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Singh R, Nasci VL, Guthrie G, Ertuglu LA, Butt MK, Kirabo A, Gohar EY. Emerging Roles for G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor 1 in Cardio-Renal Health: Implications for Aging. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030412. [PMID: 35327604 PMCID: PMC8946600 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) and renal diseases are increasingly prevalent in the United States and globally. CV-related mortality is the leading cause of death in the United States, while renal-related mortality is the 8th. Despite advanced therapeutics, both diseases persist, warranting continued exploration of disease mechanisms to develop novel therapeutics and advance clinical outcomes for cardio-renal health. CV and renal diseases increase with age, and there are sex differences evident in both the prevalence and progression of CV and renal disease. These age and sex differences seen in cardio-renal health implicate sex hormones as potentially important regulators to be studied. One such regulator is G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1). GPER1 has been implicated in estrogen signaling and is expressed in a variety of tissues including the heart, vasculature, and kidney. GPER1 has been shown to be protective against CV and renal diseases in different experimental animal models. GPER1 actions involve multiple signaling pathways: interaction with aldosterone and endothelin-1 signaling, stimulation of the release of nitric oxide, and reduction in oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune infiltration. This review will discuss the current literature regarding GPER1 and cardio-renal health, particularly in the context of aging. Improving our understanding of GPER1-evoked mechanisms may reveal novel therapeutics aimed at improving cardio-renal health and clinical outcomes in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravneet Singh
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (R.S.); (V.L.N.)
| | - Victoria L. Nasci
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (R.S.); (V.L.N.)
| | - Ginger Guthrie
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (G.G.); (M.K.B.)
| | - Lale A. Ertuglu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (L.A.E.); (A.K.)
| | - Maryam K. Butt
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (G.G.); (M.K.B.)
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (L.A.E.); (A.K.)
| | - Eman Y. Gohar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (R.S.); (V.L.N.)
- Correspondence:
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Advances in the Treatment Strategies in Hypertension: Present and Future. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9030072. [PMID: 35323620 PMCID: PMC8949859 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the most frequent chronic and non-communicable disease all over the world, with about 1.5 billion affected individuals worldwide. Its impact is currently growing, particularly in low-income countries. Even in high-income countries, hypertension remains largely underdiagnosed and undertreated, with consequent low rates of blood pressure (BP) control. Notwithstanding the large number of clinical observational studies and randomized trials over the past four decades, it is sad to note that in the last few years there has been an impressive paucity of innovative studies. Research focused on BP mechanisms and novel antihypertensive drugs is slowing dramatically. The present review discusses some advances in the management of hypertensive patients, and could play a clinical role in the years to come. First, digital/health technology is expected to be increasingly used, although some crucial points remain (development of non-intrusive and clinically validated devices for ambulatory BP measurement, robust storing systems enabling rapid analysis of accrued data, physician-patient interactions, etc.). Second, several areas should be better outlined with regard to BP diagnosis and treatment targets. Third, from a therapeutic standpoint, existing antihypertensive drugs, which are generally effective and well tolerated, should be better used by exploiting available and novel free and fixed combinations. In particular, spironolactone and other mineral-corticoid receptor antagonists should be used more frequently to improve BP control. In particular, some drugs initially developed for conditions different from hypertension including heart failure and diabetes have demonstrated to lower BP significantly and should therefore be considered. Finally, renal artery denervation is another procedure that has proven effective in the management of hypertension.
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Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) are now considered important contributors to the pathophysiological and biophysical mechanisms underlying arterial stiffening in aging. Here, we review mechanisms whereby VSMC stiffening alters vascular function and contributes to the changes in vascular stiffening observed in aging and cardiovascular disease. Vascular stiffening in arterial aging was historically associated with changes in the extracellular matrix; however, new evidence suggests that endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell stiffness also contribute to overall blood vessel stiffness. Furthermore, VSMC play an integral role in regulating matrix deposition and vessel wall contractility via interaction between the actomyosin contractile unit and adhesion structures that anchor the cell within the extracellular matrix. Aged-induce phenotypic modulation of VSMC from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype is associated with decreased cellular contractility and increased cell stiffness. Aged VSMC also display reduced mechanosensitivity and adaptation to mechanical signals from their microenvironment due to impaired intracellular signaling. Finally, evidence for decreased contractility in arteries from aged animals demonstrate that changes at the cellular level result in decreased functional properties at the tissue level.
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Tracy EP, Hughes W, Beare JE, Rowe G, Beyer A, LeBlanc AJ. Aging-Induced Impairment of Vascular Function: Mitochondrial Redox Contributions and Physiological/Clinical Implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:974-1015. [PMID: 34314229 PMCID: PMC8905248 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The vasculature responds to the respiratory needs of tissue by modulating luminal diameter through smooth muscle constriction or relaxation. Coronary perfusion, diastolic function, and coronary flow reserve are drastically reduced with aging. This loss of blood flow contributes to and exacerbates pathological processes such as angina pectoris, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery and microvascular disease. Recent Advances: Increased attention has recently been given to defining mechanisms behind aging-mediated loss of vascular function and development of therapeutic strategies to restore youthful vascular responsiveness. The ultimate goal aims at providing new avenues for symptom management, reversal of tissue damage, and preventing or delaying of aging-induced vascular damage and dysfunction in the first place. Critical Issues: Our major objective is to describe how aging-associated mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to endothelial and smooth muscle dysfunction via dysregulated reactive oxygen species production, the clinical impact of this phenomenon, and to discuss emerging therapeutic strategies. Pathological changes in regulation of mitochondrial oxidative and nitrosative balance (Section 1) and mitochondrial dynamics of fission/fusion (Section 2) have widespread effects on the mechanisms underlying the ability of the vasculature to relax, leading to hyperconstriction with aging. We will focus on flow-mediated dilation, endothelial hyperpolarizing factors (Sections 3 and 4), and adrenergic receptors (Section 5), as outlined in Figure 1. The clinical implications of these changes on major adverse cardiac events and mortality are described (Section 6). Future Directions: We discuss antioxidative therapeutic strategies currently in development to restore mitochondrial redox homeostasis and subsequently vascular function and evaluate their potential clinical impact (Section 7). Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 974-1015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Paul Tracy
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - William Hughes
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jason E Beare
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gabrielle Rowe
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Andreas Beyer
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amanda Jo LeBlanc
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Torres Crigna A, Link B, Samec M, Giordano FA, Kubatka P, Golubnitschaja O. Endothelin-1 axes in the framework of predictive, preventive and personalised (3P) medicine. EPMA J 2021; 12:265-305. [PMID: 34367381 PMCID: PMC8334338 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-021-00248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is involved in the regulation of a myriad of processes highly relevant for physical and mental well-being; female and male health; in the modulation of senses, pain, stress reactions and drug sensitivity as well as healing processes, amongst others. Shifted ET-1 homeostasis may influence and predict the development and progression of suboptimal health conditions, metabolic impairments with cascading complications, ageing and related pathologies, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative pathologies, aggressive malignancies, modulating, therefore, individual outcomes of both non-communicable and infectious diseases such as COVID-19. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the involvement of ET-1 and related regulatory pathways in physiological and pathophysiological processes and estimates its capacity as a predictor of ageing and related pathologies,a sensor of lifestyle quality and progression of suboptimal health conditions to diseases for their targeted preventionand as a potent target for cost-effective treatments tailored to the person.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Torres Crigna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Link
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marek Samec
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Frank A. Giordano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- Predictive, Preventive and Personalised (3P) Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Tropea T, Mandalà M. Caloric restriction enhances vascular tone of cerebral and mesenteric resistance arteries in aged rats. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 197:111520. [PMID: 34129890 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vascular changes of tone and biomechanical properties induced by ageing increase the risk for cardiovascular diseases. Caloric restriction (CR) has been shown to protect against cardiovascular diseases and improve endothelial dysfunction in cerebral resistance arteries. We hypothesise that CR will enhance vascular tone and structural properties of cerebral resistance arteries and exert comparable beneficial effects on the systemic vasculature of aged rat model. Eighteen-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were feed either ad libitum or restricted to 60 % of calorie consumption up to 24 months of age, when body weight (BW) measurements were taken and functional and structural properties of resistance arteries were assessed using a pressure myograph. In cerebral arteries, CR increased myogenic tone (p < 0.001) and distensibility (p < 0.01) in response to intraluminal pressure and concentration-dependent constriction to KCl (p < 0.001). In mesenteric arteries constriction in response to KCl was increased (p < 0.0001) and wall thickness reduced (p < 0.01) in CR rats. BW was reduced (p < 0.0001) in FR rats. Our findings demonstrate that CR improves vascular tone of resistance arteries regardless the type of stimulus and independently of the vascular bed. CR may be a beneficial dietary approach to prevent age-related vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Tropea
