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Albrecht EA, Carter JD, Garbar V, Choudhary A, Tomlins SA. Intracellular Zinc Trafficking during Crotalus atrox Venom Wound Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076763. [PMID: 37047742 PMCID: PMC10094922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined zinc trafficking in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) stimulated with Crotalus atrox (CA venom) snake venom. We utilized MTS cytotoxicity assays to monitor the cytotoxic range of CA venom. HUVEC monolayers stimulated with 10 µg/mL CA venom for 3 h displayed cellular retraction, which coincided with 53.0 ± 6.5 percent viability. In contrast, venom concentrations of 100 µg/mL produced a complete disruption of cellular adherence and viability decreased to 36.6 ± 1.0. The zinc probe Fluozin-3AM was used to detect intracellular zinc in non-stimulated controls, HUVEC stimulated with 10 µg/mL CA venom or HUVEC preincubated with TPEN for 2 h then stimulated with 10 µg/mL CA venom. Fluorescent intensity analysis returned values of 1434.3 ± 197.4 for CA venom demonstrating an increase of about two orders of magnitude in labile zinc compared to non-stimulated controls. Endothelial response to CA venom induced a 96.1 ± 3.0- and 4.4 ± 0.41-fold increase in metallothionein 1X (MT1X) and metallothionein 2A (MT2A) gene expression. Zinc chelation during CA venom stimulation significantly increased cell viability, suggesting that the maintenance of zinc homeostasis during envenomation injury improves cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Albrecht
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
| | - Jasmine D Carter
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
| | - Veronica Garbar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
| | - Abeeha Choudhary
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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2
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Chen L, Yu X, Ding H, Zhao Y, Hu C, Feng J. Comparing the Influence of High Doses of Different Zinc Salts on Oxidative Stress and Energy Depletion in IPEC-J2 Cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 196:481-493. [PMID: 31732928 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01948-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the influence of four supplemental zinc salts (chelated: Zn glycine; non-chelated: Zn sulfate, Zn citrate, Zn gluconate) among different zinc concentrations (30-300 μM) on cell proliferation, oxidative stress, and energy depletion in intestinal porcine jejunum epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). Different zinc salts affected cell viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner, which was mainly dependent on the uptake of intracellular Zn2+. Intracellular Zn2+ of Zn sulfate has taken up almost twice as high as Zn glycine when cells were loaded with 100-200 μM zinc. After loading cells with 300 μM zinc, Zn glycine and Zn sulfate had a similar trend in accumulation of Zn2+. When the intracellular Zn2+ overloads, cells will gradually be damaged and subsequently die bearing biochemical features of necrosis or late apoptosis. Meanwhile, obviously, increased levels of intracellular ROS, mitochondrial ROS, MDA, and NO and decreased levels of GSH were observed. Excessive intracellular Zn2+ significantly decreased mitochondria membrane potential accompanied by an obvious loss of ATP and NAD+ levels. Overall, exposure to high doses of zinc salts caused cell damage, which was mainly dependent on the uptake of Zn2+. Zinc overload induced oxidative stress and energy depletion in IPEC-J2 cells, and the cell damage with non-chelated zinc addition was more serious than Zn glycine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaonan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haoxuan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caihong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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3
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Samet JM, Chen H, Pennington ER, Bromberg PA. Non-redox cycling mechanisms of oxidative stress induced by PM metals. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 151:26-37. [PMID: 31877355 PMCID: PMC7803379 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metallic compounds contribute to the oxidative stress of ambient particulate matter (PM) exposure. The toxicity of redox inert ions of cadmium, mercury, lead and zinc, as well as redox-active ions of vanadium and chromium is underlain by dysregulation of mitochondrial function and loss of signaling quiescence. Central to the initiation of these effects is the interaction of metal ions with cysteinyl thiols on glutathione and key regulatory proteins, which leads to impaired mitochondrial electron transport and persistent pan-activation of signal transduction pathways. The mitochondrial and signaling effects are linked by the production of H2O2, generated from mitochondrial superoxide anion or through the activation of NADPH oxidase, which extends the range and amplifies the magnitude of the oxidative effects of the metals. This oxidative burden can be further potentiated by inhibitory effects of the metals on the enzymes of the glutathione and thioredoxin systems. Along with the better-known Fenton-based mechanisms, the non-redox cycling mechanisms of oxidative stress induced by metals constitute significant pathways for cellular injury induced by PM inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Samet
- Environmental Public Health Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Hao Chen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Philip A Bromberg
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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4
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Li DD, Luo Z, Ling SC, Wu K, Chen GH, Cheng J. Mitochondrial apoptotic pathway mediated the Zn-induced lipolysis in yellow catfish Peteobagrus fulvidraco. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 208:907-915. [PMID: 30068034 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the study, effects of waterborne zinc (Zn) exposure on apoptosis were investigated, and the potential mechanism of apoptosis participating in the Zn-induced variations of lipid metabolism was explored in a low vertebrate, yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. We found that Zn induced occurrence of apoptosis of livers and hepatocytes in yellow catfish. Waterborne Zn also increased hepatic transcriptional levels of p53, cytochrome c (Cycs), caspase 3a (Casp3a) and caspase 3b (Casp3b) of yellow catfish. Zn increased caspase 3 activity and reduced the mitochondrial permeability transition (MTP) in yellow catfish hepatocytes. Z-VAD-fmk (caspase inhibitor) and CsA pretreatment (MTP inhibitor) attenuated the Zn-induced apoptosis and reduction in MTP. Z-VAD-fmk pretreatments attenuated the Zn-induced increase in transcriptional levels of p53, Cycs and Casp3b although the differences were not statistically significant between the Zn group and Zn + Z-VAD-fmk group. In contrast, Zn and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) did not significantly influence the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Zn significantly reduced triglyceride (TG) content, increased the activities of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT I), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipose TAG lipase (ATGL), and the transcriptional levels of p53, Cycs and caspase 3b of the hepatocytes; these Zn-induced effects on TG contents, activities of CPT I, HSL and ATGL, and mRNA levels of p53, Cycs and caspase 3b could partly be reversed by Z-VAD-fmk, suggesting that Zn induced the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and reduced lipid accumulation. Taken together, our study demonstrated the importance of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in Zn-induced lipolysis, which suggested a new mechanism for elucidating metal element influencing lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Changde, 415000, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Shi-Cheng Ling
