1
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Yadav P, Beura SK, Panigrahi AR, Kulkarni PP, Yadav MK, Munshi A, Singh SK. Lysophosphatidylcholine induces oxidative stress and calcium-mediated cell death in human blood platelets. Cell Biol Int 2024. [PMID: 38837523 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Platelets are essential component of circulation that plays a major role in hemostasis and thrombosis. During activation and its demise, platelets release platelet-derived microvesicles, with lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) being a prominent component in their lipid composition. LPC, an oxidized low-density lipoprotein, is involved in cellular metabolism, but its higher level is implicated in pathologies like atherosclerosis, diabetes, and inflammatory disorders. Despite this, its impact on platelet function remains relatively unexplored. To address this, we studied LPC's effects on washed human platelets. A multimode plate reader was employed to measure reactive oxygen species and intracellular calcium using H2DCF-DA and Fluo-4-AM, respectively. Flow cytometry was utilized to measure phosphatidylserine expression, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) formation using FITC-Annexin V, JC-1, and CoCl2/calcein-AM, respectively. Additionally, platelet morphology and its ultrastructure were observed via phase contrast and electron microscopy. Sonoclot and light transmission aggregometry were employed to examine fibrin formation and platelet aggregation, respectively. The findings demonstrate that LPC induced oxidative stress and increased intracellular calcium in platelets, resulting in increased phosphatidylserine expression and reduced ΔΨm. LPC triggered caspase-independent platelet death and mPTP opening via cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium, along with microvesiculation and reduced platelet counts. LPC increased the platelet's size, adopting a balloon-shaped morphology, causing membrane fragmentation and releasing its cellular contents, while inducing a pro-coagulant phenotype with increased fibrin formation and reduced integrin αIIbβ3 activation. Conclusively, this study reveals LPC-induced oxidative stress and calcium-mediated platelet death, necrotic in nature with pro-coagulant properties, potentially impacting inflammation and repair mechanisms during vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Yadav
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
| | - Samir K Beura
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
| | - Abhishek R Panigrahi
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
| | - Paresh P Kulkarni
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mithlesh K Yadav
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
| | - Anjana Munshi
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
| | - Sunil K Singh
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
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2
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Munno M, Mallia A, Greco A, Modafferi G, Banfi C, Eligini S. Radical Oxygen Species, Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins, and Lectin-like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor 1: A Vicious Circle in Atherosclerotic Process. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:583. [PMID: 38790688 PMCID: PMC11118168 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex condition that involves the accumulation of lipids and subsequent plaque formation in the arterial intima. There are various stimuli, cellular receptors, and pathways involved in this process, but oxidative modifications of low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) are particularly important in the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Ox-LDLs promote foam-cell formation, activate proinflammatory pathways, and induce smooth-muscle-cell migration, apoptosis, and cell death. One of the major receptors for ox-LDL is LOX-1, which is upregulated in several cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. LOX-1 activation in endothelial cells promotes endothelial dysfunction and induces pro-atherogenic signaling, leading to plaque formation. The binding of ox-LDLs to LOX-1 increases the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can induce LOX-1 expression and oxidize LDLs, contributing to ox-LDL generation and further upregulating LOX-1 expression. This creates a vicious circle that is amplified in pathological conditions characterized by high plasma levels of LDLs. Although LOX-1 has harmful effects, the clinical significance of inhibiting this protein remains unclear. Further studies both in vitro and in vivo are needed to determine whether LOX-1 inhibition could be a potential therapeutic target to counteract the atherosclerotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Munno
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Alice Mallia
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Università di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Arianna Greco
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Gloria Modafferi
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Sonia Eligini
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
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3
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Li N. Platelets as an inter-player between hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis. J Intern Med 2024. [PMID: 38704820 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Platelet hyperreactivity and hyperlipidaemia contribute significantly to atherosclerosis. Thus, it is desirable to review the platelet-hyperlipidaemia interplay and its impact on atherogenesis. Native low-density lipoprotein (nLDL) and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) are the key proatherosclerotic components of hyperlipidaemia. nLDL binds to the platelet-specific LDL receptor (LDLR) ApoE-R2', whereas oxLDL binds to the platelet-expressed scavenger receptor CD36, lectin-type oxidized LDLR 1 and scavenger receptor class A 1. Ligation of nLDL/oxLDL induces mild platelet activation and may prime platelets for other platelet agonists. Platelets, in turn, can modulate lipoprotein metabolisms. Platelets contribute to LDL oxidation by enhancing the production of reactive oxygen species and LDLR degradation via proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 release. Platelet-released platelet factor 4 and transforming growth factor β modulate LDL uptake and foam cell formation. Thus, platelet dysfunction and hyperlipidaemia work in concert to aggravate atherogenesis. Hypolipidemic drugs modulate platelet function, whereas antiplatelet drugs influence lipid metabolism. The research prospects of the platelet-hyperlipidaemia interplay in atherosclerosis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nailin Li
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine-Solna, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Bagheri B, Khatibiyan Feyzabadi Z, Nouri A, Azadfallah A, Mahdizade Ari M, Hemmati M, Darban M, Alavi Toosi P, Banihashemian SZ. Atherosclerosis and Toll-Like Receptor4 (TLR4), Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-1 (LOX-1), and Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type9 (PCSK9). Mediators Inflamm 2024; 2024:5830491. [PMID: 38445291 PMCID: PMC10914434 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5830491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death in the world. A significant body of evidence suggests that inflammation and various players are implicated and have pivotal roles in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is linked with different stages of atherosclerosis. This receptor is highly expressed in the endothelial cells (ECs) and atherosclerotic plaques. TLR4 activation can lead to the production of inflammatory cytokines and related responses. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein-1 (LOX-1), an integral membrane glycoprotein with widespread expression on the ECs, is involved in atherosclerosis and has some common pathways with TLR4 in atherosclerotic lesions. In addition, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type9 (PCSK9), which is a regulatory enzyme with different roles in cholesterol uptake, is implicated in atherosclerosis. At present, TLR4, PCSK9, and LOX-1 are increasingly acknowledged as key players in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Herein, we presented the current evidence on the structure, functions, and roles of TLR4, PCSK9, and LOX-1 in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahador Bagheri
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Ahmad Nouri
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Azadfallah
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mahyar Mahdizade Ari
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Maral Hemmati
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Darban
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kowsar Hospital, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Parisa Alavi Toosi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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5
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Pyrpyris N, Dimitriadis K, Beneki E, Iliakis P, Soulaidopoulos S, Tsioufis P, Adamopoulou E, Kasiakogias A, Sakalidis A, Koutsopoulos G, Aggeli K, Tsioufis K. LOX-1 Receptor: A Diagnostic Tool and Therapeutic Target in Atherogenesis. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102117. [PMID: 37802161 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) are major contributors to atherogenesis, as endogenous antigens, via several receptors such as LOX 1. A PubMed search was conducted in order to identify relevant articles regarding LOX-1's role in the atherosclerosis, diagnosis, prognostic use and molecules that could be used for therapy. The references of the manuscripts obtained were also reviewed, in order to find additional relevant bibliography. LOX-1 is a lectin-like pattern recognition receptor, mostly expressed in endothelial cells (ECs) which can bind a variety of molecules, including oxLDL and C-reactive protein (CRP). LOX-1 plays a key role in oxLDL's role as a causative agent of atherosclerosis through several pathologic mechanisms, such as oxLDL deposition in the subintima, foam cell formation and endothelial dysfunction. Additionally, LOX-1 acts a scavenger receptor for oxLDL in macrophages and can be responsible for oxLDL uptake, when stimulated. Serum LOX-1 (sLOX-1) has emerged as a new, potential biomarker for diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes, and it seems promising for use along with other common biomarkers in everyday clinical practice. In a therapeutic perspective, natural as well as synthetic molecules exert anti-LOX-1 properties and attain the receptor's pathophysiological effects, thus extensive research is ongoing to further evaluate molecules with therapeutic potential. However, most of these molecules need further trials in order to properly assess their safety and efficacy for clinical use. The aim of this review is to investigate LOX-1 role in atherogenesis and explore its potential as diagnostic tool and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Pyrpyris
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Dimitriadis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Eirini Beneki
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Iliakis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stergios Soulaidopoulos
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Tsioufis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Elena Adamopoulou
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Kasiakogias
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Sakalidis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George Koutsopoulos
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Aggeli
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tsioufis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
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6