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mandalà
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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7
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Wang XH, Ao QG, Cheng QL. Caloric restriction inhibits renal artery ageing by reducing endothelin-1 expression. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:979. [PMID: 34277779 PMCID: PMC8267285 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-2218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background The renal artery plays a central role in renal perfusion and is critical for proper renal function. Ageing is an independent risk factor for both impaired renal function and vascular disorders, and associated with an increase in the expression of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1), and caloric restriction (CR) without malnutrition has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of renal dysfunction induced by ageing. The objective of this study was to determine whether CR-mediated alleviation of renal dysfunction is mediated by ET-1 expression. Methods The young (2 months, 2 M) and old (12 months, 12 M) Sprague-Dawley male rats were used and fed ad libitum. The 12-month-old rats were further divided into 12 M and 12 M-caloric restriction (CR) (30% calorie restriction). After 8 weeks, the renal tissues were showed by PAS staining, and age-related metabolic parameters and renal functions were detected in each group of rats. The inflammatory cytokines of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) were analyzed using ELISA. The mRNA and protein expression in the renal artery were analysis by qRT-PCR and Immunoblot analysis. Results Ageing was associated with significant increases in 24 h urine protein content and serum triglyceride and cholesterol in 12 M rats, both of which were significantly inhibited in 12 M-CR. The mRNA expression and the secretion of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 in the renal artery was significantly increased with ageing and inhibited by CR. CR also inhibited ageing-induced Edn1 (encoding ET-1) mRNA and protein expression in the renal artery. In addition, CR could regulate ET-1 expression by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB signaling and activation and induction in the expression of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and histone deacetylase and gene repressor sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), both of which play a central role in mitigating oxidative stress in young rats. Conclusions Moderate CR can reverse the ageing related kidney dysfunction by reducing the ET-1 expression. CR might be used as an alternative to prevent the ageing induced renal artery dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang-Guo Ao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Li Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Aberdeen H, Battles K, Taylor A, Garner-Donald J, Davis-Wilson A, Rogers BT, Cavalier C, Williams ED. The Aging Vasculature: Glucose Tolerance, Hypoglycemia and the Role of the Serum Response Factor. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:58. [PMID: 34067715 PMCID: PMC8156687 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8050058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fastest growing demographic in the U.S. at the present time is those aged 65 years and older. Accompanying advancing age are a myriad of physiological changes in which reserve capacity is diminished and homeostatic control attenuates. One facet of homeostatic control lost with advancing age is glucose tolerance. Nowhere is this more accentuated than in the high proportion of older Americans who are diabetic. Coupled with advancing age, diabetes predisposes affected subjects to the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In the treatment of type 2 diabetes, hypoglycemic episodes are a frequent clinical manifestation, which often result in more severe pathological outcomes compared to those observed in cases of insulin resistance, including premature appearance of biomarkers of senescence. Unfortunately, molecular mechanisms of hypoglycemia remain unclear and the subject of much debate. In this review, the molecular basis of the aging vasculature (endothelium) and how glycemic flux drives the appearance of cardiovascular lesions and injury are discussed. Further, we review the potential role of the serum response factor (SRF) in driving glycemic flux-related cellular signaling through its association with various proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Aberdeen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baptist Health Sciences University, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; or
| | - Kaela Battles
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (K.B.); (A.T.); (J.G.-D.); (A.D.-W.); (B.T.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Ariana Taylor
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (K.B.); (A.T.); (J.G.-D.); (A.D.-W.); (B.T.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Jeranae Garner-Donald
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (K.B.); (A.T.); (J.G.-D.); (A.D.-W.); (B.T.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Ana Davis-Wilson
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (K.B.); (A.T.); (J.G.-D.); (A.D.-W.); (B.T.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Bryan T. Rogers
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (K.B.); (A.T.); (J.G.-D.); (A.D.-W.); (B.T.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Candice Cavalier
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (K.B.); (A.T.); (J.G.-D.); (A.D.-W.); (B.T.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Emmanuel D. Williams
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; (K.B.); (A.T.); (J.G.-D.); (A.D.-W.); (B.T.R.); (C.C.)
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9
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Luo Y, Ma J, Lu W. The Significance of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165598. [PMID: 32764295 PMCID: PMC7460667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As an essential organelle in nucleated eukaryotic cells, mitochondria play a central role in energy metabolism, maintenance of redox balance, and regulation of apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction, either due to the TCA cycle enzyme defects, mitochondrial DNA genetic mutations, defective mitochondrial electron transport chain, oxidative stress, or aberrant oncogene and tumor suppressor signaling, has been observed in a wide spectrum of human cancers. In this review, we summarize mitochondrial dysfunction induced by these alterations that promote human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongde Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Jianjia Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Weiqin Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (W.L.)
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10
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Mangoni AA, Tommasi S, Zinellu A, Sotgia S, Bassu S, Piga M, Erre GL, Carru C. Methotrexate and Vasculoprotection: Mechanistic Insights and Potential Therapeutic Applications in Old Age. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:4175-4184. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191112091700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing age is a strong, independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Key
abnormalities driving cardiovascular risk in old age include endothelial dysfunction, increased arterial stiffness,
blood pressure, and the pro-atherosclerotic effects of chronic, low-grade, inflammation. The identification of
novel therapies that comprehensively target these alterations might lead to a major breakthrough in cardiovascular
risk management in the older population. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies have
shown that methotrexate, a first-line synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug, significantly reduces
cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, a human model of systemic
inflammation, premature atherosclerosis, and vascular aging. We reviewed in vitro and in vivo studies
investigating the effects of methotrexate on endothelial function, arterial stiffness, and blood pressure, and the
potential mechanisms of action involved. The available evidence suggests that methotrexate might have beneficial
effects on vascular homeostasis and blood pressure control by targeting specific inflammatory pathways,
adenosine metabolism, and 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. Such effects might be
biologically and clinically relevant not only in patients with rheumatoid arthritis but also in older adults with high
cardiovascular risk. Therefore, methotrexate has the potential to be repurposed for cardiovascular risk
management in old age because of its putative pharmacological effects on inflammation, vascular homeostasis,
and blood pressure. However, further study and confirmation of these effects are essential in order to adequately
design intervention studies of methotrexate in the older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arduino A. Mangoni
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sara Tommasi
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sotgia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefania Bassu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Matteo Piga
- Rheumatology Unit, University Clinic and AOU of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gian L. Erre
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital (AOUSS) and University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Socha MJ, Segal SS. Microvascular mechanisms limiting skeletal muscle blood flow with advancing age. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1851-1859. [PMID: 30412030 PMCID: PMC6737458 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00113.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective oxygen delivery to active muscle fibers requires that vasodilation initiated in distal arterioles, which control flow distribution and capillary perfusion, ascends the resistance network into proximal arterioles and feed arteries, which govern total blood flow into the muscle. With exercise onset, ascending vasodilation reflects initiation and conduction of hyperpolarization along endothelium from arterioles into feed arteries. Electrical coupling of endothelial cells to smooth muscle cells evokes the rapid component of ascending vasodilation, which is sustained by ensuing release of nitric oxide during elevated luminal shear stress. Concomitant sympathetic neural activation inhibits ascending vasodilation by stimulating α-adrenoreceptors on smooth muscle cells to constrict the resistance vasculature. We hypothesized that compromised muscle blood flow in advanced age reflects impaired ascending vasodilation through actions on both cell layers of the resistance network. In the gluteus maximus muscle of old (24 mo) vs. young (4 mo) male mice (corresponding to mid-60s vs. early 20s in humans) inhibition of α-adrenoreceptors in old mice restored ascending vasodilation, whereas even minimal activation of α-adrenoreceptors in young mice attenuated ascending vasodilation in the manner seen with aging. Conduction of hyperpolarization along the endothelium is impaired in old vs. young mice because of "leaky" membranes resulting from the activation of potassium channels by hydrogen peroxide released from endothelial cells. Exposing the endothelium of young mice to hydrogen peroxide recapitulates this effect of aging. Thus enhanced α-adrenoreceptor activation of smooth muscle in concert with electrically leaky endothelium restricts muscle blood flow by impairing ascending vasodilation in advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Socha