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guang-Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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5
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Wetherell D, Baldwin GS, Shulkes A, Bolton D, Ischia J, Patel O. Zinc ion dyshomeostasis increases resistance of prostate cancer cells to oxidative stress via upregulation of HIF1α. Oncotarget 2018; 9:8463-8477. [PMID: 29492208 PMCID: PMC5823553 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc ions (Zn2+) are known to influence cell survival and proliferation. However the homeostatic regulation of Zn2+ and their role in prostate cancer (PC) progression is poorly understood. Therefore the subcellular distribution and uptake of Zn2+ in PC cells were investigated. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy and fluorescent microscopy with the Zn2+-specific fluorescent probe FluoZin-3 were used to quantify total and free Zn2+, respectively, in the normal prostate epithelial cell line (PNT1A) and three human PC cell lines (PC3, DU145 and LNCaP). The effects of Zn2+ treatment on proliferation and survival were measured in vitro using MTT assays and in vivo using mouse xenografts. The ability of Zn2+ to protect against oxidative stress via a HIF1α-dependent mechanism was investigated using a HIF1α knock-down PC3 model. Our results demonstrate that the total Zn2+ concentration in normal PNT1A and PC cells is similar, but PC3 cells contain significantly higher free Zn2+ than PNT1A cells (p < 0.01). PNT1A cells can survive better in the presence of high concentrations of Zn2+ than PC3 cells. Exposure to 10 µM Zn2+ over 72 hours significantly reduces PC3 cell proliferation in vitro but not in vivo. Zn2+ increases PC3 cell survival up to 2.3-fold under oxidative stress, and this protective effect is not seen in PNT1A cells or in a HIF1α-KD PC3 cell model. A state of Zn2+ dyshomeostasis exists in PC. HIF1α is an integral component of a Zn2+-dependent protective mechanism present in PC3 cells. This pathway may be clinically significant through its contribution to castrate-resistant PC survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wetherell
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia.,Department of Urology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Graham S Baldwin
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Arthur Shulkes
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Damien Bolton
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia.,Department of Urology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Joseph Ischia
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia.,Department of Urology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Oneel Patel
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
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6
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Li P, Chen J, Kashiwagi E, Mizushima T, Han B, Inoue S, Ide H, Izumi K, Miyamoto H. The interaction between androgen receptor and semenogelin I: a synthetic LxxLL peptide antagonist inhibits the growth of prostate cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2017; 118:416-420. [PMID: 29136406 PMCID: PMC5808024 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We previously demonstrated that a seminal plasma protein, semenogelin I (SgI), functioned as an androgen receptor (AR) coactivator. Meanwhile, several short sequence motifs in AR coregulators, such as LxxLL (L=leucine), have been shown to mediate specific interactions with AR. Methods: We investigated the role of the LxxLL motif within SgI in the interactions with AR and cell growth in prostate cancer lines in vitro. Results: A full-length SgI with mutations in the motif (i.e., LxxAA; A=alanine) failed to significantly increase cell proliferation/migration as well as androgen-mediated AR transcription. Co-immunoprecipitation showed no physical interactions between AR and the mutant SgI. In addition, transfection of an 18-amino acid peptide of SgI containing LxxLL, but not LxxAA, resulted in considerable reduction in cell growth and prostate-specific antigen expression in LNCaP and C4-2 lines. Conclusions: The LxxLL motif of SgI could be a novel therapeutic target for both androgen-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jinbo Chen
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Eiji Kashiwagi
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Taichi Mizushima
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Bin Han
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Hiroki Ide
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Koji Izumi
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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7
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Zhou X, Li Y, Li C. Autophagy plays a positive role in zinc-induced apoptosis in intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 44:392-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Identification of apoptosis-related genes Bcl2 and Bax from yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco and their transcriptional responses to waterborne and dietborne zinc exposure. Gene 2017; 633:1-8. [PMID: 28864113 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a key role in the physiology of multicellular organisms, and has been well studied in mammals, but not in teleosts. Zinc (Zn) has been shown to be an important regulator of apoptosis and apoptosis involves in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Moreover, our recent study indicated that waterborne and dietborne Zn exposure differently influenced lipid metabolism in Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, but further mechanism remained unknown. The hypothesis of the present study is that apoptosis mediated the Zn-induced changes of lipid metabolism of P. fulvidraco subjected to different exposure pathways. To this end, we cloned full-length cDNA sequences of Bcl2 and three Bax subtypes involved in apoptosis in P. fulvidraco, explored their mRNA expressions in responses to different Zn exposure pathways. Bcl2 and three Bax subtypes shared similar domain structure as typical pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl2 family members. Their mRNAs were widely expressed among various tissues, but at variable levels. Waterborne Zn exposure down-regulated mRNA levels of Baxg and ratios of Baxa/Bcl2, and Baxg/Bcl2, but showed no significant effects on mRNA abundances of Bcl2, Baxa and Baxb, and the ratio of Baxb/Bcl2. In contrast, dietborne Zn exposure up-regulated mRNA levels of Bcl2, Baxa, Baxb and Baxg, but reduced the ratios of Baxa/Bcl2, Baxb/Bcl2, and Baxg/Bcl2. Considering their important roles of these genes in apoptosis induced by Zn, apoptosis may mediate the Zn-induced changes of hepatic lipid metabolism of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco under different Zn exposure pathways. For the first time, we characterized the full-length cDNA sequences of Bcl2 and three Bax subtypes, determined their expression profiles and transcriptional responses to different Zn exposure pathways, which would contribute to our understanding of the molecular basis of apoptosis, and also provide new insights into physiological responses to different Zn exposure pathways.