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Lubrano V, Balzan S, Papa A. LOX-1 variants modulate the severity of cardiovascular disease: state of the art and future directions. Mol Cell Biochem 2023:10.1007/s11010-023-04859-0. [PMID: 37789136 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the major causes of cerebral infarction and many other ischemic cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. Although large randomized clinical trials have highlighted the impressive benefits of lipid-lowering therapies, the 50-70% of patients who have achieved their lipid-lowering goal remain at high cardiovascular disease risk. For this reason, there is a need to investigate other markers of atherosclerosis progression. LOX-1 is a scavenger receptor that accepts oxidized low-density lipoproteins as major ligand and internalizes it by endocytosis favoring its retention in subendothelial layer and triggering a wide variety of proatherogenic events. However, other factors such as cytokines, shear stress, and advanced glycation end-products can upregulate LOX-1. LOX-1 is encoded by the OLR1 gene, located in the p12.3-p13 region of chromosome 12. OLR1 gene has different isoforms induced by splicing, or single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). According to some authors, the expression of these isoforms induces a different effect on atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. In particular, LOXIN, an isoform lacking part of the functional domain, exerts an important role in atherosclerosis protection. In other cases, studies on SNPs showed an association with more severe forms, like in the case of 3'UTR polymorphisms. The knowledge of these variants can give rise to the development of new preventive therapies and can lead to the identification of subjects at greater risk of cardiovascular event. In this review, we reported the state of the art regarding SNPs with known effects on OLR1 splicing and how LOX-1 variants modulate the severity of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter Lubrano
- Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Silvana Balzan
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Papa
- Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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7
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Vornoli A, Grande T, Lubrano V, Vizzarri F, Gorelli C, Raffaelli A, Della Croce CM, Baca SZ, Sandoval C, Longo V, Pozzo L, Echeverria C. In Vitro Characterization of Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Antimutagenic Activities of the Green Microalga Ettlia pseudoalveolaris. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1308. [PMID: 37372038 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, green microalgae have gained importance due to their nutritional and bioactive compounds, which makes them some of the most promising and innovative functional foods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical profile and the in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and antimutagenic activity of an aqueous extract of the green microalga Ettlia pseudoalveolaris, obtained from the freshwater lakes of the Ecuadorian Highlands. Human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) were used to determine the ability of the microalga to reduce the endothelial damage caused by hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, the eukaryotic system Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to evaluate the possible cytotoxic, mutagenic and antimutagenic effect of E. pseudoalveolaris. The extract showed a notable antioxidant capacity and a moderate antibacterial activity mostly due to the high content in polyphenolic compounds. It is likely that the antioxidant compounds present in the extract were also responsible for the observed reduction in endothelial damage of HMEC-1 cells. An antimutagenic effect through a direct antioxidant mechanism was also found. Based on the results of in vitro assays, E. pseudoalveolaris proved to be a good source of bioactive compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial and antimutagenic capacities making it a potential functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vornoli
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Teresa Grande
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Valter Lubrano
- Fondazione G. Monasterio, CNR/Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Vizzarri
- National Agricultural and Food Centre Nitra, Hlohoveck'a 2, 95141 Lužianky, Slovakia
| | - Chiara Gorelli
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Raffaelli
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Crop Science Research Center, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Clara Maria Della Croce
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Santiago Zarate Baca
- eCIER Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Av. 17 de Julio 5-21 y Gral. José María Córdova, Ibarra 100150, Ecuador
| | - Carla Sandoval
- eCIER Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Av. 17 de Julio 5-21 y Gral. José María Córdova, Ibarra 100150, Ecuador
| | - Vincenzo Longo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luisa Pozzo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Echeverria
- eCIER Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Av. 17 de Julio 5-21 y Gral. José María Córdova, Ibarra 100150, Ecuador
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8
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Yao SJ, Lan TH, Zhang XY, Zeng QH, Xu WJ, Li XQ, Huang GB, Liu T, Lyu WH, Jiang W. LOX-1 Regulation in Anti-atherosclerosis of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicine: Current Knowledge and the New Insight. Chin J Integr Med 2023; 29:179-185. [PMID: 36342592 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) have recently been identified to be closely related to the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis (AS). A growing body of evidence has suggested Chinese medicine takes unique advantages in preventing and treating AS. In this review, the related research progress of AS and LOX-1 has been summarized. And the anti-AS effects of 10 active components of herbal medicine through LOX-1 regulation have been further reviewed. As a potential biomarker and target for intervention in AS, LOX-1 targeted therapy might provide a promising and novel approach to atherosclerotic prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jie Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, China
| | - Tao-Hua Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Refractory Chronic Diseases, Guangzhou, 510020, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, China
| | - Qiao-Huang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Refractory Chronic Diseases, Guangzhou, 510020, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Wen-Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, China
| | - Gui-Bao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, China
| | - Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, China
| | - Wei-Hui Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Refractory Chronic Diseases, Guangzhou, 510020, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Refractory Chronic Diseases, Guangzhou, 510020, China. .,The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
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9
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Blanch-Ruíz MA, Sánchez-López A, Ríos-Navarro C, Ortega-Luna R, Collado-Díaz V, Orden S, Martínez-Cuesta MA, Esplugues JV, Álvarez Á. Abacavir causes leukocyte/platelet crosstalk by activating neutrophil P2X7 receptors thus releasing soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 180:1516-1532. [PMID: 36541109 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Abacavir, an antiretroviral drug used in HIV therapy associated with myocardial infarction, promotes thrombosis through P2X7 receptors. The role of platelets as pro-thrombotic cells is acknowledged whereas that of neutrophils-due to their secretory capacity-is gaining recognition. This study analyses the role of neutrophils-specifically the secretome of abacavir-treated neutrophils (SNABC )-in platelet activation that precedes thrombosis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of abacavir or SNABC on platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte interactions and expression of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) were analysed by flow cytometry. The secretome was analysed by proteomics. The role of leukocytes in the actions of abacavir was evaluated in a mouse model of thrombosis. KEY RESULTS Abacavir induced platelet-leukocyte interactions, not directly via effects of abacavir on platelets, but via activation of neutrophils, which triggered interactions between platelet P-selectin and neutrophil P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1). SNABC stimulated platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte interactions through a process that was dependent on LOX-1, neutrophil P2X7 and platelet P2Y1, P2Y12 and P2X1 receptors. Abacavir induced the expression of LOX-1 on neutrophils and of the soluble form of LOX-1 (sLOX-1) in SNABC . Neutrophils, LOX-1, P2X7, P2Y1, P2Y12 and P2X1 receptors were required for the pro-thrombotic actions of abacavir in vivo. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Neutrophils are target cells in abacavir-induced thrombosis. Abacavir released sLOX-1 from neutrophils via activation of their P2X7 receptors, which in turn activated platelets. Hence, sLOX-1 could be the missing link in the cardiovascular risk associated with abacavir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ainhoa Sánchez-López
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - César Ríos-Navarro
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Ortega-Luna
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Víctor Collado-Díaz
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Samuel Orden
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,FISABIO-Fundación Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Angeles Martínez-Cuesta
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERehd, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan V Esplugues
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,FISABIO-Fundación Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERehd, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángeles Álvarez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERehd, Valencia, Spain
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Kwon HW, Kim SD, Rhee MH, Shin JH. Pharmacological Actions of 5-Hydroxyindolin-2 on Modulation of Platelet Functions and Thrombus Formation via Thromboxane A 2 Inhibition and cAMP Production. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314545. [PMID: 36498873 PMCID: PMC9739977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets play a very significant role in hemostasis while simultaneously posing a risk for the development of various cardiovascular diseases. Platelet-mediated issues can occur in blood vessels and trigger various medical problems. Therefore, controlling platelet function is important in the prevention of thrombosis. In this regard, we need to find compounds that provide potent antiplatelet activity with minimum side effects. Therefore, we examined the effect of 5-hydroxyindolin-2-one isolated from Protaetia brevitarsis larvae having antiplatelet properties and investigated different pathways that mediate the antiplatelet activity. We examined the effect of 5-hydroxyindolin-2-one (5-HI) on the regulation of phosphoproteins, thromboxane A2 generation, and integrin αIIbβ3 action. Our data showed that human platelet aggregation was inhibited by 5-HI (75, 100, 150, 200 μM) without cytotoxicity, and it suppressed intracellular Ca2+ concentration through the regulation of inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate receptor I (Ser1756) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Moreover, collagen-elevated thromboxane A2 production and αIIbβ3 action were inhibited by 5-HI through the regulation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 (p38MAPK), vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and Akt (protein kinase B). Therefore, we suggested that 5-HI could be a potential substance for the prevention of thrombosis-mediated thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Woo Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Far East University, Eumseong 27601, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiological Resource Research Institute, Far East University, Eumseong 27601, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Dae Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: author: (M.H.R.); (J.-H.S.)
| | - Jung-Hae Shin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: author: (M.H.R.); (J.-H.S.)