- Biology Department, University of Scranton , Scranton, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven S Segal
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center , Columbia, Missouri
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12
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Ghasemi A, Jeddi S. Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of nitrate and nitrite. Nitric Oxide 2017; 70:9-24. [PMID: 28804022 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide and type 2 diabetes to date is the most devastating complication of obesity. Decreased nitric oxide bioavailability is a feature of obesity and diabetes that links these two pathologies. Nitric oxide is synthesized both by nitric oxide synthase enzymes from l-arginine and nitric oxide synthase-independent from nitrate/nitrite. Nitric oxide production from nitrate/nitrite could potentially be used for nutrition-based therapy in obesity and diabetes. Nitric oxide deficiency also contributes to pathogeneses of cardiovascular disease and hypertension, which are associated with obesity and diabetes. This review summarizes pathways for nitric oxide production and focuses on the anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects of the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway. In addition to increasing nitric oxide production, nitrate and nitrite reduce oxidative stress, increase adipose tissue browning, have favorable effects on nitric oxide synthase expression, and increase insulin secretion, all effects that are potentially promising for management of obesity and diabetes. Based on current data, it could be suggested that amplifying the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway is a diet-based strategy for increasing nitric oxide bioavailability and the management of these two interlinked conditions. Adding nitrate/nitrite to drugs that are currently used for managing diabetes (e.g. metformin) and possibly anti-obesity drugs may also enhance their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Mistriotis P, Andreadis ST. Vascular aging: Molecular mechanisms and potential treatments for vascular rejuvenation. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 37:94-116. [PMID: 28579130 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aging is the main risk factor contributing to vascular dysfunction and the progression of vascular diseases. In this review, we discuss the causes and mechanisms of vascular aging at the tissue and cellular level. We focus on Endothelial Cell (EC) and Smooth Muscle Cell (SMC) aging due to their critical role in mediating the defective vascular phenotype. We elaborate on two categories that contribute to cellular dysfunction: cell extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Extrinsic factors reflect systemic or environmental changes which alter EC and SMC homeostasis compromising vascular function. Intrinsic factors induce EC and SMC transformation resulting in cellular senescence. Replenishing or rejuvenating the aged/dysfunctional vascular cells is critical to the effective repair of the vasculature. As such, this review also elaborates on recent findings which indicate that stem cell and gene therapies may restore the impaired vascular cell function, reverse vascular aging, and prolong lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Mistriotis
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Stelios T Andreadis
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA; Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that ageing is a major non-reversible risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Vascular ageing starts early in life and is characterized by a gradual change of vascular structure and function resulting in increased arterial stiffening. At the present review we discuss the role of the most important molecular pathways involved in vascular ageing, their association with arterial stiffening and possible novel therapeutic targets that may delay this otherwise irreversible degenerating process. Specifically, we discuss the role of oxidative stress, telomere shortening, and ubiquitin proteasome system in endothelial cell senescence and dysfunction in vascular inflammation and in arterial stiffening. Further, we summarize the most important molecular mechanisms regulating vascular ageing including sirtuin 1, telomerase, klotho, JunD, and amyloid beta 1-40 peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ageliki Laina
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Stellos
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Center of Internal Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; German Center of Cardiovascular Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung; DZHK), Rhein-Main Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kimon Stamatelopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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15
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Effects of age and caloric restriction in the vascular response of renal arteries to endothelin-1 in rats. Exp Gerontol 2016; 88:32-41. [PMID: 28039024 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular alterations are the most prevalent cause of impaired physiological function in aged individuals with kidney being one the most affected organs. Aging-induced alterations in renal circulation are associated with a decrease in endothelium-derived relaxing factors such as nitric oxide (NO) and with an increase in contracting factors such as endothelin-1(ET-1). As caloric restriction (CR) exerts beneficial effects preventing some of the aging-induced alterations in cardiovascular system, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of age and caloric restriction in the vascular response of renal arteries to ET-1 in aged rats. Vascular function was studied in renal arteries from 3-month-old Wistar rats fed ad libitum (3m) and in renal arteries from 8-and 24-month-old Wistar rats fed ad libitum (8m and 24m), or subjected to 20% caloric restriction during their three last months of life (8m-CR and 24m-CR). The contractile response to ET-1 was increased in renal arteries from 8m and 24m compared to 3m rats. ET-1-induced contraction was mediated by ET-A receptors in all experimental groups and also by ET-B receptors in 24m rats. Caloric restriction attenuated the increased contraction to ET-1 in renal arteries from 8m but not from 24m rats possibly through NO release proceeding from ET-B endothelial receptors. In 24m rats, CR did not attenuate the aging-increased response of renal arteries to ET-1, but it prevented the aging-induced increase in iNOS mRNA levels and the aging-induced decrease in eNOS mRNA levels in arterial tissue. In conclusion, aging is associated with an increased response to ET-1 in renal arteries that is prevented by CR in 8m but not in 24m rats.
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Guers JJ, Prisby RD, Edwards DG, Lennon-Edwards S. Intermittent parathyroid hormone administration attenuates endothelial dysfunction in old rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 122:76-81. [PMID: 27815368 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00348.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is characterized by a decline in endothelial function. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) administration has been shown to increase endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of intermittent PTH administration on aortic endothelial function in old rodents. We hypothesized that intermittent PTH administration would improve endothelial function in older rodents. Old (24-mo-old) and young (4-mo-old) Fischer-344 rats were given 10 injections of PTH 1-34 (43 μg·kg-1·day-1) or phosphate-buffered saline (100 μl/day) over 15 days. Endothelium-dependent relaxation of aortic rings in response to acetylcholine (10-9 to 10-5 M) was significantly impaired in old control (OC) compared with young control (YC) as indicated by a reduced area under the curve (AUC, 100 ± 6.28 vs. 54.08 ± 8.3%; P < 0.05) and impaired maximal relaxation (Emax, 70.1 ± 4.48 vs. 92.9 ± 4.38%; P < 0.05). Emax was improved in old animals treated with PTH (OPTH) (OC, 70.1 ± 4.48 vs. OPTH, 85 ± 7.48%; P < 0.05) as well as AUC (OC, 54.08 ± 8.3 vs. OPTH, 82.5 ± 5.7%; P < 0.05) while logEC50 was not different. Endothelial-independent relaxation in response to sodium nitroprusside was not different among groups. Aortic eNOS protein expression was significantly decreased in OC compared with YC (P < 0.05). PTH treatment restored eNOS expression in OPTH animals (P < 0.05). These data suggest that PTH may play a role in attenuating age-related impairments in aortic endothelial function. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have demonstrated that intermittent parathyroid hormone administration can rescue age-related vascular dysfunction by improving endothelial-dependent dilation in the aorta of older rodents. This demonstrates a novel potential benefit of parathyroid hormone administration in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Guers
- Department of Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Rhonda D Prisby
- Department of Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - David G Edwards
- Department of Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Shannon Lennon-Edwards
- Department of Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
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Badimon L, Bugiardini R, Cubedo J. Pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes in the elderly. Int J Cardiol 2016; 222:1105-1109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Role of the endothelin system in sexual dimorphism in cardiovascular and renal diseases. Life Sci 2016; 159:20-29. [PMID: 26939577 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies of blood pressure in men and women and in experimental animal models point to substantial sex differences in the occurrence of arterial hypertension as well as in the various manifestations of arterial hypertension, including myocardial infarction, stroke, retinopathy, chronic kidney failure, as well as hypertension-associated diseases (e.g. diabetes mellitus). Increasing evidence demonstrates that the endothelin (ET) system is a major player in the genesis of sex differences in cardiovascular and renal physiology and diseases. Sex differences in the ET system have been described in the vasculature, heart and kidney of humans and experimental animals. In the current review, we briefly describe the role of the ET system in the cardiovascular and renal systems. We also update information on sex differences at different levels of the ET system including synthesis, circulating and tissue levels, receptors, signaling pathways, ET actions, and responses to antagonists in different organs that contribute to blood pressure regulation. Knowledge of the mechanisms underlying sex differences in arterial hypertension can impact therapeutic strategies. Sex-targeted and/or sex-tailored approaches may improve treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases.