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9
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Bae SN, Lee KH, Kim JH, Lee SJ, Park LO. Zinc induces apoptosis on cervical carcinoma cells by p53-dependent and -independent pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 484:218-223. [PMID: 27998772 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is evidence that the mineral zinc is involved in the apoptotic cell death of various carcinoma cells. In this study, we aim to determine whether zinc in the form of CIZAR induces apoptosis in cervical carcinoma cells by increasing intracellular zinc concentration. STUDY DESIGN CaSki and HeLa cervical carcinoma cells and HPV-16 DNA-transformed keratinocyte (CRL2404) were treated with different concentrations of CIZAR. The cell viability test was carried out, the intracellular level of zinc was determined, and apoptosis was confirmed by flow cytometry after propidium iodide (PI) staining and fluorescence microscopy under DAPI staining. The expression of cell-cycle regulators was analyzed by Western blot, including the knock down of p53 and expression of HPV E6 and E7 genes by RT-PCR. RESULTS Intracellular zinc accumulation induced the down-regulation of E6/E7 proteins through targeting of the specific transcriptional factors in the upstream regulatory region. p53 was induced after CIZAR treatment and p53-dependent apoptosis did not occur after knock down by p53 siRNA. In cervical carcinoma cells, regardless of HPV-infection, CIZAR induces apoptosis by the activation of the p53-independent pathways through the up-regulation of p21waf1, the down-regulation of c-Myc, and by decreasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. CONCLUSIONS CIZAR induces apoptosis not only through the restoration of p53/Rb-dependent pathways in HPV-positive cells, but also through the activation of p53/Rb-independent pathways and the mitochondrial death-signal pathway in cervical carcinoma cells regardless of HPV-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seog Nyeon Bae
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Ho Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Hwi Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jong Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Lae Ok Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
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10
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Olesen RH, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Smidt K, Rungby J, Larsen A. Obesity and age-related alterations in the gene expression of zinc-transporter proteins in the human brain. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e838. [PMID: 27300264 PMCID: PMC4931611 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing. Major risk factors for AD are advancing age and diabetes. Lately, obesity has been associated with an increased risk of dementia. Obese and diabetic individuals are prone to decreased circulating levels of zinc, reducing the amount of zinc available for crucial intracellular processes. In the brain, zinc co-localizes with glutamate in synaptic vesicles, and modulates NMDA receptor activity. Intracellular zinc is involved in apoptosis and fluctuations in cytoplasmic Zn(2+) affect modulation of intracellular signaling. The ZNT and ZIP proteins participate in intracellular zinc homeostasis. Altered expression of zinc-regulatory proteins has been described in AD patients. Using microarray data from human frontal cortex (BrainCloud), this study investigates expression of the SCLA30A (ZNT) and SCLA39A (ZIP) families of genes in a Caucasian and African-American sample of 145 neurologically and psychiatrically normal individuals. Expression of ZNT3 and ZNT4 were significantly reduced with increasing age, whereas expression of ZIP1, ZIP9 and ZIP13 were significantly increased. Increasing body mass index (BMI) correlated with a significant reduction in ZNT1 expression similar to what is seen in the early stages of AD. Increasing BMI also correlated with reduced expression of ZNT6. In conclusion, we found that the expression of genes that regulate intracellular zinc homeostasis in the human frontal cortex is altered with increasing age and affected by increasing BMI. With the increasing rates of obesity throughout the world, these findings warrant continuous scrutiny of the long-term consequences of obesity on brain function and the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Olesen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - T M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - K Smidt
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J Rungby
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - A Larsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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11
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Zhao J, Wu Q, Hu X, Dong X, Wang L, Liu Q, Long Z, Li L. Comparative study of serum zinc concentrations in benign and malignant prostate disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25778. [PMID: 27170414 PMCID: PMC4864417 DOI: 10.1038/srep25778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have investigated the relationship between serum zinc concentration and prostatic disease, but have shown inconsistent results. Hence, we performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to assess the correlation between serum zinc concentration and prostate disease. Systematic literature searches were conducted with PubMed, EMBASE, Science Direct/Elsevier, MEDLINE, CNKI and the Cochrane Library up to June 2015 for studies that involved the relationship between serum zinc concentration and prostate disease. Fourteen studies were identified from the databases. Our results illustrated that the serum zinc concentrations in prostate cancer patients were significantly lower than those in Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients and normal controls (SMD (95% CI), −0.94 [−1.57, −0.32]; −1.18 [−1.90, −0.45]). However, the serum zinc concentrations in BPH patients were significantly higher than those in normal controls (SMD (95% CI) 1.77 [0.15, 3.39]). The present study showed that different levels of serum zinc concentrations are correlated with different prostatic disease. Serum zinc concentration may be used as a tool for the diagnosis and screening of prostate disease. But, further studies with well-designed larger sample studies are needed in this field to further clarify the correlation between serum zinc concentration and prostate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Qingjian Wu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xingyou Dong
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Zhou Long
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Longkun Li
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
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12
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Sperm quality and selected biochemical parameters of seminal fluid in dogs with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 160:120-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Lee S, Kim JE, Hong SH, Lee AY, Park EJ, Seo HW, Chae C, Doble P, Bishop D, Cho MH. High Inorganic Phosphate Intake Promotes Tumorigenesis at Early Stages in a Mouse Model of Lung Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135582. [PMID: 26285136 PMCID: PMC4540575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is required by all living organisms for the development of organs such as bone, muscle, brain, and lungs, regulating the expression of several critical genes as well as signal transduction. However, little is known about the effects of prolonged dietary Pi consumption on lung cancer progression. This study investigated the effects of a high-phosphate diet (HPD) in a mouse model of adenocarcinoma. K-rasLA1 mice were fed a normal diet (0.3% Pi) or an HPD (1% Pi) for 1, 2, or 4 months. Mice were then sacrificed and subjected to inductively coupled plasma mass/optical emission spectrometry and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry analyses, western blot analysis, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and immunocytochemical analyses to evaluate tumor formation and progression (including cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis), changes in ion levels and metabolism, autophagy, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and protein translation in the lungs. An HPD accelerated tumorigenesis, as evidenced by increased adenoma and adenocarcinoma rates as well as tumor size. However, after 4 months of the HPD, cell proliferation was arrested, and marked increases in liver and lung ion levels and in energy production via the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the liver were observed, which were accompanied by increased autophagy and decreased angiogenesis and apoptosis. These results indicate that an HPD initially promotes but later inhibits lung cancer progression because of metabolic adaptation leading to tumor cell quiescence. Moreover, the results suggest that carefully regulated Pi consumption are effective in lung cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somin Lee
- Laboratory of Toxicology, BK21 PLUSProgram for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Korea
- Graduate Group of Tumor Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Laboratory of Toxicology, BK21 PLUSProgram for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Hong
- Laboratory of Toxicology, BK21 PLUSProgram for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Korea
| | - Ah-Young Lee
- Laboratory of Toxicology, BK21 PLUSProgram for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443–749, Korea
| | - Hwi Won Seo
- Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Korea
| | - Philip Doble
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, Department of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Bishop
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, Department of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Myung-Haing Cho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, BK21 PLUSProgram for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Korea
- Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 443–270, Korea
- Graduate Group of Tumor Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 443–270, Korea
- * E-mail:
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14