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11
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Gardin C, Ferroni L, Leo S, Tremoli E, Zavan B. Platelet-Derived Exosomes in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012546. [PMID: 36293399 PMCID: PMC9604238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), the main cause of many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), is a progressive inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of lipids, fibrous elements, and calcification in the innermost layers of arteries. The result is the thickening and clogging of these vessel walls. Several cell types are directly involved in the pathological progression of AS. Among them, platelets represent the link between AS, inflammation, and thrombosis. Indeed, besides their pivotal role in hemostasis and thrombosis, platelets are key mediators of inflammation at injury sites, where they act by regulating the function of other blood and vascular cell types, including endothelial cells (ECs), leukocytes, and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In recent years, increasing evidence has pointed to a central role of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (P-EVs) in the modulation of AS pathogenesis. However, while the role of platelet-derived microparticles (P-MPs) has been significantly investigated in recent years, the same cannot be said for platelet-derived exosomes (P-EXOs). For this reason, this reviews aims at summarizing the isolation methods and biological characteristics of P-EXOs, and at discussing their involvement in intercellular communication in the pathogenesis of AS. Evidence showing how P-EXOs and their cargo can be used as biomarkers for AS is also presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gardin
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Letizia Ferroni
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Sara Leo
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Barbara Zavan
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence:
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12
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Platelet Redox Imbalance in Hypercholesterolemia: A Big Problem for a Small Cell. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911446. [PMID: 36232746 PMCID: PMC9570056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis and their scavenging by anti-oxidant defences is the common soil of many disorders, including hypercholesterolemia. Platelets, the smallest blood cells, are deeply involved in the pathophysiology of occlusive arterial thrombi associated with myocardial infarction and stroke. A great deal of evidence shows that both increased intraplatelet ROS synthesis and impaired ROS neutralization are implicated in the thrombotic process. Hypercholesterolemia is recognized as cause of atherosclerosis, cerebro- and cardiovascular disease, and, closely related to this, is the widespread acceptance that it strongly contributes to platelet hyperreactivity via direct oxidized LDL (oxLDL)-platelet membrane interaction via scavenger receptors such as CD36 and signaling pathways including Src family kinases (SFK), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. In turn, activated platelets contribute to oxLDL generation, which ends up propagating platelet activation and thrombus formation through a mechanism mediated by oxidative stress. When evaluating the effect of lipid-lowering therapies on thrombogenesis, a large body of evidence shows that the effects of statins and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors are not limited to the reduction of LDL-C but also to the down-regulation of platelet reactivity mainly by mechanisms sensitive to intracellular redox balance. In this review, we will focus on the role of oxidative stress-related mechanisms as a cause of platelet hyperreactivity and the pathophysiological link of the pleiotropism of lipid-lowering agents to the beneficial effects on platelet function.
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Oxidised Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Platelet Hyperactivity—Receptors and Signalling Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169199. [PMID: 36012465 PMCID: PMC9409144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidaemia leads to proatherogenic oxidative lipid stress that promotes vascular inflammation and thrombosis, the pathologies that underpin myocardial infarction, stroke, and deep vein thrombosis. These prothrombotic states are driven, at least in part, by platelet hyperactivity, and they are concurrent with the appearancxe of oxidatively modified low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in the circulation. Modified LDL are heterogenous in nature but, in a general sense, constitute a prototype circulating transporter for a plethora of oxidised lipid epitopes that act as danger-associated molecular patterns. It is well-established that oxidatively modified LDL promote platelet activation and arterial thrombosis through a number of constitutively expressed scavenger receptors, which transduce atherogenic lipid stress to a complex array of proactivatory signalling pathways in the platelets. Stimulation of these signalling events underlie the ability of modified LDL to induce platelet activation and blunt platelet inhibitory pathways, as well as promote platelet-mediated coagulation. Accumulating evidence from patients at risk of arterial thrombosis and experimental animal models of disease suggest that oxidised LDL represents a tangible link between the dyslipidaemic environment and increased platelet activation. The aim of this review is to summarise recent advances in our understanding of the pro-thrombotic signalling events induced in platelets by modified LDL ligation, describe the contribution of individual platelet scavenger receptors, and highlight potential future challenges of targeting these pathways.
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14
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Wang A, Tian X, Xu J, Li H, Xu Q, Chen P, Meng X, Wang Y. Soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density Lipoproteinreceptor-1 and recurrent stroke: A nested case-control study. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:2001-2010. [PMID: 35909324 PMCID: PMC9627350 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MAIN PROBLEM The prognostic value of soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoproteinreceptor-1 (sLOX-1) for stroke was unclearly. This study aimed to investigate the association between sLOX-1 and recurrent stroke in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA). METHODS Data were obtained from the Third China National Stroke Registry. Eligible cases consisted of 400 patients who developed recurrent stroke within 1-year follow-up, 800 controls were selected using age- and sex-matched with a 1:2 case-control ratio. Conditional logistic regressions were used to evaluate the association between sLOX-1 and recurrent stroke. RESULTS Among 1200 patients included in this study, the median (interquartile range) of sLOX-1 was 247.12 (132.81-413.58) ng/L. After adjustment for conventional confounding factors, the odds ratio with 95% confidence interval in the highest tertile versus the lowest tertile was 2.23 (1.61-3.08) for recurrent stroke, 2.31 (1.64-3.24) for ischemic stroke, 2.30 (1.66-3.19) for combined vascular events within 1-year follow-up. Furthermore, the addition of sLOX-1 to a conventional risk model had an incremental effect on predictive value for recurrent stroke (C-statistics 0.76, p < 0.0001; integrated discrimination improvement 13.38%, p < 0.0001; net reclassification improvement 55.39%, p < 0.0001). Similar results were observed when the timepoint was set up as 3 months. Subgroup analysis showed the association between higher sLOX-1 and recurrent stroke was more pronounced in patients with a history of stroke (p for interaction = 0.0062). CONCLUSIONS sLOX-1 was positively associated with the risk of recurrent stroke, which may be a candidate biomarker to improve risk stratification of recurrent stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anxin Wang
- Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xue Tian
- Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Department of Epidemiology and Health StatisticsSchool of Public Health, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hao Li
- Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Qin Xu
- Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Pan Chen
- Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xia Meng
- Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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15
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Chaudhary PK, Kim S, Kim S. An Insight into Recent Advances on Platelet Function in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116022. [PMID: 35682700 PMCID: PMC9181192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets play a variety of roles in vascular biology and are best recognized as primary hemostasis and thrombosis mediators. Platelets have a large number of receptors and secretory molecules that are required for platelet functionality. Upon activation, platelets release multiple substances that have the ability to influence both physiological and pathophysiological processes including inflammation, tissue regeneration and repair, cancer progression, and spreading. The involvement of platelets in the progression and seriousness of a variety of disorders other than thrombosis is still being discovered, especially in the areas of inflammation and the immunological response. This review represents an integrated summary of recent advances on the function of platelets in pathophysiology that connects hemostasis, inflammation, and immunological response in health and disease and suggests that antiplatelet treatment might be used for more than only thrombosis.
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16
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Li L, Liu S, Tan J, Wei L, Wu D, Gao S, Weng Y, Chen J. Recent advance in treatment of atherosclerosis: Key targets and plaque-positioned delivery strategies. J Tissue Eng 2022; 13:20417314221088509. [PMID: 35356091 PMCID: PMC8958685 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221088509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of vascular wall, is a progressive pathophysiological process with lipids oxidation/depositing initiation and innate/adaptive immune responses. The coordination of multi systems covering oxidative stress, dysfunctional endothelium, diseased lipid uptake, cell apoptosis, thrombotic and pro-inflammatory responding as well as switched SMCs contributes to plaque growth. In this circumstance, inevitably, targeting these processes is considered to be effective for treating atherosclerosis. Arriving, retention and working of payload candidates mediated by targets in lesion direct ultimate therapeutic outcomes. Accumulating a series of scientific studies and clinical practice in the past decades, lesion homing delivery strategies including stent/balloon/nanoparticle-based transportation worked as the potent promotor to ensure a therapeutic effect. The objective of this review is to achieve a very brief summary about the effective therapeutic methods cooperating specifical targets and positioning-delivery strategies in atherosclerosis for better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Sainan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jianying Tan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Lai Wei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Dimeng Wu
- Chengdu Daxan Innovative Medical Tech. Co., Ltd., Chengdu, PR China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Chengdu Daxan Innovative Medical Tech. Co., Ltd., Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yajun Weng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Junying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
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17
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Pleiotropic Effects of PCSK9: Focus on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030226. [PMID: 35323669 PMCID: PMC8950753 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The proprotein convertase subtilisin/keying 9 (PCSK9) is a serine protease that has gained importance in recent years as a drug target, mainly due to its effect on cholesterol metabolism in promoting the degradation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). However, this protease may also play an important role in lipid-independent reactions, including the process of thrombogenesis. Considering this, we reviewed the effects and implications of PCSK9 on platelet function and blood coagulation. PCSK9 knockout mice exhibited reduced platelet activity and developed less agonist-induced arterial thrombi compared to the respective control animals. This is in line with known research that elevated blood levels of PCSK9 are associated with an increased platelet reactivity and total number of circulating platelets in humans. Moreover, PCSK9 also has an effect on crucial factors of the coagulation cascade, such as increasing factor VIII plasma levels, since the degradation of this blood clotting factor is promoted by the LDLR. The aforementioned pleiotropic effects of the PCSK9 are important to take into account when evaluating the clinical benefit of PCSK9 inhibitors.