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Barton M, Husmann M, Meyer MR. Accelerated Vascular Aging as a Paradigm for Hypertensive Vascular Disease: Prevention and Therapy. Can J Cardiol 2016; 32:680-686.e4. [PMID: 27118295 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is considered the most important nonmodifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and death after age 28 years. Because of demographic changes the world population is expected to increase to 9 billion by the year 2050 and up to 12 billion by 2100, with several-fold increases among those 65 years of age and older. Healthy aging and prevention of aging-related diseases and associated health costs have become part of political agendas of governments around the world. Atherosclerotic vascular burden increases with age; accordingly, patients with progeria (premature aging) syndromes die from myocardial infarctions or stroke as teenagers or young adults. The incidence and prevalence of arterial hypertension also increases with age. Arterial hypertension-like diabetes and chronic renal failure-shares numerous pathologies and underlying mechanisms with the vascular aging process. In this article, we review how arterial hypertension resembles premature vascular aging, including the mechanisms by which arterial hypertension (as well as other risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, or chronic renal failure) accelerates the vascular aging process. We will also address the importance of cardiovascular risk factor control-including antihypertensive therapy-as a powerful intervention to interfere with premature vascular aging to reduce the age-associated prevalence of diseases such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, hypertensive nephropathy, and vascular dementia due to cerebrovascular disease. Finally, we will discuss the implementation of endothelial therapy, which aims at active patient participation to improve primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Marc Husmann
- Division of Angiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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20
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The Association of Endothelin-1 with Markers of Arterial Stiffness in Black South African Women: The SABPA Study. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2015; 2015:481517. [PMID: 26823980 PMCID: PMC4707353 DOI: 10.1155/2015/481517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background. Limited data exist regarding endothelin-1 (ET-1), a vasoactive contributor in vascular tone, in a population subjected to early vascular deterioration. We compared ET-1 levels and explored its association with markers of arterial stiffness in black and white South Africans. Methodology. This cross-sectional substudy included 195 black (men: n = 99; women: n = 95) and 197 white (men: n = 99; women: n = 98) South Africans. Serum ET-1 levels were measured as well as markers of arterial stiffness (blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, and arterial compliance). ET-1 levels were higher in black men and white women compared to their counterparts after adjusting for C-reactive protein. In both single and partial (adjusting for body mass index and gamma glutamyl transferase) regression analyses ET-1 correlated with age, interleukin-6, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, and pulse wave velocity in black women. In multivariate regression analyses the independent association of ET-1 with systolic blood pressure (Adj. R2 = 0.13; β = 0.28, p < 0.01) and pulse pressure (Adj. R2 = 0.11; β = 0.27, p < 0.01) was confirmed in black women only. ET-1 additionally associated with interleukin-6 in black women (p < 0.01). Conclusion. Our result suggests that ET-1 and its link with subclinical arteriosclerosis are potentially driven by low-grade inflammation as depicted by the association with interleukin-6 in the black female cohort.
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Donato AJ, Morgan RG, Walker AE, Lesniewski LA. Cellular and molecular biology of aging endothelial cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 89:122-35. [PMID: 25655936 PMCID: PMC4522407 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States and aging is a major risk factor for CVD development. One of the major age-related arterial phenotypes thought to be responsible for the development of CVD in older adults is endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial function is modulated by traditional CVD risk factors in young adults, but advancing age is independently associated with the development of vascular endothelial dysfunction. This endothelial dysfunction results from a reduction in nitric oxide bioavailability downstream of endothelial oxidative stress and inflammation that can be further modulated by traditional CVD risk factors in older adults. Greater endothelial oxidative stress with aging is a result of augmented production from the intracellular enzymes NADPH oxidase and uncoupled eNOS, as well as from mitochondrial respiration in the absence of appropriate increases in antioxidant defenses as regulated by relevant transcription factors, such as FOXO. Interestingly, it appears that NFkB, a critical inflammatory transcription factor, is sensitive to this age-related endothelial redox change and its activation induces transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines that can further suppress endothelial function, thus creating a vicious feed-forward cycle. This review will discuss the two macro-mechanistic processes, oxidative stress and inflammation, that contribute to endothelial dysfunction with advancing age as well as the cellular and molecular events that lead to the vicious cycle of inflammation and oxidative stress in the aged endothelium. Other potential mediators of this pro-inflammatory endothelial phenotype are increases in immune or senescent cells in the vasculature. Of note, genomic instability, telomere dysfunction or DNA damage has been shown to trigger cell senescence via the p53/p21 pathway and result in increased inflammatory signaling in arteries from older adults. This review will discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the emerging concepts of senescence and genomic instability as mechanisms underlying oxidative stress and inflammation in the aged endothelium. Lastly, energy sensitive/stress resistance pathways (SIRT-1, AMPK, mTOR) are altered in endothelial cells and/or arteries with aging and these pathways may modulate endothelial function via key oxidative stress and inflammation-related transcription factors. This review will also discuss what is known about the role of "energy sensing" longevity pathways in modulating endothelial function with advancing age. With the growing population of older adults, elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction with age is critical to establishing appropriate and measured strategies to utilize pharmacological and lifestyle interventions aimed at alleviating CVD risk. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "SI: CV Aging".
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Donato
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Veteran's Affairs Medical Center-Salt Lake City, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - R Garrett Morgan
- University of Washington, Department of Pathology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ashley E Walker
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lisa A Lesniewski
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Veteran's Affairs Medical Center-Salt Lake City, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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22
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Freitas M, Rodrigues AR, Tomada N, Fonseca J, Magalhães A, Gouveia AM, Neves D. Effects of Aging and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors on the Expression of Sirtuins in the Human Corpus Cavernosum. J Sex Med 2015; 12:2141-52. [PMID: 26556180 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sirtuin (SIRT)1 was recently identified in human corpus cavernosum (CC). We hypothesized that other sirtuins could also be expressed in the CC. Expression of these enzymes in tissues is affected by aging, the main independent risk factor for erectile dysfunction besides other cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVDRF), such as diabetes or obesity. AIM The aim of this study was to characterize the expression of SIRT1-3 and SIRT5-7 in human CC relatively to age and CVDRF. METHODS Samples of CC collected from patients submitted to programmed surgeries or organ donors were divided in three groups according to age and presence of CVDRF. Expression of SIRT1-3 and SIRT5-7 mRNAs was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cellular localization and semi-quantification of sirtuins proteins were performed by immunofluorescence and Western blotting (WB), respectively. Nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB)-p65, inducible (iNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) levels were also assayed by WB. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome measure was to characterize the expression of SIRT1-3 and SIRT5-7 in human CC. RESULTS SIRT1-3 and SIRT5-7 mRNAs were detected in all individuals, without statistical differences among groups, excepting SIRT7 that decreased four times in aged groups relatively to young (P = 0.013). WB analysis demonstrated that aged individuals with CVDRF presented higher levels of SIRT7 protein relatively to young (P = 0.0495) and lower levels of SIRT3 protein relatively to healthy aged (P = 0.0077). Expression of NFkB-p65 and iNOS were higher in aged than in young individuals (P = 0.0185; P = 0.004, respectively). No differences in other sirtuins or total eNOS were seen among groups although phospho eNOS Ser(1177) levels decreased in groups of aged men relatively to young (P = 0.0043; P = 0.0099). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate for the first time expression of SIRT2-3 and SIRT5-7 in the human CC. Aged individuals with CVDRF presented an increase in SIRT7 protein levels and a decrease in mitochondrial SIRT3. This finding suggests that CVDRF induces the loss of antioxidant defense mechanisms leading to endothelial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Freitas
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC) of Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adriana R Rodrigues
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC) of Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Tomada
- Department of Urology, Central Hospital of S. João, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Fonseca
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC) of Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Magalhães
- REQUIMTE/Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra M Gouveia
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC) of Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Delminda Neves