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Cui D, Han G, Shang Y, Mu L, Long Q, Du Y. The effect of chronic prostatitis on zinc concentration of prostatic fluid and seminal plasma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin 2015; 31:1763-9. [PMID: 26173049 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2015.1072707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostatitis is a common disease in urology departments. Prostatic zinc accumulation is connected with the secretory function of the prostate, and zinc concentrations present in prostatic diseases differ greatly from the normal level. Studies have investigated the effect of chronic prostatitis on zinc concentration of prostatic fluid and seminal plasma, but have shown inconsistent results. Hence, we performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to assess the effect of chronic prostatitis on the zinc concentration of prostatic fluid and seminal plasma. METHODS Systematic literature searches were conducted with PubMed, Embase, Science Direct/Elsevier, CNKI and the Cochrane Library up to March 2015 for case-control studies that involved the relationship between chronic prostatitis and zinc concentration of prostatic fluid and seminal plasma. Meta-analysis was performed with Review Manager and Stata software. Standard mean differences (SMDs) of zinc concentration were identified with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) in a random- or fixed-effects model. RESULTS Our results illustrated that the zinc concentrations in prostatic fluid and seminal plasma from chronic prostatitis patients were significantly lower than normal controls (SMD [95% CI] -246.71 [-347.97, -145.44], -20.74 [-35.11, -6.37], respectively). LIMITATIONS The sample size of each study was relatively small, and a total of 731 chronic prostatitis patients and 574 normal controls were investigated in all fourteen studies. Several studies related to the subject were excluded due to lack of control data or means and standard deviations. CONCLUSIONS The present study illustrates that there was a significant negative effect of chronic prostatitis on zinc concentrations of prostatic fluid and seminal plasma. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to better illuminate the negative impact of chronic prostatitis on zinc concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Cui
- a Department of Urology , the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shanxi , China
| | - GuangWei Han
- a Department of Urology , the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shanxi , China
| | - YongGang Shang
- a Department of Urology , the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shanxi , China
| | - LiJun Mu
- a Department of Urology , the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shanxi , China
| | - QingZhi Long
- a Department of Urology , the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shanxi , China
| | - YueFeng Du
- a Department of Urology , the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shanxi , China
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15
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Johnson BM, Fraietta JA, Gracias DT, Hope JL, Stairiker CJ, Patel PR, Mueller YM, McHugh MD, Jablonowski LJ, Wheatley MA, Katsikis PD. Acute exposure to ZnO nanoparticles induces autophagic immune cell death. Nanotoxicology 2014; 9:737-48. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.974709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Wu W, Bromberg PA, Samet JM. Zinc ions as effectors of environmental oxidative lung injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:57-69. [PMID: 23747928 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The redox-inert transition metal Zn is a micronutrient that plays essential roles in protein structure, catalysis, and regulation of function. Inhalational exposure to ZnO or to soluble Zn salts in occupational and environmental settings leads to adverse health effects, the severity of which appears dependent on the flux of Zn(2+) presented to the airway and alveolar cells. The cellular toxicity of exogenous Zn(2+) exposure is characterized by cellular responses that include mitochondrial dysfunction, elevated production of reactive oxygen species, and loss of signaling quiescence leading to cell death and increased expression of adaptive and inflammatory genes. Central to the molecular effects of Zn(2+) are its interactions with cysteinyl thiols, which alters their functionality by modulating their reactivity and participation in redox reactions. Ongoing studies aimed at elucidating the molecular toxicology of Zn(2+) in the lung are contributing valuable information about its role in redox biology and cellular homeostasis in normal and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health XinXiang Medical University XinXiang, China 453003; Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Philip A Bromberg
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James M Samet
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
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17
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Mao L, Chen J, Peng Q, Zhou A, Wang Z. Effects of different sources and levels of zinc on H2O2-induced apoptosis in IEC-6 cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 155:132-41. [PMID: 23912254 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9759-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Zinc has been shown to be an inhibitor of apoptosis for many years. The present study was designed to investigate effects of three zinc chemical forms on H2O2-induced cell apoptosis in IEC-6 cells via analysis of cell vitality, LDH activity, apoptosis percentage, caspase-3 activity, and Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3, -8, and -9 gene expression. Cells were divided into H2O2 and zinc sources+H2O2 groups, and there are three different zinc sources [zinc oxide nanoparticle (nano-ZnO), zinc oxide (ZnO), and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4)] and three concentrations (normal = 25 μM, medium = 50 μM, and high = 100 μM) used in this article. In the present study, we found the striking cytotoxicity of H2O2 higher than 200 μM on cell vitality, LDH activity, and apoptosis percentage in the cells using five different concentrations (50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μM) of H2O2 for 4 h. Moreover, we observed that cell vitality was increased, LDH activity and apoptotic percentage were decreased, and gene expression level of Bax and caspase-3 and -9 was markedly reduced, while gene expression level of Bcl-2 and ratio of Bcl-2/Bax were increased in normal concentration groups of nano-ZnO and ZnSO4 compared with H2O2 group, but no significant difference was observed in caspase-8 gene expression. Furthermore, medium or, more intensely, high concentrations of nano-ZnO and ZnSO4 enhanced H2O2-induced cell apoptosis. Compared with nano-ZnO and ZnSO4, ZnO showed weakest protective effect on H2O2-induced apoptosis at normal concentration and was less toxic to cells at high level. Taken together, we proposed that preventive and protective effects of zinc on H2O2-induced cell apoptosis varied in IEC-6 cells with its chemical forms and concentrations, and maybe for the first time, we suggested that nano-ZnO have a protective effect on H2O2-induced cell apoptosis in IEC-6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya' an, People's Republic of China
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18
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Duprez J, Roma LP, Close AF, Jonas JC. Protective antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of ZnCl2 in rat pancreatic islets cultured in low and high glucose concentrations. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46831. [PMID: 23056475 PMCID: PMC3463538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim/Hypothesis Rat pancreatic islet cell apoptosis is minimal after prolonged culture in 10 mmol/l glucose (G10), largely increased in 5 mmol/l glucose (G5) and moderately increased in 30 mmol/l glucose (G30). This glucose-dependent asymmetric V-shaped profile is preceded by parallel changes in the mRNA levels of oxidative stress-response genes like Metallothionein 1a (Mt1a). In this study, we tested the effect of ZnCl2, a potent inducer of Mt1a, on apoptosis, mitochondrial oxidative stress and alterations of glucose-induced insulin secretion (GSIS) induced by prolonged exposure to low and high vs. intermediate glucose concentrations. Methods Male Wistar rat islets were cultured in RPMI medium. Islet gene mRNA levels were measured by RTq-PCR. Apoptosis was quantified by measuring islet cytosolic histone-associated DNA fragments and the percentage of TUNEL-positive β-cells. Mitochondrial thiol oxidation was measured in rat islet cell clusters expressing “redox sensitive GFP” targeted to the mitochondria (mt-roGFP1). Insulin secretion was measured by RIA. Results As observed for Mt1a mRNA levels, β-cell apoptosis and loss of GSIS, culture in either G5 or G30 vs. G10 significantly increased mt-roGFP1 oxidation. While TPEN decreased Mt1a/2a mRNA induction by G5, addition of 50–100 µM ZnCl2 to the culture medium strongly increased Mt1a/2a mRNA and protein levels, reduced early mt-roGFP oxidation and significantly decreased late β-cell apoptosis after prolonged culture in G5 or G30 vs. G10. It did not, however, prevent the loss of GSIS under these culture conditions. Conclusion ZnCl2 reduces mitochondrial oxidative stress and improves rat β-cell survival during culture in the presence of low and high vs. intermediate glucose concentrations without improving their acute GSIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Duprez
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle d’Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leticia P. Roma
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle d’Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne-Françoise Close
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle d’Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Jonas
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle d’Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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19