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18
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Lee YY, Kim SD, Park SC, Rhee MH. Panax ginseng: Inflammation, platelet aggregation, thrombus formation, and atherosclerosis crosstalk. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:54-61. [PMID: 35058727 PMCID: PMC8753522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been widely studied due to its various therapeutic properties on various diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cardiovascular disease has been canonically known to be caused by high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in the bloodstream, in addition to the impaired vasodilatory effects of cholesterol. However, current research on CVD has revealed a cascade of mechanisms involving a series of events that contribute to the progression of CVD. Although this has been elucidated and summarized in previous studies the detailed correlation between platelet aggregation and innate immunity that plays an important role in CVD progression has not been thoroughly summarized. Furthermore, immune cell subtypes also contribute to the progression of plaque formation in the subendothelial layer. Thrombus formation and the coagulation cascade also have a vital role in the progression of atherosclerosis. Hence, in this mini review we aim to elucidate, summarize, and propose the potent therapeutic effect of ginseng on CVD, mainly on platelet aggregation, plaque formation, and thrombus formation.
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19
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Status of biomarkers for the identification of stable or vulnerable plaques in atherosclerosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1981-1997. [PMID: 34414413 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a systemic inflammation of the arteries characterized by atherosclerotic plaque due to the accumulation of lipids, inflammatory cells, apoptotic cells, calcium and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Stable plaques present a chronic inflammatory infiltration, whereas vulnerable plaques present an 'active' inflammation involved in the thinning of the fibrous cap that predisposes to plaque rupture. Several complex biological cellular processes lead plaques to evolve from stable to vulnerable predisposing them to rupture and thrombosis. In this review, we analyze some emerging circulating biomarkers related to inflammation, ECM and lipid infiltration, angiogenesis, metalloproteinases and microRNA (miRNA), as possible diagnostic and prognostic indicators of plaque vulnerability.
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20
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Lipid accumulation and novel insight into vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1511-1526. [PMID: 34345929 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic and progressive process. It is the most important pathological basis of cardiovascular disease and stroke. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are an essential cell type in atherosclerosis. Previous studies have revealed that VSMCs undergo phenotypic transformation in atherosclerosis to participate in the retention of atherogenic lipoproteins as well as the formation of the fibrous cap and the underlying necrotic core in plaques. The emergence of lineage-tracing studies indicates that the function and number of VSMCs in plaques have been greatly underestimated. In addition, recent studies have revealed that VSMCs make up at least 50% of the foam cell population in human and mouse atherosclerotic lesions. Therefore, understanding the formation of lipid-loaded VSMCs and their regulatory mechanisms is critical to elucidate the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and to explore potential therapeutic targets. Moreover, combination of many complementary technologies such as lineage tracing, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), flow cytometry, and mass cytometry (CyTOF) with immunostaining has been performed to further understand the complex VSMC function. Correct identification of detrimental and beneficial processes may reveal successful therapeutic treatments targeting VSMCs and their derivatives during atherosclerosis. The purpose of this review is to summarize the process of lipid-loaded VSMC formation in atherosclerosis and to describe novel insight into VSMCs gained by using multiple advanced methods.
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21
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Yan L, Zhang X, Fu J, Liu Q, Lei X, Cao Z, Zhang J, Shao Y, Tong Q, Qin W, Liu X, Liu C, Liu Z, Li Z, Lu J, Xu X. Inhibition of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 channel attenuates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 558:86-93. [PMID: 33906111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 (TRPV3) is a member of the TRP superfamily. Previous studies have demonstrated that TRPV3 is associated with myocardial fibrosis. However, the role of TRPV3 in hepatic fibrosis and its underlying mechanisms are still unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the underlying effects of TRPV3 on hepatic fibrosis at multiple biological levels. First, immunohistochemical staining was performed to examine TRPV3 expression in human hepatic cirrhosis tissues. Then, we established a CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis mouse model. The TRPV3 selective agonist drofenine and its inhibitor, forsythoside B, were intraperitoneally injected to investigate the relationship between TRPV3 and liver fibrosis progression. Finally, in vitro studies were performed using hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to discover the potential molecular biological mechanisms. Immunohistochemistry revealed TRPV3 overexpression in liver cirrhosis. In the liver fibrosis groups, TRPV3 inhibitor treatment significantly reduced liver fibrosis, while TRPV3 agonist exacerbated its progression. In HSCs, knocking down TRPV3 with siRNA impaired DNA synthesis and cell proliferation and increased cell apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that knockdown of TRPV3 could reduce the lectin like oxidized lowdensity lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) protein levels. Our research suggests that lower expression or functional levels of TRPV3 can ameliorate the inflammatory response and fibrotic tissue proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Yan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Xiaohua Lei
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Zhenyu Cao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yaoli Shao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Qing Tong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Xinxu Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Chun Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Zhenghao Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Jueliang Lu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Xundi Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China; Department of General Surgery. Pinghu Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518116, China.
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22
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Mineo C. Lipoprotein receptor signalling in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 116:1254-1274. [PMID: 31834409 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The founding member of the lipoprotein receptor family, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) plays a major role in the atherogenesis through the receptor-mediated endocytosis of LDL particles and regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. Since the discovery of the LDLR, many other structurally and functionally related receptors have been identified, which include low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)1, LRP5, LRP6, very low-density lipoprotein receptor, and apolipoprotein E receptor 2. The scavenger receptor family members, on the other hand, constitute a family of pattern recognition proteins that are structurally diverse and recognize a wide array of ligands, including oxidized LDL. Among these are cluster of differentiation 36, scavenger receptor class B type I and lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1. In addition to the initially assigned role as a mediator of the uptake of macromolecules into the cell, a large number of studies in cultured cells and in in vivo animal models have revealed that these lipoprotein receptors participate in signal transduction to modulate cellular functions. This review highlights the signalling pathways by which these receptors influence the process of atherosclerosis development, focusing on their roles in the vascular cells, such as macrophages, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and platelets. Human genetics of the receptors is also discussed to further provide the relevance to cardiovascular disease risks in humans. Further knowledge of the vascular biology of the lipoprotein receptors and their ligands will potentially enhance our ability to harness the mechanism to develop novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Mineo
- Department of Pediatrics and Cell Biology, Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9063, USA
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Mentrup T, Cabrera-Cabrera F, Schröder B. Proteolytic Regulation of the Lectin-Like Oxidized Lipoprotein Receptor LOX-1. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 7:594441. [PMID: 33553253 PMCID: PMC7856673 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.594441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lectin-like oxidized-LDL (oxLDL) receptor LOX-1, which is broadly expressed in vascular cells, represents a key mediator of endothelial activation and dysfunction in atherosclerotic plaque development. Being a member of the C-type lectin receptor family, LOX-1 can bind different ligands, with oxLDL being the best characterized. LOX-1 mediates oxLDL uptake into vascular cells and by this means can promote foam cell formation. In addition, LOX-1 triggers multiple signaling pathways, which ultimately induce a pro-atherogenic and pro-fibrotic transcriptional program. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this signal transduction remain incompletely understood. In this regard, proteolysis has recently emerged as a regulatory mechanism of LOX-1 function. Different proteolytic cleavages within the LOX-1 protein can initiate its turnover and control the cellular levels of this receptor. Thereby, cleavage products with individual biological functions and/or medical significance are produced. Ectodomain shedding leads to the release of a soluble form of the receptor (sLOX1) which has been suggested to have diagnostic potential as a biomarker. Removal of the ectodomain leaves behind a membrane-bound N-terminal fragment (NTF), which despite being devoid of the ligand-binding domain is actively involved in signal transduction. Degradation of this LOX-1 NTF, which represents an athero-protective mechanism, critically depends on the aspartyl intramembrane proteases Signal peptide peptidase-like 2a and b (SPPL2a/b). Here, we present an overview of the biology of LOX-1 focusing on how proteolytic cleavages directly modulate the function of this receptor and, what kind of pathophysiological implications this has in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernd Schröder
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Gąsecka A, Rogula S, Szarpak Ł, Filipiak KJ. LDL-Cholesterol and Platelets: Insights into Their Interactions in Atherosclerosis. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:39. [PMID: 33440673 PMCID: PMC7826814 DOI: 10.3390/life11010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and its complications, including acute coronary syndromes, are the major cause of death worldwide. The two most important pathophysiological mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis include increased platelet activation and increased low-density lipoproteins (LDL) concentration. In contrast to LDL, oxidized (ox)-LDL have direct pro-thrombotic properties by functional interactions with platelets, leading to platelet activation and favoring thrombus formation. In this review, we summarize the currently available evidence on the interactions between LDL-cholesterol and platelets, which are based on (i) the presence of ox-LDL-binding sites on platelets, (ii) generation of ox-LDL by platelets and (iii) the role of activated platelets and ox-LDL in atherosclerosis. In addition, we elaborate on the clinical implications of these interactions, including development of the new therapeutic possibilities. The ability to understand and modulate mechanisms governing interactions between LDL-cholesterol and platelets may offer new treatment strategies for atherosclerosis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gąsecka
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (S.R.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Sylwester Rogula
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (S.R.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Łukasz Szarpak
- Bialystok Oncology Center, 15-027, Bialystok, Poland;
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy in Warsaw, 03-411 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof J. Filipiak
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (S.R.); (K.J.F.)