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC) of Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Totan Y, Koca C, Erdurmuş M, Keskin U, Yiğitoğlu R. Endothelin-1 and Nitric Oxide Levels in Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2015; 10:151-4. [PMID: 26425317 PMCID: PMC4568612 DOI: 10.4103/2008-322x.163765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate plasma levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO) in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: In this study, ET-1 levels, as well as nitrite plus nitrate concentrations as an indicator of plasma NO level, were measured in the plasma of 20 subjects with exudative AMD and compared with 20 healthy age and sex matched controls. Results: Mean plasma ET-1 level was significantly higher in exudative AMD patients as compared to control subjects (0.35 ± 0.06 fmol/ml versus 0.17 ± 0.03 fmol/ml, P = 0.015). Patients with exudative AMD also showed significantly lower mean plasma levels of nitrite plus nitrate as compared to the controls (58.9 ± 2.7 µmol/l versus 82.6 ± 5.9 µmol/l, P = 0.001). Conclusion: Increased concentrations of ET-1 and reduced levels of NO in the plasma may suggest an imbalance between vasoconstrictor and vasodilator agents, respectively, as a reflection of endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AMD. These findings may also imply the role of vasoconstriction in exudative AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yϋksel Totan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Turgut Özal University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cemile Koca
- Department of Biochemistry, Yıldırım Beyazıt University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mesut Erdurmuş
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Uğurcan Keskin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mustafa Kemal University Medical School, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Yiğitoğlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Yıldırım Beyazıt University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
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Wray DW, Richardson RS. 'Fine-tuning' blood flow to the exercising muscle with advancing age: an update. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:589-602. [PMID: 25858164 DOI: 10.1113/ep085076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? This review focuses on age-related changes in the regulatory pathways that exist at the unique interface between the vascular smooth muscle and the endothelium of the skeletal muscle vasculature, and how these changes contribute to impairments in exercising skeletal muscle blood flow in the elderly. What advances does it highlight? Several recent in vivo human studies from our group and others are highlighted that have examined age-related changes in nitric oxide, endothelin-1, alpha adrenergic, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) signaling. During dynamic exercise, oxygen demand from the exercising muscle is dramatically elevated, requiring a marked increase in skeletal muscle blood flow that is accomplished through a combination of systemic sympathoexcitation and local metabolic vasodilatation. With advancing age, the balance between these factors appears to be disrupted in favour of vasoconstriction, leading to an impairment in exercising skeletal muscle blood flow in the elderly. This 'hot topic' review aims to provide an update to our current knowledge of age-related changes in the neural and local mechanisms that contribute to this 'fine-tuning' of blood flow during exercise. The focus is on results from recent human studies that have adopted a reductionist approach to explore how age-related changes in both vasodilators (nitric oxide) and vasoconstrictors (endothelin-1, α-adrenergic agonists and angiotensin II) interact and how these changes impact blood flow to the exercising skeletal muscle with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Walter Wray
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,University of Utah Center on Aging, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Russell S Richardson
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,University of Utah Center on Aging, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Kilic U, Gok O, Erenberk U, Dundaroz MR, Torun E, Kucukardali Y, Elibol-Can B, Uysal O, Dundar T. A remarkable age-related increase in SIRT1 protein expression against oxidative stress in elderly: SIRT1 gene variants and longevity in human. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117954. [PMID: 25785999 PMCID: PMC4365019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is defined as the accumulation of progressive organ dysfunction. Controlling the rate of aging by clarifying the complex pathways has a significant clinical importance. Nowadays, sirtuins have become famous molecules for slowing aging and decreasing age-related disorders. In the present study, we analyzed the SIRT1 gene polymorphisms (rs7895833 A>G, rs7069102 C>G and rs2273773 C>T) and its relation with levels of SIRT1, eNOS, PON-1, cholesterol, TAS, TOS, and OSI to demonstrate the association between genetic variation in SIRT1 and phenotype at different ages in humans. We observed a significant increase in the SIRT1 level in older people and found a significant positive correlation between SIRT1 level and age in the overall studied population. The oldest people carrying AG genotypes for rs7895833 have the highest SIRT1 level suggesting an association between rs7895833 SNP and lifespan longevity. Older people have lower PON-1 levels than those of adults and children which may explain the high levels of SIRT1 protein as a compensatory mechanism for oxidative stress in the elderly. The eNOS protein level was significantly decreased in older people as compared to adults. There was no significant difference in the eNOS level between older people and children. The current study is the first to demonstrate age-related changes in SIRT1 levels in humans and it is important for a much better molecular understanding of the role of the longevity gene SIRT1 and its protein product in aging. It is also the first study presenting the association between SIRT1 expression in older people and rs7895833 in SIRT1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulkan Kilic
- Department of Medical Biology and Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
| | - Ozlem Gok
- Department of Medical Biology and Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Erenberk
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Rusen Dundaroz
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emel Torun
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasar Kucukardali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Birsen Elibol-Can
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omer Uysal
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tolga Dundar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ma L, Wang K, Shang J, Cao C, Zhen P, Liu X, Wang W, Zhang H, Du Y, Liu H. Anti-peroxynitrite treatment ameliorated vasorelaxation of resistance arteries in aging rats: involvement with NO-sGC-cGKs pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104788. [PMID: 25117910 PMCID: PMC4130589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Declined vasorelaxation function in aging resistance arteries is responsible for aging-related multiple organ dysfunctions. The aim of the present study is to explore the role of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) in aging resistance arterial vasorelaxation dysfunction and the possible mechanism. In the present study, young (3-4 months olds) and aging (20 months olds) male SD rats were randomized to receive vehicle (Saline) or FeTMPyP (ONOO- scavenger) for 2 weeks. The vasorelaxation of resistance arteries was determined in vitro; NOx level was tested by a colorimetric assay; the expression of nitrotyrosine (NT), soluble Guanylate Cyclase (sGC), vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), phosphorylated VASP (P-VASP) and cGMP in resistance arteries were detected by immunohistochemical staining. In the present study, endothelium-dependent dilation in aging resistance arteries was lower than in those from young rats (young vs. aging: 68.0% ± 4.5% vs. 50.4% ± 2.9%, P<0.01). And the endothelium-independent dilation remained constant. Compared with young rats, aging increased nitrative stress in resistance arteries, evidenced by elevated NOx production in serum (5.3 ± 1.0 nmol/ml vs. 3.3 ± 1.4 nmol/ml, P<0.05) and increased NT expression (P<0.05). ONOO- was responsible for the vasorelaxation dysfunction, evidenced by normalized vasorelaxation after inhibit ONOO- or its sources (P<0.05) and suppressed NT expression after FeTMPyP treatment (P<0.05). The expression of sGC was not significantly different between young and aging resistance arteries, but the cGMP level and P-VASP/VASP ratio (biochemical marker of NO-sGC-cGKs signaling) decreased, which was reversed by FeTMPyP treatment in vivo (P<0.05). The present study suggested that ONOO- mediated the decline of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of aging resistance arteries by induction of the NO-sGC-cGKs pathway dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jianyu Shang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chengzhang Cao
- Department of Chest Surgery, First Hospital of Longyan, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, PR China
| | - Panpan Zhen
- Department of Pathology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yunhui Du
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Huirong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Barrett-O'Keefe Z, Ives SJ, Trinity JD, Morgan G, Rossman MJ, Donato AJ, Runnels S, Morgan DE, Gmelch BS, Bledsoe AD, Richardson RS, Wray DW. Endothelin-A-mediated vasoconstriction during exercise with advancing age. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 70:554-65. [PMID: 24821105 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelin-1 vasoconstrictor pathway contributes to age-related elevations in resting peripheral vascular tone primarily through activation of the endothelin subtype A (ET(A)) receptor. However, the regulatory influence of ET(A)-mediated vasoconstriction during exercise in the elderly is unknown. Thus, in 17 healthy volunteers (n = 8 young, 24±2 years; n = 9 old, 70±2 years), we examined leg blood flow, mean arterial pressure, leg arterial-venous oxygen (O2) difference, and leg O2 consumption (VO2) at rest and during knee-extensor exercise before and after intra-arterial administration of the ET(A) antagonist BQ-123. During exercise, BQ-123 administration increased leg blood flow to a greater degree in the old (+29±5 mL/min/W) compared with the young (+16±3 mL/min/W). The increase in leg blood flow with BQ-123 was accompanied by an increase in leg VO2 in both groups, suggesting a reduced efficiency following ET(A) receptor blockade. Together, these findings have identified an age-related increase in ET(A)-mediated vasoconstrictor activity that persists during exercise, suggesting an important role of this pathway in the regulation of exercising skeletal muscle blood flow and maintenance of arterial blood pressure in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Barrett-O'Keefe
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Utah
| | - Stephen J Ives
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Utah. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Joel D Trinity
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Utah. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Garrett Morgan
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Utah
| | - Matthew J Rossman
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Utah
| | - Anthony J Donato
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Utah. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Center on Aging, Salt Lake City
| | - Sean Runnels
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - David E Morgan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | | | - Amber D Bledsoe
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Russell S Richardson
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Utah. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Center on Aging, Salt Lake City
| | - D Walter Wray
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Utah. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Center on Aging, Salt Lake City.