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Makhov P, Kutikov A, Golovine K, Uzzo RG, Canter DJ, Kolenko VM. Docetaxel-mediated apoptosis in myeloid progenitor TF-1 cells is mitigated by zinc: potential implication for prostate cancer therapy. Prostate 2011; 71:1413-9. [PMID: 21308721 PMCID: PMC3106130 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docetaxel-based combination chemotherapy is approved by the FDA for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Unfortunately, docetaxel's efficacy is significantly limited by its considerable toxicity on hematopoietic progenitor cells, thus necessitating dose reduction or even discontinuation of the chemotherapy. Induction of pre-mitotic arrest protects cells against docetaxel-mediated toxicity and affords therapeutic opportunities. METHODS Cell cycle progression was examined by propidium iodide staining. Zinc uptake was determined by FluoZin-3 AM staining. Apoptotic DNA fragmentation was detected using APO-BRDU kit. RESULTS In the course of our current work, we treated the myeloid progenitor TF-1 cells and the castration-resistant PC-3 and DU-145 prostate cancer cells with physiologically relevant concentrations of zinc. In doing so, we were able to prevent docetaxel-mediated mitotic arrest in zinc accumulating myeloid progenitor TF-1 cells but not in castration-resistant PC-3 and DU-145 prostate cancer cells. Moreover, pre-treatment with zinc abolished docetaxel-induced apoptosis in TF-1 cells, whereas such treatment had no effect on apoptosis in PC-3 and DU-145 prostate cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that zinc can protect myeloid progenitor cells against docetaxel-induced toxicity without compromising the drug's anti-tumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Makhov
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
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20
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John E, Laskow TC, Buchser WJ, Pitt BR, Basse PH, Butterfield LH, Kalinski P, Lotze MT. Zinc in innate and adaptive tumor immunity. J Transl Med 2010; 8:118. [PMID: 21087493 PMCID: PMC3002329 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is important. It is the second most abundant trace metal with 2-4 grams in humans. It is an essential trace element, critical for cell growth, development and differentiation, DNA synthesis, RNA transcription, cell division, and cell activation. Zinc deficiency has adverse consequences during embryogenesis and early childhood development, particularly on immune functioning. It is essential in members of all enzyme classes, including over 300 signaling molecules and transcription factors. Free zinc in immune and tumor cells is regulated by 14 distinct zinc importers (ZIP) and transporters (ZNT1-8). Zinc depletion induces cell death via apoptosis (or necrosis if apoptotic pathways are blocked) while sufficient zinc levels allows maintenance of autophagy. Cancer cells have upregulated zinc importers, and frequently increased zinc levels, which allow them to survive. Based on this novel synthesis, approaches which locally regulate zinc levels to promote survival of immune cells and/or induce tumor apoptosis are in order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica John
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Thomas C Laskow
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - William J Buchser
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bruce R Pitt
- Department of Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Per H Basse
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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21
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Zhang D, Li Y, Zhu T, Zhang F, Yang Z, Miao D. Zinc supplementation results in improved therapeutic potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in a mouse ischemic limb model. Cytotherapy 2010; 13:156-64. [PMID: 20839997 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2010.512633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS We wanted to determine whether zinc supplementation can inhibit bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) apoptosis and enhance their tissue regenerative potential a in mouse ischemic hindlimb model. METHODS Rat bone marrow cells were cultured and the resulting MSC were passaged for 3-7 generations. The proliferation and apoptosis of MSC was examined by 3-[4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry analysis. The activation of protein kinases B (Akt) was determined by Western blots. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mouse hindlimb ischemic model was established by ligating the right femoral artery. Mice received MSC, zinc-treated MSC or vehicle. The blood flow was assessed by laser Doppler imaging. The survival rate of donor cells was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the sex-determining region of the Y-chromosome (Sry). Angiogenesis was assessed by histochemical staining and immunofluoresence staining. RESULTS Supplementation with physiologic amounts of zinc caused a marked attenuation of cell apoptosis, enhanced cell viabilities, increased VEGF release and up-regulated Akt activation. Zinc-treated MSC delivered into ischemic hindlimbs resulted in significant improvements in limb blood perfusion by increased implanted MSC survival and stimulated angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the potential of zinc supplement to enhance survival of engrafted MSC and ameliorate their tissue regenerative potential in a mouse ischemic hindlimb model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingguo Zhang
- The Research Center for Bone And Stem Cells, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
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22
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Ku JH, Seo SY, Kwak C, Kim HH. The role of survivin and Bcl-2 in zinc-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Urol Oncol 2010; 30:562-8. [PMID: 20822926 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the effects of zinc treatment on the gene expression levels of survivin and Bcl-2 in prostate cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of zinc exposure on apoptosis were assessed using two human prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP and PC-3. Zinc-induced apoptosis was measured by Annexin V staining. The direct effect of zinc on the expression levels of zinc transporters (ZnT-1 and ZnT-4) and apoptosis-related genes (Bax, Bcl-2, and survivin) was determined by RT-PCR analysis. RESULTS When LNCaP and PC-3 cells were exposed to various concentrations of zinc sulfate for 48 hors, their growth was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. The levels of zinc in both cell lines treated with zinc sulfate for 24 hours were higher than in untreated cells. Exposure to zinc induced apoptosis and necrosis in LNCaP and PC-3 cells. Apoptosis became more extensive as the treatment time with zinc increased. There was a significant increase in the gene expression levels of ZnT-1 and ZnT-4 in both cell lines treated with zinc sulfate compared with untreated cells. The expression of Bax mRNA was up-regulated, while the expression of Bcl-2 and survivin were decreased in both cell lines following zinc treatment. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to zinc sulfate in human prostate cancer cells increased intracellular levels of zinc, which resulted in increased apoptosis. The apoptogenic effect of elevated concentration of zinc could be due either to increased expression of zinc transporters and increased levels of Bax or decreased Bcl-2 and survivin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Hyeon Ku
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Yang J, Yu H, Sun S, Zhang L, Das UN, Ruan H, He G, Shen S. Mechanism of free Zn(2+) enhancing inhibitory effects of EGCG on the growth of PC-3 cells: interactions with mitochondria. Biol Trace Elem Res 2009; 131:298-310. [PMID: 19326061 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-009-8362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Green tea and its major constituent epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) are known for their chemopreventive effects including those against prostate cancer, which could be mediated by metal ions. Zn(2+) is an essential trace element that is required for human health and plays an important role in the normal function of the prostate gland. In the present study, the effect of EGCG on cell membrane and mitochondria of PC-3 (prostate carcinoma) cells in the presence and absence of Zn(2+) was studied. These studies revealed that EGCG, Zn(2+), or EGCG + Zn(2+) affected the morphology of PC-3 cells and induced apoptosis in PC-3 cells. It was observed that effects of treatment with EGCG, Zn(2+), or EGCG + Zn(2+)on mitochondria showed EGCG + Zn(2+) > Zn(2+) > EGCG, including cytochrome C release from the intermembrane space into the cytosol, inhibited the synthesis of ATP, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and activation of caspase-9. However, the order of effect on depressing membrane fluidity of PC-3 cells was EGCG > EGCG + Zn(2+) > Zn(2+). In summary, these findings suggest that EGCG, Zn(2+), and EGCG + Zn(2+) induce necrosis or apoptosis of PC-3 cells through mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway and free Zn(2+)-enhanced effects of EGCG on PC-3 cells due to its interactions with mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Yang
- Hua Jia Chi Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, People's Republic of China
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24
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Differential response to zinc-induced apoptosis in benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer cells. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 21:687-94. [PMID: 19576751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Zinc concentrations in the prostate are uniquely high but are dramatically decreased with prostate cancer. Studies have suggested that increasing zinc in the prostate may be a potential therapeutic strategy. The goal of this study was to evaluate the antiproliferative effects of zinc in prostate cancer cells (PC-3) and noncancerous benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) cells (BPH-1) and to define possible mechanisms. PC-3 and BPH-1 cells were treated with zinc (0-250 microM) for 24 and 48 h, and cell growth and viability were examined. Apoptosis was assessed by phosphatidylserine externalization, caspase activation and protein expression of B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (BAX):Bcl-2. BPH-1 cells were more sensitive to the antiproliferative effects of zinc compared to PC-3. The response to zinc in PC-3 and BPH-1 cells differed as evidenced by opposing effects on Bcl-2:BAX expression. Additionally, different effects on the nuclear expression and activity of the p65 subunit of nuclear factor kappa B were observed in response to zinc between the two cell types. The differential response to zinc in PC-3 and BPH-1 cells suggests that zinc may serve an important role in regulating cell growth and apoptosis in prostate cancer and hyperplasia cells.