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25
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Takebayashi K, Suzuki T, Yamauchi M, Hara K, Tsuchiya T, Inukai T, Hashimoto K. Association of circulating soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 with inflammatory markers and urinary albumin excretion in patients with type 2 diabetes. SAGE Open Med 2021; 9:20503121211064468. [PMID: 34992779 PMCID: PMC8724995 DOI: 10.1177/20503121211064468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main purpose of the study was to study the association between circulating soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 levels and various markers, including inflammatory markers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and fibrinogen, serum lipids, and renal function, in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. METHODS The subjects were 70 patients (men 45, women 25) who were hospitalized for treatment of poor glycemic control. Plasma soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 levels were assayed using a sandwich chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS Circulating soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 was significantly positively correlated with lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein-1 ligands containing apolipoprotein B, reflecting modified low-density lipoprotein, and with inflammatory markers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and fibrinogen. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 and urinary albumin excretion. CONCLUSIONS Soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 may serve as a marker reflecting the degrees of inflammation and albuminuria in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohzo Takebayashi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Hematology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Suzuki
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Emergency and Critical Care Center, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Mototaka Yamauchi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Hematology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Kenji Hara
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Hematology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Takafumi Tsuchiya
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Hematology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Inukai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seibu General Hospital, Omiya, Japan
| | - Koshi Hashimoto
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Hematology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
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26
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Hill CN, Hernández-Cáceres MP, Asencio C, Torres B, Solis B, Owen GI. Deciphering the Role of the Coagulation Cascade and Autophagy in Cancer-Related Thrombosis and Metastasis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:605314. [PMID: 33365273 PMCID: PMC7750537 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.605314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombotic complications are the second leading cause of death among oncology patients worldwide. Enhanced thrombogenesis has multiple origins and may result from a deregulation of megakaryocyte platelet production in the bone marrow, the synthesis of coagulation factors in the liver, and coagulation factor signaling upon cancer and the tumor microenvironment (TME). While a hypercoagulable state has been attributed to factors such as thrombocytosis, enhanced platelet aggregation and Tissue Factor (TF) expression on cancer cells, further reports have suggested that coagulation factors can enhance metastasis through increased endothelial-cancer cell adhesion and enhanced endothelial cell activation. Autophagy is highly associated with cancer survival as a double-edged sword, as can both inhibit and promote cancer progression. In this review, we shall dissect the crosstalk between the coagulation cascade and autophagic pathway and its possible role in metastasis and cancer-associated thrombosis formation. The signaling of the coagulation cascade through the autophagic pathway within the hematopoietic stem cells, the endothelial cell and the cancer cell are discussed. Relevant to the coagulation cascade, we also examine the role of autophagy-related pathways in cancer treatment. In this review, we aim to bring to light possible new areas of cancer investigation and elucidate strategies for future therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Nicole Hill
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Catalina Asencio
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Begoña Torres
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Benjamin Solis
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gareth I Owen
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Wang L, Tang C. Targeting Platelet in Atherosclerosis Plaque Formation: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249760. [PMID: 33371312 PMCID: PMC7767086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides their role in hemostasis and thrombosis, it has become increasingly clear that platelets are also involved in many other pathological processes of the vascular system, such as atherosclerotic plaque formation. Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular inflammatory disease, which preferentially develops at sites under disturbed blood flow with low speeds and chaotic directions. Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension are all risk factors for atherosclerosis. When the vascular microenvironment changes, platelets can respond quickly to interact with endothelial cells and leukocytes, participating in atherosclerosis. This review discusses the important roles of platelets in the plaque formation under pro-atherogenic factors. Specifically, we discussed the platelet behaviors under disturbed flow, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia conditions. We also summarized the molecular mechanisms involved in vascular inflammation during atherogenesis based on platelet receptors and secretion of inflammatory factors. Finally, we highlighted the studies of platelet migration in atherogenesis. In general, we elaborated an atherogenic role of platelets and the aspects that should be further studied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;
| | - Chaojun Tang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-512-6588-0899
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28
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Barreto J, Karathanasis SK, Remaley A, Sposito AC. Role of LOX-1 (Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor 1) as a Cardiovascular Risk Predictor: Mechanistic Insight and Potential Clinical Use. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:153-166. [PMID: 33176449 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), is a worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality. Reducing ApoB-containing lipoproteins-chiefly, LDL (low-density lipoprotein)-has been the main strategy for reducing CVD risk. Although supported by large randomized clinical trials, the persistence of residual cardiovascular risk after effective LDL reduction has sparked an intense search for other novel CVD biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Recently, Lox-1 (lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1), an innate immune scavenger receptor, has emerged as a promising target for early diagnosis and cardiovascular risk prediction and is also being considered as a treatment target. Lox-1 was first described as a 50 kDa transmembrane protein in endothelial cells responsible for oxLDL (oxidized LDL) recognition, triggering downstream pathways that intensify atherosclerosis via endothelial dysfunction, oxLDL uptake, and apoptosis. Lox-1 is also expressed in platelets, where it enhances platelet activation, adhesion to endothelial cells, and ADP-mediated aggregation, thereby favoring thrombus formation. Lox-1 was also identified in cardiomyocytes, where it was implicated in the development of cardiac fibrosis and myocyte apoptosis, the main determinants of cardiac recovery following an ischemic insult. Together, these findings have revealed that Lox-1 is implicated in all the main steps of atherosclerosis and has encouraged the development of immunoassays for measurement of sLox-1 (serum levels of soluble Lox-1) to be used as a potential CVD biomarker. Finally, the recent development of synthetic Lox-1 inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies with promising results in animal models has made Lox-1 a target for drug development. In this review, we discuss the main findings regarding the role of Lox-1 in the development, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies for CVD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Barreto
- Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Lab (Atherolab), Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil (J.B., A.C.S.)
| | - Sotirios K Karathanasis
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.K.K., A.R.)
- NeoProgen, Baltimore, MD (S.K.K.)
| | - Alan Remaley
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.K.K., A.R.)
| | - Andrei C Sposito
- Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Lab (Atherolab), Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil (J.B., A.C.S.)
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29
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Gautam I, Storad Z, Filipiak L, Huss C, Meikle CK, Worth RG, Wuescher LM. From Classical to Unconventional: The Immune Receptors Facilitating Platelet Responses to Infection and Inflammation. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E343. [PMID: 33092021 PMCID: PMC7589078 DOI: 10.3390/biology9100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Platelets have long been recognized for their role in maintaining the balance between hemostasis and thrombosis. While their contributions to blood clotting have been well established, it has been increasingly evident that their roles extend to both innate and adaptive immune functions during infection and inflammation. In this comprehensive review, we describe the various ways in which platelets interact with different microbes and elicit immune responses either directly, or through modulation of leukocyte behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leah M. Wuescher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (I.G.); (Z.S.); (L.F.); (C.H.); (C.K.M.); (R.G.W.)
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30
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Pandey E, Nour AS, Harris EN. Prominent Receptors of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells in Liver Homeostasis and Disease. Front Physiol 2020; 11:873. [PMID: 32848838 PMCID: PMC7396565 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are the most abundant non-parenchymal cells lining the sinusoidal capillaries of the hepatic system. LSECs are characterized with numerous fenestrae and lack basement membrane as well as a diaphragm. These unique morphological characteristics of LSECs makes them the most permeable endothelial cells of the mammalian vasculature and aid in regulating flow of macromolecules and small lipid-based structures between sinusoidal blood and parenchymal cells. LSECs have a very high endocytic capacity aided by scavenger receptors (SR), such as SR-A, SR-B (SR-B1 and CD-36), SR-E (Lox-1 and mannose receptors), and SR-H (Stabilins). Other high-affinity receptors for mediating endocytosis include the FcγRIIb, which assist in the antibody-mediated removal of immune complexes. Complemented with intense lysosomal activity, LSECs play a vital role in the uptake and degradation of many blood borne waste macromolecules and small (<280 nm) colloids. Currently, seven Toll-like receptors have been investigated in LSECs, which are involved in the recognition and clearance of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs) as well as damage associated molecular pattern (DAMP). Along with other SRs, LSECs play an essential role in maintaining lipid homeostasis with the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1), in juxtaposition with hepatocytes. LSECs co-express two surface lectins called L-Specific Intercellular adhesion molecule-3 Grabbing Non-integrin Receptor (L-SIGN) and liver sinusoidal endothelial cell lectin (LSECtin). LSECs also express several adhesion molecules which are involved in the recruitment of leukocytes at the site of inflammation. Here, we review these cell surface receptors as well as other components expressed by LSECs and their functions in the maintenance of liver homeostasis. We further discuss receptor expression and activity and dysregulation associated with the initiation and progression of many liver diseases, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, liver fibrosis, and cirrhosis, alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases and pseudocapillarization with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, Universityof Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Aiah S Nour
- Department of Biochemistry, Universityof Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Edward N Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Universityof Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
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31
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PCSK9 Regulates Nox2-Mediated Platelet Activation via CD36 Receptor in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040296. [PMID: 32252393 PMCID: PMC7222182 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High levels of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) is predictive of cardiovascular events (CVEs) in atrial fibrillation (AF). We hypothesized that PCSK9 may directly induce platelet activation (PA). Methods: We measured platelet aggregation, recruitment, Thromboxane B2 (TxB2) formation and soluble P-selectin levels as markers of PA and soluble Nox2-derived peptide (sNox2-dp), H2O2, isoprostanes and oxidized Low-Density-Lipoprotein (oxLDL) to analyze oxidative stress (OS) in 88 patients having PCSK9 values < (n = 44) or > (n = 44) 1.2 ng/mL, balanced for age, sex and cardiovascular risk factors. Furthermore, we investigated if normal (n = 5) platelets incubated with PCSK9 (1.0–2.0 ng/mL) alone or with LDL (50 µg/mL) displayed changes of PA, OS and down-stream signaling. Results: PA and OS markers were significantly higher in patients with PCSK9 levels > 1.2 ng/mL compared to those with values < 1.2 ng/mL (p < 0.001). Levels of PCSK9 significantly correlated with markers of PA and OS. Platelets incubation with PCSK9 increased PA, OS and p38, p47 and Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) phosphorylation. These changes were amplified by adding LDL and blunted by CD36 or Nox2 inhibitors. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed an immune complex of PCSK9 with CD36. Conclusions: We provide the first evidence that PCSK9, at concentration found in the circulation of AF patients, directly interacts with platelets via CD36 receptor and activating Nox2: this effect is amplified in presence of LDL.