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Long-term atorvastatin improves age-related endothelial dysfunction by ameliorating oxidative stress and normalizing eNOS/iNOS imbalance in rat aorta. Exp Gerontol 2014; 52:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Meyer MR, Fredette NC, Barton M, Prossnitz ER. Endothelin-1 but not angiotensin II contributes to functional aging in murine carotid arteries. Life Sci 2014; 118:213-8. [PMID: 24607776 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Aging is a major risk factor for carotid artery disease and stroke. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) and angiotensin II (Ang II) are important modifiers of vascular disease, partly through increased activity of NADPH oxidase and vasoconstrictor prostanoids. Since the renin-angiotensin and endothelin systems become activated with age, we hypothesized that aging affects NADPH oxidase- and prostanoid-dependent contractions to ET-1 and Ang II. MAIN METHODS Carotid artery rings of young (4 month-old) and old (24 month-old) C57BL6 mice were pretreated with the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME to exclude differential effects of NO. Contractions to ET-1 and Ang II were determined in the presence and absence of the NADPH oxidase-selective inhibitor gp91ds-tat or the thromboxane-prostanoid receptor antagonist SQ 29,548. Gene expression of endothelin and angiotensin receptors was measured by qPCR. KEY FINDINGS Aging reduced ET-1-induced contractions and diminished ETA but increased ETB receptor gene expression levels. Gp91ds-tat inhibited contractions to ET-1 in young and to a greater extent in old animals, whereas SQ 29,548 had no effect. Ang II-induced contractions were weak compared to ET-1 and unaffected by aging, gp91ds-tat, and SQ 29,548. Aging had also no effect on AT1A and AT1B receptor gene expression levels. SIGNIFICANCE Aging in carotid arteries decreases ETA receptor gene expression and responsiveness to ET-1, which nevertheless becomes increasingly dependent upon NAPDH oxidase activity with age; responses to Ang II and gene expression of its receptors are however unaffected. These findings suggest that physiological aging differentially regulates functional responses to G protein-coupled receptor agonists and the signaling pathways associated with their activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias R Meyer
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Natalie C Fredette
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States.
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Functional heterogeneity of NADPH oxidase-mediated contractions to endothelin with vascular aging. Life Sci 2013; 118:226-31. [PMID: 24382462 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Aging, a physiological process and main risk factor for cardiovascular and renal diseases, is associated with endothelial cell dysfunction partly resulting from NADPH oxidase-dependent oxidative stress. Because increased formation of endothelium-derived endothelin-1 (ET-1) may contribute to vascular aging, we studied the role of NADPH oxidase function in age-dependent contractions to ET-1. MAIN METHODS Renal arteries and abdominal aortas from young and old C57BL6 mice (4 and 24 months of age) were prepared for isometric force measurements. Contractions to ET-1 (0.1-100 nmol/L) were determined in the presence and absence of the NADPH oxidase-selective inhibitor gp91ds-tat (3 μmol/L). To exclude age-dependent differential effects of NO bioactivity between vascular beds, all experiments were conducted in the presence of the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME (300 μmol/L). KEY FINDINGS In young animals, ET-1-induced contractions were 6-fold stronger in the renal artery than in the aorta (p<0.001); inhibition of NADPH oxidase by gp91ds-tat reduced the responses to ET-1 by 50% and 72% in the renal artery and aorta, respectively (p<0.05). Aging had no effect on NADPH oxidase-dependent and -independent contractions to ET-1 in the renal artery. In contrast, contractions to ET-1 were markedly reduced in the aged aorta (5-fold, p<0.01 vs. young) and no longer sensitive to gp91ds-tat. SIGNIFICANCE The results suggest an age-dependent heterogeneity of NADPH oxidase-mediated vascular contractions to ET-1, demonstrating an inherent resistance to functional changes in the renal artery but not in the aorta with aging. Thus, local activity of NADPH oxidase differentially modulates responses to ET-1 with aging in distinct vascular beds.
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Cau SBA, Carneiro FS, Tostes RC. Differential modulation of nitric oxide synthases in aging: therapeutic opportunities. Front Physiol 2012; 3:218. [PMID: 22737132 PMCID: PMC3382417 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular aging is the term that describes the structural and functional disturbances of the vasculature with advancing aging. The molecular mechanisms of aging-associated endothelial dysfunction are complex, but reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and altered vascular expression and activity of NO synthase (NOS) enzymes have been implicated as major players. Impaired vascular relaxation in aging has been attributed to reduced endothelial NOS (eNOS)-derived NO, while increased inducible NOS (iNOS) expression seems to account for nitrosative stress and disrupted vascular homeostasis. Although eNOS is considered the main source of NO in the vascular endothelium, neuronal NOS (nNOS) also contributes to endothelial cells-derived NO, a mechanism that is reduced in aging. Pharmacological modulation of NO generation and expression/activity of NOS isoforms may represent a therapeutic alternative to prevent the progression of cardiovascular diseases. Accordingly, this review will focus on drugs that modulate NO bioavailability, such as nitrite anions and NO-releasing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hormones (dehydroepiandrosterone and estrogen), statins, resveratrol, and folic acid, since they may be useful to treat/to prevent aging-associated vascular dysfunction. The impact of these therapies on life quality in elderly and longevity will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefany B A Cau
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirao Preto Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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Zhang Y, Jose PA, Zeng C. Regulation of sodium transport in the proximal tubule by endothelin. CONTRIBUTIONS TO NEPHROLOGY 2011; 172:63-75. [PMID: 21893989 DOI: 10.1159/000328684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human essential hypertension and rodent genetic hypertension are associated with increased sodium transport in the renal proximal tubule and medullary thick ascending limb of Henle. The proximal tubule, which secretes endothelin (ET), expresses the ET(B) receptor. Low (nM) concentrations of ET, via the ET(B) receptor, inhibit sodium and water transport and ATP-driven drug secretion in the proximal tubule. In contrast, very low (pM) and high nM concentrations of ET increase renal proximal sodium transport, but the receptor involved remains to be determined. The natriuretic effect of ET(B) receptor stimulation is impaired in spontaneously hypertensive rats, due in part to a defective interaction with D(3) dopamine and angiotensin II type 1 receptors. Impaired ET(B) receptor function in the renal proximal tubule may be important in the pathogenesis of genetic hypertension.
