520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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