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32
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Villa M, Cerda-Opazo P, Jimenez-Gallegos D, Garrido-Moreno V, Chiong M, Quest AF, Toledo J, Garcia L. Pro-fibrotic effect of oxidized LDL in cardiac myofibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:696-701. [PMID: 32033750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory signals associated with cardiac diseases trigger trans-differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts to cardiac myofibroblasts. Cardiac myofibroblasts are the main cell type involved in the development of cardiac fibrosis, a diffuse and disproportionate accumulation of collagen in the myocardium. Although the role of the scavenger like-lectin receptor LOX-1 was previously investigated in cardiac fibroblasts and fibrosis, the involvement of the LOX-1 ligand -oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)- on cardiac myofibroblast function still remains unexplored. In the present work, we investigated the effect of oxLDL/LOX-1 on fibrotic markers and cardiac myofibroblast function. Our in vitro results showed that oxLDL increased cardiac myofibroblast proliferation, triggered an increase in the synthesis of collagen type I and fibronectin containing extra domain A, and stimulated collagen type I secretion. oxLDL also decreased cardiac myofibroblast migration, collagen gel contraction and cell area, without modifying α-smooth muscle actin protein levels. These effects were dependent on LOX-1, because LOX-1 knockdown abolished oxLDL effects. Collectively these data showed that oxLDL has important modulatory effects on cardiac myofibroblast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Villa
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Cerda-Opazo
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Danica Jimenez-Gallegos
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valeria Garrido-Moreno
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrew Fg Quest
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies (CEMC), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Toledo
- Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Lorena Garcia
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Upregulated LOX-1 Receptor: Key Player of the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2019; 21:38. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-019-0801-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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LOX-1: Regulation, Signaling and Its Role in Atherosclerosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8070218. [PMID: 31336709 PMCID: PMC6680802 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8070218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis has long been known to be a chronic inflammatory disease. In addition, there is intense oxidative stress in atherosclerosis resulting from an imbalance between the excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inadequate anti-oxidant defense forces. The excess of the oxidative forces results in the conversion of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) to oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), which is highly atherogenic. The sub-endothelial deposition of ox-LDL, formation of foamy macrophages, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration, and deposition of collagen are central pathophysiologic steps in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Ox-LDL exerts its action through several different scavenger receptors, the most important of which is LOX-1 in atherogenesis. LOX-1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that binds to and internalizes ox-LDL. This interaction results in variable downstream effects based on the cell type. In endothelial cells, there is an increased expression of cellular adhesion molecules, resulting in the increased attachment and migration of inflammatory cells to intima, followed by their differentiation into macrophages. There is also a worsening endothelial dysfunction due to the increased production of vasoconstrictors, increased ROS, and depletion of endothelial nitric oxide (NO). In the macrophages and VSMCs, ox-LDL causes further upregulation of the LOX-1 gene, modulation of calpains, macrophage migration, VSMC proliferation and foam cell formation. Soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1), a fragment of the main LOX-1 molecule, is being investigated as a diagnostic marker because it has been shown to be present in increased quantities in patients with hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease. LOX-1 gene deletion in mice and anti-LOX-1 therapy has been shown to decrease inflammation, oxidative stress and atherosclerosis. LOX-1 deletion also results in damage from ischemia, making LOX-1 a promising target of therapy for atherosclerosis and related disorders. In this article we focus on the different mechanisms for regulation, signaling and the various effects of LOX-1 in contributing to atherosclerosis.
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Kattoor AJ, Kanuri SH, Mehta JL. Role of Ox-LDL and LOX-1 in Atherogenesis. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1693-1700. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180508100950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) plays a central role in atherosclerosis by acting on multiple
cells such as endothelial cells, macrophages, platelets, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
through LOX-1. LOX-1 is a 50 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as receptor for
ox-LDL, modified lipoproteins, activated platelets and advance glycation end-products. Ox-
LDL through LOX-1, in endothelial cells, causes increase in leukocyte adhesion molecules,
activates pathways of apoptosis, increases reactive oxygen species and cause endothelial dysfunction.
In vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, they stimulate proliferation, migration
and collagen synthesis. LOX-1 expressed on macrophages inhibit macrophage migration
and stimulate foam cell formation. They also stimulate generation of metalloproteinases and
contribute to plaque instability and thrombosis. Drugs that modulate LOX-1 are desirable targets
against atherosclerosis. Many naturally occurring compounds have been shown to modulate
LOX-1 expression and atherosclerosis. Currently, novel drug design techniques are used
to identify molecules that can bind to LOX-1 and inhibit its activation by ox-LDL. In addition,
techniques using RNA interference and monoclonal antibody against LOX-1 are currently
being investigated for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajoe John Kattoor
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Sri Harsha Kanuri
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Jawahar L. Mehta
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
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Kumari S, Achazi K, Dey P, Haag R, Dernedde J. Design and Synthesis of PEG-Oligoglycerol Sulfates as Multivalent Inhibitors for the Scavenger Receptor LOX-1. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1157-1166. [PMID: 30642176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a cell surface scavenger receptor. The protein is involved in binding and internalization of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), which leads under pathophysiological circumstances to plaque formation in arteries and initiation of atherosclerosis. A structural feature of LOX-1 relevant to oxLDL binding is the "basic spine" motif consisting of linearly aligned arginine residues stretched over the dimer surface. Inhibition of LOX-1 can be done by blocking these positively charged motifs. Here we report on the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a series of novel LOX-1 inhibitors having different numbers of sulfates and polyethylene glycerol (PEG) spacer. Two molecules, compounds 6b and 6d, showed binding affinity in the low nM range, i.e. 45.8 and 47.4 nM, respectively. The in vitro biological studies reveal that these molecules were also able to block the interaction of LOX-1 with its cognate ligands oxLDL, aged RBC, and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Kumari
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Katharina Achazi
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Pradip Dey
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jens Dernedde
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1 , 13353 Berlin , Germany
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Tian K, Ogura S, Little PJ, Xu SW, Sawamura T. Targeting LOX-1 in atherosclerosis and vasculopathy: current knowledge and future perspectives. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1443:34-53. [PMID: 30381837 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
LOX-1 (lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1; also known as OLR1) is the dominant receptor that recognizes and internalizes oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDLs) in endothelial cells. Several genetic variants of LOX-1 are associated with the risk and severity of coronary artery disease. The LOX-1-ox-LDL interaction induces endothelial dysfunction, leukocyte adhesion, macrophage-derived foam cell formation, smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, and platelet activation. LOX-1 activation eventually leads to the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques and acute cardiovascular events. In addition, LOX-1 can be cleaved to generate soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1), which is a useful diagnostic and prognostic marker for atherosclerosis-related diseases in human patients. Of therapeutic relevance, several natural products and clinically used drugs have emerged as LOX-1 inhibitors that have antiatherosclerotic actions. We hereby provide an updated overview of role of LOX-1 in atherosclerosis and associated vascular diseases, with an aim to highlighting the potential of LOX-1 as a novel theranostic tool for cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunming Tian
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Sayoko Ogura
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suo-Wen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan.,Research Center for Next Generation Medicine, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
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39
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Gao S, Zhao D, Qi Y, Wang W, Wang M, Sun J, Liu J, Li Y, Liu J. Circulating Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Levels Independently Predict 10-Year Progression of Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis: A Community-Based Cohort Study. J Atheroscler Thromb 2018. [PMID: 29515051 PMCID: PMC6193183 DOI: 10.5551/jat.43299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: To investigate the association between circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) levels and progression of subclinical atherosclerosis and to examine whether this link is independent of other low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-related parameters. Methods: Totally, 804 subjects who were free of cardiovascular disease at baseline completed risk factor surveys and carotid ultrasound measurements in 2002 and 2012. Modified Poisson regression was performed to examine the association between baseline serum ox-LDL levels and the 10-year risk of progression of carotid atherosclerosis which was defined as the development of at least one new plaque in a previously plaque-free carotid segment at re-examination. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 58.6 ± 7.7 years at baseline and 43.3% were men. A total of 504 (62.7%) subjects had carotid plaque progression at re-examination. Subjects in the intermediate and highest tertiles of ox-LDL had a significantly higher adjusted risk of atherosclerosis progression than those in the lowest tertile [relative risk (95% confidence interval) 1.17 (1.01–1.34) for the intermediate tertile and 1.23 (1.07–1.42) for the highest tertile]. This association was independent of baseline levels of LDL-C, total LDL particle number, and small LDL particle number. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that serum ox-LDL levels predict 10-year progression of subclinical atherosclerosis. Moreover, this effect is independent of the cholesterol content, the number, and the size of LDL particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology