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Lin SF, Wei H, Maeder D, Franklin RB, Feng P. Profiling of zinc-altered gene expression in human prostate normal vs. cancer cells: a time course study. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 20:1000-12. [PMID: 19071009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that zinc exposure induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells (PC-3) and benign hyperplasia cells (BPH), but not in normal prostate cells (HPR-1). However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of zinc on prostate cancer cell growth and zinc homeostasis remain unclear. To explore the zinc effect on gene expression profiles in normal (HPR-1) and malignant prostate cells (PC-3), we conducted a time course study of Zn treatment with microarray analysis. Microarray data were evaluated and profiled using computational approach for the primary and secondary data analyses. Final analyses were focused on the genes (1) highly sensitive to zinc; (2) associated with zinc homeostasis, i.e., metallothioneins (MTs), solute zinc carriers (ZIPs) and zinc exporters (ZnTs); (3) relevant to several oncogenic pathways. Zinc-mediated mRNA levels of MT isotypes were further validated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Results showed that zinc effect on genome-wide expression patterns was cell-type specific, and zinc appeared to have mainly down-regulatory effects on thousands of genes (1953 in HPR-1; 3534 in PC-3) with a threshold of +/-2.5-fold, while fewer genes were up-regulated (872 in HPR-1; 571 in PC-3). The patterns of zinc effect on functional MT genes' expression provided evidence for the cell type-dependent zinc accumulation and zinc-induced apoptosis in prostate cells. In PC-3 cells, zinc significantly up-regulated the expression of MT-1 isotypes MT-1J and MT-1M, denoted previously as "nonfunctional" MT genes, and now a depictive molecular structure of MT-1J was proposed. Examination of genes involved in oncogenic pathways indicated that certain genes, e.g., Fos, Akt1, Jak3 and PI3K, were highly regulated by zinc with cell-type specificity. This work provided an extensive database on zinc-related prostate cancer research. The strategy of data analysis was devoted to finding genes highly sensitive to Zn, and the genes associated with zinc accumulation and zinc-induced apoptosis. The results indicate that zinc regulation of gene expression is cell-type specific, and MT genes play important roles in prostate malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fei Lin
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Dubi N, Gheber L, Fishman D, Sekler I, Hershfinkel M. Extracellular zinc and zinc-citrate, acting through a putative zinc-sensing receptor, regulate growth and survival of prostate cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:1692-700. [PMID: 18310092 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate Zn(2+) concentrations are among the highest in the body, and a marked decrease in the level of this ion is observed in prostate cancer. Extracellular Zn(2+) is known to regulate cell survival and proliferation in numerous tissues. In spite of this, a signaling role for extracellular Zn(2+) in prostate cancer has not been established. In the present study, we demonstrate that prostate metastatic cells are impermeable to Zn(2+), but extracellular Zn(2+) triggers a metabotropic Ca(2+) rise that is also apparent in the presence of citrate. Employing fluorescent imaging, we measured this activity in androgen-insensitive metastatic human cell lines, PC-3 and DU-145, and in mouse prostate tumor TRAMP-1 cells but not in androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells. The Ca(2+) response was inhibited by Galphaq and phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitors as well as by intracellular Ca(2+) store depletion, indicating that it is mediated by a Gq-coupled receptor that activates the inositol phosphate (IP(3)) pathway consistent with the previously identified zinc-sensing receptor (ZnR). Zn(2+)-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase and AKT activation, as well as enhanced Zn(2+)-dependent cell growth and survival, were observed in PC-3 cells that exhibit ZnR activity, but not in a ZnR activity-deficient PC-3 subline. Interestingly, application of Zn(2+)-citrate (Zn(2+)Cit), at physiological concentrations, was followed by a profound functional desensitization of extracellular Zn(2+)-dependent signaling and attenuation of Zn(2+)-dependent cell growth. Our results indicate that extracellular Zn(2+) and Zn(2+)Cit, by triggering or desensitizing ZnR activity, distinctly regulate prostate cancer cell growth. Thus, therapeutic strategies based either on Zn(2+) chelation or administration of Zn(2+)Cit may be effective in attenuating prostate tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Dubi
- Department of Morphology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, PO Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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Killilea AN, Downing KH, Killilea DW. Zinc deficiency reduces paclitaxel efficacy in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2007; 258:70-9. [PMID: 17905512 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutics used to treat prostate cancer are often from a class of drugs that target microtubule networks, such as paclitaxel. A previous report indicated that supplemental zinc sensitized prostate cancer cells to paclitaxel-induced apoptosis, suggesting that increased zinc levels might enhance paclitaxel efficacy. The effect of zinc deficiency on paclitaxel activity is not known though, so we tested this in two prostate cancer cell lines maintained under moderately zinc-deficient conditions. LNCaP and PC3 cell lines were used as models of early and late-stage prostate cancer, respectively. Cells cultured in reduced zinc levels did not demonstrate altered cell viability, growth rates, or intracellular zinc content. Additionally, zinc deficiency alone had no apparent effect on cell cycle kinetics or apoptosis levels. However, the IC(50) for paclitaxel-induced cell cycle arrest increased in LNCaP cells from zinc-deficient compared to zinc-replete conditions. Consequently, paclitaxel-induced apoptosis was reduced in LNCaP cells from zinc-deficient compared to zinc-replete conditions. In PC3 cells, the effects of paclitaxel were independent of zinc status. Reduced extracellular zinc levels were shown to affect paclitaxel activity in a prostate cancer cell line. Given the prevalence of zinc deficiency, determining how chemotherapeutic action is modulated by zinc adequacy may have clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison N Killilea
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Girasole M, Cricenti A, Generosi R, Longo G, Pompeo G, Cotesta S, Congiu-Castellano A. Different membrane modifications revealed by atomic force/lateral force microscopy after doping of human pancreatic cells with Cd, Zn, or Pb. Microsc Res Tech 2007; 70:912-7. [PMID: 17726693 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of the cytotoxic metals cadmium, zinc, and lead with pancreatic cells was studied by atomic force/lateral Force microscopy (AFM/LFM), an approach that provides both topographic (with nanometer scale lateral resolution) and chemical information on the membrane. Different morphological modifications of the overall cell shape and roughness took place as consequence of 100 muM metal-dependent treatment. Furthermore, after exposure to Cd(Cl(2)) and Zn(Cl(2)), but not Pb(Cl(2)), the LFM images revealed several areas of the cell's surface showing lateral friction contrasts that have been interpreted as marker of different alterations of the cell physiology induced by the metal loading. Thus, the coupling of LFM detection to topographic AFM characterization allows to distinguish, through a nondestructive and surface characterising approach, between different metal-induced cytotoxic effects on cells. In this framework, the role of the LFM as an important tool to discriminate between different alteration of a biological system has to be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Girasole
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma 00133, Italy.