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Camici M, Carpi A, Cini G, Galetta F, Abraham N. Podocyte dysfunction in aging--related glomerulosclerosis. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2011; 3:995-1006. [PMID: 21622249 DOI: 10.2741/204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We review podocyte molecular structure and function, consider the underlying mechanisms related to podocyte dysfunction and propose that podocyte dysfunction be considered in the evaluation and management of age-associated glomerulosclerosis. With aging, progressive sympathetic activation, increased intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity, endothelin system and oxidative stress and reduced nitric oxide (NO)-availability can damage podocytes. Apoptosis and proliferation are the principal podocyte changes following injury with the latter leading to sclerosis and loss of nephrons. Podocyte loss can be evaluated by either determining their average number in biopsed glomeruli or by estimating podocyte number or their associated molecules in urine sediment. Podocyturia may be considered a marker of active glomerular disease. Preliminary data suggest that antiadrenergic drugs, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, RAS blocking drugs, endothelin system inhibitors and reduced oxidative stress can protect podocytes. Thus podocytes appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis, evaluation and therapy of age related glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Camici
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pisa University, Pisa, Italy
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Predmore BL, Alendy MJ, Ahmed KI, Leeuwenburgh C, Julian D. The hydrogen sulfide signaling system: changes during aging and the benefits of caloric restriction. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 32:467-81. [PMID: 20502969 PMCID: PMC2980601 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-010-9150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide gas (H(2)S) is a putative signaling molecule that causes diverse effects in mammalian tissues including relaxation of blood vessels and regulation of perfusion in the liver, but the effects of aging on H(2)S signaling are unknown. Aging has negative impacts on the cardiovascular system. However, the liver is more resilient with age. Caloric restriction (CR) attenuates affects of age in many tissues. We hypothesized that the H(2)S signaling system is negatively affected by age in the vasculature but not in the liver, which is typically more resilient to age, and that a CR diet minimizes the age affect in the vasculature. To investigate this, we determined protein and mRNA expression of the H(2)S-producing enzymes cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) and cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), H(2)S production rates in the aorta and liver, and the contractile response of aortic rings to exogenous H(2)S. Tissue was collected from Fisher 344 × Brown Norway rats from 8-38 months of age, which had been maintained on an ad libitum (AL) or CR diet. The results demonstrate that age and diet have differential effects on the H(2)S signaling system in aorta and liver. The aorta showed a sizeable effect of both age and diet, whereas the liver only showed a sizeable effect of diet. Aortic rings showed increased contractile sensitivity to H(2)S and increased protein expression of CSE and CBS with age, consistent with a decrease in H(2)S concentration with age. CR appears to benefit CSE and CBS protein in both aorta and liver, potentially by reducing oxidative stress and ameliorating the negative effect of age on H(2)S concentration. Therefore, CR may help maintain the H(2)S signaling system during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maikel J. Alendy
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Khadija I. Ahmed
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | | | - David Julian
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
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Obesity and aging: determinants of endothelial cell dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Pflugers Arch 2010; 460:825-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-010-0860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Abstract
Endothelins are important mediators of physiological and pathophysiologic processes including cardiovascular disorders, pulmonary disease, renal diseases and many others. Additionally, endothelins are involved in many other important processes such as development, cancer biology, wound healing, and even neurotransmission. Here, we review the cell and molecular biology as well as the prominent pathophysiological aspects of the endothelin system.
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Herrera MD, Mingorance C, Rodríguez-Rodríguez R, Alvarez de Sotomayor M. Endothelial dysfunction and aging: an update. Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9:142-52. [PMID: 19619671 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging is an important risk factor for the development of many cardiovascular diseases as atherosclerosis and hypertension with a common underlying circumstance: the progressive decline of endothelial function. Vascular endothelial dysfunction occurs during the human aging process and is accompanied by deterioration in the balance between vasodilator and vasoconstriction substances produced by the endothelium. This imbalance is mainly characterized by a progressive reduction of the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) and an increase in the production of cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived vasoconstrictor factors. Both circumstances are in turn related to an increased production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The aim of this review is to describe the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the endothelial function declination that accompanies the multifactorial aging process, including alterations related to oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines, senescence of endothelial cells and genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Herrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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Lekontseva O, Chakrabarti S, Davidge ST. Endothelin in the female vasculature: a role in aging? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298:R509-16. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00656.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Aging is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease. Premenopausal women are relatively protected from vascular alterations compared with age-matched men, likely due to higher levels of the female sex hormones. However, these vasoprotective effects in women are attenuated after menopause. Thus, the vascular system in aging women is affected by both the aging process as well as loss of hormonal protection, positioning women of this age group at a high risk for cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The endothelin system in general and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in particular plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction associated with aging. Evidence suggests that the female sex steroids can interfere with the vascular expression and actions of ET-1 via several mechanisms, which may further contribute to pathological processes in the vasculature of aging women. In this review, we have summarized hormone-dependent vascular pathways whereby ET-1 may mediate the deleterious effects of aging in postmenopausal females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lekontseva
- Departments of Physiology and
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute and Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Subhadeep Chakrabarti
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta; and
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute and Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sandra T. Davidge
- Departments of Physiology and
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta; and
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute and Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Mecanismos implicados en la disfunción endotelial asociada al envejecimiento. Med Clin (Barc) 2009; 132:62-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Le Brocq M, Leslie SJ, Milliken P, Megson IL. Endothelial dysfunction: from molecular mechanisms to measurement, clinical implications, and therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:1631-74. [PMID: 18598143 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction has been implicated as a key factor in the development of a wide range of cardiovascular diseases, but its definition and mechanisms vary greatly between different disease processes. This review combines evidence from cell-culture experiments, in vitro and in vivo animal models, and clinical studies to identify the variety of mechanisms involved in endothelial dysfunction in its broadest sense. Several prominent disease states, including hypertension, heart failure, and atherosclerosis, are used to illustrate the different manifestations of endothelial dysfunction and to establish its clinical implications in the context of the range of mechanisms involved in its development. The size of the literature relating to this subject precludes a comprehensive survey; this review aims to cover the key elements of endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease and to highlight the importance of the process across many different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Le Brocq
- Health Faculty, UHI Millennium Institute, Inverness, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
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Kozakai T, Sakate M, Saida K. Regulation of endothelin-1 expression and function by nutrient stress in mouse colon epithelia. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008; 43:886-94. [PMID: 18584528 DOI: 10.1080/00365520701792372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The endothelin (ET) system is influenced by a variety of stress conditions in many tissues. However, the effects of nutrient stress conditions on ET expression and its function are not well understood in the intestinal tract, while ET-1 gene expression and peptide were found in the intestinal tract. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding and fasting on the expression of ET-1 and short-circuit current (Isc) induced by ET-1 in mouse colon. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mice were fed freely, fasted for 48 h, and re-fed after fasting, respectively. ET-1 mRNA levels and peptide concentrations were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sandwich ELISA, respectively. Isc of epithelial tissue was measured under short-circuit conditions using a Ussing chamber. RESULTS ET-1 mRNA expression and peptide concentrations in epithelial colonic tissue were significantly increased 48 h after fasting, and decreased within 2 h of re-feeding after a 48-h fast. Furthermore, the addition of ET-1 to the serosal but not the mucosal side increased Isc in colonic epithelia. An increase in Isc was caused by chloride ion (Cl(-)) secretion because Isc induced by ET-1 was blocked by bumetanide and Cl(- -) free conditions. In addition, an increase in Isc induced by ET-1 in colon excised from fasted mice was much lower than that obtained from free-fed mice. CONCLUSIONS Gene expression, peptide concentration, and the function of ET-1 in mouse colonic epithelia are regulated by nutrient stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Kozakai
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, Ibaraki, Japan