| | - Dong Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology
| | - Jiayi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology
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Skarpengland T, Skjelland M, Kong XY, Skagen K, Holm S, Otterdal K, Dahl CP, Krohg-Sørensen K, Sagen EL, Bjerkeli V, Aamodt AH, Abbas A, Gregersen I, Aukrust P, Halvorsen B, Dahl TB. Increased Levels of Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-1 in Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.006479. [PMID: 29330254 PMCID: PMC5850141 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Soluble lectin‐like oxidized low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐1 (sLOX‐1) has been shown to be increased in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Here, we evaluated plasma sLOX‐1 levels and vascular carotid plaque LOX‐1 (ie, OLR1) gene expression in patients with ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) with particular focus on their relation to time since symptom onset. Methods and Results Plasma sLOX‐1 (n=232) and carotid plaque OLR1 gene expression (n=146) were evaluated in patients who were referred to evaluation for carotid endarterectomy, as well as in healthy control plasma (n=81). Patients were categorized according to presence of acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (n=35) ≤7 days, >7 days ≤3 months (n=90), >3 months (n=40), or no reported symptoms before study inclusion (n=67). Our major findings were the following: (1) Patients with carotid atherosclerosis had increased plasma sLOX‐1 levels as compared with controls. (2) Plaque OLR1 mRNA levels were increased in carotid plaques (n=146) compared with nonatherosclerotic vessels (ie, common iliac arteries of organ donors, n=10). (3) There were no differences in sLOX plasma levels or OLR1 gene expression when analyzed according to the time since relevant cerebral ischemic symptoms. (4) Also patients with severe carotid atherosclerosis without any previous ischemic events had raised sLOX‐1 levels. (5) Immunostaining showed colocalization between LOX‐1 and macrophages within the carotid plaques. (6) Also patients with acute stroke (within 7 days) caused by atrial fibrillation (n=22) had comparable raised sLOX‐1 levels. Conclusions sLOX‐1 levels are elevated in patients with ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack independent of cause and time since the ischemic event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonje Skarpengland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mona Skjelland
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xiang Yi Kong
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Karolina Skagen
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Otterdal
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christen P Dahl
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Krohg-Sørensen
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen L Sagen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Vigdis Bjerkeli
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Hege Aamodt
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ida Gregersen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Tuva B Dahl
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway .,Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Norway
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Mizuno M, Nakanishi I, Matsumoto KI, Fukuhara K. Enhanced radical scavenging activity of a procyanidin B3 analogue comprised of a dimer of planar catechin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5010-5013. [PMID: 29054360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins are oligomers of catechins that exhibit potent antioxidative activity and inhibit binding of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) to the lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor (LOX-1), which is involved in the onset and development of arteriosclerosis. Previous attempts aimed at developing proanthocyanidin derivatives with more potent antioxidative activity and stronger inhibition for LOX-1 demonstrated the synthesis of a novel proanthocyanidin derivative (1), in which the geometry of one catechin molecule in procyanidin B3 was constrained to a planar orientation. The radical scavenging activity of 1 was 1.9-fold higher than that of procyanidin B3. Herein, we synthesized another procyanidin B3 analogue (2), in which the geometries of both catechin molecules in the dimer were constrained to planar orientations. The radical scavenging activity of 2 was 1.5-fold higher than that of 1, suggesting that 2 may be a more effective candidate than 1 as a therapeutic agent to reduce oxidative stress induced in arteriosclerosis or related cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirei Mizuno
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Ikuo Nakanishi
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Team (QRST), Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Matsumoto
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Team (QRST), Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Fukuhara
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
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42
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Zhang W, Zhu T, Wu W, Ge X, Xiong X, Zhang Z, Hu C. LOX-1 mediated phenotypic switching of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells contributes to hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 818:84-95. [PMID: 29069578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In pulmonary hypertension (PH), pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) are dedifferentiated, undergoing a contractile-to-synthetic phenotypic switching. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) plays diverse roles in the cardiovascular system, but its contribution to PH remains to be fully defined. The present study was undertaken to explore the role of LOX-1 in PASMCs dedifferentiation in hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling and PH. In a rat model of hypoxic PH, pulmonary vascular remodeling was accompanied by increased expression of LOX-1 in pulmonary arteries. In primary rat PASMCs, hypoxia-induced PASMCs dedifferentiation occurred concomitantly with LOX-1 upregulation. Inhibition of LOX-1 by either siRNA knockdown or neutralizing antibody significantly ameliorated PASMCs dedifferentiation. Mechanistically, LOX-1 promotes PASMCs dedifferentiation under hypoxic conditions via ERK1/2-Elk-1/MRTF-A/SRF signaling pathway. In conclusion, our data uncovers an important role of LOX-1 in the maintenance of PASMCs phenotype. Therapeutic targeting of LOX-1/ERK1/2-Elk-1/MRTF-A/SRF signaling axis would be exploited to treat hypoxic PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Tiantian Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Weihua Wu
- School of pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, Hunan 418000, China
| | - Xiaoyue Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Xiaoming Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
| | - Changping Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
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43
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Hofmann A, Brunssen C, Morawietz H. Contribution of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 and LOX-1 modulating compounds to vascular diseases. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 107:S1537-1891(17)30171-4. [PMID: 29056472 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is the major receptor for binding and uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in endothelial cells. LOX-1 is also expressed in macrophages, smooth muscle cells and platelets. Following internalization of oxLDL, LOX-1 initiates a vicious cycle from activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, thus promoting an increased reactive oxygen species formation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. LOX-1 plays a pivotal role in the development of endothelial dysfunction, foam cell and advanced lesions formation as well as in myocardial ischemia. Furthermore, it is known that LOX-1 plays a pivotal role in mitochondrial DNA damage, vascular cell apoptosis, and autophagy. A large number of studies provide evidence of a LOX-1's role in endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. In addition, novel insights into LOX-1 ligands and the activated signaling pathways have been gained. Recent studies have shown an interaction of LOX-1 with microRNA's, thus providing novel tools to regulate LOX-1 function. Because LOX-1 is increased in atherosclerotic plaques and contributes to endothelial dysfunction, several compounds were tested in vivo and in vitro to modulate the LOX-1 expression in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hofmann
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Coy Brunssen
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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44
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Wu MY, Li CJ, Hou MF, Chu PY. New Insights into the Role of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102034. [PMID: 28937652 PMCID: PMC5666716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of lipids, smooth muscle cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, necrosis, fibrosis, and local inflammation. Immune and inflammatory responses have significant effects on every phase of atherosclerosis, and increasing evidence shows that immunity plays a more important role in atherosclerosis by tightly regulating its progression. Therefore, understanding the relationship between immune responses and the atherosclerotic microenvironment is extremely important. This article reviews existing knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of immune responses in the atherosclerotic microenvironment, and the immune mechanisms involved in atherosclerosis formation and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yu Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231, Taiwan.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Jung Li
- Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Division of Breast Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- Department of Pathology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 242, Taiwan.
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan.
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45
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Up-regulation of OLR1 expression by TBC1D3 through activation of TNFα/NF-κB pathway promotes the migration of human breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2017; 408:60-70. [PMID: 28844714 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic spread of cancer cells is the most life-threatening aspect of breast cancer and involves multiple steps including cell migration. We recently found that the TBC1D3 oncogene promotes the migration of breast cancer cells, and its interaction with CaM enhances the effects of TBC1D3. However, little is known regarding the mechanism by which TBC1D3 induces the migration of cancer cells. Here, we demonstrated that TBC1D3 stimulated the expression of oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1 (OLR1), a stimulator of cell migration, in breast cancer cells at the transcriptional level. Depletion of OLR1 by siRNAs or down-regulation of OLR1 expression using pomalidomide, a TNFα inhibitor, significantly decreased TBC1D3-induced migration of these cells. Notably, TBC1D3 overexpression activated NF-κB, a major effector of TNFα signaling, while inhibition of TNFα signaling suppressed the effects of TBC1D3. Consistent with this, NF-κB inhibition using its specific inhibitor caffeic acid phenethyl ester decreased both TBC1D3-induced OLR1 expression and cell migration, suggesting a critical role for TNFα/NF-κB signaling in TBC1D3-induced migration of breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, TBC1D3 induced activation of this signaling pathway on multiple levels, including by increasing the release of TNFα, elevating the transcription of TNFR1, TRAF1, TRAF5 and TRAF6, and decreasing the degradation of TNFR1. In summary, these studies identify the TBC1D3 oncogene as a novel regulator of TNFα/NF-κB signaling that mediates this oncogene-induced migration of human breast cancer cells by up-regulating OLR1.