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29
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Chang KL, Hung TC, Hsieh BS, Chen YH, Chen TF, Cheng HL. Zinc at pharmacologic concentrations affects cytokine expression and induces apoptosis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Nutrition 2006; 22:465-74. [PMID: 16472982 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study examined the effect of zinc at concentrations of the apoptotic signaling pathway and immune function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS PBMCs from healthy subjects were treated in vitro with various zinc concentrations to imitate different serum statuses of physiologic (2 to 15 microM) and pharmacologic (15 to 100 microM) concentrations to higher than 100 microM and analyzed their expressions of cytokines and apoptotically related factors. RESULTS Although a normal physiologic concentration of zinc had no effect on immunologic function or apoptosis of PBMCs, a pharmacologic concentration (100 microM) or higher affected both functions. Zinc decreased cell proliferation at concentrations higher than 100 microM and stimulated cytokine expression at concentrations of at least 100 microM. Further, at concentrations of at least 100 microM, apoptosis was induced, and expressions of caspase-3 and proapoptotic genes, including Fas (FasL) and c-fos, which trigger apoptosis through receptor-mediated extrinsic and mitochondrion-mediated apoptotic pathways, respectively, were increased. At concentrations at least 300 microM, expressions of antiapoptotic factors nuclear factor-kappaB, Bcl-2, and Bcl-X(L) were markedly decreased. CONCLUSIONS Zinc stimulates cytokine expression and induces apoptosis of PBMCs from healthy subjects only at concentrations equal to or greater than the serum pharmacologic range. Receptor-mediated extrinsic and mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic pathways are involved in this zinc-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee-Lung Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Bae SN, Lee YS, Kim MY, Kim JD, Park LO. Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of zinc-citrate compound (CIZAR(R)) on human epithelial ovarian cancer cell line, OVCAR-3. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 103:127-36. [PMID: 16624386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Revised: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Zinc inhibits the growth of several carcinoma cells through induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The intracellular concentration of zinc and its dynamic changes are critically important in cell biology. We investigated the effects of zinc-citrate compound (CIZAR) on normal human ovarian epithelial cells (NOSE) and human epithelial ovarian cancer cell line, OVCAR-3. METHODS To investigate the potential effect of CIZAR on cell growth and survival, cells were treated with different doses and exposed to different times. Intracellular concentration of zinc was measured by colorimetric assay. Mitochondrial aconitase activity was determined in cell extracts using aconitase assay. The flow cytometric assay, DNA laddering, and morphological analysis were done to investigate cytotoxic effects of CIZAR. Molecular mechanism of cell death was investigated by p53, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, Bax protein, activity of caspase-3 and -12, and activity of telomerase. RESULTS CIZAR-induced zinc accumulation in OVCAR-3 cells was higher than that in NOSE cells. CIZAR(R) treatment resulted in a time- and dose-dependent decrease in cell number in OVCAR-3 cells in comparison with NOSE cells. M-aconitase activity was significantly decreased in OVCAR-3 cells within 4 h exposure to CIZAR but relatively constant in NOSE cells. The flow cytometric assay, DNA laddering, and morphological analysis indicated apoptosis in OVCAR-3 cells but not in NOSE cells. CIZAR increased the expression of p21(waf1) which is a part of p53-independent pathway and induced reduction of telomerase activity. CIZAR reduced expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins but induced expression of Bax protein. CIZAR induced apoptosis of OVCAR-3 cells by activation of caspase-12 and caspase-3 pathway. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to CIZAR induces apoptosis in OVCAR-3 cells which accumulate high intracellular levels of zinc, but not in NOSE cells, which do not accumulate high levels of zinc. CIZAR(R) prevents the proliferation of OVCAR-3 cells by inactivation of m-aconitase activity and induces apoptosis by induction of proapoptotic gene (Bax), repression of antiapoptotic genes (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL), and consequently activation of caspase-3. CIZAR also induced activation of caspase-12. The CIZAR will offer new window in prevention and treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seog Nyeon Bae
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Tsui KH, Chang PL, Juang HH. Zinc blocks gene expression of mitochondrial aconitase in human prostatic carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:609-15. [PMID: 16094633 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial aconitase (mACON) contains a [4Fe-4S] cluster as the key enzyme for citrate oxidation in the human prostatic epithelial cell. Although there is accumulating evidence indicating that accumulation of high levels of zinc in prostate epithelial cells causes reduced efficiency of citrate oxidation, zinc regulation on the mACON is still not well understood. From in vitro studies, zinc chloride treatment has been developed using humic acid as the carrier (Zn-HA) in human prostatic carcinoma cells, PC-3. Zn-HA treatment (0.1-10 microM) restricts mACON enzymatic activity, which attenuates citrate utility and decreases intracellular ATP levels in PC-3 cells, whereas the effect is blocked by adding the zinc chelator, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). Immunoblot, ribonuclease-protection and transient gene-expression assays indicate that Zn-HA treatments inhibit mACON gene expression. Mutation of the putative metal response element (MRE) from CTCGCCTTCA to TGATCCTTCA abolishes Zn-HA inhibition of mACON promoter activity. Our results have demonstrated that zinc possesses a specific regulatory mechanism on the mACON gene, and a biologic function of the putative metal regulatory system in mACON gene transcription has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Hung Tsui
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Jiménez Del Río M, Vélez-Pardo C. Transition metal-induced apoptosis in lymphocytes via hydroxyl radical generation, mitochondria dysfunction, and caspase-3 activation: an in vitro model for neurodegeneration. Arch Med Res 2004; 35:185-93. [PMID: 15163458 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2004.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2003] [Accepted: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Redox transition metals have been implicated as crucial players in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Intracellular signaling mechanism(s) responsible for oxidative stress and death in single-cell model exposed to metals has not yet been fully elucidated. The objective of the study was to determine the mechanism by which metals induced apoptosis in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). METHODS PBL were exposed to 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1,000 microM (Fe2+), (Mn2+), (Cu2+), and (Zn2+)-(SO4). Apoptotic/necrotic morphology was assessed with acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. Further evaluations comprised production of H2O2, generation of hydroxyl radical (.OH), disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DeltaPsim), caspase-3 activation, and activation of NF-kappaB and p53 transcriptional factors. RESULTS Morphologic analysis showed that 500 microM provoked maximal percentage of apoptosis (22-30% AO/EB) and minimal necrosis (3-7%), whereas low concentrations were innocuous but 1,000 microM induced mainly necrosis (>40% AO/EB). Metals generated both H2O2 and (.OH) by Fenton reaction. Hydroxyl scavengers protected PBL from metal-induced apoptosis. All metals induced mitochondrial depolarization (17-62% nonfluorescent cells) and activated caspase-3 concomitantly with apoptotic morphology (25-32% AO/EB) at 24 h, and neither NF-kappaB nor p53 transcription factor showed activation. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that redox-active (Fe2+), (Mn2+), (Cu2+), and (Zn2+) ion-induced apoptosis in PBL by (H2O2)/(.OH) generation, resulting in mitochondria depolarization, caspase-3 activation, and nuclear fragmentation independent of NF-kappaB and p53 transcription factors activation. Our data highlight the potential use of lymphocytes as a model to screen antioxidant strategies designed to remove H2O2/.OH associated with metal-catalyzed reactions in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Jiménez Del Río