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Aging increases cytochrome P450 4A modulation of alpha1-adrenergic vasoconstriction in mesenteric arteries. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2008; 51:327-30. [PMID: 18356699 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e318160b415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with peripheral vascular dysfunction. In vascular smooth muscle, cytochrome P450 4A (CYP4A) enzymes form the vasoconstrictor 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). 20-HETE acts as an intracellular messenger to modulate vasoconstriction induced by various agonists, including the alpha1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine (PE) and endothelin-1 (ET-1). Eicosanoids produced by CYP4A contribute to the elevated vascular tone in hypertension, but the effects of advanced age on CYP4A modulation of vasoconstriction are unknown. Mesenteric arteries were isolated from young (3 to 4 months) and aged (17 to 18 months) Sprague-Dawley rats. Vasoconstriction was induced with PE or ET-1 in the absence or presence of the CYP4A inhibitor DDMS and/or the ETA inhibitor BQ123. CYP4A inhibition with DDMS significantly reduced PE sensitivity in aged rats, but it had no effect in young. Furthermore, in aged rats only, ETA inhibition reduced PE sensitivity while combined inhibition of CYP4A and ETA had no additional effect, suggesting that the pathways work in concert in aging. Exogenous ET-1 constriction was not altered by DDMS in young or aged rats. Overall, our data indicate that aging increases the contribution of CYP4A to alpha1-adrenergic vasoconstriction in systemic arteries. Understanding aging-related changes in vascular function is important for development of novel targets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Yang Z, Li JC. Stimulation of endothelin-1 gene expression by insulin via phosphoinositide-3 kinase-glycogen synthase kinase-3beta signaling in endothelial cells. Life Sci 2007; 82:512-8. [PMID: 18201727 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin stimulates secretion of the potent vasoactive and mitogenic peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) from endothelial cells. We sought to investigate whether phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)-dependent inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta) by insulin leads to elevation of ET-1 gene expression in endothelial cells. Inhibition of GSK3beta activity by LiCl or siRNA technique mimicked insulin action to stimulate ET-1 gene expression. Luciferase reporter assay showed insulin stimulated-elevation of ET-1 promoter activity can be abolished by the PI3K inhibitor Wortmannin, but not by the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor PD-98059. To further investigate whether the transcription factor vascular endothelial zinc finger-1 (Vezf1) is involved in ET-1 regulation, site-mutated reporter plasmid was used in luciferase reporter assay. A 2-bp mutation in Vezf1 binding element abolished insulin-stimulated elevation of ET-1 promoter activity. Furthermore, siRNA inhibition of Vezf1 led to decline in the levels of ET-1 mRNA and ET-1 peptides. These observations indicate that PI3K-dependent inactivation of GSK3beta by insulin leads to upregulation of ET-1 gene expression and Vezf1 may be a target for ET-1 regulation by insulin. PI3K-GSK3beta signaling may be responsible for insulin stimulation of ET-1 production associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeran Yang
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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46
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Razzaque MS. Does renal ageing affect survival? Ageing Res Rev 2007; 6:211-22. [PMID: 17662672 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects of ageing on progressive deterioration of renal function, both in human and experimental animals, are described elsewhere, but the effect of renal damage on overall survival and longevity is not yet clearly established. The wild-type animals of various genetic backgrounds, fed with regular diet, overtime develop severe age-associated nephropathy, that include but not limited to inflammatory cell infiltration, glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Such renal damage significantly reduces their survival. Reducing renal damage, either by caloric restriction or by suppressing growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) activity could significantly enhance the longevity of these animals. Available survival studies using experimental animals clearly suggest that kidney pathology is one of the important non-neoplastic lesions that could affect overall survival, and that restoration of renal function by preventing kidney damage could significantly extend longevity. Careful long-term studies are needed to determine the human relevance of these experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shawkat Razzaque
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 190 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Van Guilder GP, Westby CM, Greiner JJ, Stauffer BL, DeSouza CA. Endothelin-1 Vasoconstrictor Tone Increases With Age in Healthy Men But Can Be Reduced by Regular Aerobic Exercise. Hypertension 2007; 50:403-9. [PMID: 17576858 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.088294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increased endothelin-1–mediated vasoconstrictor tone has been linked to the etiology of a number of pathologies associated with human aging, including hypertension, congestive heart failure, and coronary artery disease. However, it is currently unclear whether aging, per se, is associated with enhanced endothelin-1 system activity. We hypothesized that endothelin-1 vasoconstrictor activity is greater in healthy older compared with young men and that regular aerobic exercise is an effective intervention for reducing endothelin-1 vasoconstrictor tone in older previously sedentary men. Forearm blood flow (plethysmography) responses to intra-arterial infusion of endothelin-1 (5 pmol/min; for 20 minutes) and selective (BQ-123; 100 nmol/min; for 60 minutes) and nonselective (BQ-123+BQ-788; 100 nmol/min; for 60 minutes) endothelin-1 receptor blockade were determined in 28 healthy, sedentary men: 13 younger (age: 27±1 years) and 15 older (age: 62±2 years). The vasoconstrictor response to endothelin-1 was significantly blunted (≈65%) in the older versus younger men. In response to BQ-123, resting forearm blood flow increased (≈20%;
P
<0.05) in the older but not in the younger men. The addition of BQ-788 to BQ-123 did not significantly affect the blood flow responses to BQ-123 in either group. Eight of the 15 older sedentary men completed a 3-month aerobic exercise intervention. After the intervention, the vasoconstrictor response to endothelin-1 was markedly increased (225%;
P
<0.05), whereas BQ-123 resulted in modest vasoconstriction in the previously sedentary older men. These results demonstrate that endothelin-1–mediated vasoconstrictor tone increases with age in healthy men but can be alleviated with regular aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Van Guilder
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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48
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van der Loo B, Bachschmid M, Labugger R, Schildknecht S, Kilo J, Hahn R, Palacios-Callender M, Lüscher TF. Expression and activity patterns of nitric oxide synthases and antioxidant enzymes reveal a substantial heterogeneity between cardiac and vascular aging in the rat. Biogerontology 2006; 6:325-34. [PMID: 16463109 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-005-4807-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of aging and ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury on the expression and activity of nitric oxide (*NO) synthases and superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoforms. To this end we perfused excised hearts from young (6 months old) and old (31-34 months old) rats according to the Langendorff technique. The isolated hearts were, after baseline perfusion for 30 min, either subjected to 20 min of global no-flow ischemia followed by 40 min of reperfusion or were control-perfused (60 min normoxic perfusion). Both MnSOD and Cu,ZnSOD expression remained unchanged with increasing age and remained unaltered by I/R. However, SOD activity decreased from 7.55 +/- 0.1 U/mg protein in young hearts to 5.94 +/- 0.44 in old hearts (P<0.05). Furthermore, I/R led to a further decrease in enzyme activity (to 6.35 +/- 0.41 U/mg protein; P<0.05) in myocardium of young, but not in that of old animals. No changes in myocardial protein-bound 3-nitrotyrosine levels could be detected. Endothelial NOS (eNOS) expression and activity remained unchanged in aged left ventricles, irrespective of I/R injury. This was in steep contrast to peripheral (renal and femoral) arteries obtained from the same animals where a marked age-associated increase of eNOS protein expression could be demonstrated. Inducible NOS expression was undetectable either in the peripheral arteries or in the left ventricle, irrespective of age. In particular when associated with an acute pathology, which is furthermore limited to a certain time frame, changes in the aged myocardium with respect to enzymes crucially involved in maintaining the redox homeostasis, seem to be much less pronounced or even absent compared to the vascular aging process. This may point to heterogeneity in the molecular regulation of the cardiovascular aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd van der Loo
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Centre, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zürich, Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred G Silva
- The United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology and the Medical College of Georgia, Emory University, 3643 Walton Way Extension, Building 6, Augusta, GA 30909, USA.
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Traupe T, Ortmann J, Haas E, Münter K, Parekh N, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Baumann K, Barton M. Endothelin ETA Receptor Blockade With Darusentan Increases Sodium and Potassium Excretion in Aging Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2006; 47:456-62. [PMID: 16633090 DOI: 10.1097/01.fjc.0000211709.10735.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether intrarenal endothelin-1(ET-1) contributes to sodium excretion in aged rats. Metabolic function studies were performed in male Wistar rats (3 and 24 months) treated with placebo or the orally active ET(A) receptor antagonist darusentan (20 mg/kg/d) for 4 weeks. Mean arterial pressure was measured using an intra-arterial catheter. Electrolytes, aldosterone levels, renin activity, and angiotensin converting enzyme activity were determined in plasma, and mRNA expression of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase subunits was measured in the renal cortex and medulla. Aging was associated with a marked decrease in urinary excretion of sodium, chloride, and potassium (all P < 0.001) as well as renin activity (P < 0.05), but had no significant effect on gene expression of ENaC or Na(+), K(+)-ATPase subunits. In aged rats, darusentan treatment increased ion excretion (P < 0.05), reduced cortical gene expression of alphaENaC and alpha(1)-Na(+), K(+)-ATPase (both P < 0.05), and increased plasma aldosterone levels (P < 0.01). These data demonstrate a decrease of sodium and potassium excretion in aged rats, changes that are partly sensitive to ETA receptor blockade. Treatment with darusentan also reduced cortical expression of alphaENaC and alpha(1)-Na(+), K(+)-ATPase and increased plasma aldosterone levels independently of blood pressure, electrolytes, renin activity, or angiotensin converting enzyme activity. These findings may provide new pathogenetic links between aging and sodium sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Traupe
- Departement für Innere Medizin, Medizinische Poliklinik, Universitätsspital, Zürich, Switzerland
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