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Holy EW, Akhmedov A, Speer T, Camici GG, Zewinger S, Bonetti N, Beer JH, Lüscher TF, Tanner FC. Carbamylated Low-Density Lipoproteins Induce a Prothrombotic State Via LOX-1: Impact on Arterial Thrombus Formation In Vivo. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 68:1664-1676. [PMID: 27712780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.07.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbamylation alters low-density lipoprotein (LDL) structure and is thought to promote vascular inflammation and dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine whether carbamylated LDL (cLDL) exerts prothrombotic effects in vascular cells and platelets and whether cLDL enhances arterial thrombus formation in vivo. METHODS LDL was isolated from healthy subjects or patients with CKD by sequential ultracentrifugation. Ex vivo carbamylation of LDL from healthy subjects was induced with potassium cyanate. Arterial thrombus formation was analyzed in a murine carotid artery photochemical injury model. Protein expression and mRNA levels were analyzed by Western blotting, flow cytometry, and real-time PCR. Platelet aggregation was measured by impedance aggregometry. RESULTS Intravenous administration of cLDL in mice accelerated arterial thrombus formation compared to treatment with native LDL (nLDL) or vehicle. Tissue lysates of mouse carotid arteries revealed that cLDL induced the expression of TF, PAI-1, and LOX-1 mRNA in vascular cells. In human aortic smooth muscle and endothelial cells, cLDL induced TF and PAI-1 expression. In contrast, nLDL had no effect on either cell type. While nLDL and cLDL had no aggregatory effect on resting platelets, cLDL enhanced platelet aggregation in response to different agonists. This effect was mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 phosphorylation and LOX-1 translocation to the surface. LDL isolated from patients with CKD mimicked the prothrombotic effects of cLDL on vascular cells, platelets, and thrombus formation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS We found that cLDL induces prothrombotic effects in vascular cells and platelets by activation of the LOX-1 receptor and enhances thrombus formation in vivo. This observation reveals a new mechanism underlying the increased incidence of acute thrombotic events observed in patients with CKD and may lead to the development of new lipid-targeting therapies in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik W Holy
- University Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Alexander Akhmedov
- Center of Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thimoteus Speer
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Giovanni G Camici
- Center of Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Zewinger
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Bonetti
- Center of Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg H Beer
- Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baden, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- University Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Center of Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Felix C Tanner
- University Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Center of Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Zhu TT, Zhang WF, Luo P, Qian ZX, Li F, Zhang Z, Hu CP. LOX-1 promotes right ventricular hypertrophy in hypoxia-exposed rats. Life Sci 2017; 174:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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48
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Mizuno M, Nakanishi I, Matsubayashi S, Imai K, Arai T, Matsumoto KI, Fukuhara K. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of a procyanidin B3 analogue. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1041-1044. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Huang W, Li Q, Chen X, Lin Y, Xue J, Cai Z, Zhang W, Wang H, Jin K, Shao B. Soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 as a novel biomarker for large-artery atherosclerotic stroke. Int J Neurosci 2017; 127:881-886. [PMID: 27967338 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2016.1272601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (sLOX-1) has been shown associated with the progression of atherosclerosis in endothelial cells. We sought to assess whether the baseline serum sLOX-1 levels are correlated with the presence and short-term functional outcome of large-artery atherosclerotic (LAA) stroke. METHODS The study recruited 241 subjects, including 148 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke with the subtype of LAA and 93 non-stroke controls. Clinical and laboratory data, including serum concentration of sLOX-1, were collected within 24 h of admission, and the severity of LAA stroke patients was evaluated by National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score. And functional outcome was assessed by modified Rankin Scale three months after stroke. The association between sLOX-1 level and the functional outcome at three months was analyzed by multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS Serum levels of sLOX-1 in the LAA stroke patients were significantly higher as compared to normal controls (2.48 ± 0.93 ng/ml vs. 2.22 ± 0.79 ng/ml in the controls, t = 2.301, p = 0.022). The levels of serum sLOX-1 in patients with good outcome were significantly lower than those with poor outcome (2.39 ± 0.94 ng/ml vs. 2.77 ± 0.84 ng/ml, p = 0.032). After adjusting for potential confounders, sLOX-1 was still an independent predictor for the function outcome with an adjusted OR of 3.39 (95% CI, 1.61-7.11, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The serum sLOX-1 level was higher in patients with LAA stroke, and it was an independent predictor of functional outcome in patients with LAA ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensi Huang
- a Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research , First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China.,b Department of Neurology , The People's Hospital Of Pingyang , Wenzhou , China
| | - Qian Li
- a Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research , First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- a Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research , First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Yuanshao Lin
- a Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research , First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Jie Xue
- a Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research , First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Zhengyi Cai
- a Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research , First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Wanli Zhang
- a Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research , First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Hong Wang
- a Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research , First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Kunlin Jin
- a Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research , First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China.,c Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience , University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth , Fort Worth , TX , USA
| | - Bei Shao
- a Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research , First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
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Bledsoe SL, Barr JC, Fitzgerald RT, Brown AT, Faas FH, Eidt JF, Moursi MM. Pravastatin and Clopidogrel Combined Inhibit Intimal Hyperplasia in a Rat Carotid Endarterectomy Model. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2016; 40:49-57. [PMID: 16456606 DOI: 10.1177/153857440604000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intimal hyperplasia, resulting from a complex cascade of events involving platelets, leukocytes, and smooth muscle cells, may be inhibited by the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor pravastatin, which demonstrates inhibition of platelet activity and leukocyte adhesion and may be associated with inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Clopidogrel, an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor inhibitor, was shown to decrease platelet activity and aggregation but not intimal hyperplasia (IH). We postulated that the combination of both pravastatin and clopidogrel would significantly decrease IH in a rat carotid endarterectomy model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 18) divided by treatment regimen underwent treatment for 2 weeks both before and after an open carotid endarterectomy. Serum collected at the time of harvest was measured for C-reactive protein (CRP), platelet activity, and total serum cholesterol; carotid arteries were removed and processed for IH determination. Control rats (n = 7) received oral vehicle daily before and following endarterectomy. Pravastatin-alone rats (n = 6) received oral pravastatin (10 mg/kg/day) before and after endarterectomy. Pravastatin plus clopidogrel rats (n = 5) received oral pravastatin (10 mg/kg/day) plus a preendarterectomy bolus of oral clopidogrel (4.3 mg/kg) before endarterectomy and resumed pravastatin (10 mg/kg/day) plus oral clopidogrel (1 mg/kg/day) postendarterectomy. Pravastatin alone and pravastatin plus clopidogrel significantly decreased CRP compared to controls (120.2 ±11.2 and 134.1 ±9.9 vs 191.1 ±9.2 µg/mL, respectively p = 0.003 and p = 0.0024). CRP levels were not different between pravastatin alone and pravastatin plus clopidogrel (p = 0.35). Platelet activity was significantly decreased by pravastatin alone and pravastatin plus clopidogrel in comparison to controls (7.3 ±2.2 and 6.6 ±2.8 vs 19.2 ±6.1 platelet reactive units (PRU), respectively p = 0.048 and p = 0.045). No significant difference was noted in platelet activity between pravastatin alone and pravastatin plus clopidogrel (p = 0.89). Pravastatin plus clopidogrel significantly reduced serum cholesterol compared to control and pravastatin alone (84.0 ±6.6 vs 110.4 ±7.4 and 117.0 ±8.8 mg/dL, respectively p = 0.03 and p = 0.01). Pravastatin alone did not decrease serum cholesterol compared to controls (p = 0.54). IH was not reduced by pravastatin alone compared to controls (p = 0.61) but was significantly decreased by pravastatin plus clopidogrel in comparison to control and pravastatin alone (3.0 ±1.1 vs 46.3 ±13.7 and 37.4 ±14.6% luminal stenosis, respectively p = 0.01 and p = 0.05). Pravastatin plus clopidogrel significantly decreased CRP, platelet activity, total serum cholesterol, and IH while pravastatin alone decreased only CRP and platelet activity. Intimal hyperplasia reduction may therefore be dependent on other contributors, possibly growth factors, cytokines, and oxidative stress. The combination of pravastatin plus clopidogrel may have synergistic or even additional inhibitory effects on IH. Pravastatin plus clopidogrel was effective in decreasing IH in a rat carotid endarterectomy model and may prove a useful therapy for IH reduction in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly L Bledsoe
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, 72205, USA
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