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Programa de Investigación en Neurociencias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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Beck FWJ, Prasad AS, Butler CE, Sakr WA, Kucuk O, Sarkar FH. Differential expression of hZnT-4 in human prostate tissues. Prostate 2004; 58:374-81. [PMID: 14968438 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered zinc levels in prostate benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and carcinoma is well documented. It is not known whether loss of zinc, necessary to restrain aggressive growth, results from loss of a single specific or multiple zinc transporters. METHODS Human prostate tissues from patients who underwent radical prostatectomy were screened by RT-PCR analysis for five zinc transporters. Relative cDNA expression was determined in normal, BPH, and tumor specimens and four prostate epithelial cell lines. RESULTS Surgical specimens were obtained from patients with assigned Gleason scores ranging from 5 to 9. Relative expression of hZIP-1 and hZnT-1 were prominent in most samples with relatively lesser degree of expression of hZIP-2 and no detectable expression of hZnT-3. Expression of hZnT-4 was decreased in BPH and tumor samples compared to normal tissue. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that zinc homeostasis in normal prostate tissues results from an interplay of multiple transporters and decreased hZnT-4 expression is associated with prostate tissue abnormalities independent of total cellular zinc content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances W J Beck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate epithelial cells uniquely accumulate significantly higher levels of zinc than other mammalian cells. We previously showed that the accumulation of high intracellular zinc levels in specific prostate cells results in the induction of apoptosis and the inhibition of cell growth. The apoptotic effect is due to zinc induction of mitochondrial apoptogenesis. We now report additional studies that corroborate this effect of zinc and provide insight into the mechanism of this unique effect. METHODS The effect of exposure to physiological levels of zinc on apoptosis was determined for three human prostate cell lines (PC-3, BPH, and HPR-1). Zinc-induced apoptosis was identified by DNA fragmentation. The direct effect of zinc on isolated mitochondrial preparations from each cell line was determined. The mitochondrial release of cytochrome c was determined by Western blot. RESULTS Exposure to zinc induced apoptosis in PC-3 and BPH cells but not in HPR-1 cells. The zinc accumulation in PC-3 (4.3 +/- 0.3) and BPH (2.8 +/- 0.4) was higher than that in HPR-1 cells (1.8 +/- 0.1). The apoptotic effect of zinc on PC-3 cells could be observed as early as 4-6 hr of zinc treatment, and this effect was not reversible. The exposure of isolated mitochondria from PC-3 and BPH cells to zinc resulted in the release of cytochrome c; but zinc had no effect on mitochondria from HPR-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to zinc induces apoptosis in PC-3 and BPH cells, which accumulate high intracellular levels of zinc, but not in HPR-1 cells, which do not accumulate high levels of zinc. Once initiated, the induction of apoptosis is not reversed by the removal of zinc, i.e., it is an irreversible process. The apoptogenic effect is due to a direct effect of zinc on mitochondria that results in the release of cytochrome c. The cell specificity of zinc induction of apoptogenesis is dependent on the ability of the cells to accumulate high levels of intracellular zinc and on the ability of the mitochondria to respond to the direct effect of zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Feng
- Greenebaum Cancer Center and Department of OCBS, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Chimienti F, Jourdan E, Favier A, Seve M. Zinc resistance impairs sensitivity to oxidative stress in HeLa cells: protection through metallothioneins expression. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 31:1179-90. [PMID: 11705696 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To analyze the effects of high concentrations of zinc ions on oxidative stress protection, we developed an original model of zinc-resistant HeLa cells (HZR), by using a 200 microM zinc sulfate-supplemented medium. Resistant cells specifically accumulate high zinc levels in intracellular vesicles. These resistant cells also exhibit high expression of metallothioneins (MT), mainly located in the cytoplasm. Exposure of HZR to Zn-depleted medium for 3 or 7 d decreases the intracellular zinc content, but only slightly reduces MT levels of resistant cells. No changes of the intracellular redox status were detected, but zinc resistance enhanced H2O2-mediated cytotoxicity. Conversely, zinc-depleted resistant cells were protected against H2O2-induced cell death. Basal- and oxidant-induced DNA damage was increased in zinc resistant cells. Moreover, measurement of DNA damage on zinc-depleted resistant cells suggests that cytoplasmic metal-free MT ensures an efficient protection against oxidative DNA damage, while Zn-MT does not. This newly developed Zn-resistant HeLa model demonstrates that high intracellular concentrations of zinc enhance oxidative DNA damage and subsequent cell death. Effective protection against oxidative damage is provided by metallothionein under nonsaturating zinc conditions. Thus, induction of MT by zinc may mediate the main cellular protective effect of zinc against oxidative injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chimienti
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Stress Oxydant, Université J. Fourier, La Tronche, France.
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Ellis DA, Wolkenberg SE, Boger DL. Metal cation complexation and activation of reversed CPyI analogues of CC-1065 and duocarmycin SA: partitioning the effects of binding and catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:9299-306. [PMID: 11562212 DOI: 10.1021/ja010769r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and examination of a novel class of reversed CPyI analogues of CC-1065 and the duocarmycins are described. Capable of a unique metal cation activation of DNA alkylation, these agents allowed the effects of the DNA binding domain (10(4)-fold increase in DNA alkylation rate and efficiency) to be partitioned into two components: that derived from enhanced DNA binding affinity and selectivity (10-80-fold) and that derived from a contribution to catalysis (250-5000-fold). In addition, the reversed enantiomeric selectivity of these sequence selective DNA alkylating agents provides further strong support for a previously disclosed model where it is the noncovalent binding selectivity of the compounds, and not the alkylation subunit or the source of catalysis, that controls the DNA alkylation selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Ellis